THE    GREAT    CONTEST: 
A    HISTORY 


OF 


MILITARY  AND  NAVAL  OPERATIONS 

DTJEI^G  THE   CIVIL   WAR 


IN  THE 


1861-1865. 


BY  WILLIS    C.    HUMPHREY, 

ASSISTANT  ADJUTANT-GENERAL  MICHIGAN. 


'LIBERTY  AND  UNION,  NOW  AND  FOREVER,  ONE  AND  INSEPARABLE."— WEBSTER. 


IN  ONE  VOLUME. 


DETROIT: 

C.     H.     SMITH     &     CO. 
1886. 


COPYRIGHTED,     1886,     BY 

C.  H.  SMITH  &  CO. 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


TO 

THE  MEMORY 

OF 

OUR  FALLEN  COMRADES, 

THIS  BOOK 

IS  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 

BY 

THE   AUTHOR. 


LETTERS  OF  APPROVAL. 


COR  letters  testimonial,  given  after  an  examination  of  the  work, 
the  Author  acknowledges  obligations,  with  feelings  of  grati- 
tude, to  the  following  persons  :  — 

Brevet  Major-General  R.  2?..  ALGER,  Governor  of  Michigan  ; 
Brigadier-General  JOHN  ROBERTSON,  Adjutant-General  of 
Michigan  ;  Brigadier-Generals  I.  8.  TROWBRIDGE  and  JAMES 
H.  KID  I);  Colonel  H.  M,  DUFFIELD;  Colonel  CHARLES 
D.  LONG,  Past-Commander  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  De- 
partment of  Michigan  ;  and  Captain  L.  J.  ALLEN,  — all  veterans 
of  the  late  war. 


EXECUTIVE  MANSION, 

MICHIGAN. 

July  15,  188<j. 

Having  examined  tlw  manuscript  copy  of  this  work,  I  take 
pleasure  in  recommending  it.  Its  entirely  new  presentation  of 
the  military  operations  during  our  late  civil  war,  is  excellent. 


MILITARY  DEPARTMENT,  MICHIGAN, 

ADJUTANT -GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Lansing,  July  19,  188U. 

I  cheerfully  recommend  this  work.  The  author  has  been  my 
assistant  for  many  years,  and  I  can  say  that  he  does  well  what  he 
undertakes.  I  gladly  repeat  from  my  Preface  to  "Michigan  in 
the  War,"  that  his  assistance  was  valuable  in  connection  with  that 
work. 


OFFICE  OF  THE 

STATE  MILITARY  BOARD, 

Detroit,  July  84,  1886. 

It  is  an  excellent  work.  We  take  pleasure  in  recommending 
it  to  our  comrades.  Having  examined  the  manuscript,  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  the  entirely  new  arrangement  of  the  military 
operations  in  tlie  Jighting  territory  of  our  late  war,  is  superior. 


/ 


P  R 


I^HE  purpose  of  this  work  is  to  present  the  military  and  naval  opera- 
tions in  the  United  States  during  the  Southern  Rebellion  of  1861 
to  1865  as  fully  and  yet  as  briefly  as  possible,  necessarily  avoiding 
much  detail,  glowing  descriptions  of  battle,  and  accounts  of  personal 
deeds  of  valor.  The  determination  to  produce  this  volume  was  arrived 
at  from  a  strong  desire  to  present  to  the  old  soldier,  and  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  their  families,  first,  a 
plainly  written  history  of  the  war  in  a  convenient  and  inexpensive 
form,  for  a  sum  within  the  reach  of  all. 

The  histories  that  have  been  given  to  the  public  are  in  two,  three, 
four,  or  more  volumes,  and  are  expensive;  and  the  military  and 
naval  operations  narrated  in  them  are  so  interlaced  with  civil  and  polit- 
ical history  that  it  becomes  tedious  to  the  reader  to  follow  the  thread 
of  the  story.  Every  family  that  is  able  should  have  such  a  history  as 
GEEELEY,  LOSSING,  DRAPER,  DE  PARIS,  or  BADEAU  has  written.  They 
are  certainly  valuable;  and  to  those  who  possess  either,  it  is  believed 
that  this  work  will  prove  an  excellent  auxiliary.  To  the  majority  of 
people,  however,  simply  the  facts  connected  with  the  military  and  naval 
movements  are  of  special  interest,  or  "what  was  going  on  at  the 
front;  "and  for  this  class  this  book  is  more  particularly  written. 

Two  years  of  hard  labor  and  thorough  search  have  been  spent  upon 
this  work  in  the  endeavor  to  make  it  as  nearly  correct  as  possible;  yet 
errors  will  no  doubt  appear,  perhaps  many  of  them.  Dates  of  battles 
are  easily  obtained,  but  it  is  not  always  easy  to  ascertain  the  exact 
number  engaged  upon  each  side,  or  the  exact  losses  in  battle.  In  this 
work,  in  most  instances,  approximate  round  numbers  are  given. 

The  arrangement  of  this  volume  originated  with  a  desire  to  enable 
the  reader  to  follow  each  army,  or  the  operations  in  any  one  section, 

(vii) 


viii  PREFACE. 

through  to  the  end,  instead  of  having  to  wait  a  month,  as  in  a  magazine, 
for  the  continuation  of  the  story.  In  giving  the  navy  a  separate  place, 
considerable  repetition  became  necessary,  as  in  many  instances  its 
operations  are  inseparably  interwoven  -with  those  of  the  land  forces. 
Yet  a  history  of  the  navy  is  necessary  to  the  plan  adopted. 

For  want  of  space,  many  things  will  be  abbreviated.  Generally, 
there  were  four  pieces  of  artillery  to  1,000  men  in  the  movement  of 
an  army.  This  being  understood,  the  artillery  force  in  campaigns 
will  not  always  be  given.  A  brigade  usually  consisted  of  from  four 
to  six  regiments,  or  about  3,000  men.  Sometimes,  if  the  regiments 
were  large,  three  comprised  a  brigade.  Divisions  were  formed  of  from 
two  to  four  brigades,  generally  three,  according  to  the  strength  of  the 
brigades.  Army  corps  in  the  larger  armies  were  usually  formed  of 
three  divisions.  Sometimes  two,  and  sometimes  four,  divisions  were 
placed  in  one  corps.  Divisions  had  from  two  to  six  batteries,  of  six 
field-pieces  each.  In  the  later  organization  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, the  artillery  of  each  army  corps  was  united  under  one  com- 
mander, and  designated  the  Artillery  Brigade.  Each  army  always 
had  a  strong  artillery  reserve.  The  cavalry  force  increased  as  the  war 
progressed  from  regiment  to  brigade,  to  division,  and  to  corps. 

This  work  will  be  criticised :  that  is  expected  and  desired ;  candid 
and  proper  criticism  tends  to  perfection ;  but  it  is  hoped  the  critic  will 
be  generous  minded. 

With  the  following  quotation  from  the  preface  of  HORACE  GREE- 
LEY'S  '•'  American  Conflict,"  the  author  will  leave  the  book  in  the 
hands  of  an  "intelligent,  and  discriminating  people":  — 

"If  any  of  my  numerous  fellow-laborers  in  this  field  is  deluded 
with  the  notion  that  he  has  written  the  history  of  our  gigantic  Civil 
War,  /,  certainly,  am  free  from  like  hallucination." 

The  author  wishes  to  express  his  sincere  appreciation  of  the  credit- 
able manner  in  which  Messrs.  CHARLES  H.  SMITH  and  HUBERT  H. 
HUMPHREY  (C.  H.  SMITH  &  Co.)  have  brought  out  this  work. 

W.   C.   H. 


PART  FIRST. 


CHAPTER  I. 

CAUSES   AND   PREPARATIONS   FOR   THE   WAR,         .         .         .         13-32 

ARMY    OF    THE    POTOMAC. 

April,  1861,  to  May,  1864. 

Section     First. 


CHAPTER    II. 

BULL    RUN   TO   MALVERN   HILL, 33-63 

CHAPTER  III. 

CEDAR     MOUNTAIN    TO    CHANTILLY,     "THE     ARMY    OF 

VIRGINIA," 64-76 

CHAPTER   IV. 

SOUTH    MOUNTAIN   AND   ANTIETAM, 77-86 

CHAPTER   V. 

FREDERICKSBURG,         ...  87-92 

CHAPTER   VI. 

CHANCELLORSVILLE    TO     LEE'S     SECOND    INVASION    OF 

MARYLAND,    .  93-117 

CHAPTER   VII. 

GETTYSBURG   TO   MINE   RUN, 118-174 

(ix) 


CONTENTS. 

CENTRAL     DEPARTMENTS. 

Cumberland,  Tennessee,  and' Ohio. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

BELMONT   TO   PITTSBURG   LANDING,          .         .         .         .         .      175-191 

CHAPTER   IX. 

CORINTH    TO   PERRYVILLE, 192-201 

CHAPTER   X. 

CORINTH   TO  ARKANSAS   POST  ....  .      202-212 

CHAPTER   XI. 

STONE   RIVER, 213-221 

CHAPTER   XII. 

VICKSBURG, 222-L;4(> 

CHAPTER   XIII. 

THOMPSON'S  STATION  TO  CHICKAMAUGA,    ....    2-il-L><;i 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

CHATTANOOGA   AND   KNOXVILLE,       .         .        .        .        .        .      262-279 

CHAPTER   XV. 

FRANKLIN   AND   NASHVILLE, 280-291 

SHERMAN'S     GREAT     MARCH. 

Atlanta,  the  Sea,  and  Richmond. 


CHAPTER   XVI. 

CHATTANOOGA   TO   ATLANTA,       .  292-305 

CHAPTER   XVII. 

ATLANTA  TO   THE   SEA, 306-320 


CONTENTS.  xi 

CHAPTER   XVIII. 

THROUGH    THE   CAROLINAS, 321-329 

ARMY    OF    THE    POTOMAC. 

Ma-j,  1864,  to  April,   1865. 

Section    Second. 


CHAPTER   XIX. 

PREPARATIONS   FOR   THE   FINAL   ADVANCE,  .        .        .      330-340 

CHAPTER   XX. 

WILDERNESS   TO   COLD    HARBOR,         .  " 341-363 

CHAPTER   XXI. 

PETERSBURG   AND   RICHMOND, 364-378 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

FIVE   FORKS   TO  APPOMATTOX, 379-399 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

DEATH   OF   GENERAL   GRANT 400-407 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 

OPERATIONS  IN   VIRGINIA    OUTSIDE    OF    THE   ARMY   OF 

THE   POTOMAC, 408-446 

CHAPTER   XXV. 

WEST   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI,   ........      447-472 

CHAPTER   XXVI. 

COAST   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA .      -173-485 

CHAPTER   XXVII. 

COAST   OF   SOUTH   CAROLINA,   GEORGIA,   AND    FLORIDA,      4S6-495 

CHAPTER   XXVIII. 

DEPARTMENT   OF  THE   GULF, 496-521 


xii  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER   XXIX. 

CONCLUSION, 522-542 

PART  SECOND. 


THE    UNITED    STATES    NAVY. 

1861-1865. 


CHAPTER   XXX. 

OPERATIONS   DURING   1861-'62,   .......      543-563 

CHAPTER   XXXI. 

OPERATIONS   DURING  1862-'63, 564-575 

CHAPTER   XXXII. 

OPERATIONS   DURING   1863-'64, 576-595 

CHAPTER   XXXIII. 

OPERATIONS   DURING   1864-'65, 596-610 


GRAND   ARMY   OF   THE   REPUBLIC, 611-614 

TOPICAL   INDEX, 615 

INDEX   TO   BATTLES, 616-620 

INDEX   TO   NAVAL   ENGAGEMENTS,      ......      620-621 

INDEX- TO   NAMES   MENTIONED, 622-632 


PART    THIRD. 

GENERAL  OFFICERS,    REGULAR   AND   VOLUNTEER,     .         .      635-652 

OFFICERS   UNITED   STATES   ARMY,   1860 653-671 

LIST   OF   BATTLES   DURING   THE   WAR,  ....      672-691 

STEEL    PLATES, 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN Frontispiece. 

ULYSSES   S.   GRANT, 330 

DAVID   G.   FARRAGUT,         ...'..  ....      543 

MAP —  THEATER   OF   THE   WAR, 13 


81    Longitude  West  7»  IVoin  Greenwich.   77 


Map  of  tli  e 
THEATRE  OF  WAR 

1861-1865 


28 


O  longitude   East 


THE    GREAT    CONTEST. 


PART    FIRST. 


CHAPTER    I. 

CA  USES  AND  PREPARA  TIONS  FOR  THE  WAR. 


A 


T  the  period  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  slavery 
>-  existed  in  all  the  States  except  Massachusetts,  slavery  in 
There  were  at  that  time  about  500,000  slaves  in  the  State8ni 
United  States.     By  the  census  of  1790  it  appears  that 
there  were  158  slaves  in  New  Hampshire,  17  in  Ver- 
mont, 952  in  Rhode  Island,  2,759  in  Connecticut,  21,- 
324   in  New   York,  11,423  in  New  Jersey,  and  3,737 
in  Pennsylvania ;    but  slavery  was  gradually  abolished 
in    the    Northern  and  Middle  States,  except  Delaware, 
which  had,  in  1790,  8,887  slaves;  and  it  was  excluded 
from  the  new  States.     Before  this   had  been  fully  ac- 
complished, however,  the  North  and  the  South  had  en- 
tered upon  a  struggle,  each  endeavoring  to  maintain  the 
balance  of  power.     In  1821  Missouri  was  admitted  to 
the  Union  as  a  slave  State,  with  a  compromise  that  in  Com™ro- 
future  no  slave  State  should  exist  north  of  the  paral- mise> 
lei  of  36°  30'  north  latitude.     This  measure  was  hotly 
opposed  by  Southern  members,  and  rumbling  threats  of 
dissolution  were  heard. 

(13) 


CAUSES  OF   THE    WAR. 

The  following  is  the  number  of  slaves  held  by  each 
State  in  1860  :— 


Alabama,  435,132 

Arkansas,  111,104 

Delaware,  1,798 

Florida,  61,753 

Georgia,  462,230 

Kentucky,  225;490 

Louisiana,  332,520 

Maryland,  87,188 


Missouri,  114,965 


North  Carolina,          331,081 
South  Carolina,  402,541 

Tennessee,  275,784 

Texas,  180,388 

Virginia,  490,887 

Nebraska  Territory,  10 

Utah  Territory,  29 

New  Mexico  Territory,       24 


Mississippi,  436,696          District  of  Columbia,     3,1* 


Total,  3,952,801 


The  principle  of  States'  Rights  held  by  one  party 
at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  was 
never  relinquished  by  individuals.  The  legislature  of 
Kentucky,  led  by  Jefferson,  first  formulated  the  doc- 
trine of  nullification  and  secession  in  a  series  of  reso- 
lutions, in  1798,  and  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  led  by 
Madison,  did  the  same  in  1799.  This  was  a  political 
move  on  the  part  of  both  Jefferson  and  Madison. 
Neither  was  a  warm  advocate  of  slavery.  The  resolu- 
tions, although  directly  intended  as  protests  against  cer- 
tain laws  of  Congress,  had  an  eye  upon  the  question  of 
slavery  ;  and  these  gentlemen,  desiring  the  defeat  of  the 
Federal  party,  were  striving  to  aid  the  opposition.  Pe- 
titions had  been  sent  into  Congress,  urging  action 
against  the  traffic  in  slaves,  which  stirred  up  sectional 
debate.  Men  took  sides,  not  with  the  party  to  which 
they  had  belonged,  but  with  their  section ;  and  this 
was  the  first  time  the  North  and  the  South  were  ar- 
rayed against  each  other  on  a  question  that  many 
then  saw  must  soon  become  partisan.  Some  of  the 
Southern  debaters,  protesting  against  Northern  interfer- 
ence, at  this  time  threatened  civil  war.  Jefferson,  as 


CAUSES    OF   THE    WAR.  15 

a  Republican  (the  party  changed  its  name  to  Democrat 
in  1805),  was  elected  President  in  1804,  over  Charles 
C.  Pinckney,  Federalist;  and  before  the  close  of  his 
administration  he  succeeded  in  having  an  act  passed 
prohibiting  the  African  slave  trade  after  January  1, 
1808. 

In  a  debate  in  the  United  States  Senate,  during  the 
session    of    1829-30,  Senator   Hayne,  of  South    Caro- 
lina,  who  became  involved  in  a  warm  discussion  with  The  doc. 
Senator   Webster   on    the   question  of  nullification,  or  I:™?  °f 

Nulhflca- 

whether  a  State  had  a  right  to  annul  an  act  of  the  gen-  «on. 
eral  Government,  speaking  of  his  own  section,  said, 
"  They  will  look  to  the  Constitution ;  and  when  called 
upon  by  the  sovereign  authority  of  the  State  to  pre- 
serve and  protect  the  rights  secured  to  them  by  the 
charter  of  their  liberties,  they  will  succeed  in  defend- 
ing them,  or  perish  in  the  last  ditch."  Webster  replied, 
"  When  my  eyes  shall  be  turned  to  behold  for  the  last 
time  the  sun  in  heaven,  may  I  not  see  him  shining  on 
the  broken  and  disfigured  fragments  of  a  once  glorious 
Union ;  on  States  dissevered,  discordant,  belligerent ; 
on  a  land  rent  with  civil  feuds,  or  drenched,  it  may  be, 
in  fraternal  blood.  Let  their  last  feeble  and  lingering 
glance,  rather,  behold  the  gorgeous  ensign  of  the  Re- 
public, now  known  and  honored  throughout  the  earth. 
*  #  *  #  Liberty  and  union,  now  and  forever,  one  and 
inseparable."  These  two  great  minds  thus  depicted  our 
Civil  War  thirty  years  in  advance. 

But  it  was  not  altogether  the  slavery  question  that 
kept  alive  secession  threatenings.  The  tariff  question  The  Tariff 
was  a  cause  of  dissension  from  1820  to  1832,  it  being 
claimed  by  the  South  that  the  North  was  too  much  fa- 
vored in  the  matter  of  duties,  giving  Northern  manufac- 
turers an  advantage  over  Southern  agriculturists.  This 
agitation  reached  its  hight  when,  in  1832,  the  legislature 


16  CAUSES  OF  THE  WAR. 

of  South  Carolina,  led  by  Calhoun,  then  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States,  passed  a  nullification  ordinance, 
setting  at  defiance  the  acts  of  Congress  relative  to  du- 
ties, and  began  organizing  troops  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
sisting Federal  authority.  But  the  prompt  and  firm 
action  of  General  Jackson,  then  President,  averted  the 
threatened  insurrection. 

At  the  time  of  the  admission  of  Missouri,  threats  of 
caihoun.  secession  were  heard  from  the  South.  John  C.  Cal- 
houn, of  South  Carolina,  a  lea  ding  character  in  the  South 
from  1820  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in 
his  sixty-ninth  year,  in  Washington,  in  1850,  was  an 
advocate  of  State  sovereignty,  and  did  more  than  any 
other  one  man  to  keep  alive  the  existing  agitation.  In 
the  United  States  Senate,  in  1838,  he  delivered  his  fa- 
mous speech  on  slavery,  and  continued  to  agitate  the 
question  in  behalf  of  the  slave-holding  interests,  and  for 
the  dissolution  of  the  Union. 

The  election  of  Franklin  Pierce,  in  1852,  over  Gen- 
eral Scott,  was  a  triumph  of  the  States'  Rights  party. 
Slavery,  now  exclusively  a  Southern  institution,  became, 
in  1854,  the  central  point  on  which  differences  of  opinion 
as  to  the  relative  supremacy  of  Federal  and  State  govern- 
ments were  to  be  decided,  the  test  question  being  the 
right  of  slave-holders  to  emigrate  with  slave  property  to 
portions  of  the  public  domain,  for  the  purpose  of  organ- 
izing new  slave  States. 

The  bloody  struggle  in  Kansas  Territory  between 
the  border   ruffians  and  free-State  men,  from  1855  to 
Missouri     1859,  will  be  long  remembered.     Congress  repealed  the 
misePre-     Missouri  Compromise,  May  25,  1854.     This  restriction 
peaied.       removed,  the  slave  power  at  once  attempted  to  gain  con- 
trol  over   that   territory.     Kansas  was  organized  as  a 
The  Kan-    Territory    in    1854,    and    soon    afterward   became    the 

sas  strug-  * 

gie.          scene  of  fierce  contests  between  liberty  and  slavery. 


CAUSES  OF  THE    WAR.  17 

The  war  reached  Congress  in  heated  debate?.  May 
22,  1856,  Representative  Brooks,  of  South  Carolina. 

'  '  Brooks's 

committed  a  brutal  assault  upon  Senator  Charles  Sum  •  assault  up- 
ner,  of  Massachusetts,  while  in    the    Senate    chamber,  S^ne,  In 
knocking  him  from  his  seat,  and  beating  him  when  help-  Cousref!S- 
less  and  unconscious.     Senator  Sumner   had   just   fin- 
ished a  two  days'  speech  in  behalf  of  Kansas  and    lib- 
erty.    But  liberty  was  at  last  triumphant ;  and  on  Jan- 
uary 21,  1861,  a  bill  for  the  admission  of  Kansas  as  a 
free  State  passed  the  Senate, — the  very  day  that  Jeffer- 
son Davis  abandoned  his  seat  in  that  Chamber — a  re- 
markable   incident.     Kansas  was  admitted  to  the  Un- 
ion, January  29,  1861. 

In  1856  James  Buchanan  was  elected  President  over 
John  C.  Fremont,  the  Republican  nominee,  which  was  a 
triumph  for  the  slave  power. 

Still  the  agitation  continued.     In  1859,  John  Brown, 

'  John 

otherwise  known  as  Ossawattomie  Brown  (receiving  that  Broun. 
appellation  from  his  heroic  defense  of  a  town  of  that 
name  in   Kansas),  a  brave  and  determined    free-State 
leader  in  the  Kansas  struggle,  planned,  and  in  October 
led,  an  expedition  to  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  for  the 
purpose  of  liberating  slaves.      He  captured  the  arsenal 
there,  but  was  soon  surrounded  by  Virginia  militiamen,- 
and   taken   prisoner,  being    afterward  tried,  and  found 
guilty  of  treason.     He  was  executed,  Dec.  2  of  that  year, 
by  the   authorities  of  Virginia. 

In  1860,  dissensions  in  the  Democratic  party  caused 
the  withdrawal  of  a  part  of  the  delegates  from  the  Dem-  [  JU^f* 
ocratic  National  Convention,  which  met  at  Charleston, for  thc 

Presidency. 

S.  C.,  April  23,  1860.  The  Convention  unanimously 
resolved  not  to  ballot  for  President  until  the  platform 
was  adopted.  A  Committee  on  Resolutions,  consisting 
of  one  member  from  each  State,  was  appointed  ;  but  the 
members  failed  to  agree.  Finally,  on  the  sixth  day  the 


18  PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR. 

Committee  made  two  reports,  which  conflicted  on  the 
subject  of  slavery  in  the  Territories,  one  party  chum- 
ing  the  protection  of  slave  property,  the  other  resolving 
to  leave  the  question  to  be  decided  by  the  people.  An 
effort  to  harmonize  the  two  factions  failed,  and  on  April 
30,  the  first-named  party  withdrew  from  the  Conven- 
tion. The  second  then  struggled  on  until  May  3,  en- 
deavoring to  make  a  nomination  for  President,  but  with- 
out success,  when  it  adjourned  to  meet  at  Baltimore. 
Both  factions  met  in  that  city  on  June  18,  and  the 
rirst  nominated  John  C.  Breckenridge,  the  second, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas.  Thus  the  Democratic  party  had 
two  candidates  in  the  field. 

The  Republicans  nominated  and    elected    Abraham 

Election  of  * 

Abraham  Lincoln,  who  received  the  electoral  vote  of  every  free 
State  except  New  Jersey.  A  fourth  candidate  for 
the  Presidency,  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  was  nom- 
inated by  the  Constitutional  Union  party.  At  the 
electoral  college,  Lincoln  received  180  votes,  Douglas, 
12,  Breckenridge,  72,  and  Bell,  39.  Mr.  Douglas  after- 
ward nobly  stood  by  Lincoln  and  the  Union,  and  was 
the  leader  of  the  war  Democrats. 

Lincoln  having  been  elected  on  the  platform  of  the 
non-extension  of  slavery,  the  South  lost  no  time  in 
acting  upon  what  her  statesmen  had  declared  would  be 

Beginning 

of  seces-  the  signal  of  its  withdrawal  from  the  Union.  South 
Carolina  inaugurated  the  long-impending  struggle,  by 
adopting  an  ordinance  of  secession,  Dec.  20,  1860. 
Other  States  seceded  as  follows  :  Mississippi,  January 
9,  1861;  Florida,  January  10;  Alabama,  January  11  ; 
Georgia,  January  19 ;  Louisiana,  January  26 ;  Texas, 
February  1;  Virginia,  April  17;  Tennessee,  June  8; 
Arkansas,  May  6;  and  North  Carolina,  May  21.  The 
States  of  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Maryland  did  not 
formally  secede ;  but  their  population  was  half  in 


PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE   WAR.  19 

sympathy  with  the  movement.     This  placed  about  one  one  half  of 
third  of  the  area  and  about  one  third  of  the  population  directly  or 
of  the  Union  in  opposition  to  the  National  Government.  j^^ 
If,  however,  the  "  fire  in  the  rear "  is  considered,  one  ion- 
half  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  were  arrayed 
against  the  other  half. 

Several  of  the  rebellious  States,  in  regular  and  extra 
legislative  session,  had  authorized  the  raising  of  volun- 
teers for  State  defense  some  time  before  actually  seced-  preparing 
ing,   South    Carolina    taking    such    action    as    early    as fo 
November    10,    1860.      Her   United    States    Senators 
resigned  their  seats,  James  Chestnut  on  the  10th,  and 
James  H.  Hammond    on    the    llth    of  November,  her 
Representatives  in  Congress  resigning   their   seats    on 
December  24. 

On  November  18,  Major  Robert  Anderson  was 
ordered  by  Secretary  of  War  Floyd  to  the  command  of 
Fort  Moultrie,  Charleston  Harbor.  After  the  secession 
of  South  Carolina,  Major  Anderson  became  satisfied Miljor  Aiv 

dcrson    oc- 

that  the  authorities  of  that  State  intended  to  seize  Fort  cnpies  Fort 
Sumter,  and  on  the  night  of  Dec.  26  he  quietly  removed 
his  troops,  stores,  etc.,  to  that  fort.  This  was  a  strong 
fortification,  built  upon  a  shoal  in  Charleston  Harbor, 
and  midway  between  Morris  and  Sullivan's  Island  in 
the  ship  channel,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  water.  It 
was  designed  to  mount  136  guns  in  three  tiers ;  but  this 
project  was  not  completed.  Anderson's  force  consisted 
of  ten  officers,  including  himself,  fifty-five  artillerists, 
and  a  band  numbering  fifteen  men.  The  officers  were. 
Major  Robert  Anderson,  Commandant ;  Captains  Abner 
Doubleday,  T.  Seymour,  and  J.  G.  Foster;  First  Lieu- 
tenants, Theo.  Talbot,  Jefferson  C.  Davis,  and  G.  W. 
Snyder;  Second  Lieutenants,  J.  N.  Hall  and  R.  K. 
Meade  ;  Surgeon,  S.  W.  Crawford. 

Great  was  the  rage  in  Charleston  the  morning  fol- 


20  PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR. 

lowing  Major  Anderson's  removal.  The  writer  happened 
to  be  in  the  city,  and  during  that  day  Charleston 
city.  seemed  to  be  populated  with  mad  men  and  women,  the 
latter  in  the  door-ways  and  windows  and  upon  the 
streets,  calling  all  men  cowards  if  they  did  not  go  at 
once  and  take  Sumter  from  those  accursed,  usurping 
Yankees.  Even  the  dogs  caught  the  infection,  and  such 
confusion  was  never  before  known  to  usually  orderly 
Charleston.  The  militia  were  under  arms, — in  fact,  the 
militia  were  under  arms  the  night  before,  and  toward 
morning  had  reached  the  vicinity  of  the  Fort,  intending 
to  take  possession,  when  they  discovered  that  Anderson 
was  a  few  hours  ahead  of  them.  It  was  their  return 
with  the  news  that  threw  the  city  into  the  spasms  just 
noted.  Vigilance  committees  were  organized,  all  North- 
ern people  were  watched,  and  on  the  least  suspicion, 
were  thrown  into  prison,  and  many  were  ordered  out  of 
the  State. 

December  3  President  Buchanan,  in  his  message  to 
Buchanan  the  Thirty-sixth  Congress,  denied  the  right  of  States  to 
wider  IL  secede.  On  Nov.  14  Honorable  Alexander  H.  Stephens, 
Stephens  Of  Georgia,  afterward  elected  Vice-President  of  the 

against  se-  a      7 

cusMon.  seceding  States,  made  an  able  and  eloquent  speech 
against  separation  before  the  Georgia  legislature  at 
Milledgeville.  Among  the  many  truths  he  uttered  was 
this  forcible  question :  "  What  right  has  the  North 
assailed  ?  Can  any  of  you  to-day  name  one  governmental 
act  of  wrong,  deliberately  and  purposely  done  by  the 
.Government  at  Washington,  of  which  the  South  has  a 
right  to  complain?  I  challenge  the  answer." 

On  December  20,  the  day  of  the  passage  of  the  Seces- 
sion Ordinance,  Honorable  Caleb  Gushing  arrived  in 
Charleston  with  a  message  from  the  President  in  the  in- 
terests of  peace.  The  Convention  then  in  session  refused 
to  make  any  promise.  Mr.  Gushing  remained  in  Charles- 


PREPARATIONS  FOR  THE  WAR.  21 

ton  but  five  hours.     Soon  after,  South  Carolina  sent  com- 
missioners   to    Washington  to  treat  with  the  National  olina  Benda 


Government,  and    on    Dec.    30    they  sought   a   formal  commi 

<f  sioner 

audience  with  the  President,  who  declined  to  receive  washin 
them,  and  on  January  3,  1861,  these  commissioners 
brushed  the  dust  from  off  their  sandals,  and  returned  to 
the  dominion  of  South  Carolina.  On  January  16, 
Colonel  J.  W.  Hayne,  as  special  envoy  from  South 
Carolina,  demanded  of  the  President  the  surrender  of 
Fort  Suinter,  but  received  no  satisfaction. 

December  10,  1860,  Ilowell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  Unit-110™11 

Cobb. 

ed  States  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  resigned,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Philip  F.  Thomas,  of  Maryland.  Dec.  12, 
1860,  Lewis  Cass,  being  dissatisfied  with  Mr.  Buchanan's 
inaction,  resigned  as  Secretary  of  State,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
latter  was  succeeded  as  Attorney-General,  on  the  17th, 
by  Edwin  M.  Stanton. 


mis- 

s     to 


December  29,  John  B.  Floyd,  United  States  Secretary  Jo 
of  War,  resigned,  having  previously  used  the  power  of  his 
office  to  disperse  the  United  States  army  and  navy  to 
distant  and  far  separated  stations,  and  to  transfer  large 
quantities  of  arms,  ammunition,  and  ordnance  from 
Northern  to  Southern  arsenals.  On  January  80,  1861, 
he  was  indicted  by  the  Grand  Jury  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  as  being  privy  to  the  withdrawal  of  a  large 
amount  of  Indian  bonds  from  the  Department  of  the  In-  f  ole"  T"" 

dian  Bonds. 

terior,  and  for  conspiring  against  the  Government.  He 
was  soon  afterward  commissioned  by  Jefferson  Davis  to 
a  high  position  in  the  military  service  of  the  Confederacy. 
Joseph  Holt,  of  Kentucky,  succeeded  Floyd  as  Secretary 
of  War,  January  18,  1861,  and  wras  succeeded  as  Post- 
master-general by  Horatio  King,  January  8,  1861. 
Jacob  Thompson,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  resigned, 
being  in  sympathy  with  the  enemy.  He  ha4  been 


22  PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR. 

to  North  Carolina  the  month  previous,  to  pursuade  the 
legislature  of  that  State  to  vote  for  secession. 
star  of  the        January  9,  the  steamer  Star  of  the  West,  having  left 

West  fired 

into.  New  York  on  the  5th  of  that  month  with  supplies  and 
reinforcements  for  Fort  Sumter,  arrived  off  Charleston, 
where  she  was  fired  upon  by  the  enemy's  batteries  of 
Morris  Island  and  Fort  Moultrie.  She  returned  to  New 
York  with  two  shot  holes  in  her  hull.  January  11, 

phiiip  F.    1861   Philip  F.  Thomas  was  succeeded  as  Secretary  of 

Thomas.  •> 

John  A.     the    Treasury  by  John  A.  Dix,  of  New   York.     This 
Dix-          appointment  was  made  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  the 

capitalists  in  New   York,   and   in    other   parts    of  the 

country. 

On  February  4,  1861,  a  convention  of  delegates  of 

the  seceding  States  was  held  at  Montgomery,  Alabama, 

for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  government.  Howell 
organiza-  Cobb  was  chosen  chairman.  On  the  8th  the  convention 
en°enmyVhe  H(i°Pted  a  constitution,  modeled  after  that  of  the  United 
Govern-  States,  but  with  some  alterations,  chiefly  relative  to 

meut.  J 

slavery  and  States'  rights.  Jefferson  Davis,  of  Missis- 
sippi, and  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  of  Georgia,  were 
chosen  provisionally,  as  President  and  Vice-President, 
on  the  9th,  and  were  inaugurated  on  the  18th.  Slavery 
was  their  corner-stone.  Stephens  said,  in  a  speech  at 
Savannah,  Georgia,  March  21,  that  slavery  should  be 
the  corner-stone  of  communities,  and  that  the  founders 
of  their  constitution,  because  of  its  slavery  foundation, 
had  achieved  a  revolution  fruitful  of  beneficial  results 
for  the  future  of  civilization. 

January  12,  1861,  Representatives  in  the    United 

congress-    States  Congress  from  Mississippi — Singleton,  Barkesdale, 

draw*om  ^avis?  McRae,  and  Lainar — withdrew;  and  on  January, 

21,  Jefferson  Davis,  of  Mississippi,  Benjamin  Fitzpatrick, 

and  C.  C.  Clay,  Jr.,  of  Alabama,  also  David  L.  Yulee 

and  Stephen  R.  Mallory,  of  Florida,  withdrew  from  the 


PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR.  23 

United  State  Senate.  On  the  same  day  the  Alabama 
members  of  Congress — Moore,  Clopton,  Pugh,  Curry, 
and  Stallvvorth — left  their  seats.  January  23  the  Geor- 
gia members — Love,  Crawford,  Hardeman,  Gartrell, 
Underwood,  Jackson,  Jones,  and  Hill — also  left  the 
House.  February  5,  United  States  Senators  John  Sli- 
dell  and  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  of  Louisiana,  and  Repre- 
sentatives Taylor,  Davidson,  and  Landrum,  of  that  State, 
withdrew. 

While  the  Federal  Government  was  still  inactive, 
hoping  for  a  peaceful  solution  of  the  difficulties,  the 
Southerners  had  seized  United  States  forts,  arsenals, 
etc.,  as  follows  : — 

December  28, 1860, in  South  Carolina,  Charleston  Har- 
bor, Fort  Moultrie,  and  Castle  Pinckney  ;  ami  in  Charles-  The  South. 
ton  the  Custom  House,  post-office,  and  arsenal ;  also  the  crners 

seize  the 

United  States  Revenue  cutter  Aiken.  forts,  arse- 

January  2,  1861,  in  North  Carolina,  Fort  Macon,  at 

Beaufort,  the  fortifications  at  Wilmington,  and  the  United 

Slates  arsenal  at  Fayetteville. 

January  2,  in  Georgia,  Forts  Pulaski  and  Jackson  in 

the  harbor  of  Savannah,  and  the  United  States  arsenal 

at  Savannah. 

January  4,  in  Alabama,  Fort  Morgan,  at  the  mouth 

of  Mobile  Bay,  and  the  United  States  arsenal  at  Mobile. 
January  8,  in  North    Carolina,  Forts    Caswell   and 

Johnson  on  Cape  Fear  River. 

January   11,  in   Louisiana,    Forts    St.    Philip    and 

Jackson  on  the  Mississippi,  Fort  Pike  on  Lake  Pont- 

chartrain,  and  the  United  States  arsenal  and  barracks 

at  Baton  Rouo;e. 

t-j 

January   13,  in   Florida,    Fort   Barrancas    and    the^' 
United  States  navy  yard  at  Pensacola. 

January  24,  in  Georgia,  the  United  States  arsenal  at 
Augusta. 


24  PREPARATIONS   FOR   THE    WAR. 

January  30,  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  the  United 
States  Revenue  cutters  Cass  and  McClelland,  and  on 
February  1,  the  United  States  Mint,  with  $500,000,  and 
the  Custom  House. 

February  8,  at  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  United  States 
arsenal. 

February  19,  in  Kansas,  Fort  Kearney. 

March  2,  in  Texas,  at  Galveston,  United  States  Rev- 
enue cutter  Dodge  ;  and  Fort  Brown,  March  6. 

By  the  end  of  May  the  United  States  flag  floated  at 
the  South  only  over  Fort  Pickens,  Fortress  Monroe,  and 
the  fortresses  on  Key  West  and  the  Tortngas,  off  the 
Florida  coast.  About  $40,000,000  worth  of  property 
belonging  to  the  United  States  had  thus  been  seized  by 
the  enemy  before  the  Federal  Government  had  struck  a 
Treachery  blow.  February  16,  General  David  E.  Twiggs,  com- 
Twiggs.  mander  of  the  United  States  forces  in  Texas,  with  head- 
quarters at  San  Antonio,  treacherously  surrendered  his 
troops,  which  numbered  about  2,500  men,  together  with 
a  large  quantity  of  arms,  ammunition,  ordnance,  horses, 
wagons,  etc.,  valued  at  $1,500,000,  to  the  Texas  Militia 
under  Ben  McCulloch.  The  troops,  stationed  at  differ- 
ent points,  were  paroled  by  McCulloch,  after  their  arms 
had  been  taken  from  them.  The  ship  Star  of  the  West 
arrived  April  20  at  Indianola,  laden  heavily  with  val- 
uable stores  for  the  army.  Unsuspicious  of  the  change 
in  affairs,  she  became  an  easy  prey  to  the  enemy.  Twiggs 
was,  for  a  short,  time,  in  the  service  of  the  Confederacy. 
He  died  at  Augusta,  Georgia,  Sept.  15,  1862. 

The  Confederate  Government  began  its  existence  by 
organize  for  a  provisional  Congress,  made  up  of  delegates  appointed 
•  by  State  conventions.     This  Congress  met  February  4, 
at  Montgomery,  Alabama.     On   February   9,  as   before 
stated,  Jefferson  Davis,  of  Mississippi,  was  chosen  pro- 
visional   President,    and    Alexander    II.    Stephens,    of 


PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR.  25 

Georgia,  provisional  Vice-President.  They  were  inau- 
gurated February  18.  Their  Congress  was  busy  organ- 
izing the  insurgent  government  until  March  16,  when  it 
adjourned.  It  had  adopted  a  flag,  which  was  displayed 
in  seven  States  on  March  4.  March  6,  Davis  issued  a 
call  for  100,000  volunteers. 

By  reference  to  the  Army  Register  of  1861,  it  will 
be  seen  that  269  officers  resigned  and  26  were  dismissed 
from  the  U.  S.  Army  in  the  early  part  of  1861.  Un- 
doubtedly the  greater  part  of  them  were  sons  of  the 
South,  and  joined  the  enemy. 

President  Lincoln's  preparations  to  enforce  Federal 
authority,  caused  Davis  to  re-convene  his  Congress  on 
April  29,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  resistant  force. 
Nov.  6,  1861,  an  election  was  held  in  the  seceding 
States,  under  their  permanent  Constitution,  Davis  and 
Stephens  being  confirmed  as  President  and  Vice-Pres- 
ident  by  a  unanimous  electoral  vote,  their  terms  of  office 
extending  over  six  years.  The  provisional  Congress 
gave  way  to  a  permanent  Congress,  and  the  President 
was  inaugurated  February  22,  1862.  During  the  ex- 
istence of  the  rebellion,  Davis  had  the  following-named 
as  Cabinet  officers  : — 

Secretary  of  State — Robert  Toombs,  of  Georgia,  Feb. 

21,  1861 ;  R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  of  Virginia,  July  30, 1861  ;  £J£? 
and  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  of  Louisiana,  Feb.  7,  1862. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury — Charles  G.  Memrninger, 
of  South  Carolina,  Feb.  21,  1861 ;  and  James  L.  Tren- 
holm,  of  South  Carolina,  June  13,  1864. 

Secretary  of  War — Leroy  Pope  Walker,  of  Missis- 
sippi, Feb.  21,  1861;  J.  P.  Benjamin,  of  Louisiana, 
Nov.  10,  1861 ;  James  A.  Seddon,  of  Virginia,  March 

22,  1862 ;   and    John    C.  Breckenridge,  of  Kentucky, 
Feb.  .15,  1865. 


20  ^REPARATIONS   FOR   THE    WAR. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy — Stephen  R.  Mallory,  of 
Florida,  March  4,  1861. 

Attorney-general — J.  P.  Benjamin,  of  Louisiana. 
Feb.  21,  1861;  Thomas  H.  Watts,  of  Alabama, 
September  10,  1861 ;  Geo.  Davis,  of  North  Carolina, 
November  10,  1863. 

Postmaster-general — John  II.  Reagan,  of  Texas, 
March  6, 1861 ;  Henry  J.  Elliot,  of  Mississippi,  February 
21,  1865. 

A  brief  w-  Abraham  Lincoln,  sixteenth  President  of  the  United 
Sam0'  States>  was  born  February  12, 1809,  in  Hardin  Co.,  Ky. 
Lincoln.  HJS  ancestors  were  Quakers.  His  parents  were  born  in 
Virginia,  his  grandfather,  Abraham  Lincoln,  emigrating 
from  Rockingham  County,  that  State,  to  Kentucky, 
about  1781.  In  1817  Lincoln's  father  removed  with 
his  family  to  Indiana.  "Abe"  went  to  Illinois  at  the 
age  of  21,  worked  on  boats  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
clerked  in  stores,  worked  on  a  farm,  split  rails,  etc.,  for 
a  livelihood,  meanwhile  employing  all  his  spare  time  in 
prosecuting  his  studies.  He  was  elected  to  the  Illinois 
legislature  in  1834,  1836,  1838,  and  1840.  In  1837  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1846  he  was  elected  to 
the  lower  house  of  the  U.  S.  Congress.  He  was  six 
feet  and  nearly  four  inches  in  hight,  lean  in  flesh,  and 
weighed  180  Ibs.  He  had  black  hair,  a  dark  complexion, 
and  grey  eyes. 

A  deep  Lincoln  left  his  home  at  Springfield,  111.,  February 

future  re-   11,  sad  and  dejected.     Dreadful    trials   and    enormous 

lie™    '  responsibilities  were  about  to  fall  upon  him,  and  he  felt 

it.     It  had   been  declared  at  the  South  that  he  should 

never  live  to  be  inaugurated.     Trouble  was  expected  at 

Baltimore.     While  en  route,  he  was  cheered  by  immense 

crowds  at  Indianapolis,  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Pittsburg, 

Cleveland,    Buffalo,   Albany,  New    York,  Philadelphia, 

and  Harrisburg,  arriving  at  the  latter  city  on  the  22d. 


PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR. 

That  evening,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  friends,  he 
quietly  passed  through  Baltimore,  and  entered  Wash- 
ington the  next  morning,  at  about  the  hour  that  he  was 
expected  to  leave  Harrisburg. 

In  his  inaugural  address,  March  4,  1861,  Lincoln 
assured  the  Southern  people  that  they  had  no  cause  for 
apprehension  because  the  present  administration  was 
Republican,  that  he  should  do  whatever  he  could  to 
arrive  at  a  peaceful  solution  of  the  present  trouble  ;  but 
that  at  the  same  time  he  should  endeavor  to  have  all 
the  laws  executed  in  all  the  States  as  was  required  by 
the  Constitution. 

President  Lincoln  formed  his  Cabinet  as  follows: — 

Secretary  of  State,  Wm.  H.  Seward ;  Secretary  of  { 
the  Treasury,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  succeeded  by  Hugh  Cabinet- 
McCulloch  June  30,  1864 ;  Secretary  of  War,  Simon 
Cameron,  succeeded  by  Edwin  M.  Stanton  January  13, 
1862 ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Gideon  Welles ;  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  Caleb  B.  Smith,  succeeded  by  John  P. 
Usher  in  January,  1863 ;  Postmaster-general,  Mont- 
gomery Blair;  Attorney-general,  Edward  Bates. 

March  12,  John  Forsyth,  of  Alabama,  and  Martin 
J.  Crawford,  of  Georgia,  arrived  in  Washington,  as  southern 
agents  of  the  so-called  Confederate  Government,  with  Boners. 
instructions  to  make  overtures  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  the  adjustment  of  all  questions  growing  out  of 
secession ;  but  they  were  not  received  by  either  Seward 
or  the  President,  nor  recognized  as  such  agents.  They 
remained  in  Washington  several  days,  but  failed  to 
negotiate,  and  finally  departed,  moving  South,  and  mak- 
ing dire  threats,  forgetful  that  they  could  have  been 
seized  as  traitors,  and  tried  for  their  lives. 

The  Confederate  Government  was  at  that  time  mak- 
ing .  extensive  preparations  for  war.  Their  President 
had  given  the  Northern  people  to  understand  that  if  the 


The  war  be- 
gun. 


28  PJtSPA&ATlQNS  FOR   THE    WAR. 

South   was    not    allowed    to    withdraw    peaceably,    she 
would  lay  their  cities  in  ashes,  and  devastate  their  rich 
valleys. 
Apr.  12,  'ci,        The    Federal    Government,  and    the    people  of  the 

firing  upon  Northern  States  generally,  had  hoped  for  a  peaceful  set- 
Fort    Sum-  <*  ' 

ter-  tlement  of  the  difficulties  ;  but  when,  on  the  morning  of 

April  12,  1861,  firing  began  upon  Sumter,  intense  indig- 
nation aroused  those  who  were  loyal. 

Edmund  Ruffin,  of  Virginia,  a  man  seventy-five 
years  old,  who  had  by  his  speeches  at  public  meetings 
done  more  than  any  other  man  to  "  fire  the  Southern 
heart,"  fired  the  first  gun  upon  Fort  Sumter.  (He 
committed  suicide  in  1865.) 

The  war  had  now  actually  commenced ;  all  hope  of 
peace  was  lost.  Anderson,  with  his  eighty  men,  fought 
bravely ;  but  the  enemy,  unmolested,  had  been  building 
heavy  batteries  on  every  side,  and  now  opened  with  a 
terrible  cannonade.  At  the  end  of  thirty-four  hours  the 
fort  had  become  so  badly  damaged,  and  its  supply  of 
provisions  and  ammunition  was  so  nearly  exhausted,  that 
Anderson  deemed  it  best  to  surrender.  On  Sunday 
April  14.  afternoon,  April  14,  1861,  he  marched  out  of  the  fort 
ter  suiren-  with  colors  flying  and  drums  beating,  saluting  his  flag 
with  fifty  guns,  the  terms  of  the  capitulation  allowing 
him  to  march  out  with  the  "  honors  of  war."  President 
Lincoln  had  endeavored  to  reinforce  Anderson,  and  a 
fleet  of  eight  ships  had  just  arrived  off  the  harbor  with 
troops  and  provisions ;  but  it  was  too  late.  The  Fed- 
eral Government  did  not  wish  to  begin  the  war,  hence 
the  enemy  was  allowed  to  build  batteries  within  easy 
range  undisturbed :  otherwise  Beauregard  could  have 
been  kept  at  a  respectful  distance,  and  with  a  proper 
reinforcement  and  provisioning  of  the  fort,  it  is  doubtful 
if  it  could  have  been  taken. 

President  Lincoln  now  called  for  75,000  volunteers. 


PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR.  29 

The  call  was  received  with  universal  enthusiasm  throue;h-  Lincoln's 

.  first  call  for 

out  the  North,  many  more  troops  responding  than  were  troops. 
required.  On  April  16,  the  first  volunteers  arrived  in 
Washington,  coining  from  Pennsylvania.  April  19,  the 
6th  Massachusetts  reached  Baltimore,  and  in  passing 
from  the  Philadelphia  to  the  Washington  depot,  they 
were  attacked  by  a  mob  of  secession  sympathizers.  The 
soldiers  were  quiet  until  one  of  their  number  had  been  Baltimore 


killed,  when  they  turned  and  fired,  killing  eleven  and 
wounding  as  many  more  of  their  assailants.  They  were 
compelled  to  fight  their  way  to  the  Washington  cars, 
losing  eleven  men,  —  three  killed  and  eight  wounded. 
Some  Pennsylvania  troops  arriving  on  the  same  train, 
being  unarmed,  were  taken  back  to  Philadelphia. 

April  19,  the  National  capital  was  virtually  cut  off  Washington 
from  the  North.     The  Treasury  building  and  the  Capitol  iBOlatud- 
had  been  barricaded,  and  howitzers  placed  in  the  pas- 
sages.    The    Senate  and  the  House    became   barracks. 
The  only  guard  was  a  few  companies  of  Pennsylvania 
volunteers,  a  company  of  regular  troops,  and  a  company 
of  Washington  volunteers  under  Cassius  M.  Clay. 

General  B.  F.  Butler  arrived  at  the  Susquehanna 
with  a  brigade  of  Massachusetts  troops  April  20,  and 
finding  the  bridges  burned,  he  seized  a  steamboat  at  the 
ferry  "  Havre  de  Grace,"  and  transported  his  troops  to 
Annapolis.  On  the  24th  he  marched  toward  Washine- 

5    Butler.   re- 

ton,  repairing    bridges    and    railroads  as  he  went.     At  neves 
Annapolis  Junction  they  met  the   New  York  7th,  the  t0n.  " 
latter  taking  the  advance,  and  the  whole  force  arrived  at 
Washington  on  the  25th,  and  the  capital  was  safe. 

May  14,  General  Butler,  with  the  same  Massachu- 

J  .  Butler    en- 

Setts  regiment  that  had  been  attacked  in  its  streets,  en-  tcr#   Baiti- 
tered  Baltimore,  and  encamped  on  Federal  Hill. 

April  18,  the    enemy  took    possession  of  Harper's  Har  er.g 
Ferry.     The  Federal  officer  in  command  being  unable  Ferry  e™c- 


30  PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE    WAR. 

aatedbythe  to  resist  the  approaching  force,  he  blew  up  the  arsenal 

Federals. 

and  the  work-shops,  retreating  to  Pennsylvania. 
The  GOS-          April  20.  the  enemy  took  possession  of  the  Gosport 

port  navy 

yard  disas- navy  yard  near  Norfolk,  Va.  The  officer  in  command 
had  ample  time  and  means  to  save  the  twelve  war  ves- 
sels and  a  part,  at  least,  of  the  2,000  cannon  and  the  im- 
mense quantity  of  powder  and  machinery,  altogether 
valued  at  over  $10,000,000 ;  but  the  vessels  were  all 
scuttled  except  one,  the  Cumberland,  which  was  taken 
away  to  Newport  News.  The  guns  were  spiked  with 
cut  nails  so  poorly  that  the  enemy  found  them  very  lit- 
tle injured.  It  appears  probable  that  there  were  too 
many  officers  in  the  United  States  army  and  navy  in 
sympathy  with  the  South. 

January  13,  when  the  enemy  took  possession  of  Pen- 

Gaiiantryof  sacola    navy    yard,  Lieutenant    Slemmer,    who   was    in 

sLTmer."4  Fort  McRae  with  about  seventy-five  men,  did  a  valiant 
deed.  He  had  been  ordered  by  his  immediate  superior 
to  surrender  to  the  enemy;  but  he  disobeyed.  He 
spiked  his  guns,  and  quickly  entered  and  garrisoned 
Fort  Pickens, — a  powerful  work.  He  was  just  in  time 
to  save  to  his  government  a  valuable  fort.  One  half  of 
his  pluck,  honor,  and  faithfulness  would  have  saved  the 
ships  and  stores  at  Gosport. 

The  North        The   North  is  now  aroused.     The  seceding   States 

at    last  3 

aroused,  have  defied  the  United  States  Government,  and  have 
fired  upon  and  taken  Fort  Sumter  by  military  force. 
Massachusetts  volunteers  have  been  murdered  in  the 
streets  of  Baltimore.  The  capital  of  the  nation  is 
threatened.  A  large  number  of  officers  of  the  army 
and  navy  have  deserted  the  flag  they  swore  to  defend. 
United  States  forts,  arsenals,  ships,  etc.,  have  been 
seized.  The  Government  must  be  defended,  the  Union 
preserved. 

The  legislatures  of  the  loyal  States  were  called  in 


PREPARATIONS  FOR    THE    WAR.  31 

extra  session,  and  voted  large  sums  of  money,  and 
offered  large  numbers  of  men.  April  15,  the  New  York 
legislature  voted  to  supply  $3,000,000  and  30,000  men ; 
and  on  the  22d,  New  York  City  appropriated  $1,000,000 
to  equip  volunteers,  and  $50,000  for  the  support  of  the 
families  of  those  who  enlisted.  April  25,  the  Vermont 
legislature  voted  $1,000,000  for  the  equipment  of  vol- 
unteers. April  29,  Indiana  voted  $500,000 ;  and  on 
May  8,  Connecticut  voted  $2,000,000. 

May  8  the  Governor  of  Ohio  called  out  100,000 
militia.  May  15,  Massachusetts  offered  the  Government 
$7,000,000.  Iowa  and  Michigan,  and  in  fact  all  the 
loyal  States,  followed  with  proffers  of  men  and  money. 
Altogether  more  than  $30,000,000  were  thus  offered  in 
aid  of  the  Union  cause  within  one  month  of  the  fire  upon 
Suniter. 

April  19  the  President  issued  a  proclamation,  declar-^  block_ 
ing  a  blockade  of  the  ports  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia, ade- 
Florida,    Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and    Texas ; 
and  on  the  27th  he  included  those  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  these  States  having  seceded  since  the  19th. 

May  3  the  President  called  for  42,000  additional 
volunteers  for  a  three  years'  service,  22,000  for  the 
regular  army,  and  18,000  seamen. 

In  the  latter  part  of  May,  Jefferson  Davis  removed  his  jeffcr-on 
headquarters  to  Richmond,  and  his  capital  was  trans-  9™™  men" 
ferred  to  that  city.     The  Southern  Congress  adjourned  ™01?tdala8hi* 
May  21,  to  meet  at  Richmond  July  20.     Davis  reached 
Richmond   May  29,  and  the  Southern    leaders,  as  did 
also  the  people  generally  who  lived    down    that   way, 
expected   soon  to  possess  Washington.     They  claimed 
it,  and  made  preparations  to  take  it. 

May  24,  1861,  United  States  volunteers  took  pos-  i' 
session    of  the   hills  from  Georgetown  to  Alexandria, 
having   crossed    the    Potomac   into  Virginia   the  night 


The  Feder- 
s  enter 


32  PREPARATIONS  FOR   THE   WAR. 

before.  In  taking  possession  of  Alexandria,  Colonel 
Ellsworth,  of  the  New  York  Fire  Zouaves,  removed  the 
enemy's  flag  which  was  floating  on  the  Marshall  House. 
On  coining  down  the  stairs  of  the  hotel  with  the  flag, 
the  proprietor,  whose  name  was  Jackson,  shot  and  killed 

Death  of    Ellsworth,   when   one    of  the    Zouaves   instantly   shot 

Ellsworth.  Jackson  dead.  Ellsworth's  body  was  taken  to  Wash- 
ington, where  funeral  services  were  held,  the  President 
attending  as  one  of  the  mourners. 

The  Federals  now  made  strong  intrenchments  cov- 

The  enemy  ering   Washington,   as    the    enemy   was    gathering   at 

Manasttw.   Manassas. 


ARMY  OF  THE  POTOMAC, 

APRIL,   1861,   TO   MAY,   1864. 


Section  First. 


CHAPTER    II. 

BULL    RUN    TO    MALVERN    HILL. 

MCDO  WELL— MCCLEL  LAN. 

T  ~X  rASIHNGTON,  the  seat  of  the  United  States 
V  V      Government,  stands  upon  a  commanding  site 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac   River,  between  two 
small  tributaries,  the  one  on  the  -east  being  called  East  Brief  de- 

scription  of 

Branch,  and  the  one  on  the  west,  Rock  Creek,  the  latter  washing- 
separating  Washington  from  Georgetown.     Fifteen  miles  ^t]aen 
south  of  Washington,  on  the  Potomac,  is  Mount  Vernon,  groun(l of 

7  Virginia. 

once  the  home  and  now  the  tomb  of  General  Washing- 
ton. Thirteen  miles  above  Georgetown  are  the  Great 
Falls  of  the  Potomac,  from  which  the  capital  city  is 
supplied  with  water. 

Distances  in  miles  from  Washington    to   important 
cities  are  as  follows:  Baltimore,  38;  Philadelphia,  136 ;  Scalcofdis- 
New   York,    226;    Boston,    432;    Chicago,    763;    San* 
Francisco,  2,000   (in  an  air-line)  ;  St.  Louis,  856  ;  Rich- 
mond, 100  in  a  straight  line,  122  by  the  roads ;  Freder- 
icksburg,    50;    Charleston,    544;    Mobile,  1,033;   New 
Orleans,  1,200;  Nashville,  714;  Louisville,  663;  Atlanta, 
646 ;  Memphis,  929. 

Alexandria  lies  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Potomac, 

3  (33) 


34  MCDOWELL. 

is6i.   seven  miles  below  Washington.     The  river  at  this  point 
is  about  one  mile  wide. 

The  battle  ground  in  Virginia  is  briefly  described  as 
follows  : — 

The  Alleghany  Mountains  extend  from  the  south- 
west to  the  north-east  through  Virginia,  and  stretching 
on,  pass  through  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
and  into  New  York  State.  The  Shenandoah  Valley, 
which  extends  from  the  James  River  to  the  Potomac, 
lies  between  two  parallel  chains  of  these  mountains. 
The  Blue  Ridge  is  the  eastern  barrier  of  the  valley. 
West  of  the  mountains  lies  West  Virginia,  which  was  a 
part  of  Old  Virginia  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  The 
people  of  that  section,  protesting  against  secession, 
created  a  new  State,  which  was  formally  admitted  into 
the  Union  June  20,  1863.  The  principal  battle  fields 
were  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  in  the  valley.  The 
battles  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  were  between 
Washington  and  Richmond,  except  those  of  the  Antie- 
tam  and  Gettysburg  campaigns. 

The  sine  The  Blue  Ridge  Range  is  intersected  by  numerous 
gaPs>  through  which  wagon  roads  and  railroads  pass. 
There  were  but  few  railroads  at  this  time.  Two  lines 
ran  from  the  Potomac  to  Richmond,  one  from  Acquia 
Creek  through  Fredericksburg,  the  other  from  Alexandria 
to  Gordonsville.  (The  latter  place  is  ninety-five  miles 
south-west  of  Washington  and  seventy-six  miles  north- 
west of  Richmond.)  Here  the  road  forks,  one  branch 
connecting  with  the  Tennessee  line  at  Lynchburg,  the 
other  turning  eastward  and  southward  to  Richmond. 
Two  branches  of  the  Alexandria  and  Lynchburg  line 
enter  the  valley  of  Virginia,  one  from  Charlottesville  to 
Staunton,  near  the  source  of  the  Shenandoah  River,  the 
other  from  Manassas  Junction  through  the  Blue  Ridge 
a.t  Manassas  Gap. 


MCDOWELL  35 


A  multitude  of  the  smaller  water  courses  run  web- 
like  through  the  country  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
Chesapeake  Bay,  eventually  forming  large  rivers,  the 
most  important  of  which  are  the  Rappahannock,  the 
York,  the  Chickahominy,  and  the  James.  All  of  these 
rivers  run  nearly  parallel,  and  empty  into  the  Chesapeake 
Bay,  except  the  Chickahominy.  which  joins  its  waters 
with  the  James  twenty-two  miles  below  City  Point. 
These  streams,  together  with  the  numerous  ravines  and 
marshes  and  the  easily  muddied  clay  soil,  make  Virginia 
an  exceedingly  difficult  country  for  offensive  operations. 

The  first  great  battle  of  the  war  was  fought  at  Bull 
Run,  about  30  miles  west  of  Washington.     From  Wash- 
ington to  Fairfax  Court  House  is  20  miles.     Groveton  Further  dc- 
is  32  miles  west  of  Alexandria;  Gainesville,  36  miles  ;  ^pt^,,of 
Manassas,  27  miles.     Sudley  Springs  is   8  miles  north  Run  batile 

J  ground. 

of  Manassas.  Bull  Run  River,  flowing  to  the  south- 
east, reaches  the  Potomac  through  the  Occoquan.  Sud- 
ley Springs,  on  Bull  Run,  is  about  three  miles  north  of 
Groveton  ;  Stone  Bridge,  on  that  stream,  is  about  three 
miles  east  of  Groveton  ;  and  the  battle  field  was  in  the 
triangle  of  which  the  three  last-named  places  form  the 
points. 

The  battles,  marches,  and  hardships  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  date  from  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  although 
the  army  in  Virginia  had  not  yet  received  that  designa- 
tion. 

The  enemy  had  collected  an  army  of  about  22,000 
men  at  and  near  Manassas,  having  detachments  at  Cen- 
treville  and  Fairfax  Court  House,  with  cavalry  pickets 
within  sight  of  Washington.  They  also  had,  within 
supporting  distance,  about  10,000  men  under  General 
J.  E.  Johnston,  at  Winchester,  —  a  city  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Virginia,  about  thirty-five  miles  from  Harper's 
Ferry.  General  R.  Patterson  had  crossed  the  Potomac 


36  MCDOWELL. 

i86i.  July  2,  with  about  15,000  men,  and  had  defeated  Jack- 
son's brigade  at  Falling  Waters  that  day  ;  then  following 
his  retreat,  had  rested  at  Martinsbnrg,  which  is  about 
thirteen  miles  from  Winchester.  General  Patterson  was 

General  directed  by  General  Scott  to  engage  Johnston  vigorously, 
and  thus  hold  him  there  while  a  force  from  Washington 
should  attack  the  Confederates  at  Manassas. 

On  July  15,  General  Irvin  McDoweJl,  a  graduate  of 
West  Point  and  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican  War,  who  was 
in  command  of  the  Federal  forces  about  Washington, 
was  ordered  by  General  Scott  to  make  a  forward  move- 
ment, preparations  for  which  having  been  going  on  since 
the  9th.  The  army  was  composed  mostly  of  three 
months'  men,  whose  term  of  service  would  soon  close. 
These  troops  must  be  used  soon,  if  at  all.  For  that 
reason,  and  to  satisfy  the  popular  cry,  "  On  to  Rich- 
mond ! "  it  was  decided  to  move  against  the  enemy. 

juiy  IG.  General  McDowell  put  his  army  in  motion  July  16. 

The  army 

moves.  "  It  then  numbered  about  30,000  men ;  but  some  2,000, 
whose  term  of  service  had  expired,  turned  back  before 
the  battle  began,  leaving  but  28,000.  The  battle  was 
fought,  on  the  Federal  side,  by  about  18,000  men.  The 
army  was  in  four  divisions,  officered  as  follows  : — 

1st  Division  :  Daniel  Tyler;  Brigades,  E.  D.  Keyes, 

fiskL.dl    R-  C.  Schenck,  W.  T.  Sherman,  I.  B.  Ricrmrdson. 

2d  Division:  (1.)  David  Hunter,  wounded,  (2.) 
Andrew  Porter;  Brigades,  Andrew  Porter,  A.  E.  Burn- 
side. 

3d  Division:  S.  P.  Heintzelman ;  Brigades,  W.  B. 
Franklin,  0.  B.  Willcox,  0.  0.  Howard. 

5th  Division  :  D.  S.  Miles  ;  Brigades,  Louis  Blenkcr, 
T.  A.  Davies. 

The  4th  Division,  under  General  Theodore  Runyon, 
remained  behind  to  guard  Washington  and  the  position 
the  army  had  just  left. 


MCDOWELL.  37 

Hunter,  Heintzehnan,  Miles,  Keyes,  Sherman,  Por-   1*6-2. 
ter,  and  Franklin  were  colonels  in  the  regular  army. 

The  Confederate  forces  were  commanded  by  General 
G.  T.  Beauregard,  who  had  under  him  Generals  Ewell, 
Early,  Long-street,  Evans,  Holmes,  D.  R.  Jones,  P.  S. 
Cocke,  and  M.  L.  Bonham  as  brigade  commanders. 
Divisions  had  not  been  formed  in  this  army  at  this  time. 
The  brigade  commanders  under  General  Johnston  were 
Jackson  (who  was  afterward  called  "  Stonewall,"  because 
he  stood  firm  at  this  battle),  Bee,  F.  S.  Barto\v,  A. 
Elzey,  and  Wilcox.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  each  side 
had  its  best  officers  to  fight  the  first  great  battle  of  the 
war. 

The  enemy  fell  back  as  the  Federals  advanced,  finally 
taking  up  a  defensive  line  behind  Bull  Run,  extending 
from  Union  Mills  (some  four  miles  in  advance  of  Manas- 
sas  Junction)  to  the  Stone  Bridge. 

On  July  18,  Tyler's  division    beins:   in  advance  atju'y18- 

•  .  .  .  .  Black- 

Centreville,  Richardson's  brigade  was  sent  to  reconnoitre  bum's 
Blackburn's  Ford,  which  Longstreet  was  guarding,  where 
Richardson  became  engaged.  Sherman  was  sent  to  his 
support,  but  finding  the  enemy  in  strong  force,  and 
advantageously  posted,  Tyler  withdrew  to  Centreville, 
having  suffered  a  loss  of  about  90  men.  The  loss  of  the 
enemy  was  reported  as  68. 

The  march  of  the  Federals  had  been  slow.  General 
McDowell  was  greatly  disappointed,  as  he  had  hoped  to 
attack  by  the  19th;  but  his  troops  were  raw.  They 
had  been  improvident  with  their  rations,  were  unused  to 
maivhing,  and  the  supply  trains  were  tardy,  causing  a 
delay  of  at  least  two  whole  days,  thus  giving  the  enemy 
ample  time  to  make  preparations,  and  to  be  reinforced 
by  Johnston. 

On  the  19th,  McDowell  caused  a  reconnaissance  to 
be  made,  which  discovered  the  enemy's  position.  Cov- 


38  MO  DO  WELL. 

isei.  ered  by  the  stream  of  Bull  Run,  his  left  was  found  at 
Stone  Bridge,  his  center  at  Blackburn's  Ford,  and  his 
right  at  Union  Mills  Ford.  The  Federal  commander  at 
once  made  his  dispositions,  Tyler  to  move  against  Stone 
Bridge ;  Hunter  and  Heintzelman  to  cross  at  Sudley 
Springs,  about  two  miles  above  the  bridge,  and  move 
down  upon  the  enemy's  left  flank  and  rear;  Miles  in 
reserve  to  make  a  demonstration  upon  Blackburn's  Ford. 
The  attack  was  to  begin  at  early  dawn,  July  21. 

General  McDowell  had  at  first  intended  to  make  his 
main  attack  upon  the  enemy's  right  flank ;  but  finding 
that  position  difficult  to  assail,  decided  upon  the  move- 
ment just  described. 

jui  21  Unfortunately,   the    Federals  were   late  in   getting 

BUII  Run.  started  on  the  morning  of  the  21st.  McDowell  had 
planned  well,  but  this  was  the  first  battle  of  the  war, 
and  his  commanding  officers  did  not  seem  to  see  the 
necessity  of  quick  action.  The  battle  opened  about  10 
A.  M.,  and  fighting  soon  became  hot.  The  flanking  force 
making  the  detour  met  with  success,  Hunter's  division 
being  in  advance.  Beauregard  had  been  making  prepa- 
rations to  cross  Bull  Run  on  his  right,  and  attack 
McDowell's  left,  and  had  already  weakened  his  own 
left;  thus  McDowell,  attacking  first,  had  the  advantage. 
Burnside  was  first  engaged.  The  Federals  pressed 
forward,  Porter  becoming  engaged  on  Burnside's  left. 

Beauregard's  brigades  were  posted  from  left  to  right, 
as  follows :  Evans,  Cocke,  Bonham,  Longstreet,  Jones, 
Early,  Holmes,  and  Ewell. 

At  Stone  Bridge,  Evans  was  taken  by  surprise  by 
Burnside,  and  Cocke,  being  nearest,  was  hastened  to  his 
aid.  The  battle  was  fierce,  the  enemy  resisting  with  great 
determination ;  but  Heintzelman  soon  coming  into  line, 
they  were  forced  rapidly  back.  Beauregard  now  became 
convinced  that  he  could  not  cross  Bull  Run  to  attack 


MCDOWELL.  39 

Centreville  as  he  had  planned.  Bee  and  Bartow  were  m<>i. 
hastened  to  the  left,  and  soon  after  Hampton's  Legion,  BUH"^,,,, 
which  had  arrived  from  Richmond,  also  went  there.  The 
opposing  forces  now  had  five  brigades  each,  all  engaged, 
and  the  enemy,  being  on  the  defensive,  had  the  advan- 
tage ;  but  the  Federals,  under  the  impetus  of  their  suc- 
cess against  Evans  and  Cocke,  dashed  forward.  At  this 
moment  Sherman,  who  had  forced  his  way  across  the 
stream,  took  the  enemy  in  flank.  The  Stone  Bridge  was 
uncovered,  and  Keyes  crossed.  The  enemy  was  routed. 
The  day  should  have  remained  with  the  Federals. 

General  Patterson  had  been  instructed  by  General 
Scott  to  keep  General  Johnston  in  sight,  but  he  had 
allowed  himself  to  be  deceived.  Johnston  had  displayed 
a  small  force,  well  stretched  out,  and  slipped  away 
through  Manassas  Gap  to  the  aid  of  Beauregard,  and  the 
latter  began  to  receive  these  reinforcements  early  in  the 
morning. 

Up  to  this  time,  a  little  after  noon,  the  Federnls  had 
met  with  continued  success;  but  they  were  now  checked. 
The  flying  brigades  of  the  enemy  rallied  around  Jackson, 
who  had  just  arrived  on  the  ground,  and  stood  "  like  a 
stone  wall."  Bonham  and  Holmes  also  arrived  from  the 
right.  The  Confederates  had  formed  a  new  line  behind 
a  house  belonging  to  the  Widow  Henry,  at  the  southern 
line  of  the  triangle  running  from  Grove  ton  to  Stone 
Bridge. 

The  Federals  now  received  a  fire  that  staggered 
them.  There  came  a  lull,  and  both  sides  reformed  for 
another  struggle.  Several  fresh  regiments  had  by  this 
time  arrived  from  Richmond  to  reinforce  the  enemy. 

At  2  P.  M.  McDowell  again  opened  the  battle  with 
his  whole  force  that  had  crossed  Bull  Run.  Miles's 
division,  with  the  brigades  of  Richardson  and  Schenck, 
were  still  upon  the  other  side,  and  did  not  become  en- 


40  MCDOWELL. 

i86i.  gaged,  except  in  demonstrations  against  Longstreet  and 
Bull~n    part  of  Bonham's  brigade,  at  Blackburn's  and  Mitchell's 
fords. 

All  other  troops  on  both  sides  are  again  engaged  in 
deadly  combat.  The  position  taken  by  the  enemy  is  a 
strong  one,  and  they  now  outnumber  the  Federals.  First 
the  Federal  attack  is  repulsed,  and  some  of  their  batter- 
ies are  captured ;  then  the  Confederates  are  forced  back, 
and  the  lost  guns  recaptured.  The  battle  becomes  ter- 
rific, both  sides  fighting  with  fearful  determination.  It 
is  difficult  to  decide  upon  which  side  lies  the  advantage, 
when  at  the  supreme  moment  Kirby  Smith,  with  nearly 
2,000  fresh  troops  of  Elzey's  brigade,  the  rear  of  John- 
ston's army,  and  Early's  brigade  just  brought  up  from 
the  enemy's  extreme  right,  arrive  upon  the  field,  and 
charging  upon  the  Federal  right  flank,  the  day  is  lost. 
It  is  about  3  :  30  P.  M. 

McDowell,  Sherman,  Keyes,  in  fact  all  the  officers, 
heroically  endeavored  to  save  the  rout  of  the  army  ;  but 
the  soldiers  were  not  veterans,  and  they  could  not  resist 
the  enemy's  fresh  troops  which  were  continually  arriv- 
ing, and  now  largely  outnumbered  them.  They  cer- 
tainly did  nobly-  for  their  first  encounter.  If  Patterson 
could  have  come  up  when  Kirby  Smith  did,  the  result 
would  no  doubt  have  been  different.  Burnside's  brigade, 
which  had  been  held  in  reserve  when  the  last  attack 
was  made,  together  with  the  brigades  of  Richardson  and 
Schenck,  and  Miles's  division,  covered  the  rear.  The 
Federals  retreated  to  the  defenses  of  Washington.  The 
enemy  had  been  so  severely  handled,  and  were  so 
nearly  defeated  that  they  could  not  pursue.  The  Fed- 
eral loss  was  481  killed,  1,011  wounded,  and  1,210  miss- 
ing. The  loss  of  the  enemy,  as  reported,  was  387  killed, 
1,582  wounded,  and  12  prisoners.  Among  the  Federals 
who  were  killed  were  Colonel  James  Cameron,  of  the 


ELL. 


79th  New  York,  brother  of  the  Secretary  of  War;  Col-  isc,i. 
onel  Slocum,  of  the  2d  Rhode  Island,  and  Colonel  DoatiTof 
Ilaggerty,  of  the  69th  New  York.  Among  the  wounded  ^^ 


were  Generals  Hunter  and  Heintzelman,  and  Colonel  0.  slocuni 

and  Ilag- 

B.  Willcox,  the  latter  being  taken  prisoner.     Colonel  M.  gcrty. 
Corcoran,  of  the  G9th  New  York,  was  also  wounded  and 
taken    prisoner.     Among    the    Confederates    who   were 
killed  were  Generals  Bee    and    Bartow.     General  Bee  Death  of 
resigned  as  Captain  of  the  10th  United  States  infantry  Bee  ami 
March  3,  1861.  Bartow' 

July  22,  1861,  the  day  after  the  Bull  Run  disaster,  juiy  2*.  i  . 
had  been  fixed  by  Congress  as  the  time  to  vote  upon  the  caus  for 
President's  call  for  400,000  men.    The  defeat  of  the  army,  «».»*"™>- 
instead  of  retarding  it,  accelerated  the  passage  of  a  reso- 
lution for  the  ample  support  of  the  Government.     In- 
stead of  the  400,000  which  was  called  for,  the  Resolution 
provided  for  500,000  men  for  three  years'  service,  and 
also  authorized  the  enlistment  of  25,000  more  men  for 
the  regular  army,  and  the  increase  of  the  navy  to  the 
fullest  needs  of  the  Government.     Congress  also  raised 
the  pay  of  soldiers  from  $11  to  $13  per  month,  adding  a  Pay  °'  «>i- 
bounty  of  $100  to  be  paid  after  two  years  of  service. 
(The  Thirty-eighth  Congress  —  1863-64—  raised  the  pay 
of  enlisted  men  to  $16  per  month.) 

Arms  and  ammunition  were  needed  at  once,  and  in  4 

Arms  par- 

larger  quantities  than  home  manufacturers  could  pro-  cha"e<1  in 
duce.  Agents  were  dispatched  to  Europe,  and  purchases 
were  made  of  all  serviceable  arms  that  could  be  found  in 
l-i  inland,  Germany,  and  other  countries.  But  the  best 
of  them  proved  to  be  poor  arms.  The  capacity  of  the 
Springfield  and  other  armories  was  increased,  and  the 
importation  ceased  as  soon  as  American  factories  could 
furnish  the  needed  supply. 

General  Geo.  B.  McClellan  was  called  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  Virginia  July  22.     This  army  was 


sco«  re- 


4:2 

i86i.  now  to  grow  to  huge  dimensions,  and  to  be  designated 
the  "Army  of  the  Potomac."  General  Scott  retained 
command  as  General-in-Chief  until  Oct.  31,  when  he 

General  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  at  his  own  request.  When 
McClellan  took  command,  he  found  an  army  of  about 
50,000.  Recruiting,  drilling,  and  organizing  began  at 
once  ;  but  this  required  much  time  and  hard  work.  The 
Northern  people  knew  nothing  of  military  science,  and 
were  wholly  "green"  at  the  beginning.  (The  writer 
asked  his  captain,  when  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  May, 
1861,  if  he  could  take  along  a  150-pound  trunk.)  The 
Southern  people,  on  the  contrary,  had  been  drilling  and 
preparing  for  war  since  the  days  of  Calhoun. 
iian  On  November  1,  McClellan  succeeded  Scott  as 
General-in-Chief.  The  Army  of  the  Potomac  now  num- 
bered 168,000  men;  this  included,  however,  the  troops 
at  Baltimore  and  Annapolis,  and  in  Virginia.  About 
150,000  men  were  present  for  duty,  of  whom  some 
15,000  were  not  yet  armed.  The  organizing  and  pre- 
paring for  active  service  of  so  large  an  army  was  a  huge 
undertaking,  and  it  is  admitted  on  all  sides  that  it  was 
well  done  by  General  McClellan.  November  passed 
away,  but  the  General  did  not  feel  that  the  army  was 
yet  fully  prepared  for  the  field.  December  passed,  and 
is  6  a,  so  on  till  the  spring  of  1862,  before  McClellan  could  be 
prevailed  upon  to  move.  He  overrated  the  numbers  of 
the  enemy  in  his  front,  placing  the  figures  at  150,000, 
when  in  fact  there  were  scarcely  one  half  that  number, 
and  he  could  have  moved  at  any  time  after  November  1 
with  100,000  men.  When  the  question  was  asked, 

"AH  quiet  "What's  the  news?"  the   well-remembered  reply  was, 

on  the    Po-  r  J 

All  quiet  on  the  Potomac." 

By  February  1,  the  army  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Washington  numbered  in  the  aggregate  222,000  men  ; 
there  were  present  for  duty  190,000.  The  enemy  in 


MCCLELLAN.  43 

front   numbered   about  60,000,  under  the  command  of  ISGV. 
General  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 

On  March  8,  the  President  issued  an  order  in  which 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  organized  into  four  corps, 
under  Generals  McDowell,  Sumner,  Heintzelman,  and 
Keyes  (numbered  in  the  order  named),  and  a  fifth  corps 
under  General  Banks  formed  of  his  own  and  General 
Shields's  divisions; 

Division  commanders  were :  1st  Corps,  Generals 
Franklin,  McCall,  and  King;  2d  Corps,  Richardson, 
Sedgwick,  and  Blenker ;  3d  Corps,  Porter,  Hooker,  and 
Hamilton ;  4th  Corps,  Couch,  W.  F.  Smith,  and  Casey ; 
Banks's  Corps,  Williams  and  Shields. 

The    enemy  evacuated    Manassas    March  9,  falling 
back  to  the  Rappahannock.     The  Army  of  the  Potomac  y*  encS 
moved  forward  on  the  10th,  occupying  Centreville  that  move8- 
day  and  Manassas  Junction  the  llth.     McClellan  was 
relieved    of  command  as  General-in-Chief  on  the  last- 
named  day,  and  placed  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Chlcf- 
Potomac,  his  whole    attention    being  required  by  that 
army,  which  was  about  to  start  on  a  campaign  planned 
by   himself  and    his   corps  commanders  in  council   on 
March  13.     The  2d,  3d,  and  4th  corps  were  concentrated 
near  Alexandria  by  March  16,  and  on  the  1 8th  began  to 
embark  on  transports  for  Fortress  Monroe.     By  April 
6,  McClellan,  with  110,000  men,  had   arrived  at  that 
point. 

Two  letters  addressed  to  General  McClellan,  one  by 
the  Secretary  of  War  and  one  by  the  President,  are 
here  inserted  as  a  partial  explanation  of  military  mat- 
ters about  Washington  at  that  time  :— 


44  MCCLELLAN. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT.  March  13,  18G2. 

1  if  6  it , 

To  MAJOR  GENERAL  GEORGE  B.  MCCLELLAN: — 

Letter  from      Tne  President,  having   considered   the   plan   of   operation? 
s.-nvtary  of  agreed  upon  by  yourself  and  the  commanders  of  army  corps, 
cieiia^    °  makes  no  objection  to  the  same,  but  gives  the  following  direc- 
tions as  to  its  execution: — 

1.  Leave  such  a  force  at  Manassas  Junction  as  will  make  it 
entirely  certain  that  the  enemy  shall  not  repossess  himself  of 
that  position  and  line  of  communication. 

2.  Leave  Washington  entirely  secure. 

3.  Move  the   remainder   of   the   force  down   the   Potomac, 
choosing  a  new  base  at  Fortress  Monroe,  or  anywhere  between 
here  and  there  ;  or  at  all  events,  move  such  remainder  of  the 
army  at  once  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy  by  some  route. 

EDWIN  M.  STANTON, 

Secretary  of  War. 

WASHINGTON,  April  0,  1862. 
MAJOR  GENERAL  MCCLELT.AN: — 

President's  My  dear  Sir,  Your  dispatches  complaining  that  you  are  not 
cteiian  °  properly  sustained,  while  they  do  not  offend  me,  do  pain  me 
very  much.  Blenker's  division  was  withdrawn  from  you 
before  you  left  here,  and  you  know  the  pressure  under  which  I 
did  it,  and,  as  I  thought,  acquiesced  in  it — certainly  not  with- 
out reluctance.  After  you  left'  I  ascertained  that  less  than 
20,000  unorganized  men,  without  a  single  field  battery,  were 
all  you  designed  to  be  left  for  the  defense  of  Washington  and 
Manassas  Junction,  and  part  of  this,  even,  was  to  go  to  General 
Hooker's  old  position.  General  Banks's  corps,  once  designed  for 
Manassas  Junction,  was  diverted  and  tied  up  on  the  line  of 
Winchester  and  Strasburg,  and  could  not  leave  it  without  again 
exposing  the  Upper  Potomac  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad.  This  presented  (or  would  present  when  McDowell 
and  Sumner  should  be  gone)  a  great  temptation  to  the  enemy 
to  turn  back  from  the  Rappahannock,  and  sack  Washington. 
My  explicit  order  that  Washington  should,  by  the  judgment  of 
all  the  commanders  of  the  army  corps,  be  left  entirely  secure, 
had  been  neglected.  It  was  precisely  this  that  drove  me  to  de- 
tain McDowell. 


MCCLELLAN.  45 

I  do  not  forget  that  I  was  satisfied  with  your  arrangement  ISGV. 
to  leave  Hanks  at  Manassas  Junction  ;  but  when  that  arrange- 
ment was  broken  up,  and  nothing  was  substituted  for  it,  of 
course  I  was  constrained  to  substitute  something  for  it  myself  ; 
and  allow  rne  to  ask,  Do  you  really  think  I  should  permit  the 
line  from  Richmond  via  Manassas  Junction  to  this  city  to  be 
entirely  open, -except  what  resistance  could  be  presented  by  less 
than  20,000  unorganized  troops  ?  This  is  a  question  which 
the  country  will  not  allow  me  to  evade. 

And  once  more  let  me  tell  you  it  is  indispensable  to  you 
that  you  strike  a  blow.  /  am  powerless  to  help  this.  You 
will  do  me  the  justice  to  remember  I  always  insisted  that  going 
down  the  bay  in  search  of  a  field  instead  of  fighting  at  or  near 
Manassas  was  only  shifting,  and  not  surmounting  a  difficulty  ; 
that  we  should  find  the  same  enemy,  and  the  same  or  equal  in- 
trenchments  at  either  place.  The  country  will  not  fail  to  note 
—is  now  noting — that  the  present  hesitation  to  move  upon  an 
intrenched  enemy  is  but  the  story  of  Manassas  repeated. 

I  beg  to  assure  you  that  I  have  never  written  to  you  or 
spoken  to  you  in  greater  kindness  of  feeling  than  now,  nor 
with  a  fuller  purpose  to  sustain  you  as  far  as  in  my  most  anx- 
ious judgment  I  consistently  can.  But  you  must  act. 

Yours  very  truly, 

A.  LINCOLN. 

McDowell's   corps  had  been  ordered  to  move  with 
the  army,  but  was  stopped  by  order  of  the  President,  as  £1','"^' M< 
explained  in  the  above  letter  ab<tvo 

Yorktown. 

On  April  4,  the  first  half  of  the  army  having  arrived 
at  Fortress  Monroe,  the  movement  toward  Yorktown 
was  begun,  and  on  the  5th,  McClellan,  with  about 
50,000  men,  arrived  before  the  enemy's  fortifications  at 
that  place,  when  the  pickets  of  the  contending  armies 
came  in  collision. 

The  enemy's  works  lay  along  Warwick  Creek,  which 
runs  from  near  Yorktown  to  the  James  River;  thus 
McClellan's  further  progress  was  barred,  and  he  must 
take  these  works  before  he  could  move  another  step 


WGLELLAN. 

toward  Richmond.  Magruder  had  constructed  several 
dams  in  this  stream,  which,  by  backing  the  water, 
caused  inundation.  Besides  this  valuable  defense,  the 
position  was  naturally  a  very  strong  one,  and  had 
McClellan  no  more  than  20,000  men,  no  doubt  Magruder 
could  have  successfully  resisted,  if  determinedly  attacked; 
but  100,000  men  ought  to  have  dried  up  Warwick  Creek, 
surmounted  the  enemy's  dams,  and  pushed  on. 

On  McClellan's  approach,  Magruder  had  been  ordered 
to  withdraw  ;  but  he  was  obstinate,  and  disobeyed.  His 
Government  afterward  forgave  him. 

At  this  time  the  enemy  defending  Yorktown  and  its 
outlying  fortifications,  —  a  portion  of  which  were  the 
old  works  built  by  Lord  Cornwallis  in  1781,  and  were 
now  repaired  —  numbered  about  11,000  men  under  Gen- 
eral Magruder.  McClellan  decided  not  to  attack  with 
the  force  present,  but  waited  for  the  whole  army  of 
110,000  men.  Magruder  was  not  reinforced  until  the 
7th,  and  then  lightly,  and  on  the  12th  had  only  about 
23,000  men  to  defend  a  line  of  works  fourteen  miles  in 
length. 

April  ic.  On  the  16th,  McClellan  ordered  an  attack  on  a  part 
Leo8Mills-of  the  enemy's  works  at  Lee's  Mills,  which  was  about 
the  center  of  their  line  ;  but  only  a  few  hundred  troops 
took  part  in  it,  and  they  were  repulsed  after  a  severe 
engagement,  with  a  loss  of  200  killed  and  wounded. 
The  assault  was  made  by  the  3d,  4th,  and  6th  Vermont, 
who  carried  the  enemy's  works  across  the  creek,  but 
they  were  not  supported,  and  Magruder,  hastening  re- 
inforcements, forced  them  back  after  an  hour's  hard 
fighting. 

McClellan  then  began  a  regular  siege,  making  exten- 
preparations,  bringing  up  heavy  siege    guns,  and 
town.         using  up  a  month  in  building    batteries,  etc.;    but  the 
enemy  left  before  he  was  ready  to  bombard, 


Aprn  5  to 
May4.8«ege 


MVCLELLAN.  47 

On  April  30,  Johnston,  Lee,  and  Jefferson  Davis 
held  a  conference  with  Magruder,  and  decided  to  with- 
draw from  Yorktown.  Magruder  evacuated  on  the 
morning  of  May  4  unmolested,  joining  General  Johnston, 
who  retired  with  his  whole  army  toward  Richmond. 
Franklin's  division  had  joined  McClellan  on  the  22d  of 
April,  giving  him  about  120,000  men.  Pursuit  at  once 
began,  with  Stoneman's  cavalry  in  advance.  The  enemy 
was  overtaken  near  Williamsburg.  Hampton's  cavalry 
and  some  infantry  forming  his  rear  guard  halted  at  this 
point,  and  took  possession  of  Fort  Magruder  and  adjoin- 
ing works. 

On  the  evening  of  the  4th,  Stoneman's  advance  was 
checked  by  Hampton,  a  severe  engagement  took  place, 
when  Stoneman  retired  a  short  distance,  and  waited  for 
the  infantry  to  come  up.  Hooker's  division  arrived  first; 
but  it  was  dark,  and  he  could  not  attack  until  morning. 
Longstreet,  who  had  gone  on,  learning  of  Hampton's 
success  in  checking  the  Federals,  returned  with  his 
whole  corps  to  the  defenses  of  Williamsburg.  Hooker 
attacked  Longstreet  on  the  morning  of  the  5th,  but  for  May  5 
some  unaccountable  reason  he  received  no  assistance Williams- 

burg. 

from  the  other  divisions  near  at  hand.  Although  largely 
outnumbered,  Hooker's  troops,  with  great  pluck  and 
determination,  fought  a  hard  fight.  The  battle  was  a 
severe  one,  and  lasted  all  day,  Hooker  barely  holding  his 
ground. 

At  4  P.  M.,  Kearny  arrived  with  his  division.  He 
had  heard  Hooker's  guns,  and  hastened  to  his  aid.  Up 
to  this  time  the  enemy  had  been  bold,  coming  out  of  their 
works  and  sorely  pressing  the  Federals ;  now  the  tide 
changes,  Kearny's  men  go  in  with  a  will,  the  Confeder- 
ates catch  "  Hail  Columbia,"  and  after  a  long  and  stubborn 
resistance  are  driven  back  into  their  fortifications,  when 
night  stops  operations.  Hancock,  in  command  of  a  bn- 


1862. 


MWLELLAN. 

gade,  did  some  fine  work  on  the  enemy's  left  flank  in 
repulsing  Early.  Peck's  brigade  of  Couch's  division  also 
came  up  soon  after  the  arrival  of  Kearny,  and  did  some 
good  work  on  the  Federal  right.  On  the  morning  of  the 
6th,  it  was  found  that  the  enemy  had  silently  retired 
during  the  night. 

In  the  battle  of  Williamsburg,  the  Federal  loss  was 
about   2,000   killed  and  wounded,  and  600  taken  pris- 
oners;  the  loss  of  the  enemy  was  about  3,000    killed 
and  wounded,  and  600  taken  prisoners.     Hooker's  divis- 
ion sustained  fully  two  thirds  of  the  Federal  loss.     This 
battle  was  fought  by  Hooker  and  Kearny,  aided  by  the 
brigades  of  Hancock  and  Peck.     McClellan  arrived  after 
the  battle  was  over,  and  ordered  the  army  forward,  the 
May  17.      enemy   slowly   retreating.     May    17,    the    enemy   was 
Bridge!'"     driven  across  the  Chickahominy  at  Bottom's  Bridge. 

Franklin's  division,  followed  by  three  other  divisions, 
left  Yorktown  on  transports,  arriving  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Pamunkey  River  on  the  6th,  landing  on  the  7th  on 
the  right  bank  of  York  River,  opposite  West  Point, 
which  is  about  twenty-five  miles  from  Yorktown  and 
thirty -five  miles  by  rail  from  Richmond,  at  a  place 
called  Eltham.  This  interfered  somewhat  with  the 
w«t7pM«t  retreat  of  Johnston,  who  sent  Whiting's  division  to  attack 

VY  toL     1  U111L  /  CJ 

Franklin  on  the  8th  ;  but  they  were  repulsed,  and  hastily 
retired.  McClellan  used  this  point,  together  with  the 
White  House,  as  his  depot  for  supplies.  At  this  time, 
General  McClellan  reformed  his  army,  dividing  it  into 
five  corps,  and  giving  Franklin  and  Fitz  John  Porter  the 
two  new  corps. 

He  had  by  letter,  on  May  9,  asked  of  the  President 
permission  to  do  this,  and  also  authority  to  relieve  incom- 
petent corps  commanders.  The  President  replied  that 
he  was  informed  that  he  (McClellan)  did  not  consult 
with  Sumner,  Heintzelman.  or  Keyes,  in  fact  with  no- 


MCCLELLAN.  49 


body  but  Fitz  John  Porter  and  perhaps  Franklin,  and 
asked,  "  Do  the  corps  commanders  disobey  your  orders?" 
He  also  gave  McClellan  a  little  friendly  advice,  intimating 
that  he  had  better  let  the  corps  commanders  remain. 
McClellan  took  no  action,  except  to  appoint  the  two 
new  corps  commanders  as  noted. 

As  reorganized,  the  division  commanders  were  as 
follows  :  2d  Corps  (Sumner),  Richardson  and  Sedgwick; 
3d  Corps  (Heintzelman),  Hooker  and  Kearny  ;  4th 
Corps  (Keyes),  Couch  and  Casey;  5th  Corps  (Franklin), 
Slocum  and  Smith;  6th  Corps  (Porter),  Morrell  and 
Sykes;  independent  divisions  of  Pennsylvania  Reserves, 
McCall. 

The  other  forces  in  Virginia  were  at  this  time  dis- 
tributed as  follows  :  when  Franklin's  division  was  taken 
from  McDowell  and  sent  to  McClellan,  Shields's  division 
was  taken  from  Banks  and  sent  to  McDowell,  who  is 
now  at  Fredericksburg.  A  new  division  has  been 
formed  and  added  to  this  corps,  under  General  Ord. 
General  Geary,  with  a  few  regiments,  is  stationed  at 
Manassas.  Banks  is  in  the  Shenandoah,  entertaining 
Jackson;  and  General  Fremont,  with  about  13,000  men, 
is  in  West  Virginia.  Blenker's  division,  taken  from 
Sumner,  is  with  him. 

The  advance  of  the  Federal  army  caused  the  evacua-  May  8. 
tion  of  Norfolk,  the  enemy  retiring  from  that  place  May  J^'J^ 
8,  and  on  the  10th  the  Federal  troops  took  possession,  evacuate 

A  Norfolk. 

A  delegation  of  citizens  came  out  and  met  the  troops, 
surrendering  the  city  and  navy  yard.  President  Lincoln 
was  present  on  this  occasion. 

On  May  20,  the  army  reached  New  Bridge,  eight  ^  ^ 
miles  from  Richmond,  and  on  the  23d  the  enemy  was 
driven  from  Mechanics  ville.     On  the    24th,  there  was 
skirmishing  at  Ellison's  Mills  and  Cold  Harbor,  the  en- 
emy retreating. 
4 


50  MCCLELLAN. 

1862.  On  May  24,  the  Federal  left,  composed  of  the  corps 
~~  of  Keyes  and  Heintzelman,  was  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Chickahominy,  reaching  from  Bottom's  Bridge  to 
Seven  Pines,  the  latter  point  about  seven  miles  from 
Richmond.  The  rest  of  McClellan's  army  was  on  the 
left  bank,  Sumner  being  at  Railroad  Bridge,  and  Porter 
and  Franklin  near  Gaines's  Mill  and  Mechanicsville. 
The  Chickahominy  rises  a  few  miles  north  of  Richmond, 
and  runs  south-east  to  the  James.  It  is  about  seventy 
miles  long. 
May  87.  Qn  faQ  27th,  Porter,  with  Morrell's  division  and 

Hanover 

court  Warren's  brigade  and  a  brigade  of  cavalry,  in  all  about 
10,000  men,  left  his  camps,  and  attacked  a  division  of 
the  Confederates  of  equal  force,  under  General  Branch, 
near  Hanover  Court  House,  which  is  about  fourteen 
miles  to  the  north.  The  attack  was  gallantly  made; 
and  after  a  severe  engagement,  the  Confederates  were 
driven  from  their  position.  They  soon  after  rallied,  and 
attempted  to  make  a  stand,  but  were  again  put  to  flight, 
retiring  in  great  disorder  southward.  The  Federal  loss 
was  about  400  killed,  wounded,  and  missing ;  the  loss 
of  the  enemy,  about  1,200,  of  whom  800  were  prisoners. 
Porter  returned  to  his  camps  on  the  29th. 

On  the  30th  of  May  the  Comrnander-in-Chief  of  the 
enemy's  forces,  General  Johnston,  determined  to  attack 
and  crush  the  Federal  left,  which  was  in  a  difficult  and 
dangerous  position,  before  the  right  could  cross  to  its 
aid.  His  army  in  and  about  Richmond  numbered  about 
80,000  men,  in  six  divisions,  under  Generals  Magruder, 
A.  P.  Hill,  Longstreet,  G.  W.  Smith,  D.  H.  Hill,  and 
Huger.  The  latter  had  just  arrived  from  Norfolk,  hav- 
ing evacuated  that  place  on  the  8th. 

The  enemy  began  the  attack  about  1  p.  M.  on  the 
31st,  with  the  divisions  of  Longstreet  and  D.  H.  Hill. 
A.  P,  Hill's  clivision  was  stationed  on  the  left  bank. 


MCCLELLAN.  51 

Magruder's  was  held  in  reserve.     Huger's  division  did   isen. 
not,  as   intended,  get  up  in  time  to  take  part  in  this 
day's   battle.     Keyes's    corps,  in    two  divisions    under 
Casey  and  Couch,  was  the  first  to  receive  the  blow,  and  May 31  and 

June  1. 

a  bloody  battle  was  fought  at  Fair  Oaks  and  Seven  sevenpines 
Pines.  Keyes  was  outnumbered,  he  having  about  12,000  oaks.  *' 
men,  and  Longstreet  and  Hill  about  25,000;  but  his 
men  heroically  resisted  the  terrible  charges  of  the  enemy 
until  3  :  30  P.  M.,  when  Kearny  came  to  his  aid  Phil 
Kearny  knew  no  obstacles  at  such  a*  time.  But  now 
Johnston,  who  had  been  waiting  at  Old  Tavern  with 
Smith's  division  for  the  booming  of  Longs treet's  cannon, 
— which  he  failed  to  hear  because  of  a  strong  contrary 
wind, — became  impatient,  and  pushing  Smith  forward 
rapidly,  fiercely  attacked  the  federal  right,  forcing  it 
back.  His  object  was  to  get  possession  of  Bottom's 
Bridge,  and  thus  cut  off  McClellan's  left. 

At  6  P.  M.  the  battle  was  terrific.  Smith  was  gain- 
ing ground.  Up  to  this  time  the  battle  was  fought 
between  Casey,  Couch,  and  Kearny,  numbering  about 
16,000  men;  and  Longstreet,  Hill,  and  Smith,  with 
40,000  men.  The  Federals,  greatly  outnumbered,  seemed 
destined  to  defeat ;  but  Simmer  had  not  been  idle.  With 
great  difficulty  he  succeeded  in  getting  Sedgwick's  di- 
vision across  the  river,  which  had  been  swollen  by  a 
tremendous  rain  the  night  before,  and  now,  just  in  the 
nick  of  time,  the  old  man  dashes  upon  the  exultant 
enemy.  Johnston  is  astonished  to  find  Sumner  before 
him.  He  did  not  know  of  the  bridge,  and  felt  sure  of 
victory.  Sedgwick's  men  fight  with  intrepidity,  each 
one  a  hero.  Their  impetuosity  cannot  be  resisted.  The 
enemy  is  checked,  maddened,  yet  still  holding  his  ground 
with  great  determination ;  but  he  is  finally  driven  back 
upon  Fair  Oaks  Station.  It  is  now  night,  and  darkness 
puts  an  end  to  the  terrible  battle. 


52  MCCLELLAN. 

1862,         Johnston  was  wounded  in  front  of  Sumner's  troops 
Gen~      while  leading  Smith's  men  to  the  charge,  and  was  carried 


Johnston    int0  Richmond,  General  Smith  assuming  command  tern- 
wounded. 

porarily. 

The  morning  of  June  1  found  Hooker's  and  Richard- 
son's divisions  at  the  front.  The  latter  had  made  all 
haste  to  follow  Sedgwick  across  the  Chickahominy  ;  but 
owing  to  high  water  and  defective  bridges,  he  was  unable 
to  reach  the  field  until  after  the  battle  of  May  31  was 
over.  Before  the  battle,  Hooker  had  been  guarding  the 
passes  of  White  Oak  Swamp,  and  Kearny  was  with 
Heintzelman  at  or  near  Savage  Station  ;  but  when 
Kearny  was  sent  to  aid  Keyes,  Hooker  was  recalled  to 
occupy  the  position  he  had  vacated. 

The  battle  of  June  1  was  opened  by  the  Federals. 
The  enemy  had  received  a  strong  reinforcement,  Huger's 
division  having  at  last  gotten  into  position.  The  troops 
of  Sumner,  Keyes,  and  Heintzelman  moved  steadily  for- 
ward, driving  the  enemy  back  at.  all  points;  and  by 
noon  all  the  ground  lost  the  day  before  had  been  recap- 
tured. The  fighting  was  marked  by  brilliant  charges 
'  by  the  Federals,  especially  by  the  brigades  of  Sickles 
and  Meagher.  Towards  evening  the  crest-fallen  enemy 
retreated  in  haste  and  confusion,  and  returned  to  the 
defenses  of  Richmond.  The  Federal  loss  in  the  two 
days  was  890  killed,  3,627  wounded,  and  1,222  prison- 
ers, —  total  5,739,  Keyes's  corps  losing  over  3,100  of  the 
total.  The  loss  of  the  enemy  is  variously  estimated, 
"  according  to  who  tells  the  story  ;  "  but  the  experience 
of  the  whole  war  shows  that  in  all  such  battles  the  loss 
on  each  side  in  killed  and  wounded  was  about  the  same. 
The  prisoners  vary  according  to  the  fortunes  of  the  day. 
In  this  battle  the  Federals  took  about  1,300  prisoners. 
The  losses  of  the  enemy  fully  equaled  those  of  the 
Federals;  and  as  they  attacked  the  Federals  behind 
breastworks,  were  probably  greater, 


MCCLNLLAN.  53 


McClellan  was  now  reinforced  with  about  10,000 
men  from  Fortress  Monroe.  McCall's  division  of  Mc- 
Dowell's corps  also  joined  him  on  June  12.  The  con- 
tending forces  then  took  a  brief  rest.  It  had  rained  so 
much  that  the  Federal  soldiers  were  continually  in  mud, 
water,  or  on  damp  ground,  causing  much  sickness  ;  and 
this,  together  with  losses  in  battle,  reduced  McClellan's 
army  to  about  100,000  effective  men,  notwithstanding 
reinforcements.  There  were  about  12,000  present  sick, 
and  30,000  absentees  at  this  time,  according  to  the 
official  report. 

General  Robert  E.  Lee,  formerly  an  officer  in  the  Generalise 
regular  army,  and  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican  War,  had  comnmmiof 
been  placed  in  command  of  the  enemy's  forces  in  Vir-  *heciu;iny's 

»  forces. 

ginia,  in  place  of  General  Johnston,  wounded.  He  was 
a  noble  type  of  the  American  soldier,  a  member  of  one 
of  the  most  honorable  families  of  Virginia.  No  doubt  it 
was  with  the  deepest  regret  that  he  drew  his  sword 
against  the  flag  of  his  country.  -\ 

On  June  13  a  brigade  of  the  enemy's  cavalry  under 
General  Stuart  left  Richmond  at  the  North,  having  a 
short  engagement  with  two  Federal  squadrons  of  cavalry 
at  Hanover  Court  House  on  the  14th,  in  which  Captain  June  u. 
Royall,  commanding  one  of  the  squadrons,  greatly  dis-  court 
tinguished  himself,  and  was  severely  wounded.  The 
Federals  were  finally  pushed  aside,  and  Stuart  passed 
on,  making  a  circuit  of  the  Federal  army;  but  being 
closely  pursued,  he  destroyed  but  little  property,  and 
with  difficulty  escaped  McClellan's  cavalry  at  Jones's 
Bridge  on  the  Chickahominy,  returning  to  Richmond 
from  the  South.  The  raid  accomplished  nothing. 

June    25,  McClellan,    wishing   to    extend   his    left,  June  23. 
pushed  Hooker's  division  forward  to  Oak  Grove,  within 
five  miles  of  Richmond.     The  enemy  attacked  fiercely, 
but  Hooker  held  his  ground,  and  a  severe  battle  followed. 


54  McCLELLAN. 

186%.  McClellan  sending  forward  the  divisions  of  Kearny  and 
Couch,  and  portions  of  the  divisions  of  Casey  and 
Richardson,  to  Hooker's  aid,  the  enemy  was  defeated 
and  driven  off,  and  Hooker  was  firmly  established 
there.  The  Federal  loss  was  50  killed,  400  wounded, 
and  64  taken  prisoners. 

The  Federal  army,  now  numbering  about  115,000 
men  for  duty,  lay  from  Old  Tavern  to  White  Oak  Swamp, 
with  the  divisions  of  Morrell,  Sykes,  and  McCall,  under 
Porter,  still  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chickahominy.  The 
corps  from  right  to  left  were  posted  as  follows  :  Porter, 
Franklin,  Sumner,  Heintzelman,  and  Keyes,  and  all  were 
partially  intrenched  except  Porter,  who  had  no  breast- 
works, as  McClellan  expected  soon  to  withdraw  from 
that  side  of  the  river. 

The  enemy  under  Lee  numbered  60,000  in  five 
divisions,  under  Longstreet,  A.  P.  Hill,  Huger,  Magruder, 
and  D.  H.  Hill.  Jackson,  arriving  in  haste  June  26, 
coming  by  way  of  Charlottesville,  Gordonsville,  and 
Beaver  Dam  Station  to  Ashland  from  Port  Republic, 
where  Fremont  had  left  him,  brought  30,000  men,  giv- 
ing Lee  a  force  of  90,000. 

McClellan,  having  decided  to  move  his  army  to 
James  River,  began  transferring  his  supplies  from  White 
House  by  boats  on  the  night  of  June  25,  taking  eight 
days'  rations  in  wagons  for  supplying  his  army  until 
he  could  reach  that  river. 

Lee  was  making  great  efforts  to  collect  a  large  force 
Beaver26'  with  which  to  crush  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  June  26 
he  beSan  a  movement  against  McClellan's  right,  expect- 
ing  to  demolish  Porter.  A.  P.  Hill  was  to  cross  at 
Meadow  Bridge,  Longstreet  and  D.  H.  Hill  at  Mechan- 
icsville  Bridge,  Jackson  to  come  from  the  North,  Huger 
and  Magruder  to  entertain  the  balance  of  McClellan's 
army,  and  detain  reinforcements  to  Porter  as  much  as 


55 


possible.  McCall,  with  about  6,000  men  in  three  i*ev 
brigades,  under  Seymour,  Reynolds,  and  Meade,  was  at 
Beaver  Dam  Creek,  near  Mechanicsville,  well  intrenched. 
Jackson,  who  it  was  intended  should  open  the  battle, 
and  thus,  by  taking  McCall  in  the  rear,  render  Lee  an 
easy  victory,  found  a  difficult  country  to  march  over, 
and  failed  to  come  up  as  intended.  Lee  became  impa- 
tient. Jefferson  Davis  was  there  to  witness  the  Federal 
defeat,  and  at  3  p.  M.  Lee  ordered  the  attack  upon  McCall's 
position  by  the  divisions  of  the  two  Hills.  A.  P.  Hill's 
division  was  over  12,000  strong,  and  led  in  the  attack. 
Assault  after  assault  was  made,  the  hottest  of  the  en- 
gagement being  at  Ellison's  Mills,  where  the  Confeder- 
ates attempted  to  cross  the  creek.  The  Federals,  having 
a  strong  position,  suffered  but  little,  but  caused  terrible 
destruction  in  the  ranks  of  the  enemy.  Lee  was  disap- 
pointed, and  ordered  another  charge,  which  was  desper- 
ately made  and  terribly  repulsed,  when  darkness  closed 
the  conflict  which  had  resulted  in  defeat  to  the  enemy, 
and  a  loss  of  about  3,000  men.  McCall's  loss  was 
scarcely  350,  which  seems  incredible  ;  nevertheless,  the 
statement  appears  to  be  a  fact. 

At  daylight  on  the  27th,  McCall  withdrew  from  the 
position  he  had  so  well  defended,  and  joined  Porter  at 
Gaines's  Mill.     Two  brigades  of  Morrell's  division  had 
come  to  his  aid  the  night  before,  and  remained  to  cover 
the  rear.     They  were  savagely  attacked  before  leaving 
the    works  ;    but  the  enemy  was  repulsed  with  severe 
loss,  when  the  retreat  was  made  in  good  order.     Porter 
had  discovered  the  gathering  storm,  and  was  concentrat- 
ing his  forces.     At  noon  on  the  27th,  Porter's  corps,  j,me  27. 
numbering  about  25,000  men,  lay,  quietly  waiting  the  MilTorcoi 
foe,  from  Powhite  Creek  —  a  stream    running   at   right  Uarb°r. 
angles  with  the  Chickahominy,  and  upon  which  stands 
Gaines's  Mill  —  to  New  Cold  Harbor,  and  stretching  to 


to  M^CLELLAN. 

is 6».  the  right  across  McGee's  farm,  turns  again  to  the  river, 
or  rather  to  its  swampy  border.  Morrell's  division  lay 
on  the  left,  facing  the  west  along  Powhite  Creek,  and  to 
New  Cold  Harbor.  Sykes's  division,  forming  the  center 
and  right,  faced  north  and  east.  McCall's  division,  held 
in  reserve  for  a  short  time,  was  soon  called  into  action. 
Lee  had  deployed  his  divisions,  Longstreet  on  his 
right,  next  A.  P.  Hill,  then  D.  H.  Hill,  who  was  to  be 
joined  by  Jackson  on  the  extreme  left ;  but  the  latter, 
following  his  instructions,  had  gone  too  far  in  the  direc- 
tion of  White  House.  Lee  supposed  that  McClellan 
would  extend  Porter's  right  to  protect  that  supply 
depot,  not  dreaming  that  the  Federal  commander  was 
already  preparing  to  change  his  base  to  the  James 
River. 

At  1  P.  M.,  while  marching  into  his  assigned  position, 

Cold  Har- 

bor-  A.  P.  Hill's  troops  came  in  contact  with  Morrell's  right 
and  Sykes's  left,  and  the  battle  of  Gaines's  Mill  or  Cold 
Harbor  opened, — a  little  sooner  than  the  enemy  had 
intended.  Hill  brought  up  his  artillery  within  short 
range  to  support  the  fierce  attacks  of  his  infantry ;  but 
it  was  of  no  avail.  The  Federal  troops  stood  firm,  and 
repulsed  each  assault  with  heavy  loss  to  the  Confederates. 
During  the  battle,  two  of  McCall's  brigades  were  called 
to  reinforce  Morrell's  right. 

General  Lee,  arriving  on  the  field,  discovered  his 
error.  Instead  of  throwing  so  much  force  to  the  defense 
of  White  House,  McClellan  had  concentrated  his  troops, 
on  that  side  of  the  Chickahominy,  about  Gaines's  Mill; 
and  although  still  unable  to  fathom  McClellan's  inten- 
tions, Lee  immediately  recalled  Jackson  upon  Cold 
Harbor.  Without  waiting  his  arrival,  however,  he  re- 
newed the  attack  at  about  3  :  30  P.  M.  Longstreet  was 
sent  against  Morrell  and  McCall,  and  A.  P.  Hill  against 
Sykes ;  for  he  feared  Porter  would  soon  be  reinforced, 
and  felt  that  he  must  act  at  once. 


67 


The  attack  is  general  along  the  whole  line.  The 
assaults  of  the  enemv  are  furious  and  determined  at 

•/ 

every  point.     Resolved  to  avenge  the  defeat  of  Beaver 
Dam  Creek,  they  savagely  rush  upon  the  Federal  guns. 

The  battle  rages  for  one  hour  and  a  half  with  terri-  Jan.  27. 
ble  losses  on  both  sides,  each  side  using  all  its  reserves.  MHI,  con- 
Now  a  brigade  of  the  enemy  charges  a  point  in  the  tl] 
Federal  line,  which  under  the  sudden  shock  bends 
inward,  then,  reinforced,  the  Federals  return  the  charge, 
driving  the  enemy  beyond  its  first  starting-point.  Thus 
the  whole  line  of  combatants  moves  in  broken  waves 
amid  sheets  of  flame  and  shot.  Porter,  outnumbered, 
has  sent  to  his  chief  for  aid,  and  just  as  Longstreet  is 
making  an  almost  resistless  charge,  Slocum's  division 
of  Franklin's  corps  arrives,  part  going  to  Morrell's  aid 
and  part  to  Sykes's.  Slocum  has  come  in  good  time,  the 
line  is  saved  and  disaster  thwarted  ;  but  the  battle 
rages  furiously  until  5  p.  M.,  when,  repulsed  on  all  sides 
and  at  all  points,  the  enemy  fall  back,  and  for  a  brief 
time  desist;  for  their  troops  are  exhausted.  Lee  is 
greatly  dissatisfied.  He  has  met  a  bloody  check,  and 
has  failed  to  break  the  Federal  line. 

At  about  5  P.  M.,  Jackson  arrives  near  the  -field,  new 
arrangement  of  troops  is  made,  D.  H.  Hill  going  to  the 
extreme  left  of  the  enemy's  line.  A.  P.  Hill's  division 
had  been  badly  cut  up  and  disorganized,  and  Jackson's 
troops,  with  what  there  was  left  of  that  division,  formed 
the  center  of  the  line,  with  Longstreet  still  on  the  right. 
And  now  70,000  men  will  attack  Porter,  whose  troops 
have  been  fighting  for  five  hours.  McClellan  is  informed 
of  the  situation,  but  declines  to  send  more  reinforcements, 
with  the  exception  of  two  brigades,  which  have  been 
offered  by  Sumner,  as  he  fears  Huger  and  Magruder. 
He  has  more  than  75,000  men  across  the  river,  but 
imagines  that  the  enemy  menacing  him  number  100,000, 


LULL  Atf. 


186%.  when  in  reality  there  are  but  two  small  divisions.  But 
Magruder  shows  his  teeth  once  in  awhile,  and  McClellan 
keeps  his  75,000  men  well  in  hand.  Porter  now  has 
about  35,000  men,  nearly  worn  out  with  fatigue,  to 
oppose  double  his  number,  one  half  of  whom  are  fresh 
troops. 

At  about  5  :  30  P.  M.,  Lee  again  advances  to  the 
attack  with  overwhelming  force.  Almost  like  a  flash 
the  battle  again  breaks  forth  along  the  whole  line.  The 
Federals  steadily  deliver  a  terrible  fire,  their  artillery 
opening  great  gaps  in  the  ranks  of  the  advancing  foe. 
The  first  assaults  are  repelled  with  much  slaughter, 
although  it  is  with  the  greatest  effort  that  the  Federals 
can  maintain  their  line  against  such  odds.  Lee  and 
Jackson  call  for  their  reserves.  Porter  has  no  reserves; 
he  has  had  every  available  man  in  action  since  4  o'clock, 
and  at  last  the  Federals,  largely  outnumbered  and  ex- 
hausted, are  crowded  back.  A  rout  seems  inevitable,  but 
they  know  that  they  must  defend  Alexander  Bridge, 
Desperate  their  only  means  of  crossing  the  Chickahominy.  Nobly 
do  the  Union  soldiers  withstand  the  almost  resistless 
tide.  Vainly  do  they  look  for  assistance  from  their 
brothers  just  across  the  river.  A  little  before  dark  the 
two  brigades  from  Sumner's  corps  arrive  —  French's  and 
Meagher's  Irish  brigade.  The  tired  soldiers  are  revived; 
they  rally  around  these  fresh  troops,  reform  their  lines, 
and  await  the  enemy,  who  is  preparing  for  a  final  assault. 
But  Lee,  seeing  the  firm  stand  taken,  imagines  that 
heavy  reinforcements  have  arrived,  and  it  being  now 
night,  the  day's  struggle  is  ended. 

The  battle  of  Gaines's  Mill  has  been  fought  with  a 
loss  in  killed  and  wounded  of  14,000  Americans,  7,000 
on  each  side.  The  enemy  have  captured  twenty-two 
pieces  of  artillery,  and  the  position  held  by  the  Federals 
at  the  beginning  of  the  battle.  During  the  night,  the 


MCCLELLAtf.  50 

Federals  crossed  to  the    other  side  of  the  river,  after   /*cv. 
which  they  burned  Alexander  Bridge. 

The  28th  was  occupied  by  McClellan  in  getting  his 
trains  started  for  the  James  River,  and  his  army  ready 
to  follow.  He  believed  that  Lee  had  an  army  of  200,- 
000,  and  so  impressed  the  President  of  his  needs  for 
reinforcements  that  General  Halleck  was  directed  to 
send  at  once,  with  all  dispatch,  25,000  men  from  Corinth; 
but  this  order  was  countermanded  before  the  troops  had 
started.  On  the  other  hand,  Lee  fell  into  an  error  by 
supposing  that  McClellan  was  about  to  retreat  to  White 
House  ;  and  on  the  28th,  Jackson's  troops  were  deployed 
along  the  Chickahominy,  a  portion  reaching  to  Bottom's 
Bridge,  to  prevent  the  crossing  of  the  Federals.  Thus 
Lee  lost  and  McClellan  gained  a  whole  day,  which  the 
latter  made  good  use  of  by  hastening  his  immense  trains 
to  the  James.  About  noon  Magruder  thought  he  saw 
evidences  of  evacuation  in  his  front,  and  sent  a  brigade 
under  Toombs  against  some  fortifications  occupied  by 
Hancock's  brigade  at  Golding.  Toombs  found  the June  28- 

Golding's 

Federals  alive,  and  received  a  handsome  repulse,  with  a  f»nn. 
loss  of  about  250  in  all — killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 

During  the  28th,  the  evacuation  of  the  Federal 
works  was  continually  going  on.  Sumner's  corps  and 
Smith's  division  were  to  cover  the  rear,  assisted  by 
Heintzelman's  corps.  On  the  afternoon  of  the  29th,  J«me  29. 
Sumner's  corps  and  Smith's  division  were  fiercely  attacked  station. 
by  two  divisions  under  Magruder  at  Savage's  Station. 
Heintzelman,  misunderstanding  his  orders,  had  gone  on. 
The  assault  was  violent  and  spiteful,  and  the  result  hung 
in  the  balance  for  an  hour;  but  Sumner  was  equal  to 
the  emergency,  and  toward  evening  succeeded  in  giving 
Magruder  a  severe  repulse. 

Meantime  the  chiefs  of  the  contending  armies  were 
making  all  haste,  one  to  reach  the  James,  the  other  to 


60 

i  aos.  overtake  him.  Lee  was  unable  to  get  his  army  over  the 
Chickahominy  until  the  29th.  His  organizations  had 
been  terribly  torn  up  by  the  fierce  battle  of  Gaines's 
Mill,  and  the  troops  needed  rest,  The  corps  of  Keyes 
and  Porter  had  nearly  reached  Malvern  Hill. 

June  30,  Franklin,  with  Smith's  and  Richardson's 
divisions  and  Naglee's  brigade,  were  left  to  guard  the 
pass  of  White  Oak  Swamp  at  Frazier's  Farm.  Jackson, 
with  his  four  divisions,  arrived  at  this  point  about  11 
A.  M.;  but  the  pass  was  narrow,  and  his  superior  num- 
bers availed  him  nothing.  He  attacked  with  artillery 
only,  and  Franklin  defended  with  artillery.  The  battle 
with  cannon  continued  all  day.  Jackson  was  held  in 
check,  and  darkness  found  him  still  unable  to  force  a 
passage.  There  had  been  severe  loss  on  both  sides. 
McClellan  was  lucky  once ;  for  Franklin  had  held  nearly 
one  half  of  Lee's  army  in  check  while  a  fierce  battle 
was  raging  a  short  distance  away  at  Glendale,  or  Charles 


or  Charles 

city  cross  City  Cross  Road,  where  McClellan  had  stationed  about 
18,000  men,  composed  of  M^Call's,  Kearny's,  and  parts 
of  Hooker's,  Sedgwick's,  and  Slocum's  divisions,  to  de- 
fend the  line  of  retreat  until  his  trains  should  reach  the 
James.  At  3  P.  M.  the  Confederates  attacked  with  the 
divisions  of  Longstreet  and  A.  P.  Hill,  numbering  about 
22,000  men. 

The  Federals  were  stationed  as  follows  :  Slocum  on 
the  right  of  the  Charles  City  road,  his  left  touching  that 
road,  facing  north,  and  Kearny  on  his  left,  facing  north- 
west. Next  were  McCall's  Pennsylvanians,  facing  Rich- 
mond, and  a  little  to  the  rear  and  left  of  the  latter  was 
Hooker,  making  a  gap,  behind  which  and  covering  it 
was  Sedgwick.  The  first  assault,  prefaced  by  a  heavy 
artillery  fire,  was  terrific,  and  fell  upon  McCall's  noble 
veterans,  who  were  in  three  brigades,  commanded  by 
Meade,  Reynolds,  and  Seymour.  The  enemy  was 


MPGLSLLAN.  61 

repulsed  severely,  with  a  loss  of  many  prisoners.  The 
charge  was  renewed,  this  time  upon  Hooker  and  McCall's 
left  (Seymour's  brigade).  The  latter  is  nearly  over- 
powered, and  is  driven  back  upon  Hooker,  who  now 
orders  a  charge,  and  in  turn  the  enemy  is  driven  home, 
Meade  and  Reynolds  giving  them  a  terrific  volley  as 
they  pass,  Sedgwick  sending  forward  his  men  to  take 
the  place  made  vacant  by  ,Seymour's  worn-out  troops. 
But  Lee  again  returns  to  the  charge.  He  is  desperate. 
He  must  break  the  Federal  line.  He  next  attacks 
Kearny  and  McCall's  right.  Kearny  repulses  the 
assault,  but  Meade  has  already  met  several  determined 
charges,  and  his  men,  exhausted,  are  compelled  to  fall 
back  before  a  fresh  Virginia  brigade.  They  retire  but  a 
short  distance,  however,  still  obstinately  contesting  their 
ground.  Two  batteries  were  taken  by  the  enemy  in 
McCall's  line,  but  were  soon  after  recaptured. 

The  battle  raged  fierce  and  bloody  till  night,  the 
enemy  being  finally  completely  repulsed,  and  with  fear- 
ful loss.  The  Federal  loss  was  also  heavy,  McCall's 
division  being  terribly  cut  up,  losing  one  fourth  of  its 
numbers  in  killed  and  wounded.  General  McCall  was 
himself  taken  prisoner  in  the  evening,  having  lost  his 
way  in  the  woods.  Jefferson  Davis  was  with  Lee  to 
witness  the  complete  overthrow  of  the  Yankees,  but  he 
was  again  disappointed.  Magruder  and  Huger  were 
expected  to  aid  in  this  attack,  but  failed  to  reach  the 
field  in  time.  Porter's  corps,  having  reached  Malvern 
Hill,  was  this  day  attacked  by  a  force  under  Wise, 
which  was  easily  repulsed.  Wise  had  come  down  the 
James  to  take  possession  of  Malvern  Hill  and  Turkey 
Bend,  but  was  too  late.  During  the  night  of  the  30th 
the  retreat  was  continued,  and  on  the  morning  of  July 
1,  the  whole  Federal  army  had  arrived  at  Malvern  Hill, 
and  were  posted  from  left  to  right  in  this  order :  For- 


62  MCGLJULLAN. 

ter,  Heintzelman,  Sumner,  Franklin,  and  Keyes,  each 
flank  reaching  nearly  to  the  James. 

On  July  1,  Lee  finally  succeeded  in  getting  his 
forces  together  under  Longstreet,  Hill,  Jackson  (D.  H. 
Hill  had  been  with  Jackson  since  June  27),  Magruder, 
and  Huger,  moving  rapidly  after  McClellan  with  Jackson 
in  the  advance.  The  Federals  also  were  now  all  together 
for  the  first  time  since  the  left  wing  first  crossed  the 
Chickahominy  (May  24),  and  were  well  prepared  to  re- 
ceive the  now  concentrated  force  of  the  enemy.  Jack- 
son, arriving  upon  the  ground  first  (about  2  p.  M.),  does 
not  wait  for  the  others,  but  pushes  forward  the  divisions 
of  Whiting  and  D.  H.  Hill  and  a  part  of  Swell's  division. 
At  once  opening  with  his  artillery,  he  launches  Ander- 
son's brigade  against  the  Federal  center.  His  artillery 
is  soon  silenced  by  McClellan's  powerful  guns,  which 
can  now  be  used  to  advantage  for  the  first  time  in  this 
campaign ;  for  he  has  them  all  together  in  a  most  com- 
manding position.  Anderson's  men  cannot  reach  the 
Federal  lines,  so  terrible  is  the  fire  of  the  Union  soldiers. 
They  falter,  and  instantly  the  Federals  charge,  driving 
the  Confederates  back.  Lee  now  orders  Jackson  to 
desist  until  all  the  troops  are  up.  Magruder  arrives  in 
front  of  the  Federal  right  at  about  4  p.  M.,  and  at  once 
opens  with  his  artillery.  But  his  guns  are  quickly 
silenced  by  Porter's  cannon.  '  He  then  charges  with 
infantry,  but  to  no  avail.  Charge  after  charge  is  re- 
pulsed. Huger  comes  up  with  his  fresh  division,  and 
the  battle  continues  along  the  line.  Longstreet  and 
A.  P.  Hill  have  just  reached  the  battle  field,  but  being 
exhausted  by  the  march  and  their  recent  terrible  ex- 
periences at  Gaines's  Mill  and  Glendale,  they  are  placed 
at  rest  behind  Jackson,  and  do  not  engage  in  this  battle. 

This  was  a  deadly  conflict  of  arms,  and  terribly  de- 
structive to  the   enemy,  who   became  furious  in  their 


MOCLELLAN.  63 


determination  to  crush  the  Federals.  At  6  p.  M.,  with 
great  heroism  they  charge  in  the  face  of  a  withering 
fire.  Repulsed,  they  charge  again  and  again  in  desper- 
ation, but  finally  go  back  before  a  sheet  of  Qame,  and 
the  victory  is  with  the  Federals.  The  loss  of  the  Con- 
federates was  frightful,  many  times  greater  than  that  of 
the  Federals.  Lee's  efforts  were  mainly  against  McCIel- 
lan's  center  and  left.  The  battle  lasted  till  9  p.  M., 
when  Lee  withdrew  out  of  range  of  the  Federal  guns. 

During  the  night  of  the  1st,  although  worn  out  with 
constant  marching  and  fighting,  staggering  through  the  jniy  2. 
mud,  the  Federal  soldiers  retreated  to  Harrison's  Land-  ^a"™ 
ing  unmolested.     Some   little  skirmishing  occurred   on  fon'8  Land- 
the  2d,  but  no  engagement.     Lee  withdrew  his  army  to 
the  Richmond  fortifications,  and  McClellan  fortified  at  Lee  ' 
Harrison's   Landing.     Federal   loss  since  the  battle  of 
Oak  Grove,  June  25,  had  been  about  15,000  ;  that  of 
the  enemy,  for  the  same  time,  about  25,000. 

We  will  now  let  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  rest  for  a 
short  time,  and  follow  the  misfortunes  of  the  Army  of 
Virginia. 


Richmond. 


CHAPTER  III. 

CEDAR  MOUNTAIN  TO  CHANTILLY.  . 

«ARMY  OF  VIRGINIA:'  —POPE. 


HORTLY  a,fter  the  army  of  the  Potomac  had  settled 
down  at  Harrison's  Landing,  President  Lincoln 
Lincoln  vis-  Came  to  visit  it  (July  8),  to  look  over  matters,  and  he 
anay.  again  visited  McClellan  at  his  camps  on  July  25. 
Changes  were  being  made  in  the  military  management. 
naiieck  ap-  Major-Gcneral  Halleck  Avas  appointed  General-in-Chief 
pointed  Of  au  tjje  Federal  armies  on  July  11,  1862.  On  July 

General-in  J  7 

chief.        14,  General  John  Pope,  a  graduate  of  West  Point  and  a 

veteran  of  the  Mexican  War,  was  appointed  to  command 

jniy  14.     an  army  in  Virginia,  to  be  called  the  "  Army  of  Vir- 

"Army     of  J  J 

Virginia."  ginia."  General  Pope  came  from  the  Western  army, 
and  had  recently  met  with  success  at  New  Madrid  and 
Island  Number  Ten  on  the  Mississippi  River.  He  at 
once  assumed  command  of  the  newly  organized  army, 
which  was  made  up  of  the  corps  of  Fremont,  McDowell, 
and  Banks,  numbering  about  45,000  men  ;  but  these 
troops  were  badly  scattered.  Fremont  and  Banks  were 
at  Middletown,  and  McDowell's  corps  at  Fredericksburg 
and  Manassas.  Pope  at  once  began  preparations  for  a 
movement  toward  Richmond.  Fremont,  desiring  to  be 
relieved,  was  replaced  by  General  Sigel.  Burnside, 
with  the  9th  corps,  recently  from  New  Berne,  North 
Carolina,  was  now  at  Acquia  Creek.  Two  divisions  of 
this  corps,  under  Reno  and  Stevens,  were  added  to 
Pope's  army,  but  did  not  join  him  until  August  14, 
Burnside  being  left  in  command  at  Acquia  Creek.  More 

(64) 


POPE.  65 


volunteers  were  now  wanted,  and  on  August  4  the  Presi- 

dent  issued  a  call  for  300,000.  Ang^t   4. 


Early  in  August,  Lee  determined  upon  an  offensive  T,he    Pre8~ 

J  ident    culls 

campaign,  and  at  once  put  a  part  of  his  army  in  motion  '«r  300,000 

more      vol- 

nor  inward. 

General  Jackson  was  now  at  Gordonsville  with  about 
25,000  men  in  three  divisions,  under  Ewell,  Winder,  and 
A.  P.  Hill,  sent  thither  by  Lee  to  oppose  Pope.  Lee 
feared  Pope  might  reach  and  destroy  the  railroads  about 
Gordonsville,  and  had  sent  Jackson  there  with.the  first 
two  divisions  named.  They  arrived  on  July  19.  But 
Jackson  became  satisfied  that  he  was  too  weak  to  resist 
Pope,  and  asked  for  reinforcement.  As  soon  as  Lee 
became  satisfied  that  McClellan  would  not  proceed  far- 
ther in  the  -direction  of  Richmond,  he  sent  the  division 
under  'A.  P.  Hill  to  Jackson,  which  arrived  July  27. 
On  July  25  there  had  been  a  sharp  cavalry  skirmish  at 
Orange  Court  House,  resulting  in  the  defeat  of  the 
enemy,  the  Federals  taking  some  prisoners. 

•laekson  started  his  forces  on  the  7th  of  August  to 
march  upon  the  Army  of  Virginia  at  Cul  pepper.  On 
the  morning  of  the  8th,  the  Federal  cavalry  under  Gen- 
eral Bayard  met  the  enemy's  advance  near  the  Rapid  an, 
;md  by  splendid  maneuvering,  General  Bayard  suc- 
ceeded in  delaying  the  march  of  Jackson's  army  consid- 
erably. 

Pope's  division  commanders  were,  in  Sigel's  corps, 
Generals  Schenck  and  Schurz,  and  an  independent  bri- 
gade under  General  Milroy  ;  in  Bank's  corps,  Generals 
A.  S.  Williams  and  Augur  ;  in  McDowell's  corps,  Gen- 
erals Ricketts  and  King;  in  Burnside's  corps,  Generals 
Reno  and  Stevens,  with  General  Reno  in  command.  The 
cavalry  division  was  under  General  Cox,  in  two  bri- 
gades. commanded  by  Generals  Buford  and  Bayard. 

August  8,  Pope  occupied  Culpepper  and  Sperryville. 
5 


66 

isfin.   On  the  9th,  Banks  moved  forward,  with  the  divisions  of 
0  Williams  and  Augur,  about  seven  miles  to  Cedar  Mount- 

August     9. 

Cedar        ain,  where  one  of  his  brigades  under  General  Crawford 

Mountain,  .  .  _  ,  „ 

or  siangh-had  preceded  him  the  night  before  for  the  purpose  oi 
ter  Mount-  supportjng  Bayard.  As  Banks  approached  Cedar  Mount- 
ain, he  learned  that  he  was  confronted  by  Jackson,  and 
at  once  made  dispositions  preparatory  to  a  battle.  Au- 
gur having  the  left  and  Williams  the  right,  Banks  com- 
pleted his  line  at  4  :  30  p.  M.,  at  which  time  the  battle 
was  opened  by  Jackson  with  the  divisions  of  Ewell  and 
Winder,  numbering  about  15,000  men.  The  Federals 
numbered  scarcely  7,500,  but  had  a  strong  position. 

The  Confederates  advanced  to  the  assault  with 
determination,  maintaining  a  terrible  infantry  and  artil- 
lery fire ;  but  the  Federals  stood  firm,  delivering  their 
fire  with  great  precision.  First  Ewell,  then  Winder, 
was  driven  back  with  severe  loss,  when  Jackson  re- 
formed his  lines,  and  decided  to  await  the  arrival  of 
Hill's  division,  which  was  some  distance  away  when  the 
battle  began.  Meanwhile  the  enemy's  batteries  were 
continuing  a  destructive  fire.  Banks  became  impatient, 
and  at  once  charged  the  foe  along  the  whole  line,  when 
the  battle  became  terrific.  The  ranks  of  the  enemy 
were  soon  thrown  into  great  confusion,  and  forced  to 
retire.  Success  seemed  about  to  crown  the  efforts  of 
the  Federals  when  Hill's  division  reached  the  field,  and 
they  were  checked.  It  was  then  nearly  six  o'clock. 
Gallantly  did  the  Federal  soldiers  resist  the  onslaught 
of  nearly  four  times  their  number.  After  a  stubborn 
battle,  there  came  a  lull,  when  Banks  drew  back  to  hi.s 
former  position,  where  he  was  reinforced  by  the  arrival 
of  Ricketts's  division.  Soon  after,  Jackson  pushed  for- 
ward his  whole  force,  but  seeing  the  Federals  drawn  up 
in  excellent  order,  and  imagining  a  much  larger  force  be- 
fore him,  he  decided  not  to  attack  them.  It  was  now 
dark,  and  the  battle  over. 


POPE.  67 


The  Federal  loss  was  314  killed,  1,445  wounded,  and 
622  missing  —  total,  2,381.  Ricketts  arrived  just  as  the 
battle  was  closing,  his  part  of  the  loss  being  163.  This 
heavy  loss  attests  that  the  conflict  had  been  severe. 
The  loss  of  the  enemy  was  reported  at  about  1,300,  but 
was  no  doubt  much  larger.  Generals  Augur  and  Geary 
\\cre  among  the  Federal  wounded.  General  Geo.  S. 
Greene  assumed  command  of  Augur's  division.  General 
Prince,  of  Augur's  division,  was  taken  prisoner.  General 
Winder  was  among  the  enemy's  dead.  Sigel's  forces  i)w»"»  of 

/•  •  T       i  /»  (Ji-iu'ral 

were  last  approaching.     Jackson  soon  after  withdrew  to  winder. 
the  south  side  of  the  Rapidan,  to  await  reinforcements. 

McClellan's  army  was  ordered  back  to  Acquia  Creek, 
except  Reyes's  corps,  which  was  to  be  left  to  garrison 
Fort  Monroe  and  vicinity.  On  August  16  he  evacuated 
Harrison's  Landing,  where  his  army  had  remained  en- 
camped since  July  2,  and  started  overland  for  Newport 
News  via  Williamsburg  and  Vorktown,  crossing  the 
Chickahominy  at  Harriett's  Ferry.  McClellan  arrived 
in  person  at  Acquia  Creek  on  the  24th.  In  compliance 
with  orders,  he  had  already  sent  about  22,000  men 
under  Porter  and  Heintzelman  to  join  Pope. 

As  Foon  as  Lee  learned  that  McClellan  was  leaving 
Harrison's  Landing,  he  started  to  reinforce  Jackson. 
Taking  command  himself,  he  formed  his  army  into  two 
large  corps,  under  Longstreet  and  Jackson,  numbering 
about  75.11011  men.  Jackson  had  the  same  three  divis- 
ions with  which  he  attacked  Ranks;  Longstreet,  the 
divisions  of  McLaws.  Anderson,  Hood,  and  Walker. 
lie  had  left  1).  11.  Hill  with  his  corps  to  guard  Rich- 
mond. On  August  20  he  crossed  the  Rapidan  at  Sorn-  Auo.ust  ^ 
merville  and  Raccoon  fords  to  again  attack  Pope.  The  Llu-  "o^i« 

the    Kajii  1- 

latter  had  retired  from  the  Rapidan  to  the  left  bank  of  an  for  ;m 
the  Rappahannock  on  I  he  18th,  placing  Reno  at  Kelly's  ^.^pa'^u. 
Ford,  Banks    at   Rappahannock    Station,  McDowell  at 


68 

isc,v.  Rappahannock    Ford,  and    Sigel   higher    up   the    river, 
forming  the  right  of  the  army. 

On  the  21st,  Lee  appeared  on  the  right  bank,  oppo- 
site the  Federal  position.     Cannonading  began  at  once, 
August  22.  an(j  was  continued  all  day  by  both  armies.     On  the  22d, 

Freeman's  ^  i 

Ford.         maneuvering  commenced  on  both  sides,  each  seeking  for 
an  opportunity  to   gain    an   advantage.     Several    days 
were  thus  spent  in  marches  and  counter-marches.     Lee, 
spreading  out  Longstreet's  corps  to  deceive  Pope,  sent 
Jackson  up  the  river.     He  reached  Waterloo  Bridge  on 
the  22d,  where  he  remained  until  the  25th,  endeavoring 
to  cross.     High  water  at  first  detained  him,  and  soon 
after  Sigel  appeared  opposite  him  on  the  left  bank  of 
General      Great  Run.     General  H.  Bohlen,  of  Sigel's  corps,  was 
killed"       killed  in  action  at  Freeman's  Ford  on  the  22d  while  re- 
sisting Jackson's  attempt  to  cross  the  Rappahannock  at 
that   point.      Jackson    now    moving   on    up    the    river, 
crossed  at  Hinson's    Ford,  and    inarched  to  Salem  via 
Orleans,  where  he  rested  the  night  of  the  25th.     On  the 
following  morning  he  passed  through  Thoroughfare  Gap, 
arriving  at  Bristoe  Station  that  evening.     During  the 
AU  ust  27  mon^  moving  rapidly,  Jackson  marched  upon  Manassas, 
Jackson     and  by  daybreak  had  captured  the  Federal  garrison  of 
pope's  sup-  about  500  men  there,  and  Pope's  depot  of  supplies.     An 
MwfJn*.   immense  quantity  of  stores  for  the  subsistence  of  the 
Army  of  Virginia  had  been  gathered  here,  and  as  all 
that  the  enemy  could  not  carry  off  was  destroyed,  this 
was  a  serious  loss  to  Pope,  and  the  Washington  folks 
were  greatly  a1  armed. 

On  the  26th,  Porter  and  Heintzelman  joined  Pope. 
Porter  came  from  Acquia  Creek,  and  Heintzelman  from 
Alexandria.  McCall's  division  of  Pennsylvania  Reserves 
under  Reynolds  had  rejoined  McDowell  on  the  23d, 
which  increased  the  strength  of  Pope's  army  to  about 
60,000  men.  On  the  evening  of  this  day  he  massed  his 


.  09 

army  between  Warren  ton,  Fayetteville,  and  Warren  ton  n>vx. 
Junction.  As  yet  he  had  not  suspected  that  Jackson 
\v;is  marching  upon  his  rear,  but  during  the  night  of  the 
2l)th  he  received  information  of  the  fact.  He  had  been 
engaged  in  marching  and  counter-marching,  endeavoring 
to  get  at  Longstreet's  corps,  which  was  now  on  the  op- 
posite bank,  about  Sulphur  Springs.  Early  on  the 
morning  of  the  27th,  he  put  his  army  in  motion,  sending 
McDowell,  followed  by  Sigel's  corps  and  Reyriolds's 
division  of  McDowell's  corps,  in  the  order  named,  to 
Gainesville,  which  they  reached  that  night;  Kearny 
and  Reno  to  Greenwich,  a  villaire  a  little  to  the  south 

'  O 

of  Gainesville ;  Porter  and  Banks  to  follow,  while  he, 
with  Hooker  and  Heint/elman,  moved  in  the  direction  of 
Manassas.  His  object  was  to  catch  Jackson  before 
Longstreet  could  join  him.  About  3  p.  M.  Hooker  came 
upon  E well's  division  which  Jackson  had  left  at  Catlett's 
Station,  and  was  now  moving  to  rejoin  the  main  body, 
lie  attacked  Ewell  near  Bristoe  Station  on  Kettle  Run,  Angnst  27. 
and  after  a  sharp  engagement  drove  him  Upon  Broad 
Run,  Hooker  encamping  at  Bristoe  that  evening. 

General  Pope  now  changed  his  plans,  and  instead  of 

retaining  control  of  Thoroughfare  Gap,  where  Longstreet 

pope  look- 
must  come  through  to  aid  Jackson  or  whence  Jackson  ing  for 

could  easily  escape,  he  ordered  McDowell,  and  in  fact 
all  his  forces,  to  converge  on  Manassas.  Troops  com- 
pletely wnni  out  with  marching  by  day  and  by  night, 
who  did  not  reach  their  encampments  until  last  midnight, 
must  again  start  at  daylight  on  the  28th  for  Manassas. 
On  that  day  Pope,  with  the  troops  under  Hooker, 
Kearny,  and  Reno,  arrived  at  Manassas  to  find  Jackson 
gone.  The  latter  had  moved  to  the  old  battle  ground 
of  Bull  Run,  his  left  at  Catharpin  Creek  near  Sudley 
Springs  and  his  right  near  Groveton.  Learning  that 
Hill  had  crossed  Bull  Run  at  Blackburn's  Ford,  and 


70  POPE. 

1S<:.._  was  moving  upon  Centreville,  Pope  conjectured  that 
Jackson  was  marching  for  Aklie,  and  so  ordered  his 
troops  to  change  the  direction  of  their  inarch  toward 
Centreville,  pushing  on  at  once,  with  the  corps  of 
Heintzelman  and  Reno,  for  that  point.  Kearny  reached 
Centreville  in  advance.  Hill  was  now  rapidly  moving 
off  to  rejoin  Jackson,  when  Kearny  attacked  his  rear, 
and  heavy  skirmishing  continued  until  dark. 

When  McDowell  first  reached  Gainesville,  he  had 
placed  Ricketts,  with  his  division,  in  Thoroughfare  Gap, 
and  did  not  call  him  away  until  he  received  Pope's  order 
to  change  direction  from  Manassas  to  Centreville.  About 
the  time  that  Ricketts  received  the  order  to  join  Mc- 
Dowell, Longstreet's  advance  had  arrived  at  the  Gap. 
There  was  some  skirmishing  and  artillery  firing ;  but  as 
Ricketts  had  been  ordered  away,  he  did  not  make  much 
effort  to  hold  his  position.  His  division  was  compelled 
to  march  the  whole  night  in  order  to  join  McDowell  as 
directed. 

Upon  receiving  Pope's  order  to  proceed  to  Centre- 
ville, McDowell  turned  northward,  and  with  King's 
division  a  considerable  distance  in  advance  of  Sigel  and 
Reynolds,  he  came  upon  some  of  Jackson's  forces  sta- 
tioned near  Groveton  about  6  p.  M.  An  artillery  battle 
at  once  began,  Jackson  at  the  same  time  hurrying  for- 
28.  wal*d  the  divisions  of  Ewell  and  Taliaferro  (Winder's 
division)  for  the  purpose  of  crushing  King  before  friendly 
troops  could  arrive.  King's  troops  were  at  once  placed 
in  line,  and  awaited  the  onset.  The  enemy,  with  more 
'  than  double  their  numbers,  charged  furiously  upon  the 
brigades  of  Gibbon  and  Doubleday.  The  fight  was  stub- 
born on  both  sides,  but  King  held  his  ground,  and  dark- 
ness ended  the  battle  without  the  least  advantage  having 
been  gained  by  the  enemy.  Ewell  and  Taliaferro  were 
both  wounded,  the  former  losing  a  leg. 


Gaines- 
ville. 


POPE.  71 

During  the  evening,  King,  feeling  that  he  could  no  **«*. 
longer  alone  maintain  his  present  position,  withdrew  to 
the  rear,  and  the  close  of  this  day  found  Heintzclman 
and  Reno  at  Centreville,  Porter  near  Bristoe  Station, 
Banks  at  Cedar  Run,  King  in  the  direction  of  Manassas, 
and  Sigel  and  Reynolds  in  front  of  Jackson  and  near 
his  center.  Ricketts  did  not  rejoin  McDowell  until  the 
following  morning. 

On  the  morning  of  the  29th,  Pope,  still  honing  to  Allltn8t  29- 

e  Grovoton. 

prevent  a  junction  between  Longstreet  and  Jackson, 
ordered  his  army  to  move  upon  the  latter's  position, — 
Heintzelman  and  Reno  toward  Jackson's  left,  Sigel's 
and  Reynolds's  divisions  and  Milroy's  brigade  were  al- 
ready at  his  center,  and  McDowell  and  Porter  against 
his  right,  Porter  to  get  upon  Jackson's  right  flank  be- 
fore Longstreet  could  arrive.  Sigel  and  Reynolds,  aided 
by  Milroy,  opened  the  battle  about  6  :  30  A.  M.,  and  the 
combat  at  once  became  fierce  along  the  whole  line.  But 
they  were  unsupported,  the  others  being  too  far  away 
to  render  assistance. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  battle  the  Federals  gained 
ground,  but  Jackson,  whose  divisions  were  now  com- 
manded by  Hill,  Law  ton,  and  Starke,  soon  learned  that 
their  support  was  yet  far  oft',  and  rapidly  concentrated 
his  strength  upon  them,  and  they  alone  sustained  the 
fierce  atta'cks  of  his  whole  corps  for  nearly  four  hours, 
when  again  Phil  Kearny  came  to  the  rescue,  taking 
position  upon  Sigel's  right.  Soon  afterward  Hooker 
came  into  line  upon  Kearny 's  right,  and  the  advance  of 
the  almost  triumphant  enemy  was  checked.  Reno  now 
arrived  upon  Sigel's  left.  Meantime,  the  fighting  had 
gradually  ceased,  except  artillery  firing.  Jackson  was 
waiting  for  Longstreet,  and  the  Federals  delayed  the 
attack  until  their  several  corps  should  be  united. 

At  about  2  :  ot)  i\  M.,  General  Pope,  believing  that 


POPJ2. 

McDowell  and  Porter  must  have  reached  the  positions 
assigned  them,  ordered  Hooker  and  Kearny  to  open  the 
battle.  The  troops  of  these  two  corps  advanced  in  splen- 
did order,  arid,  charging,  drove  the  enemy  on  the  right 
from  their  position  ;  but  again  there  was  a  miscalculation. 
Neither  McDowell  nor  Porter  h;is  attacked,  which  en- 
ables Jackson  to  reinforce  his  left,  and  drive  the  Federals 
back.  McDowell,  with  the  divisions  of  King  and  Rick- 
etts,  is  hastening  toward  the  center,  where  he  hears  the 
roar  of  the  battle,  urging  Porter  to  attack  as  directed ; 
but  still  Porter  delays. 

At  4  : 30  P.  M.  Pope  sends  Porter  an  order  to  attack, 
and  waiting  an  hour  or  more  to  give  him  time  to  get  the 
order,  a  little  before  6  P.  M.  he  again  attacks  Jackson's 
left  and  center.  McDowell  arrives  at  this  time,  and  at 
once  leads  King's  division,  now  under  General  John  P. 
Hatch,  King  being  relieved  on  account  of  illness,  against 
Jackson's  right.  The  fighting  is  fierce  and  determined ; 
but  it  is  discovered  that  Longstreet  is  there.  Porter 
does  not  attack.  He  has  about  12,000  good  men,  but 
does  not  lead  them  against  the  enemy.  Longstreet 
arrived  on  the  field  with  three  divisions  about  noon 
(Anderson's  division  was  not  up  yet),  and  got  his  troops 
into  position  unmolested  during  the  afternoon,  perfecting 
the  junction  by  joining  his  left  to  Jackson's  right,  his 
right  extending  toward  Gainesville.  He  soon  became 
satisfied  that  Porter  would  not  afford  him  any  entertain- 
ment, and  sent  Hood's  division  to  Jackson's  aid,  whose 
troops  McDowell  came  in  contact  with.  Pope  was  now 
largely  outnumbered.  The  Federals  gallantly  main- 
tained the  battle  until  dark ;  but  were  unable  to  drive 
the  enemy  at  any  point.  Kearny's  and  Reno's  men 
made  heroic  charges  in  the  face  of  a  terrible  fire,  and  at 
'one  time  threw  Jackson's  left  into  confusion ;  but  he, 
being  reinforced  by  Longstreet,  was  enabled  to  strengthen 


POPJS. 

it,  and  thus  steadying  his  ranks  he  held  his  ground,  ex- 
cept  that  his  left  had  been  somewhat  forced  back. 

The  morning  of  the  30th  was  spent  by  the  opposing  August  so. 
forces  in  reorganizing  their  troops  for  another  struggle,  ba^Tr"1 
and  Inking  care  of  the  wounded  and  dying.     Lee's  army  Bul1  Run- 
was  now  fully  united  by  the  arrival  of  Anderson's  divis- 
ion, which  gave  him  much  superiority  in  numbers  over 
his  antagonist.     Pope  was    still    determined  to  attack, 
alt  hough  by  waiting  or  withdrawing  to  Centreville  he 
would  soon  have  been  reinforced  by  the  arrival  of  Banks 
and  Franklin,  and  other  troops  from  McClellan's  army  or 
from  Washington.     Heintzelman  was  still  on  his  right. 
Reno  now  joined  him,  then  King,  Sigel,  and  Reynolds 
in  the  order  named  from  right  to  left,  Reynolds  being 
some  distance  in  advance  of  Raid  Hill.     Porter  had  been 
brought  to  the  right  and  rear  of  King  and  Sigel. 

At  about  1  P.  M.  the  Federals  opened  with  a  sharp 
musketry  fire,  which  was  continued  for  some  time,  when 
Porter  was  moved  to  the  front,  with  orders  to  assault 
the  enemy's  center.  His  divisions  were  led  by  their  old 
commanders,  Sykes  and  Morrell.  The  soldiers  of  these 
divisions  made  the  charge  with  great  gallantry;  but 
they  were  enfiladed  by  Long-street's  batteries,  which 
loaned  their  aid  to  Jackson  with  a  will,  and  the  Federal 
ranks  suffered  fearfully.  They  were  rapidly  thinned,  and 
but  few  were  able  to  reach  the  enemy's  position.  With 
stubbornness  they  continued  the  fight  until  about  four 
o'clock,  when  they  were  at  la^t  compelled  to  retire, 
though  with  great  reluctance.  They  were  not  supported 
by  a  charge  from  any  of  the  other  troops,  which  again 
enabled  Jackson  to  reinforce  one  wing  from  the  other. 

Lee  now  sees  his  opportunity,  and  at  once  assumes 
the  offensive.  Porter  has  fallen  back  behind  Sigel, 
whose  soldiers,  with  King's  division,  are  now  called  upon 
to  resist  a  furious  charge  from  Jackson.  Ricketts  is 


74  POPE. 

isnii.  hurried  from  the  right  to  their  aid,  and  at  the  same  time 
Long-street  assaults  Reynolds.,  who  has  been  drawn  back 
upon  Bald  Hill,  and  has  been  reinforced  to  some  extent 
by  Ricketts  and  Sigel.  Jackson  is  checked,  and  the  con- 
flict at  this  point  is  reduced  to  a  heavy  musketry  fire; 
but  the  battle  increases  to  a  terrible  combat  on  the 
Federal  left,  where  Longstreet  is  pressing  forward  for 
the  caplure  of  Bald  Hill.  Milroy  is  sent  to  Reynolds; 
but  together  they  are  too  weak  in  numbers  to  check  the 
assailants  who  now  in  overwhelming  force  charge  and 
capture  the  Hill,  at  the  same  time  menacing  Stone 
Bridge.  (The  reader  will  recollect  this  Stone  Bridge, 
in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  where  Sherman  was 
posted.) 

The  Federal  left  is  compelled  to  fall  back  to  the 
protection  of  their  line  of  retreat.  Longstreet,  now  sure 
of  victory,  pushes  vigorously  forward ;  but  the  soldiers 
of  the  Federal  left  see  the  necessity  of  defending  the 
Bridge,  and  they  gallantly  resist  the  onslaught.  Long- 
street  is  checked.  The  brigade  of  regulars  under  Bu- 
chanan, Tower's  brigade  of  Rickett's  division,  and  the 
brigades  under  Meade  and  Seymour,  stand  before  a 
terrific  fire  without  faltering.  The  battle  rages  fiercely 
till  dark,  but  the  Federals  hold  their  ground.  Pope's 
right  has  held  Jackson  back,  thus  gaining  some  advan- 
tage; but  now  he  finds  it  necessary  to  withdraw  it  a 
short  distance  to  conform  with  the  left.  Night  ends  the 
terrible  conflict.  The  losses  on  both  sides  have  been 
heavy.  Generals  Schenck,  Hatch,  and  Tower  are 
among  the  Federal  wounded.  During  the  night  the 
Federals  retreat  across  Bull  Run  to  Centreville. 

On  the  morning  of  the  31st,  Lee  again  put  his  army 
in  motion,  crossing  Bull  Run  for  the  purpose  of  forcing 
Pope  back  upon  Washington.  Jackson  was  sent  upon 
Pope's  rear,  reaching  Chantilly,  some  eight  miles  north 


POPE.  75 

of  Centreville,  that  evening.  Pope  found  Franklin's  /*«v. 
corps  just  arrived  at  Centreville,  it  having  been  sent  to 
reinforce  him.  Sumner  also  arrived  with  his  corps  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  31st.  Banks,  who  had  remained  at 
Bristoe  with  the  trains,  crossed  the  river  at  Union 
Mills,  and  joined  Pope  that  morning.  Jackson's  move- 
ment, which  threatened  Fairfax,  having  been  discovered, 
the  Federal  army  was  put  in  motion  Sept.  1  to  thwart 
him. 

Centreville,  Chantilly,  and  Fairfax  Court  House 
form  a  triangle,  the  latter  place  being  east  of  the  two 
former  about  ten  miles.  Germantown  lies  on  the  road 
running  from  Fairfax  to  Chantilly.  On  the  morning  of 
Sept.  1,  Pope  fell  back  to  about  halfway  between  Cen- 
treville  and  Fairfax,  placing  Hooker  a  little  forward  of 
Germantown,  to  the  right  of  the  road,  forming  his  right. 
Stevens  and  Reno  were  stationed  on  Hooker's  left, 
Krarny  next,  Sumner,  Sigel,  and  Porter  still  farther  to 
the  left,  covering  the  road  from  Centreville,  and  Mc- 
Dowell and  Franklin  in  reserve. 

Hooker  first  encountered  the  enemy  between  Ger-  sept.  i. 
mantown  and  Chantilly  at  Ox  Hill.  The  divisions  ofS* 
Reno  and  Stevens  were  on  Hooker's  left.  At  about  5 
p.  M.,  after  some  artillery  firing  with  the  latter,  Jackson 
passed  him,  and  furiously  attacked  Reno  and  Stevens. 
The  assault  was  gallantly  received,  and  the  enemy 
driven  back  in  disorder ;  but  being  reinforced,  the  Con- 
federates again  charged,  and  the  Federals  were  forced 
back,  when  Kearny  arrived  with  his  division  and 
plunged  into  the  thickest  of  the  fight.  The  exultant 
enemy  was  again  driven  back,  when  darkness  ended  the 
conflict. 

At  this  battle  the  Federals  met  with  a  sad  loss  in 
the  death  of  Phil  Kearny.  He  proved  one  of  the  best  Death  of 

J  Phil 

fighting  generals   in   the  Federal  army,  always  at  the  Kearny. 


76  PGPJS. 

isvv.  breach  where   the   bullets   were  the  thickest.     He  had 
served   with    great   distinction    in    the    Mexican    war. 

Death  of    General   Isaac  I.  Stevens  was  also  among    the    killed. 

ste"Cra  He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Mexican  war. 

On  the  morning  of  Sept.  2,  General  Pope  withdrew 
the  Army  of  Virginia  to  the  fortifications  around  Wash- 
ington, and  again  the  people  of  the  capital  city  were 
filled  with  alarm.  His  campaign  had  been  an  unfortu- 
nate one.  Impartial  history  will  credit  him  with  being 
an  honest  soldier,  and  an  officer  of  superior  talents,  and 
will  attribute  his  failure  in  the  main  to  unfortunate 
circumstances.  On  every  important  collision  with  the 
enemy,  the  troops  that  he  had  upon  the  ground  were 
largely  outnumbered ;  still  he  had  to  contend  with  the 
same  enemy  that  had  just  before  forced  McClellan  of!' 
his  track,  and  pushed  him  upon  James  River,  and  Mc- 
Clellan had  more  than  double  Pope's  numbers. 

During  this  campaign,  Pope's  losses  were  about 
14,000  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  and  the  losses  of 
the  enemy  were  about  the  same. 

The  battle  of  the  28th  of  August  is  called  the  battle 
of  Gainesville,  and  was  the  one  fought  so  gallantly  by 
King's  division.  General  Reynolds's  division  had  a 

End  of      sharp  engagement  on   the  morning  of  the  28th.  while 

campaign,  proceeding  from  Gainesville  toward  Manassas,  and  before 
McDowell  received  the  order  to  turn  toward  Centreville. 
The  battle  of  the  29th  is  known  as  the  battle  of  Grove- 
ton,  and  that  of  the  30th  as  the  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run. 


CHAPTER   IV 

SOUTH    MOUNTAIN    AND    ANTIETAM. 


AFTKR    the    close    of    his    campaign   in   Virginia, 
(u'lirral    Pope   resigned   his   command,  and    was  Pop~  vt,s 
again    placed    on  duty  in  the  Western  army,  and    the  J'JJj*"  Mc' 
Army  of  Virginia  was   known  no  more  forever.     The 
Army  of  the   Potomac  again  arose  to  importance,  with 
McClcllan  still  in  command. 

Immediately  after  Pope's  retreat  to  Washington,  Lee      . 
began  preparations  to  invade  the  North.     He  was  not 
sure  how  far  he  could  go,  but  would  proceed  until  he 
heard  from  the  "  Yanks."     On  Sept.  3,  Jackson  left  Ox 
Hill  for  Maryland,  crossing  the  Potomac  at  White's  Ford, 
11  car  Leesburg,  on  the  5th,  and  entering  Frederick  on 
the  61  h.     Lee  arrived  at  that  place  with  the  rest  of  his  Sept  5. 
army  on  the  8th.     It  had  been  the  desire  of  the  South-  ^ry"™J_C8 
ern  leaders  for  a  long  time  to  carry  war  and  devastation 
into   the   North,  and   for  several  reasons,  probably  the 
greatest  being  revenge  and  the  effect  of  such  a  move,  if 
successful,  in  Europe.     Plunder,  also,  or  the  prospect  of 
plunder,  no  doubt  gave  elasticity  to  the  step  of  Lee's 
soldiers. 

McClellan  at  once  reorganized  his  army,  and  leaving 
the  3d  Corps  under  Heintzelman  and  the  llth  Corps 
under  Sigel,  with  some  other  troops  to  defend  Washing- 
ton, he  started  after  Lee  with  six.  corps,  the  1st  Corps 
under  Hooker,  the  2d  under  Sumner,  the  5th  under 
Porter,  the  6th  under  Franklin,  the  9th  under  Reno, 

(77) 


78 

isG'j.  the  12th  under  Mansfield.  Couch's  division  of  the  4th 
Corps  was  added  to  Franklin's.  His  army  numbered  in 
the  aggregate  about  90,000  men,  moving  in  three  grand 
divisions  :  right  wing,  1st  and  9th  Corps  under  General 
Burnside ;  center,  2d  and  12th  Corps  under  Sumner; 
left  wing,  5th  and  6th  Corps  under  Franklin.  The 
division  commanders  were  as  follows  :  1st  Corps,  Meade, 
Doubleday,  and  Ricketts ;  2d  Corps,  Richardson,  Sedg- 
wick,  and-  French;  5th  Corps,  Morrell  and  Sykes ;  6th 
Corps,  Slocutn,  Win.  F.  Smith,  and  Couch;  9th  Corps, 
Sturgis,  Rodman,  and  Colonel  0.  B.  AVillcox ;  12th 
Corps,  A.  S.  Williams  and  Geo.  S.  Greene;  and  a  divis- 
ion of  cavalry  under  General  Pleasonton. 

McClellan  reached  Frederick,  Md.,  with  the  greater 
portion  of  his  army,  on  the  13th,  Lee  having  just  left 
h  for  the  other  side  of  South  Mountain,  undoubtedly 
Mountain,  feeling  that  he  must  have  something  between  himself 
and  the  freshly  recruited  Union  army.  McClellan  had 
moved  very  slowly  while  endeavoring  to  penetrate  Lee's 
plans.  He  had  been. a  week  at  least  in  advancing  thus 
far  from  Washington,  a  distance  of  about  forty-five 
miles.  The  road  from  Frederick  to  Hagerstown  runs 
through  Turner's  Gap,  and  to  Sharpsburg  through  Cramp- 
ton's  Gap,  South  Mountain.  McClellan,  learning  that 
Lee  had  divided  his  army,  one  half  being  at  Hagerstown 
and  the  other  gone  to  invest  Harper's  Ferry,  resolved  to 
move  upon  him  before  he  could  unite  his  forces;  and  on 
the  morning  of  the  14th  he  pushed  forward  with  his 
right  wing  toward  Turner's  Gap,  with  General  Cox's 
Tm-nJ*'  "  Kariawha "  division  (which  had  joined  Reno's  corps) 
G:|P-  iu  advance.  When  Cox  arrived  near  the  Gap,  he  found 
D.  II.  Hill's  division  of  Longstreet's  corps  in  possession, 
and  at  once  opened  with  his  artillery,  soon  after  follow- 
ing  with  an  assault  with  infantry. 

The  conflict  at  once   became  severe.     The  Federal 


soldiers,  having  to  climb  steep  and  rugged  acclivities,  /*«*. 
suffered  heavy  loss  ;  hut  their  efforts  were  crowned  with 
success  in  capturing  a  commanding  position.  The  enemy 
made  strenuous  efforts  to  retake  the  lost  ground,  but 
Cox  held  out  till  Reno  came  up,  who  arrived  opportunely 
with  Willcox's  division,  as  the  situation  was  becoming 
critical.  It  was  2  v.  M.  when  Hooker,  with  the  1st 
Corps,  reached  the  scene  of  action.  Willeox  had  come  a 
little  before  him.  At  this  time  the  Confederates  savagely 
renewed  the  assault  upon  Willcox's  division,  the  sudden 
attack  causing  some  disorder  in  the  Federal  ranks.  The 
artillery -men  were  driven  from  their  guns,  which  were 
about  to  be  taken  possession  of  by  the  enemy,  when  the 
79th  New  York  and  17th  Michigan  made  a  gallant 
charge,  rescued  the  guns,  and  repulsed  the  enemy.  The 
la  si -named  regiment  had  been  in  service  but  two  weeks. 
Meantime  Burnside,  having  his  troops  now  all  in 
hand,  arranged  for  a  general  assault.  Lee,  appreciating 
the  importance  of  holding  the  gap,  hastened  Longs  tree  t 
back  with  the  balance  of  his  corps  from  Hagerstown. 
At  about  4  P.  M.,  the  Federals  again  opened  the  battle, 
and  a  general  engagement  folio \yed,  the  enemy  defending 
their  ground  with  great  determination.  The  fighting 
lasted  until  dark,  when  Longstreet  was  compelled  to 
yield,  and  Turner's  Gap  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Feder- 
als, at  a  heavy  cost%  however,  for  they  had  lost  many 
brave  soldiers.  They  also  met  a  severe  loss  in  the  death  Death  of 

*  General 

of  General  Ueno,  who  was  killed  at  the  moment  ofKt-»<>. 
victory,  lie  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point.  The 
center,  under  General  Sumncr,  joined  the  right  wing  a 
little  after  dark.  Burnside's  loss  in  killed  and  wounded 
numbered  about  1,600,  312  of  whom  were  killed.  But 
lew  of  his  men  were  captured  by  the  enemy.  Long- 
street's  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  fully  equaled  that  of 
the  Federals.  His  loss  in  prisoners  was  about  1,500. 


80 

186».          At  daylight  on  the  14th,  when  Burnside  was  ordered 

to  move    upon    Turner's    Gap,  Franklin  with   his    own 

corps  was  directed  to  go  to  the  relief  of  Harper's  Ferry, 

which  was  being  invested  by  Jackson.     Franklin  arrived 

sep'-  14-    at  Crampton's  Gap,  through  which  he  must  pass,  about 

Cramptou's  ^  ,  •.     rp  , 

GUP.  noon.  The  distance  between  Crampton s  and  Turners 
gaps  is  about  six  miles.  Tire  enemy,  under  command 
of  Howell  Cobb,  were  in  possession  in  strong  force. 
Franklin  at  once  attacked,  and  after  a  severe  action  of 
three  hours,  the  pass  was  captured,  the  enemy  hastily 
retreating.  The  loss  on  each  side  in  killed  and  wounded 
was  about  500,  the  enemy  also  losing  about  400  pris- 
oners. The  battles  of  these  two  gaps  are  known  as  the 
"  Battle  of  South  Mountain." 

When  Lee  left  Frederick,  he  sent  Jackson  to  capture 

Harper's  Ferry  if  possible,  after  which  he  was  to  rejoin 

his  chief.     About  noon  on  the   13th,  Jackson   reached 

Maryland    the  vicinity  of  Bolivar  Heights,  sending  a  force  under 

Heights.     jyjcLaws  against  Maryland  Heights.     McLaws  attacked 

the  Federal  detachment  at  that  point  in  the  forenoon  of 

that  day,  driving  it  before  him,  and  during,  the  night  the 

Federals  retired  to  Harper's  Ferry,  leaving  McLaws  in 

sept.  14.     quiet   possession.     On    the    14th.    Jackson    having  his 

Ferry.'       batteries  well  established  on  the  heights  about  Harper's 

Ferry,  opened  a  heavy  fire    upon  the    Federals.     The 

14,000  troops  there  under  Colonel  Dixon  S.  Miles  made 

very  little  defense ;  and  during  the  night  of  the   14th 

about  2,000  Federal  cavalry  under  Colonel  B.  F.  Davis 

made  their  escape.    The  infantry  remained,  howeverjcand 

about  8  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  15th,  Colonel  Miles 

surrendered.     About  11,500  Federals  thus  became  pris- 

sept.  is.    oners.     Colonel  Miles  was  killed  by  one  of  the  last  bul- 

Death  of    }ets  fi,,e(]  oy  tjie  enemy.     McClellan  had  sent  Miles  word 

Colonel  Y  <f 

Miles.  that  he  would  have  relief  there  by  the  evening  of  the 
15th,  and  Miles  had  replied  that  he  would  hold  out. 


&VCLELLAN.  81 

If  he  could  have   resisted  a  few  hours  more,  Jackson  isev. 
would  have  been  compelled  to  raise  the  seige. 

On  Sept.  17  occurred  the  battle  of  Antietam  near 
Sharpsburg,  Md.  Lee  had  taken  position  there  on  the 
right  bank  of  Antietam  Creek  on  the  15th.  His  inten-s<!lt-16'17- 

Antietam, 

tion  was  to  invade  Pennsylvania ;  but  the  prompt  move  <>r  simrps- 
of  the  Federal  army  had  stopped  his  mad  career.  The 
Antietam  enters  the  Potomac  eight  miles  above  Har- 
per's Ferry,  its  course  being  nearly  south.  Mc- 
Clellan  arrived  on  the  opposite,  or  eastern,  side  of  the 
creek  with  a  part  of  his  army  on  the  afternoon  of  the 
15th;  but  delayed  attacking  until  more  of  his  divisions 
.<liould  arrive.  The  16th  was  spent  in  arranging  his 
forces  for  the  coining  battle.  At  the  same  time  Lee  was 
making  preparations  for  defense.  The  Federal  right 
\ving  was  divided,  Hooker  being  sent  to  the  right,  while 
Burnside,  with  the  9th  Corps  —  under  command  of  Gen- 
eral Cox  since  Reno's  death, —  was  placed  upon  the  left. 
McClellan  sent  Hooker  across  the  creek  about  4  p.  M.  to 
feel  of  the  enemy's  left,  which  was  defended  by  Hood, 
and  was  posted  a  short  distance  to  the  northeast  of 
D anker  Church.  The  church  was  the  enemy's  center, 
and  from  that  point  his  left  was  drawn  away  from  the 
Antietam  toward  the  Potomac. 

It  was  nearly  dark  when  Hooker  attacked,  and  the 
battle  for  that  clay  was  of  short  duration.  Hood  was 
pn-ssed  back  a  short  distance,  when  both  the  antagonists 
rested  for  the  night.  Mansfield  came  to  the  support  of 
Hooker  during  the  night,  Early  the  following  morning 
this  terrible  battle  began  in  awful  earnestness,  Hooker 
opening  the  combat.  Jackson  had  arrived  from  Harper's 
Ferry,  taken  Hood's  place,  and  now  Hooker  and  Stone- 
wall Jackson,  like  gladiators,  struggle  for  the  mastery. 
The  Federal  soldiers  gradually  force  the  Southerners 
back.  The  forces  are  about  equal  in  numbers,  and  both 


82  M'-CLELLAN. 

is<iv.  leaders  are  terrible  fighters.     The  Federal  left  has  not 

c 

yet  attacked,  thus  Lee  is  enabled  to  reinforce  Jackson, 
who  now  is  forcing  Hooker  back.  The  contestants  have 
nearly  annihilated  each  other  when  Mansfield  reaches 
the  battle-ground.  It  is  7  : 30  A.  M.  The  advance  of 
the  enemy  is  checked,  and  then  they  are  driven  back 
farther  than  before.  Mansfield  falls  mortally  wounded. 

Death    or  <* 

General      jje  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  in  the 

Mansfield. 

Mexican  war.  (He  died  on  the  ISth  from  the  effects  of 
the  wound.)  Hooker  is  wounded  and  carried  from  the 
field.  General  Williams  assumes  command  of  the  12th 
Corps,  and  General  Crawford,  commanding  a  brigade  in 
Williams's  division,  takes  charge  of  the  division."  It  was 
scarcely  necessary  for  any  one  to  take  Hooker's  place, 
his  corps  was  so  reduced  arid  exhausted.  There  followed 
a  brief  lull  in  the  battle,  when  both  sides  hurried  rein- 
forcements forward.  Sumner  with  Sedgwick's  division 
arrived  upon  the  field  at  9  A.  M.,  and  again  the  conflict 
became  furious.  Sedgwick  forced  the  enemy  back  beyond 
Dunker  Church,  and  captured  that  position ;  but  Mc- 
Clellan  strangely  sent  his  troops  forward  by  detachments, 
and  Sedgwick,  not  reinforced,  was  compelled  to  retire 
before  fresh  troops,  and  relinquish  the  ground  that  had 
cost  so  much  blood.  Now  Sumrier's  two  other  divisions 
under  Richardson  and  French  have  arrived,  and  they 
again  turn  the  tide  of  the  battle,  recapturing  the  lost 
ground. 

At  8  A.  M.,  McClellan  orders  Burnside  to  attack  the 
enemy's  right,  which  was  commanded  by  Long-street ;  but 
he  does  not  get  the  order  until  9  o'clock,  when  difficul- 
ties arise,  and  he  is  delayed.  He  sends  a  brigade  to  cap- 
ture the  Stone  Bridge  in  his  front,  over  which  he  must 
pass,  but  is  repulsed.  Burnside  is  unable  to  get  ready  for 
a  second  assault  until  about  1  p.  M.,  which  enables  Lee  to 
reinforce  his  left  more  and  more,  as  first  Hooker,  then 


83 


Mansfield,  and  then  Sedgwick  have  made  it  necessary. 
And  now  he  takes  more  troops  from  Longstreet,  as 
Burnside  does  not  attack,  to  oppose  French  and  Rich- 
ardson. Meagher  is  there  with  his  Irish  brigade,  and 
they  do  excellent  work.  Meagher  is  wounded,  and 
Colonel  Burke  takes  his  place.  The  Federals  now  drive 
the  enemy,  and  come  nearly  to  the  town  of  Sharpsburg. 
It  is  noon.  Richardson  wants  help;  he  can  scarcely 
maintain  his  ground.  Franklin  has  arrived  from  Har- 
per's Ferry,  and  goes  at  once  to  aid  the  Federal  right. 
At  1  P.  M.,  Richardson  and  French  still  hold  the  ground 
they  have  so  heroically  won.  At  this  hour  the  brave 
Richantson  foils,  mortally  wounded.  (He  died  Nov.  3,  General0' 


1862,  at  Sharpsburg,  Md.)  This  was  a  severe  loss.  He 
\v;is  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Mexican  war.  Burnside  pushes  forward 
at  1  P.  M.,  and  after  a  severe  struggle  captures  the  Stone 
Bridge  and  crosses  over.  Unlooked-for  delays  again 
occur,  and  he  is  unable  to  send  Cox  forward  until  3 
o'clock,  when  the  brave  boys  of  Cox's  division  gallantly 
advance,  and  force  Longstreet  back  to  the  vicinity  of 
Sharpsburg.  At  this  time  A.  P.  Hill's  corps,  arriving 
from  Harper's  Ferry,  where  it  had  remained  to  parole 
the  11,500  prisoners  captured  by  Jackson,  at  once  en- 
tered the  fight.  The  battle  had  ceased  on  the  right. 
Porter  arrived  with  his  corps  about  noon,  but  was  held 
in  reserve.  The  9th  corps  were  the  only  Federal  troops 
now  engaged,  but  at  this  point  the  conflict  becomes 
furious  and  destructive.  Cox  holds  his  ground  till  near 
night,  when,  seeing  the  right  still  inactive,  he  retires  to 
the  borders  of  the  Antietam.  The  enemy  do  not  follow, 
and  the  battle  of  Antietam  is  ended.  General  Rodman,  Death  of 
nimmandiiitr  a  division  in  the  9th  Corps,  received  a  General 

lT1  x       .  Rodm:m. 

mortal  wound  during  the  engagement,  and  died  from  its 
effects  soon  after.     Generals  Geo.  B.  Anderson  and  R. 


84 

lues.    S.  Ripley  were  among  the  enemy's  wounded.     The  for- 
mer was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  left  the  United 
Death  of    States  army  in  April,  1861.     He  died  of  his  wounds  at 
S™,   Raleigh,  N.  C.,  Oct.   16,    1862.     Generals    Stark   and 
stark    and  i,awrence  Q'B.  Branch  were  among  the  enemy's  dead. 

Branch. 

This  was  the  bloodiest  battle,  so  far,  m  this  war. 
McClellan's  army  considerably  outnumbered  that  of  his 
adversary ;  but  he  fought  by  detachments,  in  detail, 
which  enabled  Lee  to  meet  him  man  for  man ;  he  there- 
fore gained  nothing  by  his  numerical  superiority.  The 
Federal  loss  was  2,000  killed,  9,400  wounded,  and  1,000 
prisoners.  The  loss  of  the  enemy  wns  about  10,000 
killed  and  wounded,  and  4,000  prisoners.  The  Feder- 
als actually  engaged,  numbered  about  70,000 ;  the  en- 
emy, 55,000. 

sept.  19.          During  the  18th,  both  armies  remained  quiet.     Mc- 
n^irginia!  Clellan  was  reinforced  during  the  day  by  two  divisions 
under    Couch   and    Humphreys.     The  following   night, 
Lee,  bcnffled,  returned  to  Southern  soil.     On  the  morning 
of  the  19th,  Porter's  corps  in  pursuit  captured  five  can- 
siu-pherds-  non  from  Lee's  rear  guard  at  Shepherdstown  Ford,  the 
town  Ford.  enemy  retiring  toward  Martinsburg.     A  portion  of  Por- 
ter's   corps    crossed    on   the    morning    of  the    20th   in 
reconnaissance.     Jackson    savagely  attacked    this  force, 
and    being   largely    outnumbered,  it    was    driven    back 
across  the  Potomac  with  severe  loss. 

McClellan  now  moved  his  army  to  Harper's  Ferry, 
encamping  near  there  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac 
on  the  22d.  After  his  retreat  from  Maryland,  Lee  took 
a  position  on  the  Opequan,  between  Winchester,  Mar- 
tinsburg, and  Charlestown. 

October  10.        On  Oct.  10,  1862,  Lee  sent  Stuart's  cavalry,  which 
chambers-  was  composed  of  three  brigades  under  Hampton,  Fitz- 

burg,    Pa. 

hugh  Lee,  and  Jones,  on  a  raid   across   the    Potomac. 
They  crossed    on  the  morning   of  the    day    named    at 


MCCLELLAN.  85 


McCoy's  Ferry,  and  by  rnpid  travel  arrived  at  Cham-  i 
bersburg,  Pa.,  that  evening.  They  did  but  little  damage 
to  the  town,  but  helped  themselves  to  a  large  number  of 
valuable  horses.  Early  the  following  morning  they 
hastened  away  on  their  return  inarch  for  Virginia.  Re- 
entering  Maryland,  and  passing  through  Emmittsburg, 
they  hurried  on,  only  giving  time  for  rest  sufficient  to 
feed.  The  aroused  Federals  seemed  to  have  Stuart 
surrounded  and  cut  off  from  the  Potomac.  Cavalry  and 
infantry  from  several  directions  pursued  him  ;  but  Stuart 
finally  managed  to  elude  the  Federals,  and  recrossed 
the  Potomac  at  White's  Ford  on  the  12th,  about  1  P.  M., 
re-joining  Lee  on  the  13th.  He  accomplished  nothing 
except  stealing  horses. 

The  battle  of  Antietam  had  caused  some  changes  in 
division  and  corps  commanders  in  the  Federal  army. 
Reynolds  had  taken  Hooker's  place  ;  Willcox  was 
placed  in  command  of  Reno's  Corps;  Couch  was  given 
the  2d  Corps,  and  Slocum  the  12th.  There  were  also 
two  divisions  under  Stoneman  and  Whipple  which  were 
not  attached  to  any  corps.  The  army  having  obtained 
supplies  of  clothing  and  other  needed  stores,  as  well  as 
the  required  rest  for  the  fatigued  soldiers,  began  cross- 
ing the  Potomac  into  Virginia  at  Berlin  and  Harper's 
Ferry  on  the  25th  of  October.  Slocum,  with  the  12th 
Corps,  was  left  at  Harper's  Ferry.  The  crossing  was 
completed  on  Nov.  2. 

McClellan  was  already  pushing  forward  the  heads  of 
columns  in  the  track  of  Lee,  who  was  retiring  toward 
the  Rappahannock.  Longstreet  reached  Culpepper  on 
the  3d.  Jackson  and  Stuart's  cavalry  moved  back  more 
slowly.  The  Federal  cavalry  under  Pleasonton  and 
Averill  were  clearing  the  way  for  the  National  army.  N*ov-  2- 

J  J     Union    Vll- 

Pleasonton  had  a  sharp  fight  at  Union  Village  with  a  iage,    or 
brigade  of  the  enemy's  cavalry,  which  was  speedily  dis-  G"p.  ° 


86  M^CLELLAN. 

is e y.  lodged.     On  the  following  day,  Averill   having  joined 

NovTs!      Pleasonton,  they  came  upon  Stuart's  division  at  Upper- 

upperviiie.  ^j^  where  he  was  drawn  up,  determined  to  defend  the 

pass  of  Ashby's  Gap.     The  Federals  charged  him,  and 

after  a  sharp  engagement  the  enemy  was  thrown  into 

disorder  and    driven  through  Upperville,  the    Federals 

taking  possession  of  Ashby's  Gap  on  the  4th. 

On  November  5,  Pleasonton  with  his  brigade,  still 
pushing  forward,  again  met  Stuart's  whole  division  at 


Roads  and  Barbee's  Cross  Roads  and  Chester  Gap,  and  fought  for 

er 
Gap. 


ester  possession  of  this  gap.     The   struggle  was    fierce, 


but  brief;  the  enemy  was  beaten,  and  retired  in  disorder. 
Averill  at  the  same  time  took  possession  of  Manassas 
Gap  after  a  short  contest.  Bayard's  cavalry,  and  Sigel 
with  the  llth  Corps,  coming  from  Washington,  joined 
McClellan  about  this  time,  who  was  now  concentrating 
his  army  on  Warrenton. 


CHAPTER   V. 

FREDERICKSBURO. 
BUKNSID& 

TVTOVEMBER  7,  the    President    removed    General 
-L  N     McClellan,  and  placed  General  Burnside  in  com- 
mand of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.     McClellan  was  at  NOV.  7. 
Salem  when  he  was  relieved.     The  army,  however,  pro-^1^"11 
ceded  toward  Warrenton,  and  on  the  9th  was  assembled 
about  that  point,  as  previously  ordered  by  McClellan. 

General  Burnside  continued  the  army  formation  in 
three  grand  divisions,  of  two  corps  each,  selected  and 
arranged  as  follows  : — 

////////.  under  E.  V.  Sumner — 2d  Corps,  D.  N.  Couch; 
divisions,  W.  II.  French,  W.  S.  Hancock,  O.  0.  Howard  : 
9th  Corps,  0.  B.  Willcox;  divisions,  Geo.  VV.  Getty,  S. 
D.  Sturgis,  W.  W.  Burns. 

Left,  Win.  B.  Frunklin  —  1st  Corps,  J.  F.  Reynolds; 
divisions,  Geo.  G.  Meade,  John  Gibbons,  Abner  Double- 
day  :  Gth  Corps,  W.  F.  Smith ;  divisions,  John  Newton, 
W.  T.  H.  Brooks,  A.  P.  Howe. 

Center,  Joseph  Hooker  —  5th  Corps,  Daniel  Butter- 
field  ;  divisions,  Geo.  Sykes,  A.  A.  Humphreys,  Charles 
Griffin:  3d  Corj5s,  Geo.  Stoneman ;  divisions,  Daniel  E. 
Sickles,  D.  B.  Birney,  A.  W.  Whipple.  Two  divisions 
of  cavalry  were  under  Alfred  Pleasonton  and  Geo.  D. 
Bayard. 

Burnside  put   his   army  in  motion  on  the    15th  of  NOV.  is. 
November  for    Fredericksburg.     Sumner   reached    Fal-fJ 

t-J  a  rill j       ill 

mouth  on  the  17th,  and  by  the  20th  the  whole  army  motion- 

(87) 


88  BURNSIDE. 

me  y.  was  encamped  in  the  vicinity  of  that  place.  Unfortu- 
nately, Burnside  was  compelled  to  halt  for  his  pontons, 
which  were  sent  from  Washington  via  Acquia  Creek, 
and  did  not  arrive  until  the  25th.  The  enemy  had 
remained  encamped  at  Culpepper  until  the  17th,  when 
Lee,  learning  of  Burnside's  movement,  started  his  army 
for  Fredericksburg  also,  and  the  heights  commanding  the 
town  were  in  Longstreet's  possession  on  the  22d.  This 
was  very  mortifying  to  Burnside.  His  pontons  did 
not  arrive,  and  he  could  not  cross  the  river  without  them; 
so  although  a  powerful  army  was  at  his  command,  he 
was  unable  to  prevent  Longstreet  from  taking  quiet 
possession  of  those  formidable  positions.  Jackson,  with 
the  rest  of  Lee's  army,  arrived  on  the  28th. 

•  Lee's  army,  now  numbering  about  90,000  men,  was 
posted  along  the  river  some  distance  back,  reaching  from 
Marye's  Hill,  just  back  of  the  town,  down  the  river 
to  Prospect  Hill.  This  position  at  the  hill  was  im- 
pregnable, and  a  stone  wall  running  from  it  toward 
his  center  formed  a  natural  breastwork  which  had  been 
strengthened  with  the  spade.  The  Confederates  had 
been  busy  all  along  their  line  fortifying  their  positions, 
which  were  already  formidable  in  themselves. 

Burnside's  army,  numbering  about  110.000  men, 
moved  to  the  Rappahannock  opposite  Fredericksburg  on 
the  night  of  the  10th  of  December,  and  at  once  began  the 
construction  of  bridges  at  that  point,  and  also  lower 
down,  toward  the  enemy's  right,  opposite  Smithfield. 
The  Confederate  sharpshooters  delayed  this  operation 

Dec.  11.     opposite  Fredericksburg  until  the  afternoon  of  the  llth. 

ing  begun   Franklin,  on  the  Federal  left,  was  to  cross  with  the  1st 


an(^  ^th  Corps  at  Smithfield,  and  was  ready  some  hours 
before  Sunnier,  who  was  to  cross  at  the  city  with  the  2d 
and  9th  Corps.  Hooker  was  to  remain  on  the  north  bank, 
and  to  send  his  divisions  across  afterward  at  the  points 


BUSNSlDti.  89 


most  needed.  The  Federal  artillery  endeavored  to  dis- 
lodge  Lee's  troublesome  sharpshooters,  but  were  unsuc- 
cessful, and  during  this  cannonade  the  town  was.  set  on 
fire  in  many  places,  causing  much  ruin  among  the  build 
ings.  Volunteers  were  called  for  to  cross  in  ponton  boats. 
The  7th  Michigan  and  the  10th  and  20th  Massachusetts 
passed  over  in  the  face  of  a  murderous  fire,  and  "  drove 
the  rascals  out."  Sunnier  then  completed  his  bridges, 
and  about  4  p.  M.  sent  Howard's  division  over  to  occnpy 
Fredericksburg.  On  the  morning  of  the  12th,  Sum- 
ner  and  Franklin  passed  over  with  their  commands. 
Couch  was  placed  on  the  right,  Willcox  at  his  left, 
touching  Franklin's  right  under  Smith,  and  Reynolds's 
corps  on  the  extreme  left.  The  principal  part  of  the  . 
.struggle  in  this  battle  was  on  the  right  and  left. 

Franklin  began  the  attack  between  9  and  10  A.  M. 
on  the  13th,  Reynolds  sending  Meade's  division  against  Dec.  is. 
Prospect  Hill,  followed  by  Gibbon  on  his  right,  and  pr 
Doiibleday  on  his  left.  These  three  divisions  were  soon  burg- 
hotly  engaged.  Meade  advanced  rapidly.  The  divis- 
ions of  Birney  and  Sickles  had  been  sent  over  by 
Hooker  to  reinforce  Franklin,  and  were  already  on  the 
ground.  Smith's  left  division,  under  Howe,  was  pressed 
forward  at  the  same  time.  Birney  was  already  engaged 
when  Meade  gave  his  men  the  order  to  charge,  and  with 
a  rush  they  drove  the  enemy  from  his  first  line  of  works, 
and  took  possession  ;  but  they  lost  heavily,  and  must  have 
support  or  give  up  the  ground  they  have  won.  Meade's 
veterans  have  outstripped  their  comrades,  and  have  got- 
ten too  far  in  advance.  Gibbon  and  Doubleday  are  both 
hotly  engaged,  and  can  afford  them  no  assistance,  and  now 
the  reinforced  enemy  compel  them  to  retire.  Birney  at 
last  comes  to  their  aid,  but  it  is  too  late  ;  he  can  only  aid 
them  in  making  their  retreat  more  easy. 

It  was  about  2  p.  M.     Jackson  had  repulsed  Frank- 


90  BURNHIDJC. 

i8v».  lin's    attack.     General   Conrad  F.  Jackson,  of  Meade's 

Death"  of  division,  was  among  the  killed.     General  Geo.  D.  Bay- 

Generai  ar<j  commanding  the  cavalry  division,  received  a  mortal 

Jflckson 

and  Gen-  wound,  of  which  he  died  the  next  day.     On  the  Federal 


eral    Bay- 
ard. 


right  the  attack  on  the  enemy's  position  from  Marye's 
Hill  to  Deep  Run  was  made  at  the  same  time  that 
Reynolds  attacked  his  left.  Sumner  directed  the  2d 
Corps  against  the  slopes  of  Marye's  Hill  and  the  stone 
wall.  French's  division  led  the  attack,  receiving  a  ter- 
rible fire.  His  ranks  were  rapidly  thinned,  but  the  sur- 
vivors moved  steadily  forward,  and  approached  the  ene- 
my's works.  Longstreet's  artillery  and  musketry  poured 
forth  incessant  waves  of  fire  and  ball,  which  the  Federals 
could  not  withstand,  and  those  that  had  not  already  fallen 
were  compelled  to  retire.  The  enemy,  well  sheltered,  suf- 
fered comparatively  little. 

Hancock  now  dashes  forward.  His  division  reaches 
and  even  passes  the  point  reached  by  French  ;  but  they, 
too,  cannot  reach  that  terrible  wall,  and  soon  melt  away. 
One  third  of  the  division  is  either  killed  or  wounded. 
Howard  pushes  his  division  into  the  fight  on  the  right 
of  Hancock,  while  the  divisions  of  Getty  and  Sturgis  join 
in  the  battle  on  the  left;  but  all  are  repulsed.  Burns's 
division  of  the  9th  Corps  has  become  engaged  on  the 
other  side  of  Deep  Run  on  Smith's  right.  Hooker  has 
brought  forward  his  remaining  divisions,  and  Whipple, 
Griffin,  Humphreys,  and  Sykes  have  all  taken  part  in 
the  action. 

Burnside  ordered  a  new  assault.  In  vain  the  im- 
pregnable position  of  the  enemy  was  explained  to  him? 
and  between  3  and  4  p.  M.  Humphrey's  division  was 
directed  against  that  death-dealing  wall.  The  gallant 
Humphreys,  who  knew  no  fear,  led  hi«  men  forward  into 
that  sheet  of  flame.  The  slaughter  was  dreadful.  They 
nearly  reached  the  wall,  but  with  ranks  so  decimated 


BURNSIDK  91 

that  it  was  useless  to  go  farther,  and  Humphreys  with-    i*«». 
drew    what    there    was   left   of  his    division.     Sykes'.s 
division  had  been  sent  to  his  support ;  but  the  repulse 
was  so  terrible  and  decisive,  that  these  troops  were  used 
only  to  cover  the  retreat. 

About  3  P.  M.  Jackson  made  an  olFensive  movement 
against  Franklin,  but  was  so  hotly  received  that  he  de- 
sisted.   The  battle  of  Fredericksburg  ended  with  the  day. 
The  Federal  loss  was  1,180  killed,  9,028  wounded,  and 
2,145  missing;  total,  12,353.     The  loss  of  the  enemy 
in    killed    and    wounded    was    about    5,000.     Generals 
Thomas    R.  It.  Cobb   and    Maxcy  Gregg  were   among Death  of 
their   killed.     During  the  14th  and  15th,  both  armies  cobb  and 
rested,  with  the  exception  of  skirmishing.     On  the  night  G*cXg^ 
of  the  15th  the  Federals  returned  to  the  left  bank  of 
the  Rappahannock,  and  to  their  old  quarters  at  and  near 
Kaluiouth. 

On  the  morning  of  the  16th,  the  enemy  discovered 
the  disappearance  of  the  Federal  army,  and  again  ex- 
tended their  outposts  to  the  town  of  Fredericksburg, 
now  an  almost  ruined  city.  On  the  15th  Burnside  had 
been  granted  opportunity  by  Lee  to  bring  off  the  Federal 
wounded,  and  on  the  16th  Lee  also  granted  permission 
to  Federal  detachments  to  come  and  bury  the  several 
hundred  dead,  their  fallen  comrades,  victims  of  this  ter- 
rible battle,  who  lay  at  the  foot  of  that  dreadful  wall. 
They  were  buried  at  the  foot  of  Marye's  Hill. 

The  Federal  army  had  exhibited  great  valor  in  this 
battle,  had  advanced  and  retired  under  the  most  terrible 
fire  known  in  the  war  up  to  this  time,  without  the  least 
disorder,  and  only  fell  back  when  it  was  found  utterly 
impossible  to  proceed  farther. 

Both  armies  now  remained  quiet  for  a  month,  watch- 
ing each  other,  except  some  slight  skirmishing,  arid  one 
or  two  inoffensive  cavalry  raids. 


92  BURNSIDE. 

1803.  About  the  middle  of  January,  1863,  Burnside  made 
jan.,~Ts63.  preparations  for  a  new  movement  against  the  enemy, 
luem'ts  a  Pr°P°sing  to  cross  the  Rappahannock  at  Banks's  Ford,  a 
new  cam-  few  miles  above  Fredericksburg.  Leaving  Sigel's  corps, 
which  had  recently  joined  him,  to  guard  his  communica- 
tions with  Falmouth,  and  Couch's  corps  to  draw  the 
attention  of  the  enemy  down  the  river,  Burnside  put  his 
troops  in  motion,  arriving  at  Banks's  Ford  January  20, 
with  the  grand  divisions  of  Hooker  and  Franklin.  The 
ponton  boats  were  brought  along,  as  the  river  was 
swollen  and  the  ford  impassable.  For  a  few  days  the 
weather  had  been  all  that  the  Federals  could  desire  ;  but 
fortune  was  not  with  General  Burnside.  A  heavy 
storm  broke  forth  on  the  night  of  the  20th,  and  the 
morning  of  the  21st  found  the  soil  soft,  the  mud  deep, 
and  the  rain  still  pouring  down  in  torrents.  This  con- 
tinued all  day,  and  it  was  yet  raining  on  the  22d.  It 
was  nearly  impossible  to  move  artillery.  The  bridges 
could  not  be  completed.  The  delay  gave  the  enemy, 
now  apprised  of  Burnside's  intention,  time  to  bring  up  a 
force  to  dispute  the  passage  of  the  river.  The  fates 
were  against  General  Burnside,  and  with  great  reluctance 
he  gave  the  order  to  his  army  to  return  to  its  camps 
about  Falmouth,  where,  after  the  severe  task  of  marching 
through  the  mud,  it  went  into  winter  quarters  on 
the  23d. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

CHANCELLORSVILLE      TO     LEE'S     SECOND 
INVASION    OF    MARYLAND. 

HOOKER. 

TANUARY  25,1863,  General  Burnside,  at  his  own    ises. 
O     request,  was  relieved,  and  General  Hooker  placed  Jnn~y. 
in  command  of  the   Army  of  the    Potomac.     General  Bimi8i(le 

*  relieved   !).v 

Sumner  was  also  relieved  on  account  of  old  age,  and  at  Hooker. 
his    own  request.     General    Sumner  died  at  Syracuse,  Death  or 
N.  Y.,  March  21, 1863.     He  had  been  long  in  the  service, 
having  served  in  the  Black  Hawk  and  Mexican  wars,  win- 
ning fame  in  the  latter.     General  Hooker  reorganized 
the  army,  dropping  the  organization  of  grand  divisions, 
and  forming  it  into  seven  corps,  which  were  numbered 
and  officered  as  follows  :— 

1st  Corps,  John  F.  Reynolds ;  divisions,  James  S. 
Wadsworth,  John  C.  Robinson,  Abncr  Doubleday.  2d 
Corps,  Darius  N.  Couch  ;  divisions,  Win  field  S.  Hancock, 
John  Gibbon,  Win.  II.  French.  3d  Corps,  Daniel  E. 
Sickles ;  divisions,  David  B.  Birney,  Hiram  G.  Berry, 
Amiel  W.  Whipple.  5th  Corps,  George  G.  Meade; 
divisions,  Charles  Griffin,  Geo.  Sykes,  Andrew  A.  Hum- 
phreys. 6th  Corps,  John  Sedgwick ;  divisions,  Win. 
T.  H.  Brooks,  Albion  P.  Howe,  John  Newton,  llth 
Corps,  Oliver  0.  Howard ;  divisions,  Charles  Devens, 
Adolph  von  Steinwehr,  Carl  Schurz.  12th  Corps, 
Henry  W.  Slocum;  divisions,  Alpheus  S.  Williams,  John 
W.  Geary.  Cavalry  Corps,  Geo.  Stoneman ;  divisions, 
Alfred  Pleasonton,  Wm.  W.  Averill,  David  McM.  Gregg, 
and  John  Buford. 

(93) 


9±  HOOKER. 

1863.  March  21,  1863,  General  Hooker  adopted  corps 
badges,  by  which  the  several  corps  were  afterward 
.corps  known.  The  badge  system  was  first  introduced  by 
adopted  Phil  Kearny.  in  order  to  distinguish  officers  from  en- 
listed men  in  his  division.  Field  and  staff  officers  were 
to  wear  a  red  patch  on  the  top  of  the  cap,  line  officers,  a 
red  patch  on  the  front  of  the  cap.  When  Birney  suc- 
ceeded the  lamented  Kearny,  he  continued  the  badge, 
and  added  a  red  patch  on  the  side  of  the  cap  for  all  en- 
listed men  who  had  been  engaged  in  action.  General 
Hooker,  upon  taking  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac, ordered  a  badge  for  each  corps, — the  1st  Corps  a 
disk;  the  2d,  a  trefoil;  the  3d,  a  lozenge;  the  5th,  a 
Maltese  cross ;  the  5th,  a  plain  cross ;  the  llth,  a  civs- 
cent;  the  12th,  a  star. 

Following  this  the  other  corps  of  the  several  armies 
adopted  badges  as  follows  : — 

4th  Corps,  (April,  1864)  an  equilateral  triangle. 
7th  Corps,   (in  Arkansas)  a  crescent  encircling  the 
upper  rays  of  a  star. 

8th  Corps,  a  star  with  six  rays. 
9th  Corps,  a  shield  with  anchor  and  cannon. 
10th  Corps,  a  trace  of  a  four-bastioned  fort. 
14th  Corps,  an  acorn. 

15th  Corps,  a  cartridge  box  marked  "Forty  Rounds." 
16th  Corps,  a  circle  with  four  minie-balls. 
17th  Corps,  an  arrow. 
18th  Corps,  a  cross  with  foliate  sides. 
19th  Corps,  a  fan-leaved  cross  with  octagonal  center. 
20th  Corps,  the  12th  Corps  was  broken  up,  and  this 
corps  adopted  the  star. 

22d  Corps,  five  leaves  with  a  circle  in  the  center. 

23d  Corps,  a  plain  shield. 

24th  Corps,  a  heart. 

25th  Corps,  a  square  with  a  smaller  one  inside. 


HOOKER.  95 

Sheridan's  Cavalry  Corps,  gold  crossed  sabres  on  an   isos. 
oblong  blue  field,  surrounded  tyy  silver  rays. 

Wilson's  Cavalry,  a  carbine  from  which,  suspended  by 
chains,  was  the  red  swallow-tail  guidon  of  cavalry,  bear- 
ing two  gilt  crossed  sabres. 

The  Confederates  remained  in  their  position  after  the 
battle  of  Frcdericksburg,  extending  their  lines,  however, 
from  Banks's  Ford  above  Fredericksburg  down  to  near 
Port  Conway,  Long-street's  forces  being  at  Fredericks- 
burg  and  vicinity,  Jackson's  below  them.  Both  armies 
remained  in  their  camps  for  over  three  months,  reorgan- 
izing, recruiting,  drilling,  and  otherwise  preparing  for 
another  great  .struggle.  Meantime  numerous  small 
battles  and  skirmishes  were  going  on  between  detach- 
ments of  the  contending  forces. 

Moseby  did  a  clever  thing  during  the  night  of  March 
8,  18G3,  at  Fairfax  Court  House.     The  village  was  in  March  s. 
possession  of  the  Federals,  and  surrounded  by  Federal  captures 


troops.  Favored  by  darkness  and  accompanied  by 
some  thirty  men,  he  managed  to  elude  the  Federal 
guards,  and  entering  the  town,  captured  Colonel  Stongh- 
ton,  a  brigade  commander,  in  his  bed.  He  also  captured 
several  other  officers  and  men,  making  in  all  thirty-five 
prisoners,  and  succeeded  in  taking  them  through  the 
Federal  lines  to  the  enemy's  camp. 

February  10,  1863,  the  enemy's  cavalry  under  Gen-  Gloucester 
eral  W.  H.  F.  Lee  was.  repulsed  at  Gloucester  Point  on  Point 
York  River.     Feb.  25,  the  Confederate  cavalry  under  Feb.  25. 
General  Fitzhugh  Lee  surprised  a  Federal  post  at  Leeds- 
town,  capturing  about  one  hundred  prisoners.     On  the 
17th    of   March    about   2,000    Federal    cavalry,   under  March  i- 
Averill,  crossed  the  Rappahannock  at  Kelly's  Ford,  in  Ford. 
the  face  of  a  heavy  fire  from  Fitzhugh  Lee's  skirmishers, 
and    captured  a    number    of  prisoners.      Averill     had    . 
advanced  only  about  one  mile  from  the  river  when  he 


96  UOOKEIL 

1803.  met  Fitzhugh  Lee,  who  had  hastened  forward  with  his 
cavalry  brigade  to  oppose  his  further  progress.  A  ter- 
rible battle  followed,  becoming  at  once  a  general  engage- 
ment. Lee's  men  charged  with  great  fierceness,  bring- 
ing the  combatants  close  upon  one  another.  The  right- 
ing was  with  pistols  and  sabres,  the  enemy  being  finally 
repulsed.  The  Federals  then  gallantly  returned  the 
charge,  throwing  Lee's  men  into  disorder,  who  hastily 
retired.  The  Federals  pursued  the  retreating  foe  some 
eight  miles  to  Brandy  Station,  where  Lee  made  a  stand, 
and  fighting  was  renewed ;  but  it  was  now  night,  and 
General  Averill,  knowing  that  Lee  could  soon  be  rein- 
forced by  infantry,  returned  to  Kelly's  Ford,  and  re- 
crossed  that  evening.  The  Federal  loss  was  6  killed, 
50  wounded,  and  24  missing.  The  enemy's  loss  was 
11  killed,  88  wounded,  and  34  prisoners. 

Early  in  April,  General  Hooker  decided  on  a  move- 
ment against  the  enemy.  Possibly  he  may  not  have 
been  quite  ready,  or  the  time  may  riot  have  been  the 
most  opportune  ;  but  nearly  25,000  men  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  were  about  to  be  discharged  in  consequence 
of  expiration  of  term  of  service,  and  he  must  use  them 
at  once  if  at  all.  Lee's  army  was  considerably  weakened 
by  the  absence  of  Longstreet  with  three  divisions,  he 
having  gone  to  attack  the  Federals  at  Suffolk,  Va.,  but 
he  was  soon  to  return.  Hooker's  army  now  numbered 
about  100,000  effective  men  in  infantry  and  artillery  and 
13,000  in  cavalry. 

To  deceive  Lee,  demonstrations  were  made  on  the 
Lower  Rappahannock,  Doubleday's  division  proceeding 
as  far  as  Port  Conway,  twenty-one  miles  below  Freder- 
icksburg,  where  the  24th  Michigan  infantry  crossed  the 
river,  and  entered  the  town  of  Port  Royal.  The  enemy's 
attention  was  thus  taken  away  from  Hooker's  real 
movement.  April  27,  Hooker  put  his  right  wing  in 


1LOUK.ER.  !)7 


motion,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  29th  this  wing,  com- 
posed  of  the  5th,  llth,  and  12th  corps,  with  Slocuin  by  Aprn~27. 
seniority    in    command,  crossed    the    Rappahannock  at  IIook('r 

<f  puts  Ins 

Kelly's  Ford,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  30th  had  crossed  arm>r  iu 
the  Rapidan,  Slocum  and  Howard  at  Germania  Ford, 
and  Meade  at  Ely's  Ford,  moving  at  once  toward  Chan- 
cellorsville,  which  is  11  miles  from  Fredericksburg. 
Hooker  dispatched  Stoneman  with  the  cavalry  divisions  stont-mmr* 
of  Buford  and  Gregg  on  a  raid  upon  Lee's  communica- 
tions, sending  Averill  toward  Rapidan  Station,  Pleason- 
ton's  cavalry  remaining  to  clear  the  advance  of  Hooker. 
While  the  Federals  were  crossing  at  Kelly's  Ford, 
Stuart  became  aware  of  Federal  activity  ;  but  misjudg- 
ing Hooker's  designs,  hastily  assembled  his  cavalry 
under  W.  H.  F.  and  Fitzhngh  Lee  at  Culpepper,  and 
moved  thence  to  Brandy  Station.  Hampton's  cavalry 
division  was  far  away,  resting  and  recruiting.  Stuart 
soon  learned  his  mistake,  and  made  all  haste  to  get  to 
Germania  Ford  to  dispute  its  passage;  but  he  was  too 
late,  and  could  only  harass  the  Federal  rear  guard.  In 
the  afternoon  of  the  29th  he  savagely  attacked  the 
Federal  rear  near  Madden  Farm,  but  was  unable  to  im-APril  29- 

Germania 

pede  their  march.  Stuart  now  sent  W.  U.  F.  Lee  with  Ford. 
his  cavalry  in  the  direction  of  Gordonsville,  as  Stoneman 
was  threatening  the  enemy's  lines  of  communication  be- 
tween that  point  and  Richmond;  and  with  Fitzhugh 
Lcc's  cavalry  he  started  in  all  haste  to  pass  around  the 
Federal  right,  in  order  to  rejoin  his  chief. 

On  the  morning  of  the  30th,  the  Federal  right  wing,  H™ker  'ut 
with  Pleasonton's  cavalry  in  advance,  approached  Chan-  ^"^ 
cellorsville,  when  the  enemy's  three  brigades  which  had  nearTodd-» 

J  Tavern. 

just  been  sent  there  to  watch  Federal  movements,  fell 
back  to  Tabernacle  Church.  Meantime,  the  Federal  left 
wing  had  been  busy.  On  the  28th,  Wadsworth's  division 
crossed  at  Smithfield,  and  Brooks's  division  a  little 

7 


98  HOOKER. 

i8c,3.  above.  This  move  bothered  Lee.  With  part  of  the 
Federal  army  approaching  on  his  left,  and  the  other  half 
crossing  on  his  right,  he  was  compelled  to  do  considera- 
ble guessing. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  30th,  the  Federal  2d  Corps, 
under  Couch,  crossed  the  Rappahannock  at  United  States 
Ford.  This  ford,  which  is  about  seyen  miles  above  Fred- 
ericksburg,  had  till  now  been  in  possession  of  the  enemy  ; 
but  the  march  of  Slocum  had  freed  it ;  Couch  therefore 
crossed  without  hindrance,  and  reached  Chancellorsville 
at  10  P.  M.  the  same  day.  At  the  same  time,  Hooker 
ordered  the  3d  Corps  to  move  in  the  track  of  Couch, 
leaving  Sedgwick  with  the  1st  and  6th  corps  confronting 
the  enemy  at  Fredericksburg  and  vicinity. 

Hooker  arrived  in  person  at  Chancellorsville  on  the 
30th,  toward  evening.  During  the  night  the  Federal 
cavalry  were  busy  reconnoitering.  The  6th  New  York, 
under  Lieutenant-Colonel  McVicar,  had  reached  the 
vicinity  of  Todd's  Tavern.  Stuart  had  just  arrived  at 
that  point  after  his  attack  on  Slocum's  rear.  His  ad- 
vance, the  2d  Virginia,  at  once  charged  upon  McVicar, 
who  stood  firm,  giving  the  enemy  a  cruel  fire,  which 
stunned  them.  McVicar  now  returned  the  charge  furi- 
ously, and  the  2d  Virginia  was  scattered  to  the  winds. 
Fitzhugh  Lee  moved  rapidly  away  toward  Spottsylvania 
Court  House,  believing  that  he  had  narrowly  escaped 
Death  of  the  whole  of  Stoneman's  cavalry.  The  brave  McVicar 

Co'onelMc-  . 

vicar.        was  killed  while  leading  the  charge.     His  regiment  now 
returned  to  Chancellorsville. 

Hooker  did  not  get  ready  to  move  beyond  Chancel- 
lorsville until  nearly  noon,  May  1.  About  this  time, 
Lee,  having  become  satisfied  of  .his  intentions,  resolved 
to  strike  first.  He  hao1  about  70,000  men  in  six  divisions, 
under  A.  P.  Hill,  Rodes,  Early,  Colston,  Anderson,  and 
The  first  four  composed  Jackson's  corps,  and 


HOOKER.  99 

the  last  two  were  a  portion  of  Longstreet's  corps.     Lee    ises. 
at  once  put  his  army  in  motion,  leaving  Early  with  about 
10.000  men  to  oppose  Sedgwick.     His  advance,  urider 
Mahone,  met  the  Federal  advance  under  Sykes  on  the  May  i-*. 
"Old  Road,"  or  Turnpike,  between  Chan  eel  lorsville  and 


Frodcricksburg.     Both  made  haste  to  reach  the  hill,  the  loreville- 
highest  point  in  the  neighborhood,  on  which  stands  the 
Newton-  House.     Sykes  won,  after  a  severe  engagement,  Federal 
and    secured    the    hill.       The    reinforced    enemy    again  Succe88- 
attacked,  but  was  repulsed.     Sykes    held   his   ground,' 
but  all  to  no  purpose.     Hooker's  orders  for  an  advance 
were  countermanded,  and  his  several  army  corps  were 
directed   to   return   to  the  vicinity  of  Chancellorsville, 
when-  his  army  had  formed  lin*  before  dark  that  night, 
with    Howard  on  the  right  at  Dowdall's  Tavern,  Slocum 
in    the    center  at  Fairview   and    Chancellorsville,   with 
Sickles  between   them,  Couch  on  Slot-urn's  left,  Meade's 
corps  forming  the  left  of  the  army. 

The  enemy  had  closely  followed  the  Federals  in 
their  backward  movement,  and  that  night  Lee's  army 
encamped  on  the  Federal  front.  During  the  night1, 
Jackson  conceived  a  brilliant  movement,  and  played  the 
trick  upon  Hooker  the  next  day.  Early  on  the  morning 
of  May  2,  Jackson  started  with  30,000  men,  about  one  May  2. 
half  of  Lee's  army,  to  make  a  circuit  around  the  Federal 
right  for  the  purpose  of  striking  Howard's  right  flank 
and  rear.  The  outposts  of  Sickles's  corps  discovered 
this  body  moving  apparently  in  retreat,  and  artillery 
firing  began.  Jackson  left  one  regiment,  the  23d 
Georgia,  to  protect  his  rear,  and  pressed  on.  Hooker, 
being  deceived,  thinking  that  the  enemy  was  retreating, 
sent  Sickles's  corps  in  pursuit.  It  was  about  two 
o'clock  when  Sickles  started.  The  Georgia  regiment, 
numbering  about  500  men,  was  captured,  but  resisted 
long  enough  to  allow  the  escape  of  Jackson's  trains, 


100  HOOKER. 

i8»3.  Jackson  now  saw  that  he  must  hold  the  Federals  in 
check,  or  his  plan  would  be  revealed.  He  therefore 
sent  back  two  brigades  to  bar  the  way,  and  hurried  on. 

About  3  P.  M.  two  scouts  came  in  to  the  Federal 
right,  and  informed  General  Devens,  commanding  the 
right  division,  that  the  enemy  was  near  at  hand  in  large 
force.  Word  was  at  once  sent  to  Hooker,  but  he  was 
too  far  away  for  a  reply  to  be  received  in  time.  The 
enemy's  advance  reached  Howard's  right  flank  about  5 
p.  M.  with  a  rush  and  the  customary  yell,  and  at  once 
charged  upon  Devens's  division,  which  numbered  about 
4,000  men.  They  found  the  Federals  with  arms  stacked 
right  and  eating  their  evening  meal.  The  surprise  was  com- 
ted<  plete.  In  less  than  thirty  minutes  Devens's  whole 
division  was  routed,  and  flew  pell-mell  toward  the  left. 
The  troops  under  Sickles,  imagining  the  enemy  to  be  in 
full  retreat,  were  detained  till  night  by  the  two  brigades 
that  Jackson  had  placed  in  front  of  them. 

After  the  rout  of  Devens,  Jackson  came  upon  How- 
ard's 2d  division  under  Carl  Schurz,  numbering  about 
•  3,000  men.  This  division  fought  well  for  a  time,  but 
could  not  long  withstand  Jackson's  heavy  force,  and 
finally  gave  way,  losing  five  pieces  of  artillery.  How- 
ard's next  division,  under  Steinwehr,  was  then  attacked  ; 
but  there  was  only  one  brigade  here,  the  other  having 
gone  with  Sickles  in  pursuit  of  the  retreating  enemy. 
Jackson's  route  had  been  similar  to  the  trail  of  a  long 
snake ;  while  the  front  of  the  Federal  army  is  upon 
its  tail,  it  bites  hard  in  the  rear.  Howard  and  Steinwehr 
make  every  effort  to  stay  the  fleeing  soldiers  of  Devens 
and  Schurz,  and  succeed  in  rallying  a  portion  of  them 
around  Steinwehr;  but  it  is  of  little  avail.  Although 
they  check  Jackson  for  a  time,  they  finally  follow  the 
general  rout.  In  less  than  one  hour  the  llth  Corps  lias 
been  broken  into  fragments. 


HOOKER.  101 

The  Confederates  pass  on,  next  reaching  a  command-  m<i:i. 
ing  position  hastily  taken  by  Pleasonton  with  his  cavalry 
at  Hazel  Grove.  Pleasonton  had  been  with  Sickles, 
but  returned  at  the  first  warning  of  disaster.  When  he 
saw  that  Jackson's  advance  must  be  checked  until  he 
could  establish  a  battery,  he  sent  the  8th  Pennsylvania  8th  Pcnn- 

...  .  sylvania 

cavalry  against  the  enemy,  this  single  regiment  bravely  cavalry  im- 
charging   right   into    the   face  of  death.     Major   Peter  mortalized- 
Keenan,  with  thirty  officers  and  men,  fell  at  the  first  Death  of 
fire;  but  the  regiment  moved  straight  forward,  scatter- 


ing  Jackson's  advance,  and  checking  the  main  body  long 
enough  to  allow  Pleasonton  to  plant  a  battery  of  22 
Li  mis,  mostly  cannon  belonging,  to  the  3d  corps.  The 
8th  Pennsylvania  having  been  at  last  brushed  aside, 
Jackson's  victorious  troops  press  forward  ;  but  with 
double-shotted  guns  Pleasonton  literally  mows  them 
down.  Their  charge  is  repulsed,  but  they  reform  and 
again  charge.  Fortunately,  Sickles  has  arrived  to  aid 
Pleasonton,  and  again,  after  a  fierce  encounter,  the 
enemy  is  repulsed.  Jackson  is  at  last  checked  ;  his  The  enemy 
troops  are  exhausted,  and  need  rest.  It  is  now  night.  c 

During  the  evening,  the  enemy  met  with  a  great 
misfortune.  General  Jackson,  with  a  few  staff  officers, 
passed  in  front  of  his  own  lines  for  the  purpose  of 
reconnoitering.  As  he  reached  the  neighborhood  of 
Birney's  skirmishers,  they  fired  upon  the  party,  who  - 
hastily  retired  toward  their  own  lines,  when  a  body  of 
Jackson's  own.  troops  fired  upon  him  and  his  staff,  mis- 
taking them  for  Federal  cavalry.  The  lines  of  the  con- 
tending forces  were  very  near  each  other  at  this  point, 
and  it  does  not  seem  to  be  definitely  known  who  did  the 
injury;  but  Stonewall  Jackson  fell,  mortally  wounded,  j'^k™,, 
Several  of  his  staff  were  either  killed  or  wounded.  He  TnortaJ1y 

wounded. 

had  received  one  ball  in  his  right  hand  and  two  in  his 
left  arm,  shattering  it  at  the  shoulder.     He  was  carried 


102  HOOKER. 

is<>:i.  to  Guincy  Station,  where  he  died  on  May  10.  The  last 
battle  fought  by  this  great  warrior  was  one  of  his  great- 
est achievements.  General  Thomas  J.  .Jackson  was  a 
graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  in  the  Mexican 
war.  In  this  day's  battle  the  usual  finale,  "  And  night 
ended  the  conflict,"  cannot  be  applied. 

sickies's  At  9  P.  M.  Sickles  asked  Hooker  for  an  order  to  re- 

the  night  capture  the  ground  taken  by  the  enemy.  At  11  p.  M., 
having  received  the  desired  order,  Sickles  attacked  with 
Birncy's  and  Berry's  divisions,  strongly  supported.  The 
battle  in  the  night  lasted  for  an  hour,  the  soldiers  fighting 
The  enemy  at  close  order.  At  midnight  the  enemy  had  been  driven 
back  as  far  as  the  position  lost  by  Schurz  in  the  after- 
noon, when  the  firing  gradually  ceased,  both  armies 
getting  a  little  rest,  but  not  much  sleep.  During  the 
attack  of  Jackson's  troops,  the  balance  of  the  enemy's 
forces  under  Lee's  immediate  command  had  kept  up  a 
continuous  fire  upon  Slocum's  and  Couch's  front.  They 
did  not  attempt  to  advance,  however.  Lee  was  still 
waiting  for  news  from  Jackson  when  night  closed  in. 
The  first  day  of  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  had  ended. 
The  fighting  had  been  principally  in  the  vicinity  of 
Dowdall's  Tavern ;  but  only  a  small  portion  of  the 
Federal  army  had  been  engaged.  A.  P.  Hill  had  been 
wounded  soon  after  Jackson's  misfortune,  and  Stuart 
was  called  to  command  Jackson's  corps. 

On  the  morning  of  May  3,  Howard's  corps  was  on 
the  left,  where  it  had  been  placed  that  it  .might  recover 
from  the  disaster  of  the  day  before.     Couch  was  next 
on  Howard's  right,  Slocum  next,  and  Sickles  on  Slocum's 
right.     Meade's  corps  was  posted  still  farther  on.     The. 
1st  Corps  had  arrived  by  the  United  States  Ford,  and 
during  the  night  was  placed  on  the  extreme  right.     The 
Federal   line    now  formed  an  angle,  the    center   above  * 
Chancellorsville,  the  right  reaching  back  to  Ely's  Ford 


HOOKER.  103 

on  the  Rapidan,  and  the  left  resting  below  the  United   is  vs. 
States    Ford   on  the    Rappahannock.     The   battle   was 


renewed  at  about  6  A.  M.  on  the  3d.  btt)e 

Stuart,  now  in  command  of  Jackson's  corps,  expect-  renewcd- 
ing  to  cany  the  Federal  position  by  storm,  attacked 
Sickles  savagely.  Birney  was  the  first  in  his  way,  but 
the  battle  soon  reached  the  whole  Federal  front  covered 
by  Sickles,  Slocum,  and  Couch,  Stuart  being  opposed  to 
Sickles  and  Slocum's  right,  and  Lee,  with  Anderson's  and 
McLaws's  divisions,  attacking  Slocum's  left  and  Couch. 
The  principal  attack  was  by  Stuart,  his  troops  driving 
the  Federals,  and  then  they  in  turn  forced  Stuart  back. 
The  slaughter  was  fearful,  both  sides  exhibiting 
great  bravery.  At  the  beginning  of  the  battle  of  the  3d, 
the  enemy  had  about  55,000  men  present,  and  the  .Fed- 
erals about  75,000  ;  but  the  opposing  forces  engaged 
were  about  equal.  The  battle  raged  with  great  fury  till 
9  A.  M.  Up  to  this  time  neither  the  1st  nor  5th  corps 
had  fired  a  shot.  There  was  now  a  lull  in  the  battle,  j 
Lee,  with  Anderson's  and  McLaws's  divisions,  while 
hotly  engaged,  had  been  gradually  working  to  the  left, 
so  as  to  connect  with  Stuart.  Stuart  had  gained  no 
ground  as  yet.  For  a  short  time  the  infantry  were 
allowed  to  rest;  heavy  cannonading  continued,  however, 
on  both  sides.  Lee  has  now  joined  Stuart,  and  the 
enemy's  forces  are  again  united.  The  tired  soldiers  are 
not  allowed  a  very  long  respite.  Lee  orders  a  new 
attack,  and  the  same  corps  of  the  Federals  have  to  stand 
the  brunt  of  the  battle.  Sickles  sends  to  Hooker  for 
assistance  and  ammunition;  but  Hooker  has  been 
stunned  by  a  cannon  shot  which  struck  a  wooden  column  Hooker 
of  the  Chancellor  House  portico  against  which  he  was  fc 
leaning,  and  he  is  now  insensible,  llis  chief  of  staff  is  at 
Falmouth,  so  there  is  no  one  present  to  give  an  order. 
Consequently,  the  three  Federal  corps  fight  on,  resisting 


104  HOOKER. 

i8<-,3.    the   fierce    charges  of  the    enemy,  without   the    much- 
needed  assistance  and  ammunition. 

Before  Hooker  was  injured,  he  had  directed  a  new 

line  to  be  established,  for  the  three  corps  engaged,  in 

rear  of  the  one  upon  which  they  were  fighting,  which 

was  a  difficult  move  in  the  midst  of  battle ;  but   being 

Federals     short  of  ammunition,  the   Federals  were    compelled  to 

fall  back  about  10  A.  M.  to  this  new  line,  from  which 

Lee  in  vain  attempted  to  drive  them.     Again  the  battle 

subsides  to  a  sharp  skirmish  fire.     General  Berry  has 

<;en.  Berry  been  killed,  General  Whipple  mortally  wounded.     Lee 

w'hipiS"   is   now  m  possession  of  the    Chancellor    House.     The 

enemy  suffered  fearfully,  and  the  losses  on  both  sides 

were  terrible. 

Sedgwick,  with  the  6th  Corps  and  Gibbon's  division 
of  the  2d  Corps,  remained  at  Fal  mouth  menacing  Fred- 
ericksburg.     Hooker,  on  the  evening  of  the  2d,  sent  an 
order  to  Sedgwick  to  march  upon  Chancellorsville,  tak- 
ing Lee  in  the  rear ;  but  during  the  night  he  changed 
the    order,  sending   Sedgwick  to  capture    the    enemy's 
stronghold  held  by  Early,  before    proceeding  to  Chan- 
cellorsville.    Sedgwick  occupied  Fredericksburg  before 
daylight  on   the    3d.     Gibbon    was    brought   over   and 
Fredericks-  placed  on  his  right.     Sedgwick  was  not  ready  to  attack 
Efefehta      until  11  A-  M-?  when  the  order  for  assault  was  given,  and 
stormed  by  {lfter   a  terrible   struggle    the    famous    stone   wall   and 

Sedgwick. 

Mary e  s  Hill  were  carried,  giving  them  about  400 
prisoners.  Early,  collecting  his  troops  at  the  rear, 
moved  southward.  The  Federal  loss  in  this  assault  in 
killed  and  wounded  was  about  1,000  men. 

At  3  P.  M.  Sedgwick  put  his  corps  in  motion  toward 
Chancellorsville,  leaving  Gibbon  to  guard  the  river  at 
Fredericksburg  and  the  Federal  depots  at  Falmouth. 
Gibbon  placed  one  brigade  in  the  town,  and  moved  two 
"brigades  across  to  the  heights  on  the  left  bank,  leaving 
only  a  small  detachment  on  Marye's  Hill. 


HOOKER.  105 

\\lnle  Lee  was  reforming  his  troops  and  making  ises. 
preparations  for  another  assault  upon  Hooker,  he  re- 
ceived information  of  the  defeat  of  Early  and  the 
approach  of  Sedgwick.  He  at  once  detached  four  bri- 
gades to  delay  the  march  of  the  latter,  who  was  moving 
rapidly  in  that  direction  with  Brooks's  division  in  ad- 
vance. A  short  distance  from  Salem  Church,  about  5 


Tt          i  ,1  i  i        i       •  °t     Salem 

P.  M.,  isrookR  came  upon  the  enemy,  who  had  just  church. 
arrived  at  that  point.  One  brigade  of  Early's  division, 
under  Wilcox,  had  retired  from  the  defenses  of  Fred- 
ericksburg  in  advance  of  Sedgwick,  and  now  joined  the 
four  brigades  sent  by  Lee.  Brooks  attacked  at  once. 
His  artillery  silenced  the  enemy's  guns  within  twenty 
minutes,  when  he  charged  with  determination.  He  drove 
the  enemy  back,  capturing  their  ground  and  a  large 
number  of  prisoners.  Wilcox's  brigade  was  completely 
routed.  The  enemy  gathered  for  another  struggle,  and 
charged  the  Federals  in  turn  ;  but  Newton's  division 
had  arrived,  and  the  assault  was  easily  repulsed.  Fight- 
ing continued  till  dark  ;  but  the  enemy,  aided  by  Hookers 
silence,  succeeded  in  holding  Sedgwick  in  check.  Hooker 
had  not  recovered  frdtn  the  blow  that  stunned  him  ; 
consequently  the  Federal  army  was  without  a  head. 

On  the  4th   both  armies  remained  quiet  until  noon  ; 
but  about  1  P.  M.,  Early,  whom  we  saw  going  southward 
after  Sedgwick  had  captured  his  stronghold,  returned 
and    took  possession  of  Marye's    Hill  without  striking  May  4. 
a  blow.     He  also  endeavored  to  capture  Taylor's  Hill,  takes  Ma- 
but  was  repulsed,  losing  about  200  men  taken  prisoners.  ** 
Lee,  learning  of  this,  and  Hooker  still  remaining  inactive, 
took  three  brigades,  and  passing  around  Sedgwick,  made 
a  savage  attack    upon    Howe's  division,  which    formed 
Sedgwick's  rear,  also  occupying  Taylor's  Hill.     Howe  Taylor's 
concentrated  all  his  division  upon  the  hill,  from  which  -IlllL 
position   Lee  was   unable   to   drive   him.     Just  at  night 


106  HOOKER. 

isu;t.   the  enemy  was  repulsed   with  the  loss  of  a  considerable 
number  of  prisoners. 

Lee  has  failed  to  drive  Sedgwick  from  his  ground ; 
but  the  latter  now  finds  himself  in  a  critical  position. 
Hooker  seems  to  be  some  one  else,  and  not  "  fighting- 
Joe  "  at  all.  His  troops  remain  quiet  all  day  the  4th, 
with  the  exception  of  a  •demonstration  by  General  Grif- 
fin with  his  division,  who3  in  reconnoitering  Stuart's 
lines,  meets  fierce  resistance,  and  retires  with  severe 
loss.  Sedgwick,  becoming  satisfied  that  Hooker  would 
not  co-operate  with  him,  falls  back  upon  Banks's  Ford, 
which  is  about  three  miles  above  Fredericksburg,  during 
Sedgwick  the  night  of  the  4th,  and  the  morninii  of  the  5th  found 

recrosses  u  ° 

the  Rap-    him  again  across  the  Rappahannock.     Gibbon  had  also 

'  evacuated   Fredericksburg  the  same  night,  and  returned 

to   Falmouth.     The    5th   was    passed   quietly   by   both 

armies.     During  the  night,  Hooker  retreated  across  the 

The  whole  r[ver  an(j  ^  g  A  M  Of  ^he  6th,  his  last  soldier  was  safely 

army  re-  * 

cross  the  landed  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rappahannock,  and  on 
the  5th.  the  7th  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  once  more  in  its 
old  camps  around  Falmouth.  Lee  again  returned  to  his 
old  quarters  about  Fredericksburg.  The  Federal  loss  in 
this  campaign  was  about  12,000  killed  and  wounded, 
and  5,000  taken  prisoners.  The  loss  of  the  enemy  in 
killed  and  wounded  had  been  fully  equal  to  that  of  the 
Federals,  and  about  3,000  prisoners.  General  Edward 
f  ^ '  Paxton  was  among  the  enemy's  dead.  He  was  killed 
on  the  evening  of  May  2.  The  troops  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  whose  term  of  service  had  now  expired, 
were  mustered  out  on  their  return  to  Falmouth. 

As  before  stated,  when  Hooker  started  for  Chancel- 

lorsville,  he  sent  Stoneman  with  his  cavalry  under  Buford 

and  Gregg  to  raid  upon  Lee's  Richmond  communications. 

stoneman,s.  Stoneman   crossed   the   Rappahannock  on  April   29,  his 

rai(1-          force   numbering   about   3,500.     Avcrill's   division    was 


1100KEH.  107 

directed  to  Rapidan  Station  to  watch  the  enemy's  isas. 
cavalry  in  that  vicinity.  Stuart  had  sent  W.  H.  F.  Lee 
to  Gordon sville.  The  latter  reached  Rapidan  Station 
on  April  30,  coining  from  Culpepper.  Averill  approached 
Rapidan  Station  on  the  morning  of  May  1,  and  at  once 
made  preparations  to  attack ;  but  the  day  was  spent 
before  any  movement  of  importance  was  made,  and 
under  cover  of  darkness  Lee  managed  to  get  away  with- 
out a  serious  fight,  and  dashed  off  to  Gordonsville  to 
oppose  Stoneman. 

Averill  being  without  instructions  as  to  further 
movements,  now  proceeded  to  rejoin  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  encamping  at  Ely's  Ford  on  May  2.  Stone- May.  2- 
man  encamped  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rapidan,  near  court 
Raccoon  Ford,  on  the  evening  of  April  30.  On  May  1 
he  started  for  Louisa  Court  House,  and  entered  that 
village  on  the  morning  of  the  2d,  destroying  the  railroad 
there.  Lee  had  reached  Gordonsville,  and  in  the  after- 
noon of  that  day  came  to  reconnoitre  Stoneman's  force. 
After  a  sharp  engagement  he  was  driven  back  to  Gor- 
donsville. That  evening  Stoneman  encamped  at  Thomp- 
son's Cross  Roads,  where  two  railroads  intersect,  the 
Fredericksburg  to  Columbia  and  the  Charlottesville  to 
Richmond.  Making  his  headquarters  here  for  a  short 
time,  he  sent  out  detachments  in  different  directions, 
destroying  railroads  and  bridges. 

On  the  5th,  with  those  of  the  detachments  that  had 
been  ordered  to  rejoin  him  there,  Stoneman  started 
northward,  passing  through  Yanceyville.  Lee  followed 
him,  but  did  not  seriously  interrupt  his  march.  Re- 
crossing  the  Rapidan  at  Raccoon  Ford  on  the  7th, 
Stoneman  on  the  following  day  recrossed  the  Rappahan- 
nock  at  Kelly's  Ford.  Two  detachments,  of  one  reg- 
iment each,  sent  out  by  Stoneman  from  Thompson's 
Cross  Roads,  were  yet  behind  ;  one  under  Colonel  Kil- 


108  HOOKER 

1*6-3.  patrick  had  moved  toward   Richmond.     On  the  morning 

KiiTtru-i-  °f  the  4th  he  reached  the  Acquia  Creek  Railway  at  Hun- 
gary Station,  and  tore  up  the  track,  burned  the  depot, 

uichmmui  an<l  cut  the  telegraph  wires  ;  then  pushing  on  he  reached 
the  outskirts  of  Richmond  the  same  day,  when  brushing 
the  enemy's  outposts  aside,  he  dashed  into  the  outer 
works  of  the  city,  capturing  a  number  of  prisoners. 
Then  quickly  turning  about,  he  sped  away,  crossing  the 
Chickahominy  at  Meadow  Bridge,  destroying  the  rail- 
way bridge  there,  and  moving  rapidly  he  crossed  the 
Pamunkey  at  Hanovertown.  He  managed  to  elude  the 
enemy,  who  was  in  hot  pursuit,  and  reached  Gloucester 

coionoi  Point  on  the  7th.  Colonel  Davis,  with  the  other  de- 
tachment, reached  Ashland  on  the  Acquia  Creek  Railway 
on  the  3d,  where  he  destroyed  the  railroad,  and  pro- 
ceeding that  evening  to  Hanover  Junction  he  destroyed 
the  depots,  a  number  of  cars  and  locomotives,  and  a 
large  quantity  of  provisions.  He  also  destroyed  the 
bridges  over  Stony  Creek  and  Machumps  Creek.  Mov- 

Tuustairs  ing  on,  he  reached  Tunstall's  Station,  White  House 
Railway,  on  the  morning  of  the  4th,  where  a  detachment 
of  the  enemy's  infantry  confronted  him,  but  after  a 
short  engagement  he  escaped  them,  and  turning  north- 
ward, crossed  the  Pamunkey  at  Plunkett's  Ferry  and 
the  Mattapony  at  Walkerton  on  the  5th,  reaching 
Gloucester  Point  in  safety  on  the  following  day. 

June  3.  The  armies  of  Hooker  and  Lee  had  rested  in  their 

Lee     starts  _    _ 

northward,  encampments  one  month,  when  on  June  o  Lee  started 
by  way  of  the  Federal  right  for  an  offensive  cam- 
paign. His  army  now  numbered  about  90,000  men, 
10,000  being  cavalry.  His  infantry  was  divided  into 
three  corps:  1st  Corps,  Longstreet;  divisions,  Hood, 
McLaws,  Pickett.  !2d  Corps,  Ewell ;  divisions,  Early, 
Johnson,  Rodes.  3d  Corps,  A.  P.  Hill;  divisions,  An- 
derson, Pender,  Heth.  Cav;ilry  corps,  Stuart. 


HOOKER.  109 

Longstreet   took    the   advance,   followed  by  Ewell,    ities. 
while  Hill  remained  to  confront  and  occupy  the  atten- 
tion of  Hooker    until  Lee  should  be  well  under  way. 
Stuart's  cavalry  had  been  concentrating  at  Culpepper. 
Hooker  could  not  long  be  deceived ;  he  soon  surmised 
that  Lee  was  moving.     Causing  bridges  to  be  thrown  J»«e  s. 
across  the  Rappahannock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  5th,  army  in 
he  sent  Howe's  division  of  the  6th  Corps  over  on  the  m 
morning  of  the  6th  for  the  purpose  of  feeling  the  enemy  ; 
but  this  force  was  not  strong  enough  to  make  a  thorough 
demonstration  against  Hill's  whole  corps,  and  Hooker 
could    not  send    over   more   and  comply  with  positive 
orders  not  to  uncover  Washington.     He  was  therefore 
compelled  to  withdraw  Howe  without  getting  the  desired 
information.     He  had  already  directed  Pleasonton,  who 
had  been  given  Stoneman's  place  after  the  Chancellors- 
ville  campaign,  to  collect  his  cavalry,  and  make  a  dem- 
onstration towards  Culpepper. 

The  cavalry  numbered  about  7,500,  in  three  divisions, 
under  Generals  Buford  and  Gregg,  and  Colonel  Duffie. 
(Averill  had  been  relieved  of  his  command  on  May  3.) 
For  the  purpose  of  this  reconnaissance  two  brigades  of 
infantry,  under  Generals  Ames  and  Russell,  were 
attached  to  this  force.  Pleasonton  crossed  the  Rappa- Junc  9- 

Pleasonton 

hannock  at  Beverly  Ford  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  ci™**  the 
with  Buford 's  division  and  Ames's  brigade,  sending  noeT'at" 
Gregg  and  Duffie  with  Russell's  brigade  across  at  Kelly's 
Ford.  Duflio  was  to  proceed  to  Stcveiisburg,  for  the 
purpose  of  reconnaissance,  and  to  cover  the  Federal  left. 
Gregg,  with  Russell's  brigade,  was  to  come  upon  Stuart 
in  the  rear,  while  Buford  should  attack  him  in  front. 
Stuart,  whose  purpose  was  to  threaten  the  Federals  in 
ihc  direction  of  Warrenton,  in  order  to  conceal  Lee's 
movement  to  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  had  moved  to,  and 
encamped  near,  Brandy  Station  on  the  evening  of  the 


110  HOOKER. 

is<>3.  8th.  Pleasonton  was  advised  of  this  before  crossing  the 
Rappahannock.  Gregg  crossed  unmolested ;  but  Bu- 
ford's  advance  found  the  enemy's  pickets  guarding  the 
ford.  Colonel  Benj.  F.  Davis,  of  the  8th  New  York 
cavalry,  crossed  at  once,  and  put  the  enemy's  outposts  to 
flight.  Davis  pursued  them,  and  came  upon  a  part  of 
Jones's  brigade.  Both  charged  and  became  mixed  up. 
The  combat  was  with  sabres  and  pistols.  Colonel  Davis 
coionei0'  ^e^>  mortally  wounded.  (This  was  the  officer  who  bravely 
Davis.  led  the  brigade  of  cavalry  out  of  Harper's  Ferry  the 
night  before  Miles  surrendered.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
West  Point.)  The  Federals,  outnumbered,  were  driven, 
when  the  8th  Illinois  coming  up,  the  enemy  in  turn  was 
driven  back  in  disorder,  losing  a  part  of  Stuart's  bag- 
gage. Rallying  upon  the  balance  of  Jones's  brigade, 
they  made  a  stand  about  two  miles  from  the  river,  where 
Pleasonton  attacked  them ;  but  Stuart  now  arrived  with 
the  larger  part  of  his  force,  and  the  Federals  were 
checked. 

Pleasonton  now  selects  a  strong  position,  which  en- 
ables him  to  keep  the  enemy  at  a  respectful  distance, 
the  fighting  being  continued  with  artillery  and  small 
arms.  At  this  moment  Gregg  is  discovered  approaching 
Stuart's  rear.  Leaving  two  brigades  before  Pleasonton, 
Stuart  hastens  with  the  rest  of  his  troops  to  oppose 
Gregg,  whose  advance  under  Colonel  Percy  Wyndham 
J^d9-  finds  a  brigade  of  the  enemy  at  Brandy  Station.  Wynd- 
station.  ham  attacks  vigorously,  forcing  the  enemy  from  the 
Station.  The  determined  foe' return  the  charge,  but 
with  Kilpatrick's  aid  Wyndham  gives  them  a  severe 
repulse.  Stuart  now  arrives,  outnumbering  Gregg  two 
to  one,  and  the  conflict  becomes  fierce.  Russell's  bri- 
gade is  not  up,  as  the  infantry  could  not  keep  pace  with 
the  cavalry;  but  Gregg  bravely  maintains  his  ground. 
Bufon]  has  been  driving  the  two  brigades  of  the  enemy 


HOOKER.  Ill 

which  were  left  to  oppose  him,  but  too  slowly  to  arrive  i  *«.*. 
in  time  to  aid  Gregg,  and  after  a  terrible  hand  to  hand 
combat,  in  which  both  sides  have  displayed  great  valor 
and  sustained  heavy  losses,  Gregg  retires  in  a  direction 
to  unite  with  Pleasonton,  which  was  soon  accomplished. 
Russell  now  arrived,  and  Pleasonton's  force  was  united, 
except  the  cavalry  division  under  Colonel  Duffie.  This 
<li vision,  however,  came  up  a  little  later,  having  per- 
formed its  errand  of  putting  to  flight  a  strong  force  of 
the  enemy  at  Stevensburg. 

In  Stuart's  captured  baggage  Pleasonton  discovered 
the  plans  of  Lee, —  information  greatly  desired  by  Gen- 
eral Hooker  ;  and.  having  accomplished  the  object  of  his 
reconnaissance,  he  ordered  a  retreat  at  5  P.  M.,  and  re-  pieauonton 
crossed    the     Ilappahannock     without    difficulty.     The  ™ 
losses  had  been    about  600  in  killed  and  wounded  on 
each  side.     Pleasonton  was  fortunate  in  retiring  across 
the   river,  as   Ewell,  sent   by  Lee  in  haste,  had  just 
arrived  from  Culpepper  with  a  large  infantry  force. 

Lee  now  prepared  to  carry  out  his  proposed  plan  of 
invading  the  Northern  States.     On  the  10th,  Ewell,  at  June  10. 

CJ  7  J  — 

i  T        i          i        /»   i  *  <]  i          /»     i  IT  l*ee    press*- 

the  head  ol  his  corps,  composed  mostly  of  the  soldiers  ing   for- 
who  had  served  under  Jackson,  moved  forward,  passing  w 
through  Sperryville  and  Chester  Gap.     He  reached  the 
banks  of  the  Shenandoah  at  Cedarville  on  the  evening 
of  the  12th.     Ewell  now  planned  to  capture  the  Federal 
brigade  at  Berryville,  under  McReynolds,  and  also  the 
rest  of  this  division  at  Winchester,  which  was  commanded 
by    General   Milroy.      Although   Hooker   had   notified 
Halleck    of  Lee's   movements    on   the    10th,   by  some 
strange    misfortune    Milroy  received  no  notice    of  the 
approach    of  a   large   force  of  the  enemy  until    Ewell 
attacked  him  on  the  13th.     His  scouts,  however,  on  the  Jnno  is-is. 
12th  had  brought  him  information  of  the  appearance  of  ter. 
a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  in  that  neighborhood,  which 


112  HOOKER. 

max.  he  concluded  was  a  cavalry  force  on  a  raid.  Becoming 
satisfied  on  the  morning  of  the  13th  that  a  heavy  force 
was  threatening  him,  he  ordered  McReynolds  to  Win- 
chester, posting  his  other  two  brigades  under  General 
Elliott  and  Colonel  Ely  in  good  positions  outside  of  the 
fortifications.  Toward  night  Early 's  division  of  Ewell's 
corps  confronted  Elliott,  while  Johnson's  division  ap- 
peared before  Colonel  Ely's  position,  which  was  on 
Elliott's  left.  The  enemy  at  once  attacked,  and  after  a 
sharp  engagement  the  Federals  fell  back  ar  short  dis- 
tance, when  the  enemy,  worn  out  by  a  long  inarch, 
concluded  to  rest  until  morning. 

General  Milroy  had  taken  some  prisoners  during  the 
engagement,  from  whom  he  learned  that  he  had  been 
fighting  the  advance  of  Lee's  army,  and  now  had  a 
whole  army  corps  of  the  enemy  before  him.  It  was  too 
late  to  retreat ;  he  therefore  made  preparations  to  defend 
his  post  to  the  last,  and  during  the  night  he  retired 
within  the  fortifications.  McReynolds  with  his  brigade 
joined  him  about  10  P.  M.,  having  escaped  a  division  of 
the  enemy  under  General  Rodes. 

On  the  morning  of  the  14th,  Ewell  sent  Early  with 
his  division  to  attack  from  the  north,  while  Johnson 
should  occupy  the  attention  of  the  Federals  on  the 
south.  Early,  being  obliged  to  make  an  extensive 
detour  to  escape  the  notice  of  the  Federals,  did  not  get 
ready  to  attack  until  6  i>.  M.,  when  Milroy  was  suddenly 
apprised  of  his  proximity.  Milroy  had  weakened  the 
force  at  the  north  side  to  resist  Johnson,  whose  attacks 
had  been  vigorous,  and  Early  captured  this  part  of  the 
defenses  at  the  end  of  half  an  hour's  struggle.  Night 
approaching,  the  enemy  now  desisted,  feeling  sure  of  an 
easy  victory  in  the  morning. 

Winchester        During  the  night,  Milroy  evacuated  his  works,  moving 
•  in  the  direction  of  Harper's  Ferry,  leaving  his  sick  and 


HOOKER.  113 


wounded  behind  with  the  artillery  and  wagons.  To  guard 
against  the  escape  of  the  Federals,  Ewell  had  sent  out  a 
force  of  three  brigades,  whom  Milroy  found  in  his  path 
about  3  A.  M.,  near  Rocktown.  Elliott,  who  was  in 
advance,  suddenly  received  a  volley  of  musketry,  and 
the  conflict  at  once  became  fierce.  The  Federals,  deter- 
mined not  to  surrender,  fought  desperately.  Ewell 
hurried  a  new  force  forward,  which  attacked  them  in 
the  rear.  Their  organization  became  broken,  and  after  a 
terrible  struggle  they  succeeded  in  escaping  the  toils  of 
the  enemy,  a  portion  reaching  Hancock  and  a  portion 
Harper's  Ferry.  Milroy  's  loss  was  about  3,000  in 
killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners.  The  loss  of  the  enemy 
was  unknown. 

On    the    llth,  Hooker    moved    the    3d    Corps  to  a 
position  on  the  Ilappahannock  near  Beverly  Ford.     The 
following  day  he   ordered    the    1st    Corps   to   Bealeton 
Station,  arid  the   llth  to  Catlett's  Station;  but  on  the 
13th,  following  the  movements  of  his  adversary,  Hooker 
put  his  whole  army  in  motion,  which  was  concentrated 
at  Manassas  and  Fairfax  on  the  15th.     As  soon  as  Hill  June   15. 
saw  that  the  Federals  had  left  Falmouth,  he  took  up  his  Manassaa. 
march  to  join  Longstreet  at  Culpepper  ;  and  on  the  15th 
Longstreet  moved  forward,  passing  through  Upperville 
on  the  19th,  and    on    the    20th    through   Ashby's  and 
Snicker's    gaps,    reaching    the  vicinity  of  the  Potomac 
that  day.     Ilill  had  been  ordered  to  follow  the  route 
taken  by  Ewell.     Ewell  had  waited  at  Winchester  after 
the  defeat  of  Milroy  for  the  arrival  of  Lee.     He  put  his 
corps  in  motion  on  the  20th,  sending    Early  to  Shep-J«ne   20. 
herdstown.     Johnson    crossed    the    river  and    occupied  Crog8  the 
Sharpsburg,  Rodes  at  the  same  time  taking  possession  P( 
of  Hagerstown.     Again  this  persistent  enemy  is  on  the 
old  Antietam  battle-field. 

On  the  21st  Lee  ordered  Ewell  to  push  forward  to 
8 


HOOKER. 

is  a  s.    Ilarrisburg,  and  take  possession  of  the  capital  of  Penn- 
sylvania if  possible. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  had  been  slightly  rein- 
forced at  Fairfax  by  a  division  of  cavalry  under  Stahel 
and  a  brigade  of  infantry.  Hooker's  army  now  num- 
bered about  85,000  men  ;  while  Lee  had  an  army  of  at 
least  90,000,  having  received  reinforcements  from  every 
possible  direction. 

jane  16.  On  June  16,  a  body  of  E well's  cavalry  under  Jenkins 

bu5!lbt  entered  Greencastle,  Pa.,  reaching  Chambersburg  that 
night,  seizing  horses,  cattle,  and  provisions.  He  re- 
turned and  joined  Rodes  at  Williamsport  on  the  17th. 
Hooker,  watching  Lee's  movements,  sent  Pleasonton's 
cavalry  to  reconnoitre,  with  Gregg's  division  in  advance, 
led  by  Kilpatrick's  brigade.  The  latter  came  upon  a 
brigade  of  Stuart's  cavalry,  under  General  Munford, 

June  17.  near  the  village  of  Aldie,  on  the  17th.  Charging  at  the 
a'  head  of  his  old  regiment,  the  2d  New  York,  Kilpatrick 
took  possession  of  the  town.  Munford  hastily  sought  a 
strong  position  beyond  the  town,  where  he  awaited  the 
Federals,  who  at  once  charged  him  determinedly.  The 
2d  New  York  attacked  his  right,  obliging  it  to  give  way, 
with  the  loss  of  many  prisoners.  Munford  then  con- 
centrated his  whole  strength  to  break  Kilpatrick's  right; 
both  sides  charged  fiercely,  and  the  fighting  was  deper- 

Bravery  of  ate  with  sabre  and  pistol.  Colonel  di  Cesnola,  of  the 
'  4 th  New  York,  being  under  arrest,  charged  unarmed  at 
the  head  of  his  regiment.  Kilpatrick,  admiring  his 
pluck,  handed  him  his  own  sword  in  the  midst  of  the 
battle;  but  the  brave  Colonel,  was  soon  wounded  and 
made  a  prisoner.  The  Federals,  being  reinforced  by  a 
fresh  regiment  sent  forward  by  Gregg,  the  enemy  at 
last  were  defeated,  retiring  in  haste  to  Middleburg. 
Kilpatrick  remained  upo*n  the  captured  ground. 

Colonel  Duffie  had  been   sent  with  the  1st  Rhode 


HOOKER.  115 

Island  to  Thoroughfare*  Gap,  and  was  to  join  Kilpatrick  **«.-*. 
at  Middleburg.     Duffie  reached  Middleburg  during  the  Jnn7T7. 
battle  at  Aldie.     Stuart,  with  a  brigade,  attacked  him  Middrbnig. 
there.     He  had  only  280  men,  but  resisted  for  a  time 
with  great  heroism.     He  was  at  last  compelled  to  retire, 
but  his  troubles  were  not  over;  in  retreating,  he  came 
upon    Chambliss's    brigade    of   Stuart's    cavalry,  and  a 
severe   struggle  followed.     Duffie  at  last  escaped,  but 
with  heavy  loss. 

Hooker  sent  the  5th  corps  to  Aldie  to  sustain  Pleas- 
onton  in  his  operations  against  Stuart  near  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  on  the  18th  posted  the  other  corps  of  his 
army  as  follows  :  the  2<]^at  Centreville,  the  6th  at  Ger- 
man town,  the  3d  at  Gum  Springs,  the  1st  at  Herndon 
Station,  the  llth  near  Goose  Creek,  and  the  12th  in  the 
vicinity  of  Leesburg.  On  the  last-named  day,  Pleason- 
ton  moved  upon  Stuart  at  Middleburg,  who  not  wishing 
an  engagement  until  the  return  of  some  of  his  absent 
brigades,  fell  back  beyond  the  town,  leaving  the  Feder- 
als in  possession. 

Pleasonton  had  been  looking  for  the  promised  infan- 
try support,  but  it  dfd  not  get  up,  and  without  it  he 
moved    forward    on   the    19th,  finding  Stuart    stronglyjune  19. 
posted  and    awaiting   him.     The    Federals    opened  the i 
battle,  and  a  severe  engagement  followed,  with  heavy 
l>-ses  on  both    sides.     The    Confederates  were    finally 
driven  from  their  position,  and  again  forced  to  retire. 
( )n  the  20th,  the  brigades  of  Hampton  and  Jones  arrived 
within  supporting  distance  of  Stuart.     Pleasonton  was 
also  reinforced  by  Barnes's  division  of  the  5th  Corps. 
On  the  morning  of  the  21st,  Pleasonton  advanced,  attack- 
ing   Stuart,  who,  after  a  severe    fight,  retired    toward  June  21. 
Upperville.       The    latter    had    ordered    Munford    and 
Jones,   who   were  at    Union,    to  join    him   at   once  at 
1'pperville.     Buford's    cavalry  was    entertaining   them, 


116  HOOKER. 

is o 3.  and  as  they  retired  in  conformity  with  Stuart's  order, 
the  Federals  repeatedly  charged  them,  inflicting  severe 
loss.  Meanwhile  Stuart  had  reached  Upperville,  from 
which  place  he  was  soon  driven  by  Pleasonton.  Hamp- 
ton, covering  the  rear,  had  a  savage  bout  with  Kilpatrick, 
as  the  enemy  was  leaving. 

Stuart  now  moved  on  to  Paris,  where  Mimford  and 
Jones  joined  him.  The  Federal  cavalry  rested  at 
UpperviHe.  Stuart  reached  Ashby's  Gap  that  evening, 
where  he  was  reinforced  by  McLaws's  division  of  infan- 
try. Pleasonton,  having  accomplished  all  that  was  in- 
tended in  this  direction,  returned  to  Aldie  on  the  22d. 
June  27.  Lee  continued  to  move  forward,  and  on  the  27th  was  at 

Lee    at 

chambers-  Cliambersburg,  Pa.,  with  the  corps  of  Longstreet  and 
Hill.  Ewell  was  nearing  Harrisburg,  and  the  folks  in 
Washington  were  almost  scared  to  death  again.  On 
the  29th,  Ewell  had  reached  the  vicinity  of  Harrisburg, 
and  was  preparing  to  attack,  when  he  received  orders  to 
hasten  back.  Lee  had  learned  of  the  Federal  approach. 
On  the  24th,  Stuart  started  upon  a  raid,  hoping  to 
do  some  injury  in  the  Federal  rear;  but  he  did  no  dain- 

jmie  ss.    age  untjl  the  28th.     He  had  crossed  the  Potomac  near 

Uockville,        ° 

M<I.  Dranesville  the  night  before,  and  reaching  Rockville, 
Md.,  he  learned  of  a  Federal  supply  train  of  150  wagons 
coining  from  Washington,  and  succeeded  in  capturing  the 
whole  train,  with  little  opposition,  its  defenders  flt/hn/ 
to  Washington,  terrified.  Stuart  reached  Westminster 

HMUOVCT'    ori  the  29th'  aild  011  the  80th  moved  il1  the  direction  of 
pa.  Hanover,  Pa.,  where  he  hoped  to  find  Ewell's  forces,  but 

instead  he  found  Kilpatrick.  This  officer  had  just  been 
given  a  division  made  up  of  two  brigades  of  Stand's  cav- 
alry, under  Farnsworth  and  Custer.  Stuart  at  once 
attacked  with  great  vigor,  and  at  first  met  with  success ; 
but  the  Federals,  becoming  more  concentrated,  returned 
the  charge,  and  after  a  severe  fight,  drove  the  enemy 


HOOKER.  117 

from  the  town.     Stuart  retired  in  the  direction  of  Dover,    m<>3. 
which    place  he   reached    July  1st,  after  an  all-night's 
march.     Moving   thence   to   Carlisle,  still  in   search  of 
Ewell,  he  received  orders  from  Lee  to  hasten  to  Get- 
tysburg. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

GETTYSBURG    TO    MINE     RUN. 

MEADE. 


is  6-  s.   (^  ENERAL  HOOKER  continued  to  follow  his  adver- 

>Jisary  closely.     He  constructed  two  bridges  over  the 

Potomac  at  Edwards's  Ferry,  crossed  into  Maryland  on 

the  25th  and  26th,  and  on  the  27th  his  army  lay  near 

Middletown  andFrederick.    Less  than  40  miles  separated 

the  antagonists.     Marching  orders  had  been  given  for 

June  28.     the  28th,  when  an  order  was  received  from  Washington 

Hooker   re- 

lieved by  relieving  General  Hooker  and  placing  General  Geo.  G. 
Meade  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
Hooker  had  asked  to  be  relieved  on  the  27th.  The 
change  was  a  surprise  to  the  new  commander.  General 
Meade  at  once  put  the  army  in  motion,  not  changing  the 
orders  for  the  day.  He  had  been  reinforced,  and  now 
had  about  100,000  men. 

General  Sykes  was  given  the  5th  Corps,  and  Han- 
cock was  placed  in  command  of  the  2d,  as  General 
Couch  had  been  ordered  to  Harrisburg  on  the  ap- 
proach of  Ewell  to  that  place,  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing  the  Pennsylvania  militia  for  defense.  Gen- 
eral Meade  now  decided  to  move  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Westminster  and  Waynesboro.  The  1st  Corps  encamped 
on  the  30th  at  Marsh  Creek,  the  llth  on  the  29th  at 
Emmittsburg,  and  on  the  30th  the  other  corps  were 
encamped  at  Taneytown,  Frizellburg,  Union,  and  New 
Windsor.  The  division  of  cavalry  under  Buford  arrived 
at  Emmittsburg  on  the  30th.  Reynolds,  in  command 

(118) 


MEADE.  119 


of  the  left  wing  of  the  army,  at  once  ordered  Buford  to  i 
push  forward  and  occupy  Gettysburg.  June  30,  Meade 
issued  orders  for  his  army  to  take  positions  running 
along  Pipe  Creek  from  Manchester  to  Middleburg. 

Lee's  army  lay  between  Chambersburg  and  Cashtown, 
enjoying  a  rich  feast  in  the  sumptuous  pastures  of  Penn- 
sylvania, levying  on  towns  for  provisions,  clothing,  boots, 
and  shoes,  and  even  money  :  as,  for  example,  the  town 
of  York  was  required  to  deliver  105  barrels  of  flour, 
28,000  pounds  of  baked  bread,  3,500  pounds  of  sugar, 
1,650  pounds  of  coffee,  300  gallons  of  molasses,  1,200 
pounds  of  table  salt,  32,000  pounds  of  fresh  beef,  pork, 
or  bacon,  2,000  pairs  of  shoes,  2,000  pairs  of  socks, 
2,000  hats,  and  $100,000  in  cash. 

At  this  time  Lee  ascended  an  eminence  and  was 
listening  attentively  for  a  friendly  no'se  from  the  North. 
lie  expected  help  now  from  the  "  fire-in-the-rear."  It 
had  been  so  understood,  but  the  rioters  in  New  York 
were  not  ready  to  co-operate.  Lee  was  sadly  disap- 
pointed. The  enemy's  Vice-President  actually  ap- 
proached the  gates  of  Washington  expecting  Lincoln 
and  the  Federal  Government  to  be  ready  to  come  to 
terms  ;  but  the  movements  of  the  Federal  army  soon 
undeceived  them.  Buford  was  just  entering  Gettysburg  June  30. 
when  a  brigade  of  the  enemy  approached,  coming  from  ca^iry^n- 
Cashtown  with  an  empty  wagon  train,  intending  to  fill  J,^661 
the  wagons,  their  chief  desire  being  for  boots  and  shoes. 
Buford  had  arrived  in  good  time.  The  enemy  retired 
with  the  wagons  still  empty.  Lee,  as  well  as  Meade, 
soon  after  discovered  the  importance  of  the  position  at 
Gettysburg. 

At  daybreak  on  July  1  General  Hill  ordered  Heth's  Jn]y  1'8A- 
J  *  .  M.  The  bat- 

division  to  move    upon    Gettysburg,  drive  Buford  out,  tie  of  Get- 
and  get  the  shoes.     Soon  after  Heth's  departure,  Lee  ^urj 
determined  that  he  not  only  wanted  the  shoes,  but  also 


120  ME  A  DE. 

j*«3.  the  position,  and  directed  Hill  to  follow  with  the  rest  of 
Gettysburg,  his  corps,  and  at  once  ordered  a  concentration  of  his 
whole  army  at  that  point.  Ewell  was  not  far  away, 
having  been  ordered  back  from  his  campaign  against 
Ilarrisburg.  General  Meade  had  started  the  1st  and 
llth  Corps,  under  command  of  Reynolds,  at  the  same 
time,  to  aid  Buford  in  holding  the  place ;  and  thus  by 
accident  Gettysburg  became  a  terrible  battle  field. 
Meade  had  only  intended  to  hold  the  enemy  in  check 
there  until  he  could  get  into  position  on  Pipe  Creek. 

About  8  A.  M.,  July  1, 1863,  the  battle  of  Gettysburg 
began.  Buford  had  sent  word  to  Meade  and  Reynolds 
the  night  before  of  his  encounter  with  the  brigade  of  the 
enemy,  and  urged  that  infantry  be  hurried  forward. 
He  then  posted  his  men,  numbering  about  4,200,  west 
of  the  town,  on  Willoughby  Run,  in  the  best  positions 
possible,  and  rested  for  the  night.  At  the  hour  named, 
Heth  attacks  furiously,  but  is  met  by  a  terrible  fire 
Buford  and  from  Buford's  men  posted  as  infantry,  which  checks  the 

his  men  be- 
come he-   enemy  s    advance.     The    battle    soon    becomes  a  fierce 

conflict.  Although  largely  outnumbered,  Buford  holds 
Heth's  force  in  check,  anxiously  looking  for  the  arrival 
of  Reynolds.  He  can  leave  none  of  his  men  in  reserve ; 
all  must  fight  in  the  first  line ;  but  notwithstanding 
heavy  losses,  his  men  nobly  hold  their  ground.  Rey- 
Hiii's  corps  nolds  arrives  about  9  A.  M.  in  advance  of  his  troops.  The 
1st  Corps,  under  Doubleday,  begin  to  arrive  at  about  10 
wadsw'th's  A.  M.,  but  none  too  soon.  The  enemy  attack  Wadsworth's 
rives'0  ir"  division,  which  is  the  first  to  arrive,  before  it  is  well 
into  position.  Reynolds,  showing  no  fear  of  the  shower 
of  bullets  flying  around  him,  in  person  leads  this  division 
forward  to  the  support  of  Buford's  cavalry,  who  have 
been  struggling  against  an  almost  overwhelming  force 
for  two  hours.  Giving  some  directions  to  Doubleday 
about  the  disposition  of  other  troops  about  to  arrive, 


MEADE.  121 

General  Reynolds  hurries  on  to  encourage  his  soldiers    is  ay. 
by   his    own    example,  when  at  about  10:15  a  bullet  Gett~^>  ig. 
pierces  his  brain,  and  he  expires  almost  instantly.     This  Geil(iri] 
was  a  sad  loss  to  the  Federals.     General  Reynolds  was  Rey»u>i.is 

killed 

a  .ura  duate  of  West  Point,  and  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican 
war.  Doubleday  assumed  command  until  the  arrival  of 
Howard. 

On  the  left,  General  Meredith,  with  his  brigade  of 
Wadsworth's  division,  pushes  the  enemy  back  across  the 
stream.,  capturing  about  1,000  prisoners,  including  Gen- 
eral Archer,  a  brigade  commander.  At  this  time  the 
enemy  have  crowded  Wadsworth's  right,  under  General 
Cutler,  back  some  distance,  when  Cutler,  with  the  aid  of 
reserves,  in  turn  forces  the  enemy  back  in  confusion, 
capturing  two  whole  regiments.  About  11  A.  M.  there 
comes  a  lull  in  the  battle.  The  enemy  is  posting 
fresh  troops  for  a  new  attack;  but  the  Federals  also 
have  fresh  troops,  the  other  two  divisions  of  the  1st  TI.«  dm* 
Corps,  under  Generals  Rowley  (Doubleday's  division) 


and  Robinson,  having  arrived,  and  are  placed  at  once  in  f"d  Doilb' 

leday    ar- 

the  battle  line.  rive- 

General  Howard  arrives  about  noon,  in  advance  of  his 

General 

corps,  and  assumes  command,  Doubleday  returning  to  Howard 
the  command  of  the  1st  Corps.     A  fierce  artillery  duel  command. 
is  indulged  in,  when  the  enemy  again  advance  to  the 
attack;    but   they  gain    no    ground.     The    llth    Corps 

*  .    1      The    llth 

arrives  about  1  P.  M.,  when  Howard  posts  it  on  the  right  corps   ar- 
of  the  1st  Corps,  with   Schurz  in  command,  that  it  may 
assist  in  repelling   the  fierce    assaults  of   Hill's    corps. 
The  Federals  are  now  facing  west  ;  but  Schurz  has  no 
opportunity  to  attend  to  Hill.     Ewell,  with  Rodes's  divis- 
ion, makes  his  appearance  at  the  north,  and  the  llth  rivcs  With 
Corps  must  bend  to  the    right  so  as  to  face  this  new       8'8 
enemy.  Rodes  at  once  takes  possession  of  a  command- 
ing position  at  the  north-west  of  the  town. 


122  MEADK 

ises.  Just  before  Ewell's  arrival  the  fighting  slackens, 
Gett~~b-rg.  but  shortly  after  2  p.  M.  the  enemy  renew  the  .assault  all 
along  the  line.  :  Rodes  extends  his  right  to  meet  Hill's 
left,  and  opens  a  terrible  artillery  fire  upon  Cutler. 
Doubleday  sends  Baxter's  brigade  of  Robinson's  division 
to  fill  a  space  between  the  1st  and  llth  Corps.  Rodes 
at  once  throws  a  brigade,  under  General  O'Neal,  upon 
Baxter.  O'Neal  is  repulsed  with  heavy  loss,  and  retires 
in  disorder.  Rodes  then  sends  Iverson's  brigade  upon 
Baxter,  when  Doubleday  pushes  forward  Robinson's 
other  brigade,  under  General  Paul,  which  arrives  in  time 
to  aid  Baxter  in  checking  this  assault.  At  the  same  time, 
Cutler  quickly  charges  Iverson's  flank,  whose  brigade  is 
terribly  cut  up,  and  he  retires  in  haste,  leaving  over 
1,000  prisoners  in  Federal  hands.  Meantime  Hill  has 
been  fighting  Doubleday's  left  with  Heth's  division,  sup- 
ported by  a  division  under  Fender.  It  is  nearly  3  r.  M. 

The  conflict  has  been  desperate,  but  the  1st  Corps 
does  not  yield  a  foot  of  ground,  although  outnumbered 
two  to  one.  The  battle  has  been  almost  continuous 
since  8  o'clock.  Buford's  cavalry  and  the  1st  Corps 
have  had  a  terrible  time.  The  greatest  efforts  of  the 
enemy  have  been  directed  against  Doubleday's  left. 
Meredith  with  the  "  Iron  Brigade,"  and  Stone  with  the 
Pennsylvania  "  Bucktails,"  together  with  Biddle's  bri- 
gade, have  performed  wonders.  Every  officer  and  man 
must  have  performed  prodigies  of  valor  in  so  successfully 
resisting  the  overwhelming  force  sent  against  them. 
The  slaughter  of  the  enemy  has  been  fearful  in  their 
efforts  to  drive  the  Federals  from  their  chosen  position. 
At  the  north,  Schurz  has  been  contending  with  a  portion 
of  Rodes's  division,  neither  side  gaining  any  material 
advantage. 

Upon  Howard's  arrival,  about  noon,  he  sent  word  to 
Sickles,  who  was  supposed  to  be  at  Emmittsburg  with 


MEADE.  123 


the  3d  Corps,  requesting  him  to  hurry  forward.  He 
also  notified  Meade  at  Taneytown  of  the  situation.  He 
would  now  (3  p.  M.)  draw  in  his  lines,  and  take  position 
on  Cemetery  Hill,  which  seems  imperative  ;  but  unfortu- 
nately he  decides  to  hold  on  to  the  present  position  a  lit- 
tle longer,  hoping  to  hear  from  Meade,  and  a  little  later 
Swell's  2d  division,  under  Early,  appears  at  the  ^n"  ^ 
north-east,  and  forming  quickly,  rushes  upon  the  right  rives  and 

J  '  sends    Carl 


of  the  llth  Corps,  whose  left  is  now  fiercely  attacked 
by  Rodes's  left.     Hill,  learning  of  Early's  arrival  and 
assault,  presses  forward  vigorously.     At  3  :  30  P.  M.  the  HilL 
llth  Corps  yields,  and  retreats  in  disorder  to  Cemetery 
Hill.     This  leaves  the  1st  Corps  in  a  critical  position. 
Doubleday  asks  for  reinforcements,  or  orders  to  retreat. 
Howard    hesitates.     The    1st    Corps    is    now   not  only 
struggling   against  the  fierce  assaults  of  Hill's   troops, 
but  also  Rodes's  division,  which  has  left  Early  to  take 
care  of  Schurz.     After  a  half  hour's  resistance,  in  which  The  gai- 
the  Confederates  are  punished  terribly,  Doubleday  orders  ]^ay  com- 
a  retreat  to  Seminary  Ridge,  which  is  performed  in  good  •^111le<^ac|c0"' 
order.     Here  he.  gives  the  advancing   enemy  a  serious 
check,  and  shortly  after  retires  to  Cemetery  Hill.     The 
Federals  left  about  4,000  men  in  killed  and  wounded 
upon  the  battle  field,  and  as  many  more  had  been  taken 
prisoners.     The  most  of  the  latter  were  of  the  llth  Corps, 
captured  by  Early  in  the  streets  of  Gettysburg. 

At  4  P.  M.  General  Hancock  arrives  with  instructions  General 
from  Meade  to  assume  command,  and  Howard  returns  &&,  g,^. 
to  the  llth  Corps.     The  Federals  now  make  haste  to  mand- 
form  in  their  new  position,  but  the  battle  has  ceased  for 
the  day.     Lee  has  arrived,  but  decides  not  to  renew  the 
attack  until  the  arrival  of  Longstreet.     General  Hancock, 
after  viewing  the  ground,  forms  his  lines,  beginning  with 
Cemetery  Hill   and    Gulp's  Hill,  extending  south  over 
Cemetery  Ridge  to  Little  Round  Top.     The  1st  Corps 


124  MEADE. 


is    posted    facing   west,    except   Wadsworth's    division, 
oett^b-rg.  wm'ch  takes  possession  of  Culp's  Hill  at  the  north-east 
corner  of  the  Federal  position.     The  llth  Corps  facing 
north,  is  between  Wadsworth  and  Doubleday. 

General  Sickles,  who  had  hurried  forward  at  the  call 
The  3d     °f  Howard,  arrived  about  5  P.  M.  with  Birney's  division, 

corps  ar-    j^g  Other  division,  under  Humphreys,  coming  about  mid- 
rives. 

night.     Birney  was  posted  on  the  left  of  the  1st  Corps. 

Tin-    isth  The    12th    Corps,  under  Slocum,  also  arrived    about  5 
p.  M.     Slocum  now  took  command,  and  soon  after  Han- 
cock proceeded  in  the  direction  of  Taneytown  to  join  his 
leffc  ^  that  ^^  .  ^  Meade,  hav- 


Slocum    as- 
sumes 


command    jno-  ordered  the  concentration  of  his    army  at  or  near 

until  1  A.  M. 

Gettysburg,  Hancock  met  his  corps  before  reaching 
Taneytown,  and  returned  with  it.  Only  the  5th  and  6th 
Corps  reached  the  position  that  Meade  had  intended  to 
take  on  Pipe  Creek.  General  Meade  arrived  upon  the 

July  2. 

Meade  ar-  battle  field  about  1  A.  M.,  July  2,  accompanied  by  his 
staff,  and  occupied  the  rest  of  the  night  in  making  him- 
self acquainted  with  the  situation  by  the  light  of  a 
bright,  full  moon.  The  5th  Corps  arrived  about  6  A.  M., 
July  2,  and  Hancock  with  the  2d  Corps  an  hour  later. 
During  the  forenoon,  advantage  was  taken  of  the 
silence  of  the  enemy,  to  improve  the  Federal  position. 
Lee  was  waiting  for  Longstreet,  whose  troops  had  not 
all  arrived.  The  Federal  position  layabout  as  Hancock 
had  formed  it,  from  Cemetery  Hill  and  Culp's  Hill  (both 
hills  being  a  short  distance  directly  south  of  the  town  of 
Gettysburg)  along  Cemetery  Ridge  to  Little  Round 
Top.  The  right  of  the  Federal  line  was  on  the  east 
side,  a  little  south  of  Culp's  Hill,  and  extended  north 
around  Cemetery  Hill  along  Cemetery  Ridge  on  the 
west  side;  the  left  was  at  Little  Round  Top.  There 
were  three  points  on  the  west  side  where  the  enemy 
made  his  greatest  efforts  to  break  the  Fedral  lines ; 


MEADE.  125 

viz.,  Ziegler's  Grove,  near  Cemetery  Hill,  Peach  Orch-   i *•«.-;. 
aid,    a    short    distance    north    of  Little    Round    Top,  Gctt^b-rg. 
and  Little  Round  Top  itself;    also    on    the  east   side, 
ag.-iinst  Gulp's  Hill,  and  from  the  north  against  Cemetery 
Hill. 

At  3  P.  M.  Meade  has  his  army  corps  posted  as  fol- 
lows :  Beginning  on  the  right,  is  the  5th  Corps,  which 
is  held  in  reserve  near  the  Baltimore  road.  The  12th 
Corps  is  next,  with  A.  S.  Williams's  division  on  the 
right,  Geary's  division  joining,  Slocum  being  in  command 
of  the  Federal  right  since  Meade's  arrival.  Williams  is 
in  command  of  the  12th  Corps,  which  faces  the  east. 
At  Geary's  left  is  Wadsworth's  division.  The  three 
last-namrd  divisions  defend  Gulp's  Hill  and  its  right 
flank.  On  Cemetery  Hill  and  touching  Wadsworth's  line 
is  the  llth  Corps,  facing  north,  northeast,  and  northwest. 
To  the  left  of  Howard  is  Robinson's  division  of  the  1st 
Corps,  with  Doubleday  in  the  rear  in  reserve.  General 
Newton  has  been  placed  in  command  of  the  last-named 
corps.  Although  Doubleday  has  commanded  the  1st 
Corps  with  great  ability,  new  arrangements  have 
returned  him  to  his  division.  The  2d  Corps  joined  Rob- 
inson's left  in  three  divisions, — right,  Hays  ;  center,  Gib- 
bon ;  left,  Caldwell.  The  3d  Corps  is  on  the  extreme 
left,  Humphreys'  division  joining  Hancock,  Birney's 
division  reaching  Little  Round  Top.  Sickles,  however, 
moves  the  3d  Corps  forward  to  Peach  Orchard  and 
Devil's  Den,  leaving  Little  Round  Top  behind  him  and 
a  little  to  his  left.  The  6th  Corps  has  not  yet  arrived. 

The  enemy's  forces  are  posted  as  follows  :  Johnson's  Jnl    ^  nt 
division    of  Swell's    corps,    which    reached    the    battle noon-  Fed- 

eral    forces 

ground  just  at  dark  the  day  previous,  threatening  Gulp's  an  up  but 
Hill ;  Early's  and  Rodes's  divisions  of  that  corps  before  Corps. 
Cemetery  Hill ;  Hill's  corps  facing  east  in  three  divisions 
under    Heth,    Anderson,    and    Fender,    the   last-named 


126  MEADE. 


joining  Rodes  ;  and  the  extreme  right  under  Long-street, 
Getter,',  two  of  whose  divisions,  under  McLaws  and  Hood,  have 
The  ene-  recently  arrived  ;  Hood  on  the  extreme  right.  His 
"!i  "ipTit  third  division  under  Pickett  had  not  arrived  when  the 
Pkkctfs  hattle  commenced. 

division. 

The  battle  of  July  2  opened  in  the  afternoon,  upon 

The    battle  J 

of  July  2  the  Federal  left. 

Before  this,  between  6  and  7  A.  M.,  General  H. 
Berdan,  commanding  a  brigade  in  Birney's  division, 
obtained  permission  from  General  Sickles  to  make  a 
reconnaissance  in  front  of  Little  Round  Top;  and  taking 
100  men  from  the  1st  Berdan  sharpshooters,  supported 
by  160  from  the  3d  Maine,  he  advanced.  He  found  the 
enemy  approaching  in  force.  A  severe  action  took 
place,  in  which  his  command  lost  nearly  one  half  of  its 
number.  The  advance  of  the  enemy  was  greatly  delayed 
by  the  desperate  resistance  of  this  handful  of  men. 
General  Berdan  and  his  brave  men  deserve  great  credit 
for  this  check  given  the  enemy,  which  saved,  for  the 
-time,  Little  Round  Top  to  the  Federals. 

About  3  :  30  P.  M.,  Longstreet  attacks  Peach  Orchard 
and  Devil's  Den  Hill.  Hill's  artillery  joins  the  roar  of 
Longstreet's,  and  the  Federal  artillery  thunders  in  reply. 

co^)8  ar-  The  Federal  6th  Corps  has  arrived,  and  taken  Sykes's 
position,  Sykes  now  bringing  the  5th  Corps  to  aid  the 
left  in  repelling  Longstreet,  A  terrible  strug.de  for 

Little        Little  Round  Top  takes  place  almost  at  the  bcKnnnina:. 

Round  Top.  TT          , 

Hood  s  right  makes  desperate  efforts  to  take  possession 
of  this  eminence.  Birney  has  sent  four  regiments  to 
dispute  the  base  of  the  hill  with  the  enemy;  but  this 
force  is  not  sufficient.  General  Warren,  of  Meade's 
staff,  calls  on  Sykes  for  more  troops  to  defend  the  hill. 
The  5th  Corps  is  just  arriving,  as  before  stated.  Colonel 
Vincent  is  sent  with  his  brigade,  composed  of  the  20th 
Maine,  the  44th  New  York,  the  83d  Pennsylvania, 


MEADE.  127 


mid    the    16th    Michigan,    and   at    the    same    moment 
Colonel  O'Rourke,  at  the  head  of  the  140th  New  York 
of  Weed's    brigade,  5th    Corps,  rushes  to  the   rescue. 
The  enemy  have  nearly  reached  the  summit  when  Vincent 
and    O'Rourke  are  upon  them,  and  a  bloody  struggle, 
hand  to  hand,  muzzle  to  muzzle,  follows.    The  enemy  are  Death  of 
repulsed;   Little  Round  Top  is  saved.     The  slaughter  vi^nun 
has  been  great.     Vincent  and  O'Rourke  are  among  the  °'Rourke- 
killed. 

Sykes  now  brings  the  balance  of  Weed's  brigade  to 
Little  Round  Top,  and  the  enemy  renew  the  charge, 
even  as  Weed  is  forming.  Again  the  carnage  is  fearful, 
but  again  the  enemy  are  driven  back.  General  Weed  is  Death  of 

General 

killed.     During  this  time  the  3d  Corps  has  been  hotly  wi-e<i. 
engaged.     Sykes  sends  Barnes's  division  to  help  Birney, 
whose  three  brigades  are  heroically  resisting   superior 
numbers,  and  are  suffering  dreadfully  ;    but   this  rein- 
forcement is  not  sufficient.     Longstreet  is  making  des- 
perate efforts    to    break    the    Federal   left.     Caldwell's 
division  of  the  2d  Corps  is  brought  to  assist  Birney  and 
Barnes.     Caldwell  sends  Colonel  Cross  with  a  brigade 
to  charge  the  advancing  foe.     Birney  rallies  his  men, 
and  the  enemy  is  compelled  to  fall  back  ;  but  being  soon  Death  of 
reinforced,    he    pushes    Birney    back  in  turn.     Colonel  Colonel 
Cross  is  killed.     Caldwell  now  moves  forward  with  the 
rest  of  his  division,  and  the  enemy  is  forced  to  retire. 

On  the  Confederate  side,  Hood's  division,  with  a  por- 
tion of  McLaws's  division,  has  done  the  principal  part  of 
the  fighting  so  far.  It  is  about  6  p.  M.  McLaws,  seeing 
Hood  repulsed,  now  enters  the  fight,  attacking  the 
orchard.  Hill  also  sends  in  his  right  under  Anderson. 
A  desperate  encounter  follows.  The  position  which 
Sickles  had  caused  the  3d  Corps  to  take  is  difficult  to 
defend,  and  the  Federals  are  at  last  compelled  to  relin- 
quish this  ground.  The  enemy  captures  the  orchard. 


128  MEADE. 

is  e  3.    Birney,  Barnes,  Caldwell,  and  Humphreys  after  a  fear- 
Gett^bmrg.  ^  struggle  are  forced    backward.     General   Sickles  is 
wounded.       General    Graham,    commanding   a    brigade 
Death  of    under  Birney,  is  taken  prisoner.     General  Zook,  com- 
z'ook.        manding  a  brigade  under  Caldwell,  is  killed.     The  battle 
is  now  raging  along  the  whole  line.     Ewell  has  attacked 
Cemetery  Hill  and  Gulp's  Hill.     Hancock  brings  a  part 
of  Ilays's  division,  under  Colonel  Willard,  to  aid  Hum- 
Death  of    phreys.     Willard,  who  leads  his  men  bravely  into  the 
soon  falls?  killed  by  an  enemy's  bullet.     The  6th 


Corps  sends  three  brigades  to  aid  the  left.  Meade 
hastens  Williams  from  the  right  with  his  own  division 
under  General  linger,  and  Geary's  division,  except 
Greene's  brigade;  also  Doubleday's  division  of  the  1st 
Corps,  with  a  part  of  Robinson's  division.  These  troops 
strengthen  the  left  and  center.  It  is  nearly  night.  The 
enemy  are  still  making  determined  efforts  to  break  the 
Federal  left,  but  meet  with  terrible  loss,  the  Federal 
artillery  doing  fearful  execution.  The  combat  rages  in  all 
its  fierceness  until  dark,  when  the  enemy  retire. 
ip's  mil.  Johnson  does  not  attack  Gulp's  Hill  until  about  6  p.  M. 
Wadsworth's  division  is  facing  north  ;  Greene's  brigade, 
east.  In  consequence  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  rest  of 
the  12th  Corps,  Greene  has  stretched  his  small  force  out  to 
the  right  toward  McAllister's  and  Power's  Hills,  on  which 
is  posted  the  artillery  of  the  12th  Corps.  Johnson 
advanced  against  Greene's  position  with  a  front  of  two 
brigades,  his  other  two  brigades  being  in  the  rear  as  a 
support.  Wadsworth  extends  his  right  to  aid  Greene. 
The  Federals  have  a  strong  position,  and  give  the  enemy 
a  terrible  reception,  though  they  continue  to  press  for- 
ward with  great  determination.  Greene  is  reinforced  by 
a  brigade  from  Schurz's  division.  Johnson's  right  is 
checked  after  sustaining  great  loss  ;  but  his  left  is  gain- 
ing ground  when  Kane's  brigade  of  Geary's  division, 


MEADE.  129 


which  has  been  hastily  brought  back,  arrives  at  Greene's 
right,  and  the  attack  against  Gulp's  Hill  is  repulsed. 
The  fighting  lasted  until  long  after  dark  ;  it  was  10 
o'clock  before  it  entirely  ceased. 

Soon  after  Johnson's  attack,  Ewell  puts  the  troops 
under  Early  and  Rodes  in  motion  against  Cemetery  j£5* 
Hill,  which  is  defended  by  the  llth  Corps  and  a  part  of 
Robinson's  division  of  the  1st  Corps.  Barlow's  division 
of  two  brigades,  under  General  Ames,  facing  north, 
receives  Early.  There  are  but  four  other  brigades  in 
the  llth  Corps;  one  has  gone  to  Greene,  and  the  other 
three,  under  Schurz  and  Stein  wehr,  are  facing  west. 
Early  makes  the  principal  attack,  and  is  gaining  ground, 
when  a  portion  of  the  troops  facing  west  about  face,  and 
aid  in  forcing  Early  back.  As  at  all  other  points,  the 
struggle  becomes  fierce  and  bloody.  Hancock  has  sent 
two  regiments  from  the  2d  Corps  to  Wadsworth,  and 
now  sends  Carroll's  brigade  to  Howard.  It  arrives 
opportunely.  The  struggle  has  been  in  the  balance,  but 
now  the  scales  turn  in  favor  of  the  Federals.  Their 
artillery  is  dealing  death  to  the  enemy's  ranks,  and  at 
last  they  give  up  the  fight  and  retire.  General  Wm. 
Barkesdale,  commanding  a  brigade  in  Early's  division,  is  Death  of 
among  the  killed.  Rodes,  attacking  from  the  west,  does 
not  put  forth  efforts  equal  to  the  determined  assaults  of  dale 
Early,  and  is  soon  repulsed.  The  battle  at  this  point 
ends  in  the  dark,  at  about  the  same  time  as  at  Gulp's 
Hill.  Thus  the  enemy  is  repulsed  at  all  points,  and  has 
gained  no  ground,  except  at  and  near  the  orchard.  The 
Federal  lines  here  had  been  thrown  too  far  forward. 
Meade's  center,  now  posted  on  Cemetery  Ridge,  holds  a 
much  stronger  position  than  before. 

In   preparing   for    the    expected    battle  of  the   3d, 
Meade    sent  Williams,  with    that   portion  of  the  12th 
Corps  brought  to  the  left,  back  to  its  former  position  on 
9 


130  MEADE. 


the  right.  Two  brigades  of  the  6th  Corps  also  went  to 
strengthen  the  right;  the  balance  of  this  corps  was 
placed  in  different  parts  of  the  line.  The  divisions  of 
Doubleday  and  Caldwell  were  returned  to  their  original 
positions.  The  5th  Corps  was  placed  on  the  left,  the  3d 
Corps  held  in  reserve,  and  the  rest  of  the  Federal  army 
remained  substantially  the  same  as  the  day  before. 
juiy  a.  Ewell  reinforced  Johnson  on  the  morning  of  the  3d 

The    battle 

opens  at  with  three  brigades  from  the  troops  of  Early  and  Rodes. 
'  At  daylight  Johnson,  who  held  a  footing  at  the  base  of 
Culp's  Hill,  began  the  battle  with  infantry.  The  Fed- 
erals had  some  time  previous  opened  with  their  artillery, 
giving  the  enemy  a  murderous  fire,  and  were  about  to 
charge  when  Jackson  forestalled  them,  and  the  conflict 
again  raged  on  the  Federal  right.  Johnson's  troops 
were  repulsed  again  and  again,  and  still  the  desperate 
conflict  continued  for  seven  hours,  with  scarcely  a  lull  in 
the  battle. 

At  about  11  A.  M.  Johnson's  troops  became  exhausted, 
and  their  fire  slackened.  Their  efforts  had  been  in  vain. 
The  Federals  now  seized  the  opportunity,  charging  the 
Confederates,  and  driving  them  from  their  ground  and 
across  Rock  Creek,  capturing  about  500  prisoners.  The 
battle  ended  on  this  side  before  it  began  on  the  other. 

We  left  Stuart  at  Carlisle,  where  he  had  received 
Kiipat-  orders  to  rejoin  Lee.  Kilpatrick  was  still  upon  his  tracks 
rick's  cav-  when  he  was  instructed  to  return  to  the  Federal  army, 

airy.  .  *  ' 

and  in  endeavoring  to  comply,  he  came  upon  Hampton's 

Juiy  2.      brigade,  about  4  p.  M.,  July  2,  at  Hunterstown,  where 

town,  pa.   Stuart  had  left  it  for  the  purpose  of  delaying  him.     After 

a    brief  engagement,    Custer    charged    furiously,   when 

Hampton's  troopers  gave  way,  and  hastily  retired.     Kil- 

patrick then  proceeded  directly  to  Gettysburg,  arriving 

there    on    July  3,  a  little    before    the  enemy  attacked 

Meade's   position    on    the  west  side.     Kilpatrick,  with 


MKADE.  131 

Merrill's  and  Farnsworlh's  cavalry,  got  in  Hood's  rear, 
nnd  by  a  vigorous  attack  succeeded  to  some  extent  in  G 
drawing  tlie  attention  of  the  enemy's  right  from  Little 
Hound  Top ;  but  during  the  encounter  they  met  with  a 
severe  loss  in  the  death  of  the  gallant  Farnsworth.  General 

Lee    began    the  attack    on    the  west  side  with  his  £*™,J" 
artillery  about  1  p.  M.     Pickett's  division  of  Longstreet's 
corps  arrived  from   Chambersburg  about  7  A.  M.     This  p".Ltt:8 
division    was  to  lead  the  assault   against    the    Federal  ^f'"  !ir 
center  at  and  near  Ziegler's  Grove.     At  the  hour  men- 
tioned, all  was  ready.     Pickett  was  supported  by  Heth's  Grove.™ 
division  under  Pettigrew,  and  by  a  part  of  McLaws's 
division.     The  charging  force  numbered  nearly  20,000 
men,  all  under  the  direction  of  Longstreet. 

The  artillery  opens,  the  enemy  commencing  the  attack. 
The  Federals  promptly  reply,  and  the  silence  is  again 
broken.  250  cannon  are  belchinjr  forth  a  continuous  thun- 

o 

dering  roar,  dealing  death  in  frightful  numbers  in  both 
armies,  until  about  3  p.  M.,  when  the  cannon  cease,  and 
Pickett's  infantry  move  forward.  The  Federal  cannon 
reopen  their  terrible  mouths,  and  large  gaps  are  seen  in 
the  ranks  of  the  advancing  foe;  but  on  they  come,  those 
brave  Americans.  A  thrill  of  generous  admiration  runs 
through  the  Federal  lines  as  those  heroic  Virginians  un- 
flinchingly press  forward,  silently,  determinedly,  without 
the  yell,  charging  right  up  to  the  Federal  position. 
Their  ranks  are  literally  mowed  down  like  the  grass  be- 
fore the  reaper;  but  those  that  stand  continue  to  fight, 
exhibiting  as  much  tenacity,  and  suffering  as  terribly,  as 
did  Burnside's  troops  at  Fredericksburg.  The  attack  is 
most  desperate  in  front  of  the  2d  Corps,  arid  the  divisions 
of  Doubleday  and  Robinson  of  the  1st  Corps.  The 
soldiers  of  these  five  divisions  heroically  resist  the 
heroism  of  the  enemy.  Humphreys  has  sent  Carr's 
brigade  to  aid  the  2d  Corps.  In  front  of  Hays's  division 


132  MEADE. 

iHc,;t.  the   line  of  the  enemy  is  broken,  and    Hays    captures 

Getter-  about  2,000  prisoners.    A  portion  of  the  assaulting  force, 

led  by  Armistead,  rushing  out  of  the  smoke  which  en- 

At  the      velops  them,  leap  over  the  stone  wall  held  by  Webb's 

'  brigade,  and  a  desperate  hand  to  hand  conflict  follows. 

Generals    Hancock,  Gibbon,  and  Webb  are  among  the 

wounded.     The  clothes  of  the  combatants  are  set  on  fire 

by  the  burning  powder,  and  officers  and  men  are  mingled 

in  the  terrible  struggle ;  but  the  assailants  are  at  last 

utterly  defeated. 

Death  of  Three  brigade  commanders — Garnett,  Armistead,  and 
olrnctt,8  Fender — are  mortally  wounded,  and  many  of  their  field 
Armistcad,  Officers  are  killed  or  wounded.  Whole  regiments  throw 

and    ren- 
der,   aii     down  their  arms,  and  rush  forward  out  of  the  terrible 

graduates  .  rnrv 

of  west    sheet  of  tire,  to  be  taken  prisoners.     2,500  are  taken  by 
had^served  Gibbon's  division.     The  wreck  that  is  left  of  that  fine 
J-  body  of  men  retires  toward  Seminary  Ridge,  pursued  by 
the  remorseless  fire  of  the  Federal  cannon.     Pickett's 
division  has  been  nearly  annihilated.     Pettigrew's  divis- 
ion has  also  suffered  terribly.     Longstreet's  attack  has 
suffered  a  terrible  repulse.     The  Federal  loss    in    this 
day's  battle  has  been  small  in  comparison  with  that  of 
the  enemy. 

About  5  r.  M.  a  brigade  of  the  5th  Corps,  which  corps 
still  holds  the  left,  makes  a  reconnaissance  in  its  front,  and 
the  enemy  retire  before  it,  making  but  slight  resistance, 
leaving  the  ground  first  occupied  by  Sickles  in  Federal 
hands,  with  about  300  prisoners.  Darkness  now  envel- 
ops the  terrible  scene,  and  the  battle  of  July  3  is  over. 
July  3i  During  the  afternoon  the  cavalry  corps  of  the  con- 

afternoon. 

tending  forces  meet  upon  the  east  side  of  the  battle  field, 
near  the  Federal  right.  Stuart  reached  that  point  about 
10  A.  M.,  sent  *there  by  Lee  to  take  advantage  of  the 

'  v  O 

victory  should  success  crown  his  efforts;  for  the  Feder- 
als must  retreat  in  that  direction,  Stuart  soon  discovers 


MEADE.  133 


Pleasonton's  cavalry  near  by,  and  plans  to  attack  them. 
It  is  2  P.  M.  before  he  can  get  ready,  and  meantime  the 
Federals  have  discovered  him.  An  artillery  battle  at  uy 
once  begins.  Pleasonton's  superior  guns  soon  silence 
those  of  the  enemy.  The  charge  and  counter  charge 
immediately  follow.  The  troops  under  Gregg  and  Mc- 
Intosh  rush  fearlessly  upon  the  superior  numbers  of  the 
foe.  The  1st,  5th,  6th,  and  7th  Michigan  cavalry,  PI^<">- 

.     .  .  ton's    and 

forming  a  brigade  under  Custer,  exhibit  great  heroism;  stuart'sc&v- 
also  the  3d  Pennsylvania  and  the  1st  New  Jersey.    The  a  battte'of 
combatants  close  upon  each  other,  fighting  with  sabre  their  owu- 
and  pistol.     Stuart  maintains  his  ground  for  a  time,  but 
is  finally  defeated,  and  retires.       He    cannot  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  defeat  of  the  Federal    army,    but   will 
undoubtedly  prove  of  service  in  covering  the  retreat  of 
Lee.    The  Confederate  loss  has  been  about  700  ;  Federal 
loss,  the  same. 

The  following  is  the  report  of  Gen.  Custer  of  the 
part  taken  by  his  brigade  in  this  action  :  — 

"  In  compliance  with  instructions  received  from  the  official  RC- 
headquarters  of  the  3d  division,  I  have  the  honor  to  Gemnu 
submit  the  following  report  of  the  part   taken  by  rny  ° 
command  in  the  engagements  near  Gettysburg,  July  3, 
1863  :— 

"  At  an  early  hour  on  the  morning  of  the  3d  I  received 
an  order,  through  a  staff  officer  of  the  Brigadier-General 
commanding  the  division,  to  move  at  once  my  command, 
and  follow  the  1st  brigade  on  the  road  leading  from  Two 
Taverns  to  Gettysburg. 

"Agreeably  to  the  above  instructions,  my  column 
was  formed  and  moved  out  on  the  road  designated,  when 
a  staff  officer  of  Brigadier-General  Gregg,  commanding 
the  2d  division,  ordered  me  to  take  my  command  and 
place  it  in  position  on  the  pike  leading  from  York  to 
Gettysburg,  which  position  formed  the  extreme  right  of 


134  MEADE. 

i8G3.  our  line  of  battle  on  that  day.  Upon  arriving  at  the 
Getty^b'rg  point  designated,  I  immediately  placed  my  command  in 
juiy  a  position,  facing  toward  Gettysburg.  At  the  same  time 
I  caused  reconnaissances  to  be  made  on  my  front,  right, 
and  rear,  but  failed  to  discover  any  considerable  force  of 
the  enemy.  Everything  remained  quiet  till  10  A.  M., 
when  the  enemy  appeared  on  my  right  flank,  and  opened 
upon  me  with  a  battery  of  six  guns.  Leaving  two  guns 
and  a  regiment  to  hold  my  first  position  and  cover  the 
road  leading  to  Gettysburg,  I  shifted  the  remaining 
portion  of  my  command,  forming  a  new  line  of  battle  at 
right  angles  to  my  former  line.  The  enemy  had  obtained 
correct  range  of  my  new  position,  and  were  pouring  solid 
shot  and  shell  into  my  command  with  great  accuracy. 
Placing  two  sections  of  Battery  *  M,'  2d  regular  artillery, 
in  position,  I  ordered  them  to  silence  the  enemy's 
battery,  which  order,  notwithstanding  the  superiority  of 
the  enemy's  position,  was  successfully  accomplished  in  a 
very  short  space  of  time. 

"  My  line,  as  it  then  existed,  was  shaped  like  the 
letter  L.  The  shorter  branch  formed  one  section  of 
Battery  'M,'  supported  by  four  squadrons  of  the  6th 
Michigan  cavalry,  faced  toward  Gettysburg,  covering 
the  Gettysburg  pike ;  the  long  branch,  composed  of  the 
remaining  two  sections  of  Battery  '  M,'  ?d  artillery, 
supported  by  a  portion  of  the  6th  Michigan  cavalry  on 
the  left  and  the  1st  Michigan  cavalry  on  the  right,  with 
the  7th  Michigan  cavalry  still  farther  to  the  right  and  in 
advance,  was  held  in  readiness  to  repel  any  attack  the 
enemy  might  make  coming  on  the  Oxford  road.  The 
5th  Michigan  cavalry  was  dismounted,  and  ordered  to 
take  position  in  front  of  my  center  and  left.  The  1st 
Michigan  cavalry  was  held  in  a  column  of  squadrons,  to 
observe  the  movements  of  the  enemy.  I  ordered  fifty 
men  to  be  sent  one  mile  and  a  half  on  the  Oxford  road, 


MEADS.  135 

while  a  detachment  of  equal  size  was  sent  one  mile  and  i  *«.•;. 
a  half  on  the  road  leading  from  Gettysburg  to  York,  Gett7^ >_, 
both  the  detachments  being  under  the  command  of  the  July  3- 
gallant  Major  Weber,  who,  from  time  to  time,  kept  me 
so  well  informed  of  the  movements  of  the  enemy  that  I 
was  enabled  to  make  my  dispositions  with  complete 
success.  At  12  o'clock  an  order  was  transmitted  to  me 
from  the  Brigadier-General  commanding  the  division,  by 
one  of  his  aids,  directing  me,  upon  being  relieved  by  a 
brigade  from  the  2d  division,  to  move  with  my  command 
and  form  a  junction  with  the  1st  brigade  on  the  extreme 
left.  On  the  arrival  of  the  brigade  of  the  2d  division, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Mclnlosh,  I  prepared  to  execute 
the  order.  Before  I  had  left  my  position  Brigadier- 
General  Gregg,  commanding  the  2d  division,  arrived 
with  his  entire  command.  Learning  the  true  condition 
ol'attairs  in  my  front,  and  rightly  conjecturing  that  the 
enemy  was  making  his  dispositions  for  vigorously  attack- 
ing our  position,  Brigadier-General  Gregg  ordered  me  to 
remain  in  the  position  I  then  occupied. 

"  The  enemy  was  soon  after  reported  to  be  advancing 
on  my  front.  The  detachment  of  fifty  men  sent  on  the 
Oxford  road  were  driven  in,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
enemy's  line  of  skirmishers,  consisting  of  dismounted 
cavalry,  appeared  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge  of  hills  on 
ray  front.  The  line  extended  beyond  my  left.  To  repel 
their  advance,  I  ordered  the  5th  Michigan  cavalry  to  a 
more  advanced  position,  with  instructions  to  maintain 
their  ground  at  all  hazards.  Colonel  Alger,  commanding 
the  5th.  assisted  by  Majors  Trowbridge  and  Ferry,  of 
the  same  regiment,  made  such  admirable  disposition  or 
their  men  behind  fences  and  other  defenses  as  enabled 
them  to  successfully  repel  the  repeated  advance  of  a 
•neatly  superior  force.  I  attributed  their  success  in  a 
groat,  measure  to  the  fact  that  this  regiment  was  armed 


136  ME  A  DE. 

am  3.  with  the  Spencer  repeating  rifle,  which  in  the  hands  of 

cctt^b-rg.  brave,  determined    men,  like  those  composing  the  5th 

juiy  3.      Michigan  cavalry,  is,  in  my  estimation,  the  most  effective 

fire-arm   that   our    cavalry  can    adopt.     Colonel   Alger 

held    his   ground    until    his  men   had    exhausted  their 

ammunition,  when  he  was  compelled  to  fall  back  on  the 

main  body. 

"  The  beginning  of  this  movement  was  the  signal  for 
the  enemy  to  charge,  which  they  did  with  two  regiments, 
mounted  and  dismounted.  I  at  once  ordered  the  7th 
Michigan  cavalry,  Colonel  Mann,  to  charge  the  advancing 
column  of  the  enemy.  The  ground  over  which  we  had 
to  pass  was  very  unfavorable  for  the  maneuvering  of 
cavalry,  but  despite  all  obstacles  this  regiment  advanced 
boldly  to  the  assault,  which  was  executed  in  splendid 
style,  the  enemy  being  driven  from  field  to  field  until 
our  advance  reached  a  high  and  unbroken  fence,  behind 
which  the  enemy  were  strongly  posted.  Nothing  daunted, 
Colonel  Mann,  followed  by  the  main  body  of  his  reg- 
iment, bravely  rode  up  to  the  fence  and  discharged 
their  revolvers  in  the  very  face  of  the  foe.  No  troops 
could  have  maintained  this  position ;  the  7th  was,  there- 
fore, compelled  to  retire,  followed  by  twice  the  number 
of  the  enemy.  By  this  time  Colonel  Alger,  of  the  5th 
Michigan  cavalry,  had  succeeded  in  mounting  a  consid- 
erable portion  of  his  regiment,  and  gallantly  advanced  to 
the  assistance  of  the  7th,  whose  further  pursuit  by  the 
enemy  he  checked. 

"  At  the  same  time  an  entire  brigade  of  the  enemy's 
cavalry,  consisting  of  four  regiments,  appeared  just  over 
the  crest  in  our  front.  They  were  formed  in  column  of 
regiments.  To  meet  this  overwhelming  force  I  had  but 
one  available  regiment — the  1st  Michigan  cavalry,  and 
the  fire  of  Battery  '  M,'  2d  regular  artillery.  I  at  once 
ordered  the  1st  to  charge,  but  'learned  at  the  same 


MKADE.  137 


moment  that  similar  orders  had  been  given  by  Brigadier- 
General  Gregg.  As  before  stated,  the  1st  was  formed 
in  column  of  battalions.  Upon  receiving  the  order  to  J"iy  3- 
charge,  Colonel  Town,  placing  himself  at  the  head  of  his 
command,  ordered  the  '  trot,'  and  sabres  to  be  drawn. 
In  this  manner  the  gallant  body  of  men  advanced  to  the 
attack  of  a  force  outnumbering  them  five  to  one.  In 
addition  to  this  numerical  superiority,  the  enemy  had 
the  advantage  of  position,  and  were  exultant  over  the 
repulse  of  the  7th  Michigan  cavalry.  All  these  facts 
considered,  would  seem  to  render  success  on  the  part  of 
the  1st  impossible.  Not  so,  however.  Arriving  within 
a  few  yards  of  the  enemy's  column,  the  charge  was 
ordered,  and  with  a  yell  that  spread  terror  before  them, 
the  1st  Michigan  cavalry,  led  by  Colonel  Town,  rode 
upon  the  front  rank  of  the  enemy,  sabering  all  who  came 
within  reach.  For  a  moment,  but  only  a  moment,  that 
long,  heavy  column  stood  its  ground  ;  then,  unable  to 
withstand  the  impetuosity  of  our  attack,  it  gave  way 
in  a  disorderly  rout,  leaving  vast  numbers  of  their 
dead  and  wounded  in  our  possession,  while  the  1st,  being 
masters  of  the  field,  had  the  proud  satisfaction  of  seeing 
the  enemy  seek  safety  in  headlong  flight. 

"  I  cannot  find  language  to  express  my  high  apprecia- 
tion of  the  gallantry  and  daring  displayed  by  the  officers 
and  men  of  the  1st  Michigan  cavalry.  They  advanced 
to  the  charge  of  a  vastly  superior  force  with  as  much 
order  and  precision  as  if  going  upon  parade  ;  and  I 
challenge  the  annals  of  warfare  to  produce  a  more  brill- 
iant or  successful  charge  of  cavalry  than  the  one  just 
recounted.  Nor  must  I  forget  to  acknowledge  the 
individual  assistance  rendered  by  Battery  '  M,'  2d  reg- 
iment of  artillery,  in  this  charge.  Our  success  in  driving 
the  enemy  from  the  field  is  due,  in  a  great  measure,  to 
the  highly  efficient  manner  in  which  the  battery  was 


138  MEADE. 

me*,  handled  by  Lieutenant  A.  C.  M.  Pennington,  assisted 
Gett^b-rg.  by  Lieutenants  Clark,  Woodruff,  and  Hamilton.  The 
July  a.  enemy  made  but  slight  demonstration  against  us  during 
the  remainder  of  the  day,  except  in  one  instance,  when 
he  attempted  to  turn  my  left  flank,  which  attempt  was 
most  gallantly  met  and  successfully  frustrated  by  Second 
Lieutenant  J.  II.  Kellogg,  with  Company  'II,'  6th  Mich- 
igan cavalry.  We  held  possession  of  the  field  until  dark, 
during  which  time  we  collected  our  dead  and  wounded. 
At  dark  I  returned  with  my  command  to  Two  Taverns, 
where  I  encamped  for  the  night. 

"  In  this  engagement  my  command  lost  as  follows  : 
nine  officers  and  sixty-nine  men  killed,  twenty-five 
officers  and  two  hundred  and  seven  men  wounded,  seven 
officers  and  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  men  missing; 
making  a  total  of  five  hundred  and  forty-two.  Among 
the  killed  I  record  the  name  of  Major  N.  H.  Ferry,  of 
the  5th  Michigan  cavalry,  who  fell  while  heroically 
cheering  on  his  men.  It  would  be  impossible  for  me  to 
particularize  in  those  instances  deserving  special  men- 
tion ;  all,  both  men  and  officers,  did  their  duty.  There 
were  many  cases  of  personal  heroism,  but  a  list  of  their 
names  would  make  my  report  too  extended.  To  Colonel 
Town,  commanding  the  1st  Michigan  cavalry,  and  to  the 
officers  and  men  of  his  regiment  for  the  gallant  manner 
in  which  they  drove  the  enemy  from  the  field,  great 
praise  is  due.  Colonel  Mann,  of  the  7th  Michigan  cav- 
alry, and  Colonel  Alger,  of  the  5th  Michigan  cavalry,  as 
well  as  the  officers  and  men  of  their  commands,  are 
entitled  to  much  credit  for  their  united  efforts  in  repel- 
ling the  advance  of  the  enemy.  The  6th  Michigan  cav- 
alry rendered  very  good  service  by  guarding  both  my 
right  and  left  flank ;  also  by  supporting  Battery  '  M ' 
under  a  very  hot  fire  from  the  enemy's  battery.  Colonel 
Gray,  commanding  the  regiment,  was  constantly  seen 


MEADE.  139 

wherever  his  presence  was  most  needed,  and  is  deserv- 
ing  of  special  mention.  I  desire  to  commend  to  your 
favorable  notice  Lieutenants  Peimington,  Clark,  Wood- July  3- 
ruff,  and  Hamilton,  of  Battery  *  M,'  2d  artillery,  for  the 
zeal  and  ability  displayed  by  each  on  this  occasion.  My 
1  hanks  are  personally  due  to  the  following  named  mem- 
bers of  my  staff,  who,  on  many  occasions,  exhibited 
remarkable  gallantry  in  transmitting  and  executing  my 
orders  on  the  field  : — 

"  Captain  G.  A.  Drew,  6th  Michigan  cavalry,  Assist- 
ant Inspector-General. 

"  First  Lieutenant  R.  Baylis,  5th  Michigan  cavalry, 
acting  Assistant  Adjutant-General. 

"  First  Lieutenant  Wm.  H.  Wheeler,  1st  Michigan 
cavalry,  A.  D.  C. 

"  First  Lieutenant  Wm.  Colerick,  1st  Michigan  cav- 
alry, A.  D.  C. 

"  I  desire  also  to  mention  two  of  my  buglers,  Joseph 
Fought,  Company  *  D,'  5th  U.  S.  cavalry,  and  Peter 
Boehn,  Company  '  B,'  5th  U.  S.  cavalry ;  also  Orderlies 
Norvall  Churchill,  Company  '  L,'  1st  Michigan  cavalry, 
George  L.  Foster,  Company  i  C,'  1st  Michigan  cavalry, 
and  Benjamin  H.  Butler,  Company  '  M,'  1st  Michigan 
cavalry." 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  report  of  Gen- 
eral R.  A.  Alger  (now  Governor  of  Michigan),  giving  an 
account  of  the  part  taken  by  his  regiment  in  this 
battle  :- 

"June  30.     We  marched  to  Littletown,  Pa.,  where  General 

Alger' s 

the  Michigan  Cavalry  Brigade,  being  2d  brigade,  3d  eav- official  re- 
airy  division,  Army  of  the  Potomac,  consisting  of  the 
1st,  5th,  6th,  and  7th  Michigan  cavalry,  and  Captain 
Pennington's  Battery  of  the  U.  S.  regular  artillery,  was 
formed  and  placed  under  the  command  of  Brigadier- 
General  G.  A.  Ouster.  From  Littletown  we  marched  to 


140  MEADE. 

i8G3.   Hanover,  Pa.,  where  my  regiment  had  its  first  serious 

Getter,',  encounter  with  the  enemy.     General    Stuart's  cavalry 

juiy  a.      being  near  that  place,  I  was  left  with  my  regiment  to 

intercept  him,  should  he  move  upon  the  road  I  was  left 

to  guard.     Toward  evening  the  enemy  attacked  me  in 

quite  a  large  force.     I  charged  them,  driving  them  some 

distance,  dismounted  my  command  and  fought  them  on 

foot,  killing  and  capturing  quite  a  number.     My  loss  was 

quite  severe. 

"  It  is  proper  here  to  state  that  my  regiment  was 
armed  with  the  Spencer  rifle,  being  the  only  regiment 
in  the  brigade,  and  I  think  ift  our  division,  then  provided 
with  that  wenpon.  Consequently  I  was  then  and  after- 
ward required  to  do  very  much  fighting  on  foot. 

"  July  2.  Was  at  the  fight  at  Hunterstown,  Pa., 
but  I  was  not  engaged  except  in  slight  skirmishing. 
Sustained  no  loss. 

"July  3.  At  10  A.  M.,  our  brigade  being  on  the 
right  of  the  army,  the  enemy's  cavalry  under  General 
Stuart  appeared  in  our  front  in  large  force.  I  was 
ordered  to  dismount  my  regiment  and  advance  and 
attack  him,  which  I  did,  driving  him  back  about  half  a 
mile  and  into  a  thick  wood.  Here  he  rallied  arid 
attacked  me,  and  was  repulsed,  but  with  a  heavy  loss  to 
my  regiment  as  well  as  to  him.  Again  he  attacked  me, 
moving  round  on  my  left  flank,  but  was  again  repulsed. 
In  this  last  attack  I  also  sustained  a  serious  loss,  includ- 
ing the  gallant  Major  Noah  H.  Ferry  (brother  of  U.  S. 
Senator  Ferry),  of  my  regiment. 

"  Being  unable  to  hold  my  position  longer,  my  am- 
munition being  nearly  exhausted,  and  while  the  enemy 
were  diverted  by  a  charge  of  the  7th  cavalry,  Colonel 
Mann,  on  my  right,  I  fell  back  and  mounted  iny  regi- 
ment. While  mounting,  the  enemy  charged  past  my 
right  flank  about  forty  rods  distant,  driving  the  7th 


MEADE.  Hi 

Michigan    back  in  confusion;    at  that   moment,  having    i *•«••*. 
mounted  a  portion  of  my  command,  I  directed    Major  (.(.ttvsl,.r,, 
Trmv bridge  to  take  it  and  charge  the  enemy,  which  he  -Iuly  3- 
did  gallantly,  having  his  horse  shot  and  killed  under  him 
in  so  doing. 

"A  few  moments  later  the  balance  of  the  regiment 
was  engaged,  and  the  enemy  checked  and  driven  from 
the  field,  only,  however,  to  rally  and  come  down  upon 
our  brigade  in  still  greater  numbers.  This  charge  was 
met  by^olonel  Town  with  his  1st  Michigan,  which  had 
been  held  in  reserve  until  now,  who,  assisted  by  the 
other  regimcnts^of  the  brigade,  charged,  checked,  and 
broke  the  enemy's  ranks,  driving  them  from  the  field  in 
confusion.  • 

"  I  cannot  pass  the  notice  of  this  charge  of  the  1st 
cavalry  without  adding  a  word  to  its  already  recorded, 
well-earned  praise.  I  do  not  believe  it  had  its  equal 
during  the  war,  if  ever.  The  squadrons,  with  almost 
faultless  alignment,  were  hurled  upon  the  largely  supe- 
rior numbers  of  the  enemy,  and  as  each  squadron  came 
up  it  was  broken  and  forced  out  on  either  flank  of  the 
succeeding  one,  which  filled  its  place,  until  over  one  half 
of  the  regiment  was  broken  up.  But  the  rebels  could 
not  stand  such  terrible  and  rapid  blows,  and  were  forced 
to  leave  the  field  in  haste  and  confusion,  while  the 
broken  squadron  of  the  gallant  1st  formed  as  best  they 
could  in  the  rear  of  their  regiment,  and  joined  in  the 
pursuit. 

"  This  left  our  brigade  in  possession  of  that  notly- 
contested  field,  and  the  night  having  closed  in,  this  ter- 
rible battle  ended ;  and  at  our  left,  where  the  roar  of 
cannon  and  musketry  had  been  kept  up  all  day,  all  was 
now  quiet,  except  occasional  desultory  firing  along  the 
line.  My  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  very  severe. 
Major  Ferry,  who  was  cheering  his  battalion  to  hold  its 


142  ME  AUK 

i8<>3.  ground,  was  instantly  killed.  His  death  cast  a  deep 
(it-tt^b-rg.  gloom  upon  the  whole  brigade.  He  was  a  gallant  soldier 
July  3.  and  an  exemplary  man,  and  his  loss  was  a  great  blow. 
"July  4.  At  10  A.  M.,  our  division  marched  from 
Gettysburg  battle-field  to  intercept  the  enemy,  who  was 
retreating  along  the  South  Mountain  road  toward  Wiil- 
iainsport.  We  marched  via  Enimittsburg  up  the  road 
leading  to  Monterey,  a  small  place,  as  it  appeared  in  the 
night,  on  the  top  of  the  South  Mountain  Range,  the  5th 
Michigan  cavalry  being  in  the  advance.  As*  \ve  ap- 
proached the  summit  of  the  mountain  about  midnight, 
the  night  being  very  dark,  we  were  ^surprised  by  the 
enemy  opening  fire  upon  us  with  two  howitzers,  charged 
with  grape-shot,  at  close  range.  The  confusion  following 
was  only  for  a  moment,  and  they  were  soon  driven  off, 
and  the  command  moved  forward.  Arriving  at  the 
summit  of  the  mountain,  the  trains  of  the  enemy  could 
be  distinctly  heard  moving  along  down  the  road  which 
intercepted  the  line  of  our  march — the  road  leading 
down  the  west  slope  of  the  mountain  toward  Williams- 
port.  Near  the  junction  of  the  two  roads  and  between 
us  and  the  trains  of  the  enemy  was  a  bridge  over  a  deep 
stream  swollen  by  the  heavy  rains  of  the  afternoon  of 
the  4th,  which  was  guarded  by  over  one  thousand  of  the 
enemy's  infantry.  This  bridge  the  5th  cavalry  charged 
across,  forming  its  line  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bridge 
by  the  flashes  of  its  guns  (the  regiment  being  dis- 
mounted), and  moved  forward  at  a  double  quick  upon 
the  enemy,  and  was  followed  by  the  mounted  escort  of 
General  Kilpatrick.  This  charge  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  about  fifteen  hundred  prisoners  and  a  large  train  of 
wagons,  the  latter  extending  from  the  top  to  the  base  of 
the  mountain,  which  were  mostly  burned,  and  the  mules 
attached  to  them  turned  over  to  the  quartermaster.  1 
cannot  speak  in  terms  of  too  high  praise  of  the  behavior 


ME  A  l)E.  1  4:3 


of  my  regiment  in  this  engagement.     It  was  the  most 
trying  place  it  had   passed  through  up  to  that  time,  if  Gettysb'rg. 
not  during  its  organization." 

The  following  is  written  especially  for  this  work,  by 
General  L.  S.  Trowbridge,  who  was  an  officer  in  the  5th 
Michigan  cavalry,  and  took  part  in  this  battle  :  — 

So  much  has  been  said  and  written  of  the  infantry  Cava]r 
fight  at  Gettysburg,  that  not  until  recently  has  much  operations. 
attention  been  given  to  the  operations  of  the  cavalry  inby  G™^ra] 
that  campaign  ;  and  yet  those  operations  were  of  great 
importance,  and  doubtless  had  much  to  do  with  the 
ultimate  result  of  that  desperate  battle.  The  cavalry 
as  been  said  to  be  the  eyes  of  the  army  ;  and  it  was 
perhaps  owing  to  a  disregard  of  that  truth  that  General 
Lee  unexpectedly  found  himself  brought  face  to  face 
with  the  entire  Army  of  the  Potomac  when  he  supposed 
that  he  had  only  a  portion  of  it  to  contend  with.  It  has 
been  said,  with  how  much  truth  I  know  not,  that  General 
Lee  would  not  have  ordered  the  assault  on  the  third  day 
of  the  battle  had  he  known  that  General  Meacle  had 
succeeded  in  bringing  up  his  whole  army.  A  brief  re- 
view of  the  operations  of  the  cavalry  immediately  pre- 
ceding, and  at,  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  may  not  be  un- 
interesting or  unprofitable. 

When  the  invasion  of  the  North  was  decided  upon, 
General  Lee  had  two  things  to  be  accomplished  by  his 
cavalry  :  first,  to  conceal,  as  by  an  impenetrable  veil, 
the  movements  of  his  army  ;  and  secondly,  to  give  him 
full,  accurate,  and  timely  information  of  the  movements 
of  his  antagonist.  His  cavalry  was  under  the  command 
of  General  Stuart,  a  bold,  aggressive,  and  in  many  re- 
spects a  brilliant  officer,  but  more  successful  in  planning 
and  executing  a  dashing  cavalry  raid,  than  in  the  less 
exciting  but  more  important  work  of  closely  watching 
his  enemy.  He  was  foiled  in  his  efforts  to  conceal  the 


MEADE. 

is 63.  movements  of  Lee's  army,  by  the  bold  and  unexpected 
G.-tt7sb>g.  a-tta.ck  made  on  him  by  Pleasonton  at  Brandy  Station  on 
the  9th  of  June.  Information  gained  by  that  attack, 
operations,  through  cajitured  dispatches  and  other  sources,  revealed 
to  General  Meade  General  Lee's  scheme  of  invading  the 
North.  That  information  was  abundantly  confirmed  by 
the  brilliant  engagements  of  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th  of 
June  at  Aldie  and  Upperville,  in  which  the  gallant 
divisions  of  Gregg  and  Buford  demonstrated  that  the 
Confederate  cavalry  could  no  longer  justly  claim  any 
superiority  over  the  Union  cavalry.  On  the  contrary, 
the  brave  boys  in  blue  had  the  proud  satisfaction  of 
seeing  the  Confederates  driven  from  one  position  after 
another,  until  their  whole  force  had  been  driven  back 
more  than  six  miles,  and  all  the  information  which 
Pleasonton  sought  had  been  gained. 

Lee's  immediate  objective  point  was  Ilarrisburg, 
where  he  expected  to  accomplish  so  much  in  breaking 
up  communication  with  Washington  by  the  destruction 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  as  to  give  him  his  choice 
between  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Washington  as  his 
next  objective  point.  With  that  end  in  view,  General 
Early  was  ordered  to  move  on  York,  Pa.,  and  Stuart 
was  directed  to  place  his  cavalry  as  speedily  as  possible 
in  conjunction  with  that  force,  which  would  constitute 
the  right  wing  of  the  invading  army.  To  accomplish 
this,  two  plans  were  open  to  him  :  one  to  pass  along  the 
flank  of  the  army  and  across  the  Potomac  at  Shepherds- 
town  and  Williamsport.  That  would  seem  to  most  mil- 
itary critics  to  have  been  the  proper  route,  as  he  could 
then  have  kept  constant  watch  on  the  movements  of  his 
enemy.  But  General  Stuart  conceived  a  more  brilliant, 
if  successful,  and  certainly  much  more  hazardous  plan, 
which  was  to  pass  around  the  rear  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  If  this  route  afforded  greater  expedition  in 


MEADE.  145 


connecting  with-  Early,  and    the    tempting    chances    of 
capturing  a  train  or  some  detached  portions  of  the  army,  c 
it  also  exposed  him  to  the  danger  of  being  cut  off  from 

Cnvalry 

communication  with  his  chief,  and  furnishing  him  with  operations. 
the  information  which  it  was  of  the  highest  importance 
for  him  to  have,  —  a  result  which  actually  did  occur 
through  the  quick  movements  and  splendid  fighting  of 
the  Union  cavalry.  Leaving  Jones's  and  Robertson's 
brigades  with  the  main  army,  he  took  with  him  the  three 
brigades  of  Hampton  and  the  two  Lees  for  this  perilous 
undertaking.  Doubtless  he  thought  the  brigades  of 
Jones  and  Robertson,  with  that  of  Jenkins,  numbering 
altogether  nearly  4,000  men,  would  be  amply  sufficient 
to  keep  Leo  advised  of  all  the  movements  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  Perhaps  they  should  have  been,  and 
it  may  be  that  it  was  not  so  much  the  absence  of  the 
three  brigades  of  Hampton  and  the  two  Lees,  as  that  of 
Stuart  himself,  that  so  disturbed  General  Lee.  Certain 
it  is  that  the  absence  of  that  officer  was  very  severely 
felt  and  greatly  criticised.  It  has  even  been  said  that 
there  was  talk  of  a  court-ntartial  for  his  disobedience  of 
orders,  but  that  General  Lee  refused  to  order  the  court 
because,  as  he  said,  Stuart  was  allowed  a  discretion  under 
his  orders,  and  could  not  be  tried  for  disobedience  while 
exercising  that  discretion. 

A  glance  at  the  map  will  show  the  extent  of  Stuart's 
march  around  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  The  fighting 
of  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th  of  June  had  been  in  the 
Luray  Valley,  between  thirty  and  forty  miles  in  a  north- 
westerly direction  from  Fairfax  Court  House.  After 
those  fights,  he  concentrated  his  three  brigades  for  the 
contemplated  movement  at  Rector's  Cross  Roads  on  the 
night  of  the  24th  of  June.  Moving  in  a  south-easterly 
direction,  as  he  approached  Haymarket,  he  found  Han- 
cock's corps  occupying  the  road  which  he  expected  to 
10 


14:6  MEADE. 

i8<>3.    take.     He  was  thus  obliged  either  to  retrace  his  steps, 
rg.  abandon   his    contemplated    movement,    and    cross    the 
Potomac  at  Shepherdstown,  or  make  a  still  wider  detour 


otvairy      f.Q  ~e£  around  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.     He  chose  the 

operations. 

latter.  Withdrawing  from  Hancock,  he  again  took  his 
south-easterly  course.  Passing  through  Bristoe  Station 
and  Brentsville,  he  crossed  the  upper  waters  of  the 
Occoquan,  then  turning  to  the  northeast  he  again  crossed 
the  Occoquan  at  Wolf  Run  Shoals,  passed  through 
Fairfax  Court  House  to  Hunter's  Mill  within  ten  miles 
of  the  Chain  Bridge  at  Georgetown,  then  turning  to  the 
northwest  he  passed  through  Drainesville,  and  on  the 
28th  of  June  crossed  the  Potomac  at  Rowser's  Ford. 
The  next  day  he  captured  a  train  of  125  wagons  at 
Rockville,  —  a  capture  which  proved  a  very  expensive 
one  for  him  through  his  obstinacy  in  determining  to  hold 
on  to  them  at  all  hazards.  The  delay  occasioned  by 
them  was  instrumental,  at  least,  in  enabling  Kilpatrick 
to  interpose  his  division  of  cavalry  between  Stuart  and 
Lee's  main  army  ;  and  by  bold,  aggressive,  and  splendid 
fighting,  Kilpatrick  forced  Kim  into  a  long,  circuitous 
march,  reaching  as  far  as  Carlisle,  before  he  could  get 
into  communication  again  with  his  chief. 

With  Stuart  cut  off  from  the  main  body  of  the  Con- 
federate army,  and  fairly  occupied  with  his  favorite 
employment,  —  a  cavalry  raid,  —  let  us  turn  our  attention 
to  the  Union  Cavalry. 

Stahel's  division  of  cavalry  had  been  engaged  in  out- 
post duty  at  Fairfax  Court  House  during  the  spring  and 
early  summer  of  1863.  On  the  17th  of  June,  while  the 
guns  of  Gregg,  proclaiming  a  spirited  fight  at  Aldie, 
were  distinctly  heard  at  Fairfax  Court  House,  Stahel's 
division  suddenly  broke  camp.  As  the  booming  of  the 
guns  at  Aldie  came  rolling  down  Little  River  Pike,  it  was 
thought  by  the  rank  and  file  that  they  were  going  to 


MEADE.  147 

join  their  comrades  at  Aldie.     Instead  of  that,  however,   ises. 
that  division  made  an  extended  reconnaissance  to  War-  Gett^b'rg. 
renton  and  Sulphur  Springs,  detachments  being  sent  on 

•  i  •  •  /*  •  T     Cflvfllry 

various  roads,  covering  a  wide  extent  of  territory.  It  operations. 
was  doubtless  deemed  important  by  the  commander  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  to  know  whether  Lee's  army 
had  gone  down  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  or  whether  there 
was  still  danger  of  its  advancing  through  Thoroughfare 
Gap  and  along  the  Warrenton  Pike  upon  the  old  battle 
field  of  Bull  Run.  If  that  information  was  the  object  of 
the  expedition,  it  was  fully  gained ;  for  scarcely  an 
armed  rebel  was  seen  during  the  whole  inarch.  Thus 
the  last  possible  doubt  of  the  plans  of  General  Lee  was 
dispelled,  and  it  became  plainly  evident  that  his  move- 
ment meant  an  invasion  of  the  North. 

After  returning  from  that  expedition,  the  Michigan 
Brigade,  then  composed  of  the  5th,  6th,  and  7th  reg- 
iments of  cavalry,  was  sent  to  Frederick,  Md.,  and  from 
there  to  Gettysburg.  On  the  28th  of  June  it  was  in 
Gettysburg,  and  there  learned  of  the  passage  of  Early 's 
troops  through  that  place  toward  York.  Returning  to 
Einmittsburg,  it  learned  of  the  changes  in  the  army. 
Hooker  had  been  relieved,  and  Meade  placed  in  com- 
mand. Stahel's  division  had  been  added  to  the  cavalry 
corps;  Stahel  had  been  relieved,  and  Kilpatrick  assigned 
to  its  command.  Copeland  had  been  relieved  of  the 
command  of  the  Michigan  Brigade,  to  which  the  1st 
Michigan  had  been  added,  and  Custer,  just  promoted  to 
be  Brigadier-General,  had  been  assigned  to  its  com- 
mand. Farnsworth,  who  also  had  just  been  made  a 
Brigadier-General,  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
other  brigade. 

Meanwhile  Stuart,  dragging  along  his  train  of  cap- 
tured wagons,  had  stopped  at  Hood's  Mills  to  destroy 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  and  the  telegraph  line, 


148  HEADS. 


.  thus  giving  Kilpatrick  the  opportunity  which  he  wanted 
Gi-tt^Bb-ig.  °f  throwing  his  division  between  Stuart  and  Lee.     The 
night  of  June  29th  Stuart  rested  at  Westminster,  where 
Iperutkms.  ne  found  abundance  of  forage  and  provisions,  moving  the 
"  .head  of  his  column  to  Union  Mills.     The  same  night, 
Kilpatrick  was  at  Littlestown,  only  seven  miles  distant, 
directly  on  Stuart's  path.     These  forces  came  in  collision 
the  next  day,  and  a  spirited  engagement  followed  near 
Littlestown   and   at   Hanover.     In   these   engagements 
victory  was  on  the  side  of  the  Union  troops.     Stuart 
was  driven  out  of  Hanover,  and  forced  to  make  a  wide 
detour,    thus    greatly  prolonging   his   absence  from  his 
chief  —  an   absence   already  being   very  sorely  felt   by 
General  Lee. 

While  Kilpatrick  is  in  hot  pursuit  after  Stuart,  forc- 
ing him  farther  and  farther  away  from  a  junction  with 
Lee's  army,  the  concentration  of  the  rebel  army  at 
Gettysburg  is  fully  revealed  to  General  Meade.  Gregg, 
with  the  second  cavalry  division,  who  has  been  on  the 
right  flank  of  Meade's  army,  is  hurriedly  ordered  to 
Gettysburg,  which  place  he  reaches  on  the  2d  of  July, 
about  noon.  He  takes  position  on  the  Hanover  road, 
on  the  right  flank  of  Meade's  army.  Kilpatrick  comes 
upon  Hampton's  brigade  on  the  evening  of  July  2,  at 
Hunterstown,  a  small  place  about  five  miles  north  of 
Gettysburg,  where  a  spirited  little  fight  takes  place,  but 
without  decisive  results.  Kilpatrick  then  moves  to  Two 
Taverns,  about  five  miles  from  Gettysburg,  on  the  Bal- 
timore Pike,  where,  after  an  all-night's  march,  the  tired 
men  go  into  bivouac  for  a  little  rest  early  in  the  morning 
of  the  3d,  just  as  the  booming  cannon  announce  the 
opening  of  the  fierce  struggle  for  the  possession  of  Gulp's 
Hill. 

After  a  few  hours'  rest,  the  division  moves  out,  and 
takes  the  road  to  place  itself  on  the  left  flank  of  the 


149 

army,  which    has    been    abandoned  by  Buford,  who  is    1*6-3, 
ordered  to  Westminster  to  protect    the    supply  trains. 


Gregg,  however,  who  is  on  the  right,  with  the  instinct 
of  the  true  soldier,  anticipating  serious  trouble  on  that  operations. 
flank  from  Stuart's  cavalry,  sends  a  staff  officer  to  Ouster, 
and  directs  him  to  take  position  on  the  right  flank. 
Sagacious  soldier!  most  fortunate  order  !  On  that  flank, 
this  day,  is  to  be  made  a  desperate  attempt  to  turn 
Meade's  flank,  which,  if  successful,  may  work  dreadful 
mischief  for  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Ouster  moves  to 
the  right,  and  takes  position  north  of  the  Hanover  road, 
about  three  and  a  half  miles  east  of  Gettysburg. 

Stuart,  smarting  under  the  mild  reproof  of  General 
Lee  for  allowing  himself  to  be  so  long  separated  from 
the  army,  and  anxious  to  do  something  to  re-establish 
himself  in  the  confidence  of  his  chief,  determines  to  force 
his  way  to  the  Baltimore  Pike  around  the  flank  of 
Meade's  army,  where  in  the  midst  of  the  wagon  trains 
and  reserve  artillery  he  expects  to  create  such  a  panic 
as  to  insure  the  success  of  Pickett's  fierce  assault  on  the 
left  center  of  the  infantry  line,  and  compel  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  to  abandon  its  strong  position  on  Cemetery 
Ridge.  Vain  hope  !  Ouster's  brigade,  though  three  of 
his  regiments  are  new  troops,  having  not  yet  been  seri- 
ously engaged,  will  dispute  your  path,  and  drive  your 
boastful  veteran  legions  from  the  field. 

In  attempting  this  movement,  Stuart  had  the  four 
brigades  of  Hampton,  Fitzhugh  Lee,  Chambliss,  and 
Jenkins,  and  the  three  batteries  of  Griffin,  Breathed,  and 
McGregor.  He  doubtless  thought  his  movement  would 
be  a  surprise  ;  but  not  only  had  Gregg  been  informed  by 
General  Meade  that  a  large  body  of  the  enemy's  cavalry 
had  been  seen  moving  toward  his  left,  but  Ouster  had 
sent  out  scouting  parties,  who  gave  him  timely  notice  of 
the  approach  of  the  enemy.  While  endeavoring  to  con- 


150  MEADS. 

.  ceal  the  movements  of  Chambliss's  and  Jenkins's  brigades, 
'rg.  Stuart  pushed  one  of  Griffin's  guns  to  the  edge  of  the 
woods  where  they  were,  and  fired  some  random  shots  in 
ns.  different  directions,  himself  directing  the  firing.  This 
was  doubtless  a  prearranged  signal  to  inform  General 
Lee  that  he  had  secured  a  good  position.  Certainly 
there  was  much  to  inspire  him  with  hope  and  confidence. 
Before  him  lay  a  beautiful  undulating  country,  stretching 
for  two  or  three  miles  to  the  Baltimore  Pike.  There 
was  nothing  apparently  to  oppose  his  march.  Not  a  man 
of  the  enemy  was  to  be  seen  through  all  those  beautiful 
fields.  Surely,  success  was  within  his  grasp,  and  another 
hour  would  see  his  squadrons  spreading  panic  and  dismay 
in  the  rear  of  the  Union  army  !  Another  bright  wreath 
of  glory  was  just  within  his  reach.  What  a  rude  and 
sudden  awakening  from  a  blissful  dream !  The  fire  of 
Griffin's  gun  immediately  brought  an  answering  response 
from  Pennington's  three-inch  rifles,  the  fire  of  which  was 
so  accurate  and  so  rapid  that  Griffin  was  soon  disabled, 
and  he  was  forced  to  seek  shelter.  The  opening  of  fire 
by  Griffin's  battery  and  the  appearance  about  the  same 
time  of  Hampton's  and  Lee's  brigades  in  open  ground 
farther  to  the  left,  disclosed  the  rebel  position  to  General 
Gregg,  who  at  once  assumed  the  aggressive,  and  so  im- 
petuous was  his  attack  that  Stuart  was  soon  obliged  to 
abandon  the  thought  of  getting  to  the  Baltimore  Pike 
unobserved,  and  concentrate  his  whole  force,  and  his  ut- 
most effort  to  avoid  being  disastrously  driven  from  the 
field. 

Early  in  the  day,  Custer  had  occupied  the  extreme 
right,  the  two  brigades  of  Gregg's  division  being  on  his 
left,  and  connecting  with  the  infantry  line  on  Wolfs 
Hill.  Custer  received  an  order  to  join  Kilpatrick  on  the 
flank  beyond  the  Round  Tops ;  but  Gregg,  appreciating 
the  threatening  character  of  Stuart's  movements,  took 


151 

the  responsibility  of  ordering  him  to  remain.     It  is  re-  is 03. 
ported  in  several  histories  that  Ouster  moved   off  the  Gett^b'rg. 
field  in  obedience  to  that  order,  but  such  was  not  the 
case;  nothing  of  the  sort  was  done,  or  even  attempted.  Cavalr* 

operations. 

Mclntosh,  who  was  sent  to  relieve  Custer,  formed 
still  farther  to  the  right,  his  right  resting  in  a  piece  of 
woods  on  the  Low  Dutch  road  near  where  the  present 
cavalry  monument  now  stands.  Custer  had  formed  his 
brigade,  the  6th  and  7th,  supporting  the  sections  of 
Pennington's  battery  in  different  positions,  the  1st  in 
reserve  mounted  in  column  of  squadrons,  and  the  5th, 
with  their  Spencer  repeating  rifles,  dismounted  and 
moved  to  the  front  of  his  center  and  left. 

Mclntosh,  wishing  to  know  what  was  in  his  front, . 
moved  the  1st  New  Jersey  toward  the  wooded  crest, 
where  Hampton  and  Lee  had  massed  and  concealed 
their  forces.  This  movement  brought  out  a  strong  skir- 
mish line  from  the  Hummel  farm  buildings,  a  short  dis- 
tance in  front  of  the  crest,  which  had  been  occupied  by 
Witcher's  battalion  of  Jenkins's  brigade.  The  5th  Mich- 
igan was  promptly  moved  forward  to  assist  the  1st  New 
Jersey,  while  Hampton  ordered  up  his  sharpshooters  to 
strengthen  his  line,  and  for  a  long  time  the  fight  was 
maintained  by  these  commands  with  great  spirit. 

The  ammunition  of  the  5th  Michigan  becoming  ex- 
hausted, that  regiment  fell  back  to  its  horses,  having 
suffered  severely,  and  lost  one  of  its  most  trusted  officers 
in  the  death  of  Major  Ferry.  This  movement,  being 
interpreted  as  a  breaking  of  the  line,  the  enemy  promptly 
followed  up.  To  check  their  advance,  the  7th  Michigan 
was  ordered  to  charge.  By  some  unfortunate  mistake, 
that  regiment  was  led  up  to  a  high  stake-and-rider 
fence,  and  no  attempt  being  made  to  change  direction,  it 
was  thrown  against  that  fence  in  great  confusion  as 
squadron  after  squadron  dashed  headlong  upon  those  in 


152  MEADE. 

1*6-3.   front.     Meanwhile  they  were  subjected  to  a  severe  fire 
oett^b-rg.  from  the  dismounted  men  of  the  enemy  who  were  be- 
hind another  fence  a  short  distance  in  front,  and  were 
operations,  soon  forced  to  retire  in  much  confusion.    As  that  regiment 
was  retiring,  it  was  charged  by  a  mounted  regiment  of 
the  enemy,  which,  however,  retired  without  accomplishing 
any  decisive  results. 

The  5th  Michigan  had  now  reached  its  horses.  The 
1st  battalion  being  speedily  mounted,  Colonel  Alger 
ordered  Major  Trowbridge  to  take  them  and  charge  the 
enemy.  This  was  done  with  a  will,  and  as  those  men 
dashed  forward  with  a  cheer,  the  dismounted  men  of  the 
enemy  in  front  broke  and  fled  in  great  confusion.  Back 
.  over  the  fields,  past  the  Hummel  buildings,  past  their 
guns,  back  into  the  woods  where  they  had  first  been 
massed,  those  men  fled  in  wild  dismay.  A  detachment 
of  the  2d  North  Carolina,  under  Captain  Geary,  how- 
ever, maintained  their  ground  behind  a  fence  in  the 
hollow  of  a  little  stream,  and  from  that  position  poured 
a  hot  fire  into  the  flank  of  that  battalion  as  it  passed. 
The  Major's  horse  was  killed,  and  he  only  escaped 
capture  by  the  timely  arrival  of  his  orderly,  who  was 
riding  his  second  horse.  The  battalion,  however,  charged 
on  nearly  to  the  enemy's  guns,  when  it  was  obliged  to 
retire.  Upon  retiring,  it  was  in  turn  charged  by  Cham- 
bliss's  brigade  and  the  1st  Virginia  cavalry,  which  was 
in  turn  driven  back  by  the  balance  of  the  5th  coming  up 
under  Colonel  Alger. 

Thus  the  battle  swayed  back  and  forth  over  the 
field.  It  was  just  at  this  time,  with  the  7th  retired  in 
some  confusion  after  its  bloody  repulse  at  the  high  fence, 
the  6th  supporting  the  battery,  the  5th  broken  up  some- 
what, but  hotly  engaged  in  its  disconnected  charges,  and 
the  1st  the  only  available  force  left,  that  the  enemy  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  sweeping  the  field  with  a  magnificent 


MEADS.  153 


dash  of  veteran  legions.     Hampton,  who  had  been  seek- 

ing  in  vain  to  find  Stuart,  had  returned  to  his  command,  Gettylb-rg. 

to  find  the  battle  going  sorely  against  them,  and  two 

J  Cavalry 

regiments  of  his  brigade  and  two  of  Lee's  brigade  about  operations. 
to  charge.  Thinking  that  two  regiments  would  be  suf- 
ficient for  the  purpose,  he  ordered  back  the  two  regiments 
of  Lee's  brigade,  and  placing  himself  at  the  head  of  his 
two  regiments,  led  them  to  the  charge.  His  regimental 
commanders,  and  Fitzhugh  Lee,  thinking  he  could  not 
maintain  himself  with  two  regiments,  moved  forward  to 
his  support  until  all  of  his  brigade  except  the  Cobb 
legion,  and  all  of  Lee's  brigade  except  the  4th  Virginia 
cavalry,  were  hotly  engaged  in  the  fierce  struggle  which 
followed.  On  the  Union  side,  to  meet  this  new  danger, 
reliance  was  had  mainly  on  the  1st  Michigan.  The  odds 
were  great,  but  that  regiment  had  established  a  reputa- 
tion for  desperate  fighting.  It  was  ordered  to  charge. 
Colonel  Town,  a  most  brave  and  gallant  soldier,  placing 
himself  at  its  head,  orders  the  trot.  With  steady  ranks, 
their  sabres  gleaming  in  the  sun,  they  move  forward 
until  within  striking  distance  of  that  advancing  host, 
when  with  a  wild  cheer  they  burst  upon  it  with  their 
flashing  sabres. 

They  are  aided  by  the  impetuous  attacks  of  other 
detached  bodies.  Rogers  and  Treichel,  with  sixteen 
men  of  their  squadrons  of  the  3d  Pennsylvania,  all  who 
could  get  their  horses,  with  Alger  and  a  portion  of  the 
5th  Michigan,  vigorously  assail  the  right  flank.  Miller, 
with  his  squadron  of  the  3d  Pennsylvania,  and  Hart  and 
Strong  with  a  squadron  of  the  1st  New  Jersey,  strike 
the  left  flank,  and  cut  clear  through  it.  Mclntosh,  with 
his  staff'  and  orderlies,  charge  in  with  their  sabres.  For 
a  moment,  though  it  seemed  like  hours,  the  ranks  of 
that  mighty  column  held  their  ground,  then  they  stag- 
gered, broke,  and  fled,  leaving  the  Union  troops  in  pos- 


154  MEADE. 

mt>3.    session  of  the  hotly  contested  field.     The  fight  was  over. 

Gett^b'rg.  Stuart  had  failed.     He  could  not  reach  the  Baltimore 

Pike,  and  the  anticipated  panic  in  the  rear  of  Meade's 

cavalry      armv  was  a  thing  only  of  the  imagination.     Perhaps  it 

operations.  » 

was  not,  after  all,  of  such  great  importance  as  it  had 
promised.  Pickett,  too,  had  failed.  The  great  invasion 
of  the  North  was  at  an  end  ;  and  now,  instead  of  leading 
a  victorious  army  in  hot  pursuit  of  the  broken  remnants 
of  Meade's  army,  Stuart  has  the  melancholy  duty  of 
guarding  the  flank  of  the  defeated  army  of  Northern 
Virginia  as  it  takes  up  its  mournful  march  to  reach  the 
other  side  of  the  Potomac.  • 

It  was  a  memorable  fight.  Beyond  question,  it  was 
up  to  that  time  the  most  important  and  most  desperate 
cavalry  fight  that  had  occurred. 

The  Confederate  troops  engaged  were  as  follows : 
In  Hampton's  brigade,  the  1st  North  Carolina  and  the 
1st  and  2d  South  Carolina  regiments,  the  Cobb  Georgia, 
the  Jeff  Davis,  and  the  Phillips  Georgia  legions ;  in 
Fitzhugh  Lee's  brigade,  the  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  and*  5th 
Virginia  regiments ;  in  VV.  H.  F.  Lee's  brigade,  com- 
manded by  Chambliss,  the  9th,  10th,  and  13th  Virginia 
and  the  2d  North  Carolina  regiments ;  in  Jenkins's  bri- 
gade, the  14th,  16th,  and  17th  Virginia  regiments,  and 
the  34th  and  36th  Virginia  battalions.  The  artillery 
was  composed  of  McGregor's,  Breathed's,  and  Griffin's 
batteries.  The  4th  Virginia,  however,  was  guarding  the 
Confederate  left,  and  took  no  active  part  in  the  fighting. 
The  whole  force  numbered  not  less  than  six  thousand 
men. 

On  the  Union  side  the  troops  engaged  were  as  fol- 
lows :  In  Custer's  brigade  the  1st,  5th,  6th,  and  7th 
Michigan  regiments,  the  three  latter  being  new  regiments 
and  never  before  seriously  engaged,  and  one  battalion  of 
the  5th  Michigan  being  absent  guarding  a  train ;  in 


MEADS.  155 


Macintosh's  brigade,  the  3d  Pennsylvania,  the  1st  New 
Jersey,  and  the  1st  Maryland  regiments  of  cavalry  ;  GeU^b  -^ 
in  Colonel  J.  Irvin  Gregg's  brigade,  the  4th  and  18th 
Pennsylvania,  the  1st  Maine,  and  the  10th  New  York 
regiments  of  cavalry.  In  addition  to  these  above,  the 
Purnell  troop  of  Maryland  cavalry  was  temporarily  serv- 
ing with  the  1st  brigade,  and  Company  "  A,"  1st  Ohio 
cavalry,  with  the  2d  brigade.  The  artillery  consisted  of 
Randol's  light  Battery  *•'  E,"  1st  U.  S.  artillery,  4  guns  ; 
Pennington's  light  Battery  "  M,"  2d  U.  S.  artillery,  6 
guns  ;  and  the  2d  section  of  light  Battery  "  H,"  3d  Penn- 
sylvania artillery,  2  guns.  '  The  whole  force  numbered 
about  five  thousand  men,  but  Gregg's  brigade  was  not 
engaged,  as  it  held  an  important  position  connecting 
with  the  right  of  the  infantry  line  at  Wolf's  Hill.  The 
1st  Maryland,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Deems,  was  occupied 
in  guarding  the  right  flank  at  some  distance  from  the 
field  of  battle,  and  was  not  actively  engaged.  The 
aggregate  forces  actually  engaged  were  thus  reduced  to 
about  three  thousand  men. 

There  has  been  much  dispute  as  to  who  occupied  the 
field  after  the  fight  was  over.  Stuart  and  his  officers 
claim  they  drove  the  Union  forces  from  the  field.  OR 
the  other  hand,  Gregg,  Mclntosh,  Custer,  and  their 
officers  maintain  that  they  remained  masters  of  the  field, 
even  of  that  portion  occupied  by  the  Confederates  at  the 
beginning  of  the  fight.  Mclntosh  claims  that  after  the 
fight  he  established  his  picket  line  in  the  woods  where 
Hampton  and  Lee  had  massed  their  forces  in  the  morn- 
ing. In  support  of  this  he  cites  the  statement  of  Mr. 
Rummel,  the  owner  of  the  farm  on  which  the  fight 
occurred,  who  says  that  his  father  was  captured  that 
day  by  the  rebels,  who  took  possession  of  his  farm 
buildings,  and  that  after  night  he  was  released,  and  told 
that  he  might  go  home  if  he  could  get  there,  but  that  he 


156  MEADS. 

i8c,3.  could  not  get  there  on  account  of  the  Union  picket  line 
Getters,  being  between  him  and  his  home.  He  may  not  have  had 
any  clear  perception  as  to  whether  the  pickets  he  saw  were 
operations.  Union  or  Confederate.  But  again,  it  is  claimed  that  the 
Confederates  used  the  Hummel  farm  buildings  all  night 
for  hospital  purposes.  It  is,  however,  a  matter  of  small 
moment  who  had  actual  physical  possession  of  the  field. 
It  is  the  opinion  of  the  writer  that  neither  side  actually 
occupied  that  portion  of  the  field  where  the  fight  took 
place,  but  that  each  retired  to  the  positions  occupied  by 
them  at  the  beginning  of  the  fight.  One  thing  will  be 
admitted  by  all,  and  that  is,  that  Stuart  attempted  to 
turn  the  flank  of  Meade's  army,  and  that  he  failed  to  do 
it ;  and  further,  that  he  was  prevented  from  doing  it  by 
the  good  generalship  of  General  Gregg  in  forcing  the 
fighting,  and  the  hard  fighting  of  the  brave  men  under 
his  command.  While  other  troops  performed  their  full 
duty,  and  deserve  their  full  measure  of  credit,  the  fact 
still  remains  that  the  brunt  of  the  fighting  fell  on  Custer's 
brigade,  and  to  that  brigade  chiefly  belongs  the  credit  of 
winning  that  fight. 

During  the  night  of  the  3d,  Lee's  army  took  a  new 
position.  Ewell's  force  was  brought  to  the  west  side. 
Longstreet  fell  back,  and  the  enemy's  line  was  formed 
lying  north  and  south,  facing  east,  where  he  intrenched. 
But  he  did  not  remain  here  long.  The  forenoon  of  the 
4th  was  spent  in  burying  the  dead,  caring  for  the 
wounded,  and  reorganizing.  At  noon,  rain  began  to 
fall,  and  during  a  rainy  afternoon  Lee  prepared  for 
Lee  re-  retreat.  His  head  of  columns  started  at  4  p.  M.,  moving 
by  way  of  Fairfield  to  the  Potomac,  a  distance  of 
forty  miles.  The  bulk  of  his  trains,  under  a  strong 
escort,  went  via  Chambersburg.  The  crest-fallen  enemy 
marched  all  night  in  rain  and  mud,  and  had  all  disap- 


MEADE.  157 


peared  from  the  Federal  front  by  daylight  on  the  5th. 
The  battle  of  Gettysburg  was  over. 

July  1,  the  Federals  were  outnumbered  two  to  one  ; 
on  the  2d  and  3d  the  opposing  forces  engaged  were 
about  equal,  probably  about  70,000  men  each.  Meade's 
army  outnumbered  Lee's  before  the  battle  ;  but  the  ter- 
rible usage  received  by  the  Federal  advance  during  the 
first  day's  battle,  and  the  long  marches  and  counter- 
marches in  endeavoring  to  discover  the  intentions  of  the 
enemy,  undoubtedly  annulled  this  advantage,  at  least  to 
a  great  extent.  The  battle  of  Gettysburg  resulted  in  a 
loss  to  the  Federal  army  of  23,186  men,  of  whom  2,834 
were  killed,  13,709  wounded,  and  6,643  taken  prisoners. 
The  loss  of  the  enemy  is  stated  to  have  been  31,621, 
-killed,  3,500;  wounded,  14,500;  prisoners,  13,621. 
Probably  three  or  four  thousand  of  the  latter  were 
among  the  wounded,  causing  them  to  be  counted  in  both 
columns,  which,  if  true,  would  make  the  total  loss  of  Death  of 
the  enemy  about  28,000.  Among  the  enemy's  killed  was  s^mmls 
General  Semmes  ;  among  the  wounded,  General  Carnot  and  Posey- 
Posey,  who  died  of  his  wounds  Nov.  15. 

Lee  had  sent  a  large  wagon  train  in  advance  of  his 
army,  and  on  the  afternoon  of  July  4  it  reached  Fair-  Ju'y  4- 
field,  and  continued  on   toward    Monterey.     Near   the  Maryland. 
latter  place,  during  the  night,  it  was  overtaken  by  Kil- 
patrick's  cavalry,  which  put  the  enemy's  cavalry,  guard- 
ing the  train,  to  flight  after  a  brief  engagement,  captur- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  train,  together  with  many 
prisoners.     The    train    was    destroyed,  and    Kilpatrick 
moved  on  to  Monterey  ;  but  the  head  of  the  train  had 
escaped.     He  then  proceeded  to  Srnithsburg,  reaching  ^J^JL. 
and    resting   there   on   the    morning  of  July  5,  where  Maryland. 
Stuart's  advance  found  and  attacked  him  about  2  p.  M. 
that  day.     The  enemy  was  repulsed,  and  retired  toward 
Leitersburg. 


158  MEADE. 

is<>3.  Lee's  order  of  retreat  placed  Hill's  corps  in  advance, 
Long-street's  in  the  center,  and  Ewell's  in  the  rear.  Hill 
reached  Fairfield  on  the  morning  of  the  5th,  and  cross- 
ing Monterey  Gap,  encamped  that  evening  at  Frogtown, 
on  the  western  slope  of  South  Mountain,  Longstreet 
closely  following,  and  Ewell  reaching  Fairfield  about 
4  P.  M.  that  day.  On  the  6th  Longstreet  took  the 
advance,  and  reached  Hagerstown  in  the  afternoon,  Hill 
following,  and  Ewell  still  in  the  rear. 

As   soon  as  Meade   learned  of  the   retreat  of  the 

M.a.ic  pur  enemy,  he  gave  the  order  for  pursuit.     On  the  morning 

of  the  5th,  the  6th  Corps,  under  Sedgwick,  moved  toward 

Emmittsburg,  and  about  4  p.  M.  Sedgwick's  advance  had 

Fairfield.    a  slight  engagement  near  Fairfield  with  Rodes's  division, 

which  covered  Ewell's  rear,  and  another  on  the  morning 

of  the  6th,  a  little  beyond  that  place.     But  Sedgwick's 

orders  were  not  to  provoke  a  battle  ;  he  therefore  only 

watched  the  enemy's  movements. 

Lee's  main  supply-trains,  which  had  pressed  rapidly 
forward,  reached  the  vicinity  of  the  Potomac  near  Will- 
iamsport  on  the  6th,  hoping  to  cross  on  ponton  bridges 
left  by  Lee  at  Falling  Waters  in  charge  of  a  small  guard  ; 
but  General  Mclleynolds,  who  was  stationed  at  Fred- 
erick with  a  small  body  of  caA'alry,  had  succeeded  in 
completely  destroying  these  bridges  on  the  3d.  The 
waters  of  the  Potomac  were  now  swollen  by  incessant 
rain,  which,  with  the  loss  of  the  bridges,  placed  Lee's 
trains  in  a  critical  position. 

Buford,  with  his  division  of  cavalry  searching  for  the 
enemy's  supply-trains,  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Will- 
July  e.      iamsport  about  5  P.  M.  on  the  6th,  and  at  once  attacked 

Williams- 
port  and     the    troops    guarding    the    trains.     At   the    same    time 

town,  MCI.  Kilpatrick  was  endeavoring  to  reach  and  aid  Buford. 
Stuart  placed  himself  in  Kilpatrick's  way  at  Hagers- 
town, and  after  a  severe  engagement  the  latter  eluded 


MEADE.  159 

Stuart,  leaving  the  5th  New  York  and  the  1st  Vermont   1863. 
with  a  battery  to  detain  him,  and  made  haste  to  join 
Buford,    whose    guns     summoned     him.     But    he    had 
scarcely  entered  the  fight  when  Stuart  approached. 

The  two  regiments  named  have  had  a  terrible  time. 
Stuart,  knowing  the  danger  menacing  the  train,  desper- 
ately charges  this  heroic  little  band.  His  first  assaults 
are  repulsed ;  but  this  small  force,  unable  to  detain  him 
long,  retires  toward  the  main  body,  closely  followed  by 
Stuart,  whose  opportune  arrival  saves  the  trains.  The 
Federal  cavalry  are  now  greatly  outnumbered.  They 
make  one  more  gallant  effort,  but  are  compelled  to  with- 
draw. 

On  the  evening  of  the  7th,  Lee's  whole  army  had  Ju]    g 
arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Hagerstown.     The  following  Lee'8  arn»y 

reaches  the 

morning    (the  8th)    Lee    ordered    Stuart  to  attack  the  Potomac. 
Federal  cavalry  under  Kilpatrick  and  Merritt,  posted  on 
Beaver  Creek,  and  too  near  for  comfort.     A  sharp  fight 
followed,  when  the  Federals  were  forced    back  to  the 
vicinity    of  Boonsboro,    where    they    were    joined    by  Boonsboro, 
Buford.     The  Federals  now  take  the  aggressive,  and  in 
turn  drive  the  enemy  back  to  Beaver  Creek,  when  dark- 
ness stops  further  operations.     From  this  time  until  the 
13th  Lee   anxiously  waited  for  the.  fall  of  the  waters. 
The  rest  of  the  Federal  army  had  begun  to  follow  the 
movement  of  Sedgwick  soon  after  his    departure  from 
Gettysburg  with  the  6th  Corps ;  but  they  moved  slowly,  juiy  n. 
and  did  not  reach  the  vicinity  of  the  enemy's  position  fro*tse  £°e] 
until  the  llth. 

The  Federal  cavalry  had  frequent  encounters  with 
the  enemy,  but  the  opposing  armies  did  not  reach  an 
engagement  until  on  the  13th,  when  Meade  had  com- 
pleted his  preparations  for  an  attack.  He  issued  orders 
that  evening  for  an  advance  upon  the  enemy  the  next 
morning ;  but  fortunately  for  Lee  the  waters  had  sub- 


160  MJSAUE. 

1863.   sided.    He  now  had  bridges  completed  at  Falling  Waters, 

and  during  the  night  of  the  13th  began  crossing.     E  well's 

Lee  crosses  corps  with  great  difficulty  succeeded   in   reaching   the 

nia>  Virginia  shore  by  fording  the  river  at  Williamsport,  al- 

though the  water  reached  to  the  necks  of  short  men. 

Long-street's  corps  crossed  at  the  bridge,  closely  followed 

Sin*4'     ky  Hill's  troops,  and  the  morning  of  the  14th  found  Lee's 

waters,      army    again    upon   its    "native    heath."      The    Federal 

infantry  were   not  in  a  position  to  interfere  with  this 

movement  after  it  became  known,  but  the  cavalry,  as 

usual,  were  busy,  bravely  attacking  superior  forces,  and 

greatly  harassing  Hill's  rear,  taking  a  considerable  num- 

ber   of   prisoners.     A  squadron    of   the    6th    Michigan 

cavalry,  under  Major  Peter  A.  Weber,  dashing  too  far 

in  advance,  was  surrounded  ;  and  after  desperate  fight- 

ing,   all    who    were    not   killed    were    taken    prisoners. 

Ma-or  °f    ^aj°r   Weber   was    among   the    slain.     General   Petti- 

weber.      grew  was  among    the  enemy's  wounded.     The  rest  of 

this  regiment,  with  the  1st  Michigan  cavalry,  fiercely 

attacked  and  drove  before  them  a  whole  brigade  of  the 

enemy,  capturing  a  large  number  of  prisoners.     Alto- 

gether the  Federal  cavalry  captured  about  2,000  prison- 

ers on  the  morning  of  the  14th. 

Lee  moved  in  the  direction  of  Winchester.     Meade 

at  once  put  his  army  in  motion  for  Berlin  and  Harper's 

Ferry,  and  began  crossing  at  these  points  on  the  17th, 

Th/Ped-   ftM  of  his  army  being  in  Virginia  on  the  19th.     lie  now 

erai  army    eiic\ea,vored  to  overtake  Lee  ;  but  the  latter  was  making 

again    in 

Virginia,     all  haste  to  reach  Culpepper,  and  succeeded  in  escaping 
the  Federals.     Lonsrstreet  and  Hill  arrived  at  Culpepper 

July    2-1. 

i,rr  reaches  on  the  24th,  and  Ewell  soon  after  that.     The  Federal 

Culpepper. 

commander,  finding  pursuit  unavailing,  repaired  to  War- 
Meade       reutoii  Junction,  reaching  there  on  the  25th.     In  the 
Pul'suit  there  had  been  continual  skirmishing  and  several 


junction.    smaii   battles.     On  the  16th  four  brigades  of  Stuart's 


MEADE.  161 


cavalry,  under   Fitzhugh    Lee,   attacked   a   brigade    of 
Federal  cavalry  under  Colonel  Irvin  Gregg,  who  had  a  JU]y~T6. 
fine  position  near  Shepherdstown.     The  assault  began  f^her-s" 
about  4  r.  M.,  and  lasted  until  dark,  the  enemy  being 
repulsed  with  severe    loss.     Gregg  retired  unmolested 
during  the  night.     Buford's  cavalry,  aided  by  infantry, 
had  severe  engagements  with  detachments  of  Longstreet's  Ju]   2]  ^ 
corps   at   Manassas    and    Chester    Gaps    (or   Wapping 


Heights)  on  the  21st  and  22d,  without  material  results.  Gaps. 

During  the  Gettysburg  campaign,  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  was  officered  in  corps  and  divisions  as  fol- 
lows :  — 

1st  Corps  :  John  F.  Reynolds,  who  was  killed  July  1 
while  in  command  of  the  left  wing  of  the  army.  Double- 
day  commanded  the  corps  on  July  1,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  John  Newton.  Divisions  :  J.  S.  Wadsworth, 
John  C.  Robinson,  Abner  Doubleday.  The  latter  divis- 
ion was  commanded  by  T.  A.  Rowley  on  July  1. 

2d  Corps  :  W.  S.  Hancock.  Divisions  :  J.  C.  Cald- 
well,  John  Gibbon  (wounded  on  the  3d,  when  Wm. 
Harrow  took  command),  Alex.  Hays. 

3d  Corps  :  Daniel  E.  Sickles  (wounded  on  the  2d, 
when  Birney  took  command).  Divisions  :  D.  B.  Birney 
(succeeded  by  J.  H.  II.  Ward),  A.  A.  Humphreys. 

5th  Corps  :  Geo.  Sykes.  Divisions  :  James  Barnes, 
R.  B.  Ayres,  S.  W.  Crawford. 

6th  Corps  :  John  Sedgwick.  Divisions  :  H.  G. 
Wright,  A.  P.  Howe,  Frank  Wheaton. 

llth  Corps:  0.  0.  Howard.  Divisions:  F.  C. 
Barlow  (wounded  on  the  1st  and  relieved  by  Adelbert 
Ames),  A.  von  Steinwehr,  Carl  Schurz. 

12th  Corps  :  H.  W.  Slocum.     Divisions  :  A.  S.  Will- 
iams  (who  commanded  the  corps  during  the  battle    of 
July  1,  2,  and  3,  Slocum  being  in  command  of  the  right 
wing,  ;uid  T.  H.  Ruger  of  the  division),  J.  W.  Geary. 
ll 


162  MEADJS. 

1863.          Cavalry    Corps:     Alfred    Pleasonton.       Divisions: 
D.  Mc-M.  Gregg,  John  Buford,  and  Judson  Kilpatrick. 
The   opposing   armies  now  rested    for  a  time ;    the 
August  i.  cavalry  forces,  however,  were  kept  busy.     On  August  1 
tion.         Buford    crossed  the  Rappahatmock  for  the  purpose  of 
reconnaissance,  skirmishing  with  the  enemy  and  forcing 
him  back  to  Brandy  Station,  where  a  heavy  infantry 
force  was  encountered,  when  Buford  retired  the  way  he 
came.     On   August  2,  Lee's  army,  leaving  Culpepper, 
retired   to   the   right   bank   of  the  Rapidan,  where  it 
rested.     On  the  llth  of  September,  M«ade  learned  that 
Longstreet  Longstreet   had    gone  with    his    corps  to  join  General 
Bragg.       Bragg,  and  at  once  determined  to  attack  Lee.     On  the 
13th  the  cavalry  under  Kilpatrick  crossed  the  Rappa- 
cnipeppe'r.  hannock  at  Kelly's  Ford,  Buford  crossing  at  Rappahan- 
nock  Bridge  and    Gregg  at  Sulphur  Springs.     Moving 
forward  in  a  line,  they  drove  the  enemy's  skirmishers 
before  them,  and   came  upon  two  brigades  of  Stuart's 
cavalry,   strongly   posted   at   Culpepper.      A   vigorous 
assault  was  at  once  made.     Custer,  charging  at  the  head 
of  his  brigade  as  usual,  took  a  number  of  prisoners  ;  but 
he  was  wounded  in  the  onset.     The  enemy  soon  gave 
way  and  hastily  retreated,  leaving  three  pieces  of  artil- 
lery and  a  large  number  of  prisoners  in  the  hands  of  the 
Federals. 

Meade  had  followed  the  movement  with  his  whole 

army,  which  concentrated  at  Culpepper  soon  afterward ; 

but  here  he  received  instructions  from  Washington  to 

await  the  result  of  a  battle  now  imminent  between  Rose- 

sept.  23.    crans  and  Bragg.     On  the  23d  he  was  ordered  to  send 

and  mil    the  llth  and  12th  corps  to  Washington,  which  were  to 

be  taken  by  Hooker  to  the  relief  of  Rosecrans  at  Chat- 
tanooga.  This  weakened  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  so 
much  that  Meade  was  compelled  to  suspend  operations 
until  the  arrival  of  new  recruits,  furloughed  absentees, 
find  other  expected  reinforcements, 


MEADE.  163 

On  October  9  the  Federal  commander,  desiring  to  1*03. 
take  advantage  of  the  favorable  season,  put  his  army  in 
motion,  proposing  to  cross  the  Rapidan  and  attack  the 
enemy.  But  Lee  had  also  resolved  upon  action,  and 
was  already  in  motion  to  take  the  offensive.  On  the 
8th  he  started  to  attack  Meade  at  Culpepper,  intending 
to  surprise  him.  His  army  crossed  the  upper  Rapidan 
on  the  9th,  proceeding  toward  Madison,  where  his  troops 
appeared  the  following  day.  On  the  10th  Stuart's  cav-  Oct.  10. 
airy  attacked  Kilpatrick  near  James  City,  who,  having  Ji 
only  a  brigade  with  him,  was  compelled  to  retire  to 
Bethel.  To  gain  time,  he  sent  the  5th  New  York  and 
the  5th  Michigan  to  charge  the  pursuers.  They  were 
successful  in  checking  them,  and  releasing  a  number  of 
prisoners,  who  were  a  portion  of  the  120th  New  York 
infantry  just  captured.  Pleasonton,  who  was  at  James 
City  with  a  small  force,  retired  to  Bethel  Church. 

Meade  now  becomes  aware  of  Lee's  intentions,  and 
at  once  recalls  that  portion  of  his  forces  that  have 
started  to  cross  the  Rapidan ;  but  Buford's  cavalry,  Rapidan. 
being  in  advance,  has  already  crossed  at  Germania  Ford, 
and  before  he  can  return,  Fitzhugh  Lee,  with  a  largely 
superior  force,  is  upon  him,  and  a  severe  battle  follows. 
His  infantry  support  has  turned  back.  Buford's  men 
deliver  a  terrible  fire,  causing  heavy  loss  in  Fitzhugh's 
ranks.  The  fighting  continues  until  night,  when  Buford 
recrosses  the  river,  and  rejoins  the  army.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  llth,  Meade  recrosses  the  Rappahannock, 
as  the  best  way  to  avoid  Lee's  intended  blow.  The 
cavalry  must  cover  the  retreat.  Before  reaching  Brandy 
Station,  Stuart  was  joined  by  Fitzhugh  Lee.  Kilpatrick 
was  joined  by  Buford.  This  day,  Oct.  11,  was  a  terrible  ^  n 
day  for  the  cavalry  corps  of  both  armies.  It  was  a  day  Brandy  sta- 
of  desperate  fighting  from  daylight  till  dark. 

Meade  is  crossing  the  Rappahannock  while  Pleasonton 


164  MEADE. 

1863.  is  covering  and  protecting  the  rear  from  Stuart's  fierce 
assaults.  Near  Brandy  Station  a  furious  combat  takes 
place,  the  Federals  repelling  with  fearful  slaughter  every 
new  charge  of  the  determined  foe.  At  one  time  Kilpat- 
rick  is  surrounded ;  but  he  seizes  the  flag,  the  charge  is 
sounded,  and  with  Davis's  brigade  on  the  right,  and  im- 
patient Ouster,  with  the  gallant  Michigan  brigade,  on  his 
left,  away  they  go,  3.000  flashing  sabres.  The  Confed- 
erates give  way  before  the  Federals  have  scarcely 
reached  their  lines.  The  darkness  ends  the  fighting, 
when  Pleasonton  follows  Meade  across  the  Rappahan- 
nock.  Lee  enters  Culpepper  about  noon,  wishing  to  pay 
his  respects  to  the  Federal  commander;  but  he  finds 
that  Meade  is  "  out  of  town." 

The  Federal  army  at  this  time  lay  on  the  left  bank 

of  the  Rappahannock,  from  Kelly's  Ford  to  Freeman's 

oct,  12.     Ford.     On    the  morning  of  the  12th,  Lee  started    his 

Culpepper. 

army  for  Warrenton  by  way  of  Sulphur  Springs,  for  the 
purpose  of  flanking  Meade's  position  on  the  Rappahan- 
nock.  The  latter,  having  his  army  well  in  hand,  now 
determined  to  recross  the  river,  and  attack  Lee  at  Cul- 
pepper, supposing  him  still  there.  Buford  in  advance 
rapidly  pushes  back  a  brigade  of  the  enemy's  cavalry, 
and  soon  learns  that  Culpepper  is  empty.  Lee  is  "  out 
of  town  "  this  time.  Meade  is  greatly  puzzled.  He  had 
sent  Gregg's  cavalry  to  watch  the  road  from  Culpepper 
to  Warrenton  and  the  crossings  of  Hedgomaii's  River,  and 
has  received  no  report  from  him.  But  Gregg  has  been 
having  a  severe  time.  His  troops  have  been  falling 
ThomP-  back,  fighting  at  every  step.  At  Thompson's  Ford,  on 
'  Hedgeman's  River,  a  severe  engagement  took  place. 
Gregg  succeeded  in  checking  Stuart  for  a  time ;  but  the 
head  of  Swell's  column  arrived,  and  after  a  stubborn 
fight,  Gregg  was  compelled  to  yield,  having  suffered  a 
loss  of  about  500  men. 


Bristoe  Sta- 
tion. 


MEADE.  165 

The  enemy,  pressing  forward,  reached  Warrenton  at  is  a  3. 
noon  on  the  13th.  Gregg  had  sent  messengers  to  inform 
Meade  of  the  situation ;  but  they  had  either  been  killed 
or  captured.  Not  till  10  p.  M.  did  Meade  learn  from 
Gregg,  who  had  retreated  to  Fayetteville,  that  Lee  was 
pushing  on  in  the  direction  of  Warrenton.  His  army 
was  again  assembled  on  the  Rappahannock,  and  at  day- 
break on  the  13th  it  was  rapidly  marching  for  Centreville 
via  Bristoe  Station.  The  2d  Corps,  under  General 
Warren,  covered  the  rear.  On  the  morning  of  the  14th,  Oct.  u. 
he  had  a  severe  engagement  with  Ilodes's  division  of 
Ewell's  corps  at  Auburn,  but  repelled  the  enemy,  and 
proceeded  to  Bristoe  Station.  The  whole  Federal  army 
had  crossed  Broad  Run  except  the  2d  Corps,  which  was 
not  in  sight  when  the  last  preceding  corps  (the  5th) 
passed. 

In  the  afternoon,  Warren  arrived  at  the  point  of 
crossing,  to  find  the  enemy's  troops  under  Hill  in  his 
way.  While  Warren's  flankers  were  having  a  sharp 
skirmish  with  Hill's  advance,  he  selected  a  strong  posi- 
tion, and  by  the  time  Hill  was  ready  to  attack,  he  was 
ready  to  receive  him.  A  fierce  battle  followed.  The 
enemy  determined  to  capture  Warren's  position  at  any 
cost,  and  cut  off  the  passage  of  Broad  Run.  Hill  had 
the  most  troops,  but  was  out-generaled.  The  staying 
qualities  of  the  Northern  soldiers  were  well  brought  out 
in  this  battle,  which  ended  in  the  complete  defeat  of  the 
enemy,  with  a  loss  to  them  of  500  in  killed  and  wounded, 
500  prisoners,  and  five  pieces  of  artillery.  General 
Henry  F.  Cook  was  among  the  enemy's  killed.  Federal  r>«'»i  of 
loss  did  not  exceed  200,  in  consequence  of  advantage  of 
position. 

At  dark  the  2d  Corps  resumed  its  march  toward 
Centreville  without  further  hindrance.  On  the  morning 
of  the  15th,  the  Federal  army  reached  the  neighborhood 


166  MEADE. 

ises.  of  that  place.  This  movement  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  thwarted  Lee's  purposes,  and  on  the  18th  he 
began  his  retreat.  The  Federal  cavalry  following  his 
rear  had  a  hard  fight  with  Stuart  at  Buckland  Mills  on 


oct  19.     f-^g  19th,  where    Kilpatrick,  with  two   brigades  under 

Buckland  '  3 

Mills.  Ouster  and  Davis,  was  opposed  by  btuart  wiih  Hamp- 
ton's division.  Although  greatly  outnumbered,  the 
Federals  attacked  with  determination,  driving  the  Con- 
federates from  their  position.  Stuart,  however,  was 
soon  joined  by  Fitzhugh  Lee's  division,  which  proved 
too  much  for  Kilpatrick,  and  with  hard  fighting  and 
great  difficulty  he  managed  to  extricate  himself,  and  re- 
tired, with  a  loss  of  about  200  prisoners.  The  killed 
and  wounded  on  each  side  numbered  about  100. 

Meade  followed  Lee  back  again,  and  halted  on  a  line 
from  Warrenton  to  Warrenton  Junction.  Lee  retired  to 
Culpepper,  where  he  went  into  camp,  and  by  the  27th 
both  armies  were  quietly  resting.  In  this  campaign 
Meade  had  about  50,000  men  ;  Lee  about  45,000. 

Early  in  November  the  Federal  general  again 
resolved  to  make  one  more  attempt  against  the  enemy 
before  the  closing  in  of  winter  ;  and  on  Nov.  7  he  put 
his  army  in  motion  for  the  Rappahannock,  directing 
the  1st,  2d,  and  3d  Corps,  under  General  French,  against 
Kelly's  Ford,  and  the  5th  and  6th  Corps,  under  Sedg- 
wick,  to  the  right  against  Rappahannock  Bridge.  The 
army  arrived  near  the  points  named  about  noon.  Lee 
had  intrusted  to  Swell's  corps  the  task  of  guarding  the 
river  crossings  at  these  points.  Rodes's  division  was 
at  and  near  Kelly's  Ford,  Johnson  and  Early  alternately 
guarding  the  bridge  and  its  vicinity,  the  enemy  also 
occupying  a  strong  fortification  on  the  left  bank  at  the 
bridge.  The  railroad  bridge  had  been  burned,  but  the 
enemy  now  had  a  ponton  bridge  thrown  across. 

Birney,  with  Ward's  division  of  the  3d  Corps,  being 


MEADK.  167 

the  first  to  arrive  at  Kelly's  Ford,  made  the  attack,  and    7*03. 
after  a  brisk  engagement,  captured  the  ford  with  about  NmT~7. 
350  prisoners.     Ilodes  withdrew  a  few  miles  to  the  rear.  Kellf'8 

Ford. 

About  3  P.  M.  Sedgwick  arrived  before  the  fortifications 
at  the  bridge,  which  were  occupied  by  a  brigade  of  Early's  S'ock 
division.  Soon  after,  Early  sent  over  another  brigade,  brid=e- 
making  a  garrison  of  about  2,500  men.  Artillery  firing 
and  skirmishing  occupied  the  rest  of  the  afternoon.  The 
first  division  of  the  6th  Corps,  under  General  Russell, 
being  placed  in  advance,  secured  a  good  foot-hold  near 
the  works.  After  dark,  General  Russell  asked  and 
obtained  permission  to  storm  the  works.  With  his  own 
brigade  and  Bartlett's,  under  Colonel  Upton,  a  dash  was 
made,  and  they  were  at  once  over  the  parapet.  A  des- 
perate struggle  followed,  ending  with  the  capture  of  the 
works,  with  nearly  1,800  prisoners.  Early  burned  the 
ponton  bridge  and  retired. 

Lee,  whose  headquarters  are  at  Culpepper,  at  once 
orders  a  retreat.  Hill's  corps,  which  has  been  posted  on 
Ewell's  left,  on  the  upper  Rappahannock,  hastily  marches 
to  Culpepper,  when  the  whole  army  retreat  to  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rapidan,  and  take  position,  with  its  left 
wing  along  that  river  from  Mine  Run  to  Liberty  Mills, 
its  right  on  Mine  Run,  Hill  on  Ewell's  left. 

Meade  crossed  the  Rappahannock  on  the  8th,  but 
did  not  at  once  follow  the  enemy.  His  army  rested  in 
the  vicinity  of  Brandy  Station  and  Culpepper  until  the 
26th,  when  it  took  up  its  line  of  march  for  the  Rapidan, 
crossing  that  river  during  the  afternoon  and  night.  The  NOV.  20. 
3d  and  6th  Corps  on  the  right  cross  at  Jacob's  Ford,  the 
2d  Corps  at  Germania  Ford,  and  the  1st  and  5th  Corps 
on  the  left  at  Culpepper  Ford. 

Gejieral  Meade  had  directed  his  right  and  center  to 
concentrate  at  and  near  Robertson's  Tavern,  and  his  left 
at  New  Hope  Church.  The  2d  Corps  had  considerable 


168  MEADE. 

lass,  skirmishing  with  the  enemy's  cavalry,  but  easily  pushed 
NovT^e  to  them  back,  and  reached  Robertson's  Tavern  about 
Mine  Run  10  A>  M>  on  the  27th,  halting  there  for  French  to  come 
up  with  the  3d  and  6th  Corps.  But  during  this  time 
Lee  has  been  active.  He  instructed  Ewell  to  delay 
French's  march  as  much  as  possible  until  he  could  make 
necessary  dispositions.  The  3d  Corps,  in  advance,  came 
upon  the  skirmishers  of  Johnson's  division  which  Ewell 
had  thrown  forward.  It  is  about  9  A.  M.  French 
hesitates.  He  should  take  the  road  to  the  left,  and  join 
Meade,  who  is  with  Warren  at  Robertson's  Tavern ;  but 
he  decides  to  engage  Johnson,  although  Meade  again,  at 
2  P.  M.,  orders  him  to  join  his  left  to  Warren's  right. 
French  is  obstinate.  The  6th  Corps  is  held  inactive  in 
the  rear  of  the  3d.  About  3  P.  M.  he  pushes  one  divis- 
ion of  the  3d  Corps,  under  General  Prince,  against 
Johnson,  and  the  enemy  getting  the  advantage,  Carr's 
division  also  becomes  engaged.  Still  Johnson  gains 
ground.  The  fighting  is  fierce,  the  battle  is  bloody  ;  but 
Birney  succeeds  finally  in  forcing  the  enemy  back. 
Night  ends  the  conflict.  Lee  has  gained  his  point  in 
delaying  the  movement  of  the  Federals.  The  loss  in 
killed  and  wounded  has  been  about  600  on  each  side. 

Early  and  Rodes  have  moved  forward,  and  con- 
fronted the  2d  Corps  during  the  afternoon ;  but  the 
opposing  forces  do  not  become  engaged.  Meantime  Lee 
is  hurrying  Hill  with  his  corps  from  the  upper  Rapidan. 
General  Meade  has  been  greatly  disappointed.  French 
has  seemingly  been  the  cause  of  a  lost  opportunity. 
The  Federals  should  have  crushed  Ewell  before  Hill 
could  arrive.  This  was  Meade's  plan.  French  had  lost 
the  whole  afternoon,  allowing  two  army  corps  to  be 
detained  by  one  division  of  the  enemy.  Hill's  'corps 
arrived  upon  Mine  Run  that  evening,  when  Ewell  was 
ordered  back  to  take  position  on  Hill's  left.  Meade 


MEADE.  169 

succeeded  in  getting  his  army  together  on   the   28th,   is c 3, 
concentrated  upon  the  2d  Corps  ;  but  he  now  finds  Lee's 
whole  army  in  a  strong  position  on  the  opposite  bank  of 
Mine  Run.     The  day  is  spent  by  both  armies  in  prepar- 
ing for  battle. 

On  the  morning  of  the  29th,  General  Warren,  with 
the  2d  Corps  and  Terry's  division  of  the  6th  Corps, 
moves  to  the  left,  endeavoring  to  outflank  Hill's  right; 
but  Hill  prolongs  his  lina  of  battle,  and  although  night 
finds  Warren  in  a  good  position  on  the  Federal  left,  he 
is  unable  to  flank  Hill.  The  3d  Corps  now  joins  War- 
ren's right,  the  1st  Corps  next,  the  6th  Corps  forming 
the  extreme  right,  supported  by  the  5th  Corps.  During 
the  night  this  arrangement  is  somewhat  changed.  Two 
divisions  of  the  3d  Corps,  under  Carr  and  Prince,  are 
placed  under  Warren,  who  has  charge  of  the  left  attack, 
which  is  ordered  to  take  place  on  the  morrow,  while 
Sedgwick  is  given  command  of  the  right  attack,  com- 
posed of  the  5th  and  6th  Corps.  The  center  is  com- 
posed of  two  divisions  of  the  1st,  and  one  division  of  the 
3d,  Corps  under  Birney. 

The  general  attack  is  to  be  made  at  8  A.  M.  on  the  Mine  Ran. 
30th,  the  left  to  begin  the   assault;   but  at  the   hour 
named,  Warren's  guns  are  silent.     It  is  discovered  that 
the  Confederates  have  improved  the  hours  of  the  night, 
and  are  now  too  strongly  fortified.     Warren  sees  disas- 
ter in  an  attack,  and  sends  word  to  Meade.     Meade  goes 
to  see  for  himself.     He  agrees  with  Warren,  and  the 
orders  for   the   assault   are    countermanded.     Artillery 
firing  had  begun  on  the  right,  and  Birney  had  pressed 
back  the  enemy's  skirmishers  in  his  front;  but  now  all 
operations  were  stopped.     The  campaign  was  a  failure, 
and  during  the  night  of  Dec.  1,  the  Federal  army  quietly  ^deL  re 
withdrew  to  the  Rapidan,  and  crossed  over  in  the  morn- tires  to 
ing,  reaching   its    camps   about    Culpepper   on  the  3d, 


170  MEADE. 

1864.   where  it  went  into  winter  quarters.    Lee's  army  returned 
to  its  former  position. 

In   December,    1863,    General   Foster  was  ordered 

from  North  Carolina    to    Tennessee  to  relieve  General 

Burnside,  and  General  B.  F.  Butler  was  placed  in  com- 

mand of  the  department  vacated  by  Foster.     In  Febru- 

ary, 1864,  Butler   planned   the  release  of  the  Federal 

Feb.  5.      prisoners  at  Richmond.     On  Feb.  5,  General  Wistar  was 

tempt  to  re-  started  on  a  raid  for  that  purpose,  with  1,500  men,  part 


"t~  cavalry,  part  infantry.  The  Army  of  the  Potomac  and 
Richmond.  jts  antagonist  were  still  where  we  last  saw  them.  A 
strong  force  of  cavalry  and  infantry  was  sent  from  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  across  the  Rapidan  to  draw  the 
attention  of  Lee,  while  Wistar  should  accomplish  his 
raid  ;  but  it  ended  in  nothing.  Wistar  only  reached 
Bottom's  Bridge,  having  become  satisfied  that  the  enemy 
was  aware  of  the  intended  movement,  and  wras  prepared 
to  meet  it.  He  therefore  returned  to  New  Kent  without 
loss.  The  troops  that  crossed  the  Rapidan  returned  to 
their  camps,  having  lost  about  250  men  in  the  movement. 
Feb  28.  On  Feb.  28,  1864,  General  Kilpatrick,  with  5,000 

rick's  raid  picked  troopers,  started  from  the  camps  of  the  Army  of 
mood.  the  Potomac  for  the  same  purpose  that  had  moved 
Wistar.  He  crossed  the  Rapidan  at  Ely's  Ford,  moving 
via  Spottsylvania  Court  House  toward  Richmond,  reach- 
ing Beaver  Dam  Station  on  the  evening  of  the  29th. 
Here  he  was  attacked  by  a  small  force  of  the  enemy, 
which  he  quickly  -put  to  flight.  After  tearing  up  the 
railroad  track  at  that  place  and  Ashland,  he  pressed 
forward,  reaching  a  point  within  about  four  miles  of 
Richmond  on  March  1,  and  near  the  enemy's  outer 
works.  Driving  the  enemy  from  the  first  line  of  fortifi- 
cations, Kilpatrick  was  already  hotly  engaged  at  the 
second  line,  when  he  became  satisfied  that  he  could  not 
accomplish  the  main  object  of  the  raid,  and  sounding  the 


MEADE.  171 

retreat,  he  withdrew  about  six  miles  in  the  direction  of  is 64. 
Mechanicsville,  where  he  intended  to  give  his  soldiers  a 
little  needed  rest.  But  they  had  scarcely  prepared  their 
camp  when  they  were  savagely  attacked  by  the  enemy. 
The  charge  was  repulsed,  but  Kilpatrick,  concluding 
that  he  was  too  near  Richmond  to  admit  of  resting  his 
troops,  moved  on  across  the  Chickahominy,  pursued  by 
the  enemy  to  the  vicinity  of  White  House,  where  he  was 
reinforced  by  about  3,000  infantry  sent  up  from  New 
Kent  Court  House.  The  enemy  now  withdrew,  and 
Kilpatrick  returned  to  the  army.  He  had  lost  about  150 
men,  taken  about  500  prisoners,  and  had  destroyed  a 
large  amount  of  the  enemy's  stores. 

When  Kilpatrick,  on  his  way  out,  reached  Spottsyl- 
vania  Court  House,  he  sent  Colonel  Ulric  Dahlgren  (son 
of  the  Admiral)  with  500  men  upon  a  different  route? 
for  the  purpose  of  reaching  Belle  Isle,  and  if  possible 
releasing  the  Federal  prisoners  there.  Colonel  Dahlgren 
proceeded  to  Frederick's  Hall,  destroying  the  railroad 
there,  and  thence  moved  southward.  Being  misled  by 
a  negro  guide,  he  found  himself  a  long  distance  out  of 
his  course  on  March  2.  The  enraged  troopers  hung  the 
treacherous  guide  that  evening.  The  movement  against 
Belle  Isle  was  abandoned  for  an  attack  upon  Richmond. 

Dahlgren  attacked  the  Richmond  fortifications  on  the 
northwest  side  during  a  heavy  rain  storm,  and  carried 
the  first  line,  but  at  the  second  line  the  Federals  were 
severely  repulsed,  when  they  retreated  in  the  direction 
of  the  Chickahominy,  closely  pursued.  On  the  morning 
of  March  3,  just  after  crossing  the  Mattapony  at  Dob-  March  3 
ney's  Ferry,  Dahlgren.  with  about  100  men,  became  coionei 

Ulric  Dahl- 

separated  from  the  rest  of  his  troops,  when  he  was  sud- gren  killed, 
denly  attacked.     Dahlgren,  with  several  of  his  men,  was 
killed,  and  the  remainder  of  the  100  were  taken  prison- 
ers.    The  balance  of  the  force  escaped  to  the  Federal 
lines. 


172  MEADE. 

i8<>4.  The  Army  of  the  Potomac  has  been  r'-'vided  into  two 
sections  in  this  volume ;  the  first  opens  the  war,  the 
second  will  close  it  so  far  as  relates  to  the  operations  of 
the  larger  armies.  We  will  now  leave  this  army  for  a 
time,  to  follow  the  "  tide  of  war "  in  the  other  depart- 
ments east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  when  we  will  return 
to  find  it  under  the  masterly  guidance  of  General  Grant. 
We  have  seen  that  the  small  army,  which  moved  to  Bull 
Run  under  McDowell,  has  grown  to  an  immense  organ- 
ization ;  and  that  the  President's  call  for  500,000  volun- 
teers immediately  after  that  disaster  was  quickly  an- 
swered by  the  loyal  people  of  the  North. 

After  McClellan's  Peninsular  Campaign,  the  governors 
of  the  loyal  States  united  in  a  letter  to  the  President, 
dated  June  28, 1862,  recommending  that  more  volunteers 
be  called  for,  and  of  ferine;  their  hearty  co-operation.  The 

Call    for  » 

300,000       President  issued  a  call  on  the  2d  of  July  for  300,000 
untcers.      additional  volunteers,  which  was  promptly  responded  to 
by  the  people,  and,  as  in  the  case  of  the  first  call,  more 
men  were  furnished  than  had  been  asked  for. 

The  raising  of  funds  to  carry  on  the  war  exhibits  the 
patriotism  of  the  North  fully  as  much  as  the  raising  of 
men.  The  prompt  assistance  rendered  by  the  loyal 
moneyed  men,  together  with  the  wonderful  financial 
ability  of  President  Lincoln's  Cabinet  officers,  brought 
us  gloriously  through  that  trial. 

In  the  volunteer  service,  it  proved  a  difficult  matter 
to  fill  up  old  regiments,  new  volunteers  demanding  the 
privilege  of  naming  their  own  officers ;  and  for  this  rea- 
son many  more  regiments  were  formed  than  was  act- 
ually necessary,  a  large  number  of  the  old  regiments 
being  unable  to  obtain  a  sufficient  number  of  men  to 
enable  them  to  muster  in  the  full  complement  of  officers, 
where  vacancies  had  occurred.  But  to  the  credit  of  the 
new  regiments  be  it  said,  they  selected  a  large  number 


MEADE.  173 

of  their  officers  from  the  lower  ranks  of  the  old  regi-   18a4. 
ments,  thus   promoting  line  officers,  and   enlisted  men 
who  had  rendered  valiant  service  on  the  battle-field. 

The  following-named  appropriations  for  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1863,  and  for  deficiencies  for  the  year 
1862,  made  by  an  Act  of  Congress,  approved  July  5, 
1862,  is  here  inserted,  that  the  reader  may  judge  some- 
what of  the  enormous  expense  of  our  war,  and  to  show 
what  makes  up  war  expenditures  : — 

For   recruiting,    including    quarters,  fuel,  straw,    postage,  Expenses 
bunks,  doctors'  services,  and  transportation, — sending  recruits  of  the  war' 
to  join  regiments, — $180,000. 

For  the  purchase  of  books,  tactics,  and  instructions  for  vol- 
unteers, $50,000. 

For  pay  of  the  army,  $8,905,318. 

For  commutation  of  officers'  subsistence,  $1,574,186.50. 

For  commutation  of  forage  for  officers'  horses,  $283,414. 

For  payment  to  discharged  soldiers  for  clothing  not  drawn, 
$150,000. 

For  payments  in  lieu  of  clothing  for  officers'  servants, 
$71,630. 

For  pay  of  volunteers,  including  not  more  than  forty 
major-generals  and  two  hundred  brigadier-generals,  $226,- 
283,282. 

For  subsistence  in  kind  for  regulars  and  volunteers,  $78,- 
386,640.80. 

For  the  regular  supplies  of  the  quartermaster's  department, 
$36,912,000. 

For  the  incidental  expenses  of  the  quartermaster's  depart- 
ment, $20,836,750. 

For  the  purchase  of  cavalry  and  artillery  horses,  $5,400,000. 

For  mileage  of  officers  on  special  duty,  escorts  or  supplies, 
$1,291,600. 

For  transportation  of  the  army,  clothing,  subsistence,  ord- 
nance stores,  or  other  war  material,  repairs,  etc.,  $40,000,000. 

For  quarters  of  officers  and  men  on  certain  duty,  $4,234,000. 

For  heating  and  cooking  stoves,  $90,000. 

For  maintenance  of  gun  boat  fleet  proper,  $2,160,000, 


1T4  MEADE. 

1864.          For  maintenance  of  steam  rams,  $180,000. 

For  contingencies  of  the  army,  $500,000. 

For  clothing,  camp,  and  garrison  equipage,  and  expenses  of 
offices  and  arsenals,  $39,322,536.25. 

For  military  telegraph,  $500,000. 

For  medical  and  hospital  department,  $5,705,984. 

For  contingent  expenses  of  Adjutant- General's  department, 
$2,000. 

For  supplies,  transportation,  and  care  of  prisoners  of  war, 
$3,373,728. 

For  armament  of  fortifications,  $1,062,500. 

For  current  expenses  of  ordnance  service,  $732,600. 

For  ordnance,  ordnance  stores  and  supplies,  including  horse 
equipments,  $7,380,000. 

For  manufacture  of  arms  at  the  national  armory,  $1,800,000. 

For  repairs,  etc.,  at  national  armories,  $150,000. 

For  powder  and  lead,  $1,100,000. 

For  additional  expenses  at  arsenals,  $500,000. 

For  purchase  and  manufacture  of  arms  and  ordnance  stores, 
$13,000,000. 

For  surveys,  instruments,  charts,  etc.,  $445,000. 

For  secret  service,  $500,000. 

For  payment  of  bounty  to  volunteers,  $20,000,000. 

For  the  comfort  of  discharged  volunteers  who  were  unable 
to  proceed  to  their  homes,  from  disease  or  wounds,  $2,000,000. 


CENTRAL    DEPARTMENTS. 

CUMBERLAND,  TENNESSEE,   AND   OHIO. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

BELMONT    TO    PITTSBURGH    LANDING. 

GRANT. 

r  I  ^HE  Central  Departments  in  this  work  will  include 
-L-  operations  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  the  northern 
half  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  and  reach  somewhat 
into  the  borders  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina. 

The  extreme  length  of  the  State  of  Kentucky  is 
308  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  is  172  miles.  The 
Tug  Fork  River,  the  main  affluent  of  the  Big  Sandy 
River,  forms  the  boundary  between  it  and  West  Vir- 
ginia from  the  Cumberland  mountains  northward  to  Cat- 
lettsburg,  where  the  Big  Sandy  joins  the  Ohio.  The 
Ohio  forms  the  northern  boundary  of  Kentucky  from  this 
point  to  Cairo,  where  it  enters  the  Mississippi.  The 
Cumberland  Mountains,  a  range  of  the  Appalachian 
System,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Kentucky 
and  Virginia,  extend  in  a  southwest  direction  across 
Tennessee,  dividing  East  from  Middle  Tennessee,  and 
enter  North-eastern  Alabama  and  North-western  Geor- 
gia. In  Kentucky  these  mountains  cover  about  4,000 
square  miles.  In  Tennessee  the  top  of  the  mountains 
forms  a  very  broad  table-land,  in  some  places  fifty  miles 
wide. 

The  most  important  rivers  of  Kentucky  are  the 

(175) 


176  GRANT. 

is 01.  Green,  Salt,  Kentucky,  Licking,  Little  Sandy,  and  the 
West  Fork  of  Big  Sandy.  In  Eastern-central  Kentucky 
is  the  great  Blue  Grass  Region. 

The  greatest  length  of  Tennessee  from  east  to  west 
is  432  miles ;  its  greatest  width,  109  miles.  East 
Tennessee  is  mountainous. 

The  larger  streams  which  are  affluents  of  the  Missis- 
sippi in  Tennessee  are  the  Big  Hatchie,  Obion,  and 
Forked  Deer.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tennessee 
and  Cumberland.  The  main  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee 
from  the  north  are  the  Clinch,  Paint  Rock,  Elk,  Flint, 
Sequatchie,  and  Duck;  from  the  south,  the  Wautaga, 
Little  Tennessee,  French  Broad,  Hiawassee,  and  Big 
Sandy.  The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Cumberland  are 
the  Harpeth,  Stone,  and  Cany  Fork  rivers. 

The  Tennessee  River  is  formed  by  the  Clinch  and 
Holston  rivers,  which  rise  in  Virginia  and  unite  at 
Kingston,  Tenn.  It  flows  southward  to  Chattanooga, 
where  it  turns  to  the  right,  soon  striking  a  mountain 
ridge,  and  then  turns  southwest,  running  into  Alabama ; 
then  westward  to  the  northeast  part  of  Mississippi, 
after  which  it  returns  into  Tennessee,  and  north  into 
Kentucky,  passing  through  the  latter  State  to  the  Ohio 
River  at  Paducah.  It  is  about  800  miles  long. 

The  Cumberland  River  rises  in  Cumberland  Moun- 
tains in  Harlan  County,  Ky.,  runs  nearly  west  to  Nash- 
ville ;  turning  to  the  north-westward  it  finally  returns 
into  Kentucky.  In  Lyon  County,  Ky.,  it  is  only 
about  three  miles  from  the  Tennessee.  It  joins  its 
waters  with  the  Ohio  at  Smithland.  It  is  650  miles 
long. 

The  State  of  Tennessee  is  divided  into  three  districts 
for  civil  purposes ;  viz.,  East  Tennessee,  extending 
from  the  eastern  boundary  to  the  middle  of  the  Cumber- 
land Table-land ;  Middle  Tennessee,  from  the  latter  to 


Gil  ANT.  177 

the  Tennessee  River;    and  West  Tennessee,  from  that   is<>i. 
river  to  the  Mississippi. 

As  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  list  of  battles, 
the  first  clash  of  arms  in  this  Department  occurred  in 
Kentucky  in  September  and  October,  1861 ;  but  the 
movement  of  troops  on  an  important  scale  began  with 
the  occupation  of  Cairo,  111.,  by  General  Grant.  Captain  captain 
Grant,  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  who  had  served  many  G 
years  in  the  regular  army,  and  with  distinction  in  the 
Mexican  war,  resigned  his  commission  July  31,  1854. 
At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he  lived  at  Galena,  111. 
The  Governor  of  that  State,  in  common  with  all  govern- 
ors in  those  days,  knew  nothing  "about  war,"  and  his 
Adjutant-General  was  no  better  informed.  In  casting 
about  for  efficient  help,  the  Governor  became  acquainted 
with  Grant,  through  his  instrumentality  in  raising  a 
company  at  Galena  and  bringing  it  to  Springfield  for 
muster,  and  requested  him  to  help  organize  the  Adju- 
tant-General's Office.  Grant  accepted,  acting  as  head 
clerk  for  several  days.  On  May  4,  the  Governor  placed 
"  the  hero  of  our  story "  in  command  of  Camp  Yates. 
June  16,  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  21st  June  ie. 
Illinois  infantry.  Grant  appeared  in  the  camp  of  this  coiom-i. 
regiment  in  citizen's  clothes,  carelessly  dressed,  and  with 
dilapidated  h'at.  The  boys  cried,  "  Oh,  what  a  colonel !  " 
but  they  soon  learned  his  military  qualities.  The  reg- 
iment was  shortly  after  ordered  to  Mexico,  Mo. 

On    August    7,    1861,    Grant    was    commissioned   a  Ans-  ?• 
Brigadier-General,  the    commission  to  date    back   from  brigadier- 
May  17,  of  that  year,  and  was  placed  in  command  atge 
Ironton,  Mo. ;  but  he  was  relieved  within  a  few  days  by 
General  B.  M.  Prentiss,  and  ordered  to  take  charge  of 
affairs  at  Jefferson  City,  Mo.     Here  he  was  soon  relieved 
by  Colonel  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  going  thence  with  an  expedi- 
tion to  Cape  Girardeau,  and  soon  after  was  ordered  by 
12 


178  GRANT. 

i8<ii.   General    Fremont    to    proceed  to  Cairo,  111.,  where  he 
assumed    command    Sept.  4,    having;   a   force    of  about 

Sept.     4.  , 

Cairo.  8,000  men.  His  first  move  was  to  capture  Paducah, 
Ky.,  on  Sept.  16,  which  he  did  without  firing  a  shot. 
A  strong  force  of  the  enemy  was  hastening  forward  to 
get  possession  of  the  town,  but  the  Federals  were  three 
hours  ahead  of  them.  Leaving  General  C.  F.  Smith  in 
command  there,  Grant  returned  to  Cairo. 

November  1,  Fremont  directed  Grant  to  make  some 
demonstrations  about  Columbus,  Ky.,  20  miles  below 
Cairo,  that  General  Polk,  an  Episcopal  Bishop  from 
Louisiana,  who  had  turned  warrior  and  was  in  command 
at  Columbus,  might  not  send  reinforcements  to  Sterling- 
Price,  then  threatening  Fremont  in  Missouri.  Nov.  6, 
at  night,  Grant  left  Cairo  with  about  3,000  men  on 
transports,  under  General  McClernand  and  Colonels 
Dougherty,  Logan,  and  Buford.  Early  the  following 
morning  the  troops  were  debarked  upon  the  Missouri 

NOV.  7.  shore  at  Hunter's  Landing,  four  miles  above  Belmont. 
3nt  Moving  forward,  the  enemy  were  met  at  about  9  A.  M. 
within  a  mile  of  their  works,  in  heavy  skirmish  line,  and 
the  battle  at  once  began.  The  enemy  were  driven  into 
their  works,  when  the  conflict  became  severe,  and  lasted 
till  noon.  The  impatient  Federals  then  charged,  and 
captured  the  works  with  about  two  hundred  prisoners. 
The  garrison,  numbering  over  2,000  men,  fled  down  the 
river.  The  Federals  burned  the  camp,  and  were  about 
retiring  when  they  were  suddenly  attacked  by  a  strong 
body  of  troops  sent  over  from  Columbus  by  General 
Polk.  They  came  in  two  detachments,  one  upon  Grant's 
right,  and  the  other  upon  his  left.  The  latter  had  cut 
the  Federals  off  from  their  boats.  This  detachment  was 
composed  partly  of  the  troops  that  had  just  been  put  to 
rout,  who  had  hurriedly  reformed  behind  the  river  bank 
while  the  Federals  were  at  their  captured  camps.  The 


GRANT.  179 

Federals  now  made  a  gallant  charge,  and  after  a  brief  i8&i. 
encounter,  drove  the  enemy  off  in  great  disorder,  and 
reached  their  transports  in  safety.  General  Grant  was 
the  last  to  reach  the  boats,  and  came  near  being  captured. 
General  Polk,  with  the  other  force,  now  attacked  the 
boats  ;  but  the  gun-boats  gave  him  so  hot  a  reception  that 
he  soon  retired  to  a  respectful  distance.  The  Federals  re- 
turned to  Cairo,  taking  with  them  the  prisoners,  and  two 
pieces  of  captured  artillery.  The  Federal  loss  was  485 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing;  that  of  the  enemy,  642. 

Oct.  21,  General  Schoepf,  with    about   2,000  men,  Oct-  21- 

'  .  '  Wild  Cat. 

defeated  a  superior  force  of  the  enemy  under  Zollicoffer 
at  Wild  Cut,  Ky. 

Oct.  7,  General  Wm.  T.   Sherman  relieved  General  Oct.  7. 
Robert  Anderson,  who  was  in  command  of  the  " Depart-  K\™** 
merit  of  the  Cumberland,"  with  headquarters  at  Louis- Anderson 

at    Louis- 
ville,   Ky.     This  was    done  at  Anderson's    request   on  ville>  K>- 

account  of  poor  health.  He  had  been  made  a  Brigadier- 
General,  and  placed  in  this  command  as  a  recognition  of 
his  faithful  service  at  Sumter.  Generals  Anderson  and 
Sherman  were  both  graduates  of  West  Point,  and  both 
had  served  in  the  Mexican  war. 

General  Sherman  resigned  his  commission  Sept.  6?  ^eiaT 
1853,  to  go  into  the  banking  business  in  San  Francisco.  Shennan- 
At  the  commencement  of  the  Acts  of  Secession,  he  was 
superintendent  of  a  State  military  academy  near  Alexan- 
dria, La. ;  but  when  he  saw  a  separation  of  the  States  in- 
evitable, he  promptly  resigned  (February,  1861),  and  re- 
turned north,  offering  his  services  to  President  Lincoln  at 
the  beginning  of  hostilities.  He  was  appointed  Colonel  of 
the  13th  United  States  infantry  May  14, 1861,  and  Briga- 
dier-General of  volunteers  in  August,  1861.  He  had 
served  as  a  Lieutenant  in  Captain  Anderson's  company 
in  the  regular  army,  1843-1846.  Aug.  24,  1861,  when 
General  Anderson  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 


180  GRANT. 

ami.  Department  of  the  Cumberland,  Generals  Sherman  and 
Thomas  were  directed  to  report  to  him  for  orders. 

At  the  time  of  Anderson's  appointment  to  this 
(K'm'i-ai  k  Department,  General  Wm.  Nelson  was  in  command  at 
Kentucky,  camp  Dick  Robinson,  near  Nicholasville,  Ky.  General 
Thomas  relieved  Nelson,  who  was  assigned  to  another 
command  within  the  Department.  Kentucky  was  in- 
vaded 'about  this  time  by  forces  of  the  enemy,  from  the 
direction  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  under  Generals  A.  S.  John- 
son and  Buckner,  and  from  the  direction  of  Cumberland 
Gap,  under  Generals  Crittenden  and  ZollieolTer.  Co- 
lumbus, Ky.,  was  occupied  early  in  September  by  a 
strong  force  under  Generals  Pillow  and  Polk.  Johnson 
at  once  began  fortifying  at  Bowling  Green,  and  Buckner, 
with  a  division,  was  threatening  Louisville.  General 
Sherman  was  sent  out  to  oppose  Buckner  with  a  small 
brigade  under  General  L.  II.  Rousseau  (a  veteran  of  the 
Mexican  war), arid  some  State  militia.  Sherman  moved 
out  about  twenty-five  miles  to  Mnldraugh's  Hill,  near 
Elizabethtown.  Buckner  was  yet.  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Green  River.  Sherman  remained  at  Muldraugh's 
Hill,  drilling  his  men  and  receiving  new  troops.  By 
Oct.  1  he  had  two  full  brigades,  and  was  preparing 
to  move  toward  Green  .River  when  he  was  called  to 
Louisville  to  relieve  General  Anderson.  Sherman  sent 
General  A.  McD.  McCook  to  take  command  of  the 
force  he  had  just  left,  which  had  been  moved  forward 
some  twenty-five  miles  to  Nolin  Creek. 

General  Sherman  retained  this  command  but  a  short 
time.  Secretary  of  War  Cameron  had  asked  him,  in  a 
consultation  at  Louisville,  on  Oct.  16,  how  many  men  he 
would  need,  and  Sherman  replied,  "  60,000  to  drive  the 
enemy  out  of  Kentucky,  and  200,000  to  finish  the  war 
in  this  Department."  General  Sherman  had  about  18, 
000  men  at  this  time. 


GRANT.  181 

Nov.  4,  General  McClellan  ordered  General  Don  itmi. 
Carlos  Buell  to  relieve  Sherman,  the  latter  to  report  to  Nov~ber 
Halleck  at  St.  Louis,  who  had  recently  superseded  Fre-  Bue11  re- 

1  J  lieves  Sher- 

mont.  Buell  arrived  and  assumed  command  about  the  man. 
middle  of  November.  Sherman  had  asked  for  too  many 
men,  but  the  country  afterward  learned  that  he  was 
correct  in  his  estimation.  Buell  was  soon  after  furnished 
as  many  soldiers  as  Sherman  asked  for.  His  army  was 
now  designated  the  "Army  of  the  Ohio."  General 
Sherman  was  soon  after  placed  in  command  of  Benton 
Barracks  at  St.  Louis,  remaining  there  until  Feb.  13, 
1862,  when  he  was  sent  to  take  command  at  Paducah,  18G2. 
Ky.  He  joined  Grant  at  Pittsburg  Landing  about  the 
middle  of  March,  with  a  division  of  infantry. 

Jan.  7,  General  J.  A.  Garfield  (afterward  President), 
with  about  2,500  men,  left  his  camp  on  George's  Creek, 
Ky.,   moving   against   the    enemy   at   Paintsville,  who 
numbered  2,500  men  under  Colonel  Humphrey  Marshall. 
The  enemy  retired   before  him  to  Middle  Creek,  near Jan-  10- 
Prestonburg.  on  the  West  Fork  of  Big   Sandy   River,  crook  amf 
Garfield   pursued    Marshall's    troops,   and   found    them  1^°" 
strongly  posted.     He  attacked  vigorously  on  the  10th, 
and  after  a  severe  engagement  the  enemy  were  driven 
from  their  position  in  great   disorder,  and   hastily    re- 
treated under  cover  of  the  darkness.     The  Federal  suc- 
cess was  complete.     Garfield  returned  to  Paintsville. 

In  the  beginning  of  January,  Buell  sent  Thomas 
with  one  division  to  dislodge  the  enemy  on  Cumberland 
River.  Thomas  left  his  camp  at  Lebanon,  and  arrived 
at  Logan's  Cross  Roads,  or  Mill  Springs,  Jan.  16. 
General  Geo.  B.  Crittenden,  formerly  of  the  United  T 

•f  Jan.    19-20. 

States    army,  was  in  command  of  the  enemy's  forces,  Mm 
numbering  about  10,000  men,  at  Beach  Grove.     Learn- 
ing of  Thomas's  approach,  Crittenden,  with  about  6,000 
men,  moved    rapidly  out    to  meet   him.     The    Federal 


182  GKAXT. 

me*.  General  became  aware  of  this  in  time  to  select  a  good 
position.  His  force  also  numbered  about  6,000.  Early 
on  the  19th,  Crittenden  attacked.  Only  a  part  of 
Thomas's  troops  had  yet  arrived  in  position,  but  the 
enemy's  determined  assaults  were  repelled,  the  Federals, 
however,  suffering  severely.  The  remainder  of  Thomas's 
troops  soon  re-inforced  him,  when  he  in  turn  pressed 
forward,  and  after  a  fierce  engagement  the  enemy  were 
routed  and  retired  on  the  run  for  their  intrenchments  at 
Beach  Grove.  Thomas  pursued,  but  darkness  found  him 
just  arrived  before  Crittenden's  position,  and  the  attack 
was  delayed  until  morning.  The  enemy  did  not  wait 
for  daylight,  but  retreated  in  great  haste  during  the 
night  across  the  Cumberland.  This  was  a  great  success 
for  Thomas.  Crittenden's  force  was  completely  broken 
up ;  his  troops  were  scattered  and  dispersed  in  the 
mountains.  The  Federal  loss  was  about  300 ;  that  of 
Death  of  the  enemy,  about  400,  including  General  Zollicoffer,  who 

Gen.    Zolli-  .        J  ' 

coffer.        was  killed. 

On   Feb.  2,  General    Grant   left    Cairo  with,   about 

Feb.  2.      17,000  men  in  two  divisions,  under  Generals  McClernand 

and    C.  F.  Smith,  accompanied    by    Commodore  Foote 

moves  upon  ^ 

FortHenry.  wjth  a  naval  fleet  of  seven  gun-boats,  four  of  which  were 
iron-clads,  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  Fort  Henry,  a 
strong  fortification  of  the  enemy  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Tennessee  River,  about  sixty-five  miles  from 
its  mouth.  Foote  began  the  bombardment  of  the  fort 
on  the  afternoon  of  the  6th,  Grant  landing  his  troops 
for  the  purpose  of  investment  and  capture  of  the  garri- 
son, which  numbered  2,700  men ;  but  General  Tilghman 
had  already  sent  the  garrison  to  Fort  Donelson,  which 
was  only  twelve  miles  away,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Feb.  e.  Cumberland.  Tilghman  himself  remained  with  his  ar- 
Fort  Henry  tjllerists,  and  defended  the  fort  for  about  one  hour, 

surren- 
dered,       when,  satisfied  that  his  troops  had  escaped,  he  surren- 


GRANT.  183 


dered  with  100  men  and  20  pieces  of  artillery.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  action,  a  shot  from  the  fort  pierced  the 
middle  boiler  of  the  Essex,  scalding  twenty-eight  of  her 
crew,  several  of  whom  died.  Nine  soldiers,  who  were 
on  board,  were  also  badly  scalded,  from  the  effects  of 
which  four  of  them  died.  Besides  this  misfortune,  the 
loss  of  the  fleet  was  two  killed  and  nine  wounded.  The 
enemy's  loss  was  about  25  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Feb.  12,  General  Grant  put  his  army,  now  called  the  Feb-  12- 

.  .  Gnint 

"Army  of  the  Tennessee/'  in  motion  for  Fort  Donelson,  moves  upon 

which  was  garrisoned  by  about  21,000  men,  commanded  80°n. 
by  an  acquaintance  of  ours,  named  Floyd  (John  B.). 
The  fort  had  been  lately  reinforced  by  the  arrival  of 
General  Pillow  with  a  division  on  the  9th,  Buckner  with 
a  division  from  Bowling  Green  on  the  llth,  and  Floyd 
with  a  brigade  on  the  12th.  Grant  at  once  invested  the 
fort  and  surrounding  works.  The  number  of  troops 
present  with  him  at  this  time  was  considerably  less  than 
that  of  the  enemy.  On  the  13th  a  brigade  of  McCler- 

»  Feb.    13-10. 

nand's  division  assaulted  the  enemy's  works  in  its  front,  FortDonci- 
where  a  battery,  situated  on  a  hill,  had  become  very  an- 
noying. The  charge  was  three  times  gallantly  made, 
and  each  time  the  Federals  were  driven  back  with  great 
loss.  The  following  day  the  gun-boats  bombarded  the 
enemy's  batteries,  which,  being  located  on  high  bluffs, 
were  little  injured. 

Grant  meanwhile  perfected  his  arrangements  for  an 
assault.  He  was  reinforced  on  the  forenoon  of  this  day 
by  a  division  under  General  Lew  Wallace,  which  gave 
him  about  22,000  men.  This  was  increased  to  27,000 
by  other  reinforcements  on  the  15th.  McClernand  was 

.ret).      lO* 

placed  on  the  right,  Wallace  in  the  center,  and  Smith  on  A  scv,  -™ 

hKlttltJ 

the  left,  except  McArthur's  brigade  of  Smith's  division, 
which  was  posted  on  the  extreme  right.  Floyd  became 
satisfied  that  he  could  not  "hold  the  fort,"  and  on 


181  GRANT. 

ixtix.  the  morning  of  the  15th  the  enemy,  with  haversacks 
well  filled  for  a  march,  fiercely  attacked  the  Federal 
right,  endeavoring  to  cut  their  way  out.  McClernand 
and  McArthur  together  had  about  8,000  men.  These 
were  sorely  pressed  by  more  than  12,000  of  the  now 
desperate  enemy.  A  terrible  battle  was  fought.  Mc- 
Clernand's  men,  though  resisting  nobly,  were  being 
pushed  back,  when  Wallace  came  to  their  aid,  and  the 
enemy  was  checked.  At  this  moment  Grant  returned 
from  a  consultation  with  Foote  on  board  the  flag-ship. 
He  immediately  ordered  a  general  assault,  being  satisfied 
that  Floyd  had  weakened  his  right.  At  4  r.  M.  he 
pushed  Smith  forward  vigorously,  whose  troops  moved 
in  double-quick  time,  and  fearlessly  charging  the  enemy's 
works  in  their  front,  captured  them  after  a  severe  strug- 
gle at  the  parapet.  These  works  in  the  possession  of 
the  Federals  rendered  the  enemy's  whole  position 
untenable. 

Meantime  McClernand  and  Wallace  had  been  busy. 
Simultaneously  with  Smith's  movement  they  had  sharply 
engaged  the  enemy's  left,  assaulting  so  vigorously  that 
Floyd  dare  not  take  a  man  away  to  strengthen  his  right. 
The  battle  lasted  till  night,  ending  in  victory  to  the 
Federals.  On  the  right  the  enemy  was  driven  back  into 
his  works,  and  on  the  left  his  outer  works  were 
captured. 

It  was  now  evident  that  Fort  Donelson  must  fall. 

During  the  night  the  enemy's  chiefs  held  a  council  of 

war  under  a  mantle  of  gloom.     Floyd    did   not  really 

want  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Federal  government 

just  at  this  time.     Pillow,  next  in  rank,  did  not  care  for 

the  honor  of  command.     Two  small  steamers  and  a  scow 

Fioyd  and  lay  at  the  dock,  and  with  these  Floyd  and  Pillow  es- 

caPe.W     8  caped  with  about  3,00(^men,  all  that  could  in  safety  be 

crowded  upon  the  boats  then  at  hand.     This  left  General 


son  surrcn- 


GRANT.  185 

S.    13.   Buckner  in  charge  of  the  garrison,  and  on  the    ises. 
morning  of  the  IGth  he  surrendered  with  about  14,600  Feb~6 
men.     Buckner  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  Fl)rt  I)" 
served    in    the    Mexican    war.     The     Federal    loss 
Fort  Donelson  was  425  killed  and  about  1,600  wounded. 
The  loss  of  the  enemy  in  killed  and  wounded  was  about 
2,000.     Floyd  was  heard  of  but  little  more  during  the 
war,  holding   no   important    command    afterward.     He 
died  at  Abingdon,  Va.,  Aug.  26,  1863.  Death  of 

John    15. 

The  capture  of  Donelson  caused  the  fall  of  Nashville,  Flo>d- 
:  —  a  fearful  blow  to  the  pride  of  the  South.  The  South- 
erners had  boasted  that  Nashville  should  never  be  taken. 
General  A.  S.  Johnston,  who  had  recently  fallen  back 
from  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  to  Nashville,  evacuated, 
retiring  to  Murfreesboro,  followed  by  the  wealthier  class 
of  Nashville's  citizens.  General  Buell  took  immediate 
possession.  The  fall  of  Donelson  also  caused  the  loss  to 
the  enemy  of  Columbus,  Ky.,  General  Polk  removing 
the  garrison  to  Corinth,  Miss.  General  Sherman,  who 
had  been  unjustly  relieved  of  command  at  Louisville,  was 
now  placed  in  charge  of  a  division,  and  on  March  4  took 
possession  of  Columbus. 

February  27,  General   Grant  went  to  Nashville  to 
confer    with    General    Buell.       His    superior,    General 
Halleck,  took  offense  at  his  freedom,  and  placed  Grant 
upon  a  shelf  at  Fort  Henry.     (For  the  outrageous  treat- 
ment. received  by  General  Grant  at  the  hands  of  jealous  ment  re. 
officers,  see  his  "  Personal  Memoirs,"  Vol.  I,  p.  326.)  cGe^alby 
General  Halleck  then  sent  General  C.  F.  Smith  up  the  Grant- 
Tennessee  with  Grant's  troops.     General  Smith  intended 
to  move  against  Corinth,  and  debarked  one  half  of  his 
troops  at  Pittsburg   Landing,    which   was  a  steamboat 
landing  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river,  about  two  hun- 
dred miles  from  its  mouth,  and  about  twenty  miles  north 
of  Corinth.     The  other  part  of  his  army  was  posted  at 


ISO  GRANT. 

i  suv.  Savannah,  a  few  miles  away.  General  Sherman,  coming 
from  Paducah,  Ky.,  joined  Smith  here  with  his  division, 
and  was  posted  where  we  shall  find  him  at  the  battle  of 
Shiloh.  About  the  middle  of  March,  General  Smith, 
who  was  over  sixty  years  of  age,  was  taken  sick,  and 
ILilleck,  having  somewhat  recovered  from  his  ill-feeling 
toward  Grant,  reinstated  the  naughty  boy,  who  was 
now  a  Major-General  of  volunteers,  having  been  so 
commissioned  soon  after  the  fall  of  Donelson.  Grant 
resumed  command  March  17.  General  -Smith  died  at 
Death  of  gavannah  Term..  April  25.  He  was  a  graduate  of  West 

(ion.   C.    F. 

smith.       Point,  and  had  served  in  the  Mexican  war. 

The  Federals  had  not  fortified,  the  plan  being  to 
move  against  the  enemy  at  once,  and  Grant  took  the 
army  and  its  plans  as  he  found  them.  Beauregard  was 
in  command  of  the  enemy's  forces  at  Corinth.  Grant 
asked  Halleck  for  permission  to  move  against  him  be- 
fore he  became  too  strong,  but  the  request  was  not 
granted.  It  was  expected  that  Buell  with  his  army 
would  join  Grant  in  time  for  the  movement;  but  Buell 
had  been  slow,  bad  weather  and  bad  roads  and  building 
bridges  over  Duck  River  near  Columbia  detained  him. 
These  difficulties  delayed  his  army  so  much  that  it  was 
seventeen  days  making  about  ninety-five  miles. 
The  con-  The  enemy  were  fast  collecting  at  Corinth.  When 
federates  at -geaurar(j  {m(j  p0|k  \vith  their  troops,  left  Island 

Corinth. 

Number  Ten  in  the  middle  of  March,  they  proceeded  to 
Corinth.  Soon  after  this,  Bragg  arrived  with  a  division. 
General  A.  S.  Johnston  also  came  from  Chattanooga 
with  about  18,000  men,  and  Van  Dorn  had  started  with 
about  25,000  men  after  his  battle  with  Curtis  at  Pea 
Ridge,  Ark.,  and  was  fast  approaching.  But  without 
Van  Dorn,  Johnston,  who  had  assumed  command,  had 
nearly  45,000  men,  including  a  cavalry  force  of  some 
4,000  under  General  Gardner,  and  being  well  posted 


6'A'J.\T.  18  i 


as  to  the  strength  of  Grant's  army,  he  decided  to 
attack  the  Federals  before  Buell  could  arrive..  Hardee 
and  Breckenridge  were  both  present,  and  had  commands 
in  Johnston's  army. 

Grant  had  about  30,000  men  in  five  divisions.  The 
divisions  of  Sherman  and  Prcnliss  were  posted  at  Shiloh 
Church,  Sherman's  right  at  Snake  and  Owl  creeks,  his 
left  reaching  to  the  left  of  the  church,  Prentiss  at  his 
left;  and  at  Prentiss's  left,  on  Lick  Creek,  a  brigade  of 
Sherman's  division  under  Colonel  D.  Stuart.  McCler- 
nand's  division  was  at  Sherman's  left  rear,  and  the 
divisions  of  W.  H.  L.  Wallace  (Smith's  division)  and 
Hurlbut  were  about  one  mile  to  the  rear  of  McClernarid, 
Wallace  on  Hurlbut's  right. 

On  April  3,  Johnston  put  his  army  in  motion  for 
Shiloh.  The  distance  from  Corinth  to  Pittsburg  Landing 
is  about  twenty-five  miles  by  the  road.  He  hoped  to 
be  able  to  attack  on  the  4th,  but  the  bad  weather  that 
was  delaying  Buell  made  his  march  also  slow,  and  he 
did  not  reach  Grant's  front  till  late  on  the  evening  of 
the  5th.  At  daylight  on  the  6th  the  Federal  outposts  April  6 
were  driven  in,  heavy  skirmishing  and  artillery  firing  ?attlf  of 

<f  •>  °   Pitt^burg 

followed  until  about  7  :  30  A.  M.,  when  the  advance  corps  Landing 
of  the  enemy  under  Hardee  fiercely  attacked  Prentiss 
and  Sherman.     Bragg's  corps  closely  followed,  and  was 
soon  engaged. 

It  is  denied  that  Prentiss  was  taken  by  surprise. 
The  enemy  was  expected,  and  an  early  breakfast  had 
been  ordered.  There  had  been  skirmishing  for  three 
days  previous,  and  Grant  had  urged  Buell  to  hasten  his 
march.  Although  the  greatly  superior  numbers  of  the 
enemy  striking  Prentiss  so  suddenly  gave  him  a  stunning 
blow,  his  troops  fought  with  great  determination,  resist- 
ing stubbornly  each  foot  of  ground,  and  it  was  9  o'clock 
before  he  was  forced  from  his  position  and  his  camips 


188  GRANT. 


captured,  his    men    still    fighting   with    great   heroism. 

Pitw.nrg    Stuart's  brigade  was  now  compelled  to  fall  back.     Mean- 

Landing.  ^|mc  Sherman's  troops  were  holding  their  ground  with 
great  tenacity,  their  heroic  leader  inspiriting  them  by 
his  presence  at  points  of  the  greatest  danger,  giving 
directions  as  coolly  as  if  at  drill,  notwithstanding  he  had 
been  wounded  twice,  once  slightly  in  the  shoulder  by  a 
spent  ball.  His  horse  had  been  shot  under  him  early  in 
the  battle.  Hardee,  reinforced  by  Polk  about  10  A.  M., 

forced        compelled  Sherman  to  fall  back  to  save  his  left  flank  ; 

•  but  he  retired  slowly,  punishing  the  enemy  dreadfully. 

At  this  time   Prentiss  should  have  fallen  back,  but  he 

stubbornly  held  his  ground  until  about  4  p.  M.,  when 

(surrenders.  Dei'ng  surrounded  he  was  compelled  to  surrender  with 
'  2,200  men. 

General  Grant  was  at  Savannah  when  the  battle  be- 
gan, expecting  to  meet  Buell  there  in  person  ;  but  at 
the  first  booming  of  cannon  he  started  for  the  field,  and 
with  his  staff  had  been  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight  since 
8  o'clock.  The  enemy's  right  reached  Hurlbut's  position 
by  10  A.  M.  Wallace  came  to  his  aid.  The  battle 
raged  fierce  and  bloody  from  right  to  left  until  3  p.  M. 

General.  c  J 

Wallace  General  Wallace  fell  mortally  wounded  while  gallantly 
cheering  his  men.  The  enemy  now  hoped  to  capture 
the  landing.  They  had  already  taken  all  the  Federal 
camps.  About  3  p.  M.  Johnston  received  a  mortal 
wound  while  urging  his  troops  forward.  He  reeled  in 

Death    of 

General  A.  his  saddle,  a  iid  was  carried  to  the  rear,  where  he  soon 
ston.01      bled  to  death.     The  wound  was  in  the  thigh,  a  large 

artery  having  been  severed. 

At  this  moment  the  enemy's  advance  was  checked. 

He  had  expended  his  fury,  and  soon  after  there  came  a 
A  inn  m  me  lull   in    the    battle.     The    carnage    had    been  frightful. 

Grant,  taking  advantage  of  the  temporary  calm,  placed 

his  troops  in  a  better  position,  shielded  somewhat  by  a 


GRAXT.  189 


ravine,  his  left  at  the  landing,  his  right  under  Sherman 
on  Snake  Creek.     The  gun-boats   Tyler  and   Lexington  Pit 
were  moved  up  so  as  to  cover  the  ravine  with  their  guns.  Landins- 
Beauregard  took  command  of  the  enemy's  forces  after 
the  death  of  Johnston.     It  was  5  P.  M.  before  the  enemy  5  p  M 
were  ready  to  renew  the  assault,  then  on  they  came,  Battl°  re 

*  7  newed. 

charging  desperately ;  but  they  were  repulsed  with  fearful 
slaughter,  and    night  ended    this  day's  terrible    battle,  p"^  ' 
Each  side  had  engaged  all  its  men. 

Buell's  troops  have  not  yet  arrived.     Grant  still  has 
a  fresh  division  under  Lew  Wallace  just  arriving  from 
Crump's  Landing,  and  in  truth  his  army  is  not  beaten.  Grant  m 
lie  has  a  strong  position ;  and  thus  reinforced,  how  can  p^ut 
Beauregard    succeed    in    the    morning  in  what   he  has 
failed  to  accomplish  ivhen  the  Federals  are  all  in  confusion  ? 

Buell's  advance  division,  under  Nelson,  arrived  about 
9  P.  M.  Nelson's  advance  brigade  had  crossed  the  river 
at  about  P»  :  30  P.  M.,  but  the  fighting  was  then  over. 
Buell's  army  had  all  arrived  by  the  following  morning. 
Lew  Wallace  should  have  reached  the  field  by  noon  of 
Hie  6th,  but  taking  the  wrong  road  caused  his  men  a 
long  march.  On  the  morning  of  the  7th  the  Federals  A,,ril  7. 
moved  forward  to  the  attack.  Wallace  was  on  Sher- shlloh- 
man's  right,  McClernand  on  his  left,  and  Buell's  three 
divisions  under  Nelson.  Thomas  L.  Crittenden  and 
A.  McD.  McCook  were  on  Grant's  left. 

The  battle  opens  all  along  the  line  at  daylight.  The 
disappointed  enemy  resist  in  desperation,  but  are  con- 
tinually driven  back.  They  dispute  the  Federal  advance 
stubbornly,  Beauregard  frantically  urging  on  his  men. 
Again  the  battle  has  become'  furious,  the  slaughter 
dreadful,  raging  with  great  violence  until  2  p.  M.,  when 
the  Federals  have  recaptured  their  camps.  The  ballled 
enemy  sullenly  retire.  Firing  is  kept  up  until  about 
4  P.  M.,  when  the  battle  of  Shiloh  comes  to  an  end. 


190  GRAM'. 

Beauregard  returns  to  Corinth;  but  the  Federals  do  not 
at  once  pursue,  as  the  tired  soldiers  need  rest. 

In  this  two  days'  battle  the  Federal  loss  was  10,944 
men  in  Grant's  army  and  2,103  in  Buell's.  In  both 
armies,  the  killed  numbered  1,754,  the  wounded,  8,408, 
and  missing,  2,885.  The  loss  of  the  enemy,  as  reported 
by  Beauregard,  was  1,728  killed,  8,012  wounded, 


Death  of    an(|    956    missinar.     General    W.    H.    L.    Wallace   died 

Generals 

Wallace  April  10,  at  Savannah,  Tenn.  General  Albert  Sidney 
d"n.  '  Johnston,  who  died  on  the  6th,  was  a  graduate  of  West 
Point,  but  had  left  the  United  States  army  to  join  the 
enemy.  General  Gladden,  a  Confederate,  was  also 
killed  on  the  6th.  These  three  generals  had  served  in 
the  Mexican  war,  and  General  Johnston  had  also  been 
in  the  Black  Hawk  war. 

General  Sherman  was  accorded  great  credit  for  hold- 
ing the  enemy  in  check  in  their  first  assaults,  thus  allow- 
ing the  rest  of  the  army  needed  time  ;  and  also  for  hold- 
ing fast  to  his  position  on  the  right.  He  was  soon  after 
commissioned  a  Major-General. 

After  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  Halleck  decided  to  take 

April  o.     command  in  person,  and  arrived  on  the  9th  of  April. 

eumeacom-  General  Pope  joined  this  army  with  the  forces  under  his 

™linthc  command  April  21,  coming  from  Island  Number    Ten, 

Mississippi  River,  which  he  had  captured  on  the  8th. 

Halleck's    army  now  numbered    about  90,000  effective 

men,  in   three  grand  divisions.     Grant's  old  army  (the 

Army  of  the  Tennessee),  composed  of  the  divisions  of 

Sherman,  Hurlbut,  Smith    (deceased),  and  Davis,  was 

placed  under  command  of  General  Thomas.     The  Army 

of  the  Ohio,  under  Buell,  was  composed  of  the  divisions 

of  McCook,  Wood,  Nelson,  and  Crittenden.     The  Army 

of  the   Mississippi,  under   Pope,  was  composed  of  the 

divisions    or    Stanley,    Hamilton,    Palmer,    Paine,    and 

Plummer.     The  divisions  of  McClernand  and  Lew  Wai- 


UALLJSCK.  19.1 

lace  formed  the  reserve.     Halleck  placed  Grant  next  to    ISHX. 
himself,  as  second  in  command. 

On  May  1,  Halleck  started  his  army  toward  Corinth,  naiicck 
Beanregard  had  strongly  intrenched  himself  there,  and  ^"^nt^"" 
had  been  reinforced  on  April  12  by  the  arrival  of  the 
forces  of  Van  Dorn  and    Sterling    Price ;  and  on  May 
4  General   Lovell,  with  his  troops  from  New  Orleans, 
joined  him,  increasing  his  numbers  to  about  65,000. 

Halleck  arrived   near  the  enemy's  works  on  May  3. 
Nothing  of  note   transpired    until    the  9th,  when  Van  May  9. 
Dorn  attacked  a  brigade  under  General  Palmer  at  Farm-  ^""MI'SB. 
ington.     Ilalleck  had  ordered  Pope  not  to  bring  on  a 
general  engagement ;  consequently,  after  a  spirited  fight, 
Palmer    was    withdrawn.     May    17,   General    Sherman  May  ir 
sent  a  small  force  to  take  possession  of  a  favorable  posi-  "Kus*tlls 

•-^       *•  House" 

tion  occupied  by  the  enemy  on  Bridge  Creek,  aV&Rus-  near  cor- 
sell's  House."  A  sharp  engagement  followed,  when  the 
enemy  retreated.  On  the  28th,  Sherman  again  advanced 
his  lines.  The  enemy  endeavored  to  oppose  him,  but 
was  repulsed.  This  was  about  all  the  fighting  done  at 
this  time  at  Corinth.  Beanregard  evacuated  during  the  Mn-v  2!1 

G  Corinth 

night  of  the  29th,  going  south,  finally  resting  at  Tupelo. .evacuated. 
Ilalleck  did  not  pursue,  except  to  send  Pope  with  his 
command  after  him  a  short  distance,  which  amounted  to 
nothing,  and  Pope  returned  to  Corinth.  Fort  Pillow 
and  Memphis  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals  as  a 
result  of  the  evacuation  of  Corinth. 


CHAPTER   IX. 

CORINTH    TO    PERRYVILLE. 
BUELL. 

T  ~X  THEN  Buell  left  Nashville  to  join  Grant  at 
V  V  Pittsburg  Landing,  one  division  of  his  army, 
under  General  Mitchell,  was  sent  on  a  raid  into  the 
enemy's  country,  bearing  to  the  southeast.  Mitchell 
arrived  at  Murfreesboro  April  4,  reopening  the  Nashville 
and  Chattanooga  Railroad  to  Shelbyville,  which  the 
enemy  had  destroyed.  Leaving  the  latter  place  on  the 
7th,  he  reached  Fayetteville  on  the  8th,  and  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  a  station  on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad, 
April  11.  on  the  llth,  capturing  about  150  prisoners,  and  the 

Himtsville,  , 

Ala.  enemy  s  depots  at  that  place,  together  with  a  large  num- 
ber of  cars,  and  sixteen  locomotives.  He  then  took 
possession  of  the  railroad  from  Stevenson  to  Tuscumbia. 
On  April  24,  failing  to  obtain  reinforcements,  Mitchell 
left  Tuscumbia,  and  moved  toward  Chattanooga.  April 

Bridgeport  ^  ^e  occupied  Bridgeport,  at  the  same  time  threatening 

Aia.          to  take  possession  of  Chattanooga. 

Soon  after  Beauregard  evacuated  Corinth,  Jefferson 

ik-auregard  Davis  deprived  that  General  of  his  command,  and  placed 
Braxton  Bragg  at  the  head  of  that  army.  Bragg  resolved 

1 5  ra  ;.'.<,'    at  * 

the  head  of  to  take  possession  of  Chattanooga  at  once.  Making  a 
quick  march  with  the  corps  of  Hardee  and  Polk,  he 
succeeded  in  reaching  that  place  in  advance  of  Buell, 
who,  with  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  had  been  sent  by  Hal- 
leek  in  that  direction,  leaving  Corinth  June  10.  Buell 
did  not  attack  Bragg,  but  stationed  his  army  —  Mitchell 

(192) 


BUELL.  193 

having  rejoined  him  —  between  Hunts ville  and  McMiim-   isox. 
ville.     General  Kirby  Smith,  being  at  Knoxville  with 
his  army  corps,  was  ordered  to  join  Bragg  at  Chattanooga, 
increasing  Bragg's  force  to  about  45,000. 

On  June  9,  Halleck  sent  Sherman  from  Corinth  with  June  9. 
his  own  division  and  that  of  Hurlbut  to  open  communi-  teut*™ 
cation  with  Memphis.     When  Bragg  moved   to  Chatta- McmphlB- 
nooga,  Van  Dorn,    with   his    own   and    Breckenridge's  van   Dom 
divisions,  proceeded  to  Vicksburg,  reinforcing  that  place  enridge  go 
and  strengthening  the  works  there ;  Price  remained  to  Jjirjick8" 
guard  the  railroads  south  of  Corinth. 

When  Buell  stationed  his  army  between  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  and  McMinnville,  Tenn.,  he  posted  a  small  force  at 
Murfreesboro,  and  soon  after  General  T.  T.  Crittenden 
was  placed  in  command,  arriving  there  July  11,  coming 
from  Athens,  Ala.  General  Crittenden  and  his  Assistant 
Adjutant-General  (H.  M.  Duffield)  at  once  set  to  work 
to  reorganize  the  badly  scattered  forces  for  better  de- 
fense. But  before  much  could  be  accomplished,  and 
early  on  the  morning  of  the  13th,  Forrest  was  upon  July  13- 
thern  with  3,000  troopers.  The  Federal  force  consisted  *»««**• 

boro. 

of  five  companies  of  the  9th  Michigan  infantry  (A.  C.  G. 
II.  and  K.),  numbering  about  200  men,  which  were  posted 
three  fourths  of  a  mile  east  of  town,  with  a  small  battalion 
of  the  7th  Pennsylvania  cavalry  near  by ;  Company  B,  of 
the  9th  Michigan,  occupied  the  Court  House ;  the  3d  Min- 
nesota and  a  Kentucky  battery  (Hewitt's)  lay  about  two 
miles  northwest  of  the  town.  This  force  altogether  num- 
bered about  800  men. 

Forrest's  advance,  about  1,000  strong,  dashed  upon 
the  Pennsylvania  cavalry,  which,  being  but  a  handful, 
were  nearly  all  captured  after  a  brief  engagement,  those 
who  escaped,  including  Major  Siebert,  the  commanding 
officer,  joining  the  9th  Michigan,  which  was  quickly  as- 
sailed. Colonel  W.  W.  Duffield  fought  with  his  old  regi- 

13 


194  EUELL 

186%.  ment,  although  commanding  a  brigade.  The  9th  was  at 
first  driven,  but  in  turn  forced  the  enemy  back  in  confu- 
sion. Colonel  Duffield  was  wounded  twice,  and  borne 
from  the  field.  Forrest  soon  came  up  with  his  whole 
force,  and  a  severe  battle  followed.  The  fighting  contin- 
ued until  noon,  when  Lieutenant-Colonel  Parkhurst,  find- 
ing himself  surrounded  and  with  no  hope  of  reinforcement, 
surrendered.  The  9th  Michigan  had  suffered  a  loss  of  11 
killed,  86  wounded,  and  36  missing.  The  7th  Pennsyl- 
vania lost  25  in  killed  and  wounded.  General  Crittenden 
and  staff,  and  the  company  at  the  Court  House,  had 
been  compelled  to  surrender  after  a  hard  fight.  Colonel 
Lester  surrendered  the  3d  Minnesota  and  the  battery 
soon  afterward. 

juiy  4.  The  raider,  John  Morgan,  left  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  July 

gsn'B  raid.  4,  1862,  with  about  1,000  men,  raiding  through  Tennes- 
see and    Kentucky,  destroying   railroads   and   bridges. 
LebaJ       On  the  12th  he  surprised  and  captured  a  small  garrison 
Ky-  at    Lebanon,    Ky.,    thence    proceeding    to    Cynthiana, 

jni    i?     wnere,  after  a  sharp  fight,  he  captured  the  small  Federal 
cyntMana,  detachment   at   that   post.       On    his  return  he  passed 
through   Paris,  Crab  Orchard,  and    Monticello,  and  on 
July  28  reached  the  enemy's  lines. 

About  the  middle  of  August,    1862,  Kirby   Smith 
smith's      left  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  with  about  7,000  men  for  a  raid 
into  Kentucky.     Cutting  off  the  Federal  force  at  Cum- 
berland Gap  from  its  depot  of  supplies,  he  obliged  that 
force  to  evacuate  on  Sept.  17,  and  to  retreat  into  Ohio. 
Smith  had  gone  on,  leaving  to  Humphrey  Marshall  the 
task  of  starving  this  garrison  out.     Meantime  Smith  had 
Big*  mii,    me*  a  smaU  bc-dy  of  Federal  cavalry  at  Big  Hill  Pass, 
August  23,  when  a  short  engagement  took  place.     The 
Aug.  so.    Federals,  greatly  outnumbered,  were  compelled  to  retreat 
Ich-6  to  Richmond.     On   the    30th,  near  Rogersville,  Smith 
Ky.  came  Up0n  a  Federal  brigade  under  General  Manson,  and 


BUELL.  195 

after  a  hard  fight  the  Federals  were  thrown  into  disorder,  isea. 
and  retrented  to  Rogersville,  where  another  brigade, 
under  General  Cruft,  joined  in  the  Federal  defense ;  but 
the  first-named  brigade  had  already  been  completely  de- 
moralized, and  Cruft  was  also  compelled  to  give  way  be- 
fore superior  numbers.  The  Federals  continued  the 
retreat  to  Richmond,  where  General  Nelson,  who  had 
hastened  from  Lexington,  met  and  endeavored  to  rally 
them.  Smith  had  followed  closely,  and  giving  Nelson 
but  little  time  to  restore  order,  at  once  attacked.  The 
Federals  were  able  to  make  but  slight  resistance,  and 
retreated  in  confusion  toward  Lexington.  Smith's  cav- 
alry was  now  in  front  of  them.  They  were  cut  off,  and 
after  a  desperate  fight,  several  hundred  were  taken 
prisoners,  including  General  Manson,  who  had  displayed 
great  heroism  throughout.  General  Nelson  escaped, 
although  wounded.  Each  side  had  lost  about  250  killed 
and  700  wounded  in  these  three  engagements. 

Kirby  Smith  entered  Lexington  on  Sept.  1.     Here  |*]J-  1- 
he    was    largely  reinforced  by  Kentucky  recruits,  and  Smith    cn- 
soon  after  proceeded  to  Covington,  appearing  before  that  mgton,  Ky. 
place  September  15;   but  finding  General  Lew  Wallace 
there,  with  a  strong,  well-organized  force,  he  decided 
not   to  attack,  and    fell   back  to  Frankfort,  soon  after 
joining  Bragg,  who   had   crossed  the  Tennessee  above 
Chattanooga  on  Aug.  21,  with  about  40,000  men,  with  B™f*  , 

starts    for 

the  intention  of  invading  Kentucky.     To   deceive    the  Kentucky. 
Federal   general,  Bragg   sent    Forrest's    cavalry,  about 
1,500  strong,  to  make  a  demonstration  against  his  lines. 
A  part  of  this  force  attacked  a  Federal  stockade  between 
McMinnville  and  Manchester  August  29 ;  but  Federal 
reinforcements    being   near,    Forrest   withdrew  after   aM^^n. 
brief  engagement,  going  northward.     He  had  not  gone  vil 
far  when  a  Federal  brigade  under  Colonel  Fyfe  overtook  ter, 
him  (August  30).     A  fight  ensued,  the  enemy  receiving 


196  BUELL. 

is «?.  a  severe  punishment,  being  utterly  routed  and  scattered 
in  every  direction.  This  paralyzed  Forrest  for  some 
time. 

Morgan's  rfhe  enemy's  cavalry  under  Morgan  started  early  in 

August  on  a  raid  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bueli's  army. 
He  had  a  skirmish  with  the  Federals  on  August  6,  at 

Tafcweii,  Tazewell,  and  then  moved  on  to  Knoxville,  where  he 
rested  a  few  days,  when  he  passed  Bueli's  left,  and 
crossed  the  Cumberland  near  Hartsville,  the  Federals 
pursuing.  General  Johnson,  with  about  600  cavalry, 

(Imiitif '    overtook  him  on  the  12th  near  Gallatin ;  but  Morgan 

Tcnu.  was  too  strong  for  this  small  force,  and  Johnson  was  re- 
pulsed, and  retreated  in  disorder,  except  General  John- 
son himself  and  a  small  body  of  gallant  soldiers,  who 
bravely  stood  their  ground  for  some  time,  when  they 
were  made  prisoners.  Morgan  then  entered  Kentucky, 
and  soon  afterward  joined  Kirby  Smith. 

Bragg  passed  through  Dunlap,  reaching  Pikeville 
August  30,  and  was  at  Crossville  the  next  day,  where 
Forrest  joined  him,  moving  thence  through  Sparta  to 
Carthage  on  the  Cumberland,  threatening  Nashville. 
He  soon  turned  northward,  however,  and  crossed  the 

IraL5'     borders  of  Kentucky  Sept.  5,  arriving  at  Glasgow  on 

enters  Ken-  the    12th. 

On  August  30,  Buell  became  satisfied  that  the  enemy 
Aug   so.       ag  maiQn<r  an  offensive  move,  and  at  once  started  his 

K  uc  11      fol- 
lows Bragg,  army  to  cover  Nashville,  moving  to  Murfreesboro,  then 

to  Lebanon,  leaving  Thomas  in  command  at  Nashville. 
On  the  12th  of  September,  Buell  reached  the  vicinity  of 
Mitch ellville,  having  moved  slowly  until  he  could  learn 
Bragg' s  intentions.  The  following  day  a  captured  dis- 
patch gave  him  the  desired  information — Bragg  was 
moving  on  Louisville.  Thomas  was  called  in  haste, 
with  part  of  the  force  from  Nashville,  and  Buell  pushed 
forward  in  pursuit,  arriving  at  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  on 
the  18fch, 


BUELL.  19V 

On  moving  from  Glasgow,  Bragg  left  Breckenridge  on  is  on. 
the  Tennessee  frontier  to  watch  Nashville.  Pressing  for- 
ward with  Hardee's  corps  through  Cave  City  against 
Munfordsville,  he  sent  Folk's  corps  around  by  the 
right,  to  invest  the  Federal  works  there  from  the  other 
side.  This  town  lies  on  Green  River.  The  Federals, 
who  were  posted  on  the  left  bank,  about  2,000  strong, 
under  Colonel  Wilders,  occupied  a  block-house  located  on 
the  west  side  of  the  railroad  track,  and  a  small  fort, 
called  Fort  Craig,  on  the  other  side,  with  a  breastwork 
between.  Hardee's  advance,  composed  of  two  brigades 
under  General  Chalmers,  arrived  in  front  of  the  Federal 
intrenchments  on  the  evening  of  the  13th,  and  early  the 
following  morning  began  the  attack ;  but  after  a  severe  Scpt  14_lc. 
fight  it  was  repulsed  with  considerable  loss.  On  the  ^","fords" 
15th  and  16th,  Wilders  was  reinforced  from  Louisville, 
increasing  his  force  to  about  4,000  men.  Bragg  was 
waiting  for  Polk,  who  arrived  on  the  right  bank  on  the 
16th.  The  Federals  were  now  surrounded.  Hardee 
again  attacked  on  the  16th,  and  desperate  fighting  contin- 
ued throughout  the  day,  the  enemy  being  repelled  at  all 
points.  The  Federal  commander  now  became  satisfied 
that  further  resistance  was  useless.  He  saw  himself 
encompassed  by  25,000  men,  his  retreat  cut  off;  and  on 
the  morning  of  the  17th  he  surrendered.  Bragg  at 
once  moved  on  in  the  direction  of  Louisville,  filling  his 
wagons  with  provisions,  and  collecting  droves  of  cattle 
and  horses  as  he  went.  When  he  reached  Salt  River, 
he  changed  his  mind,  and  fell  back  on  Bardstown,  where 
he  had  left  Polk  with  his  corps,  and  on  Oct.  1  he  entered  Oct  a 
Lexington  with  Hardee's  corps.  Lexington  is  30  miles  Bra«g 

°_  _          enters  Lex- 

from  Frankfort,  77  miles  from  Cincinnati,  and  94  miles  ington. 
from  Louisville.     Here  Bragg  issued  a  proclamation  to 
the   dear   Kentuckians,    while    his    army   was   gathering 
everything  ivithin  reach. 


198  BUELL 

is  an.         Buell  had  followed  Bragg  as  rapidly  as  possible,  but 

started  too  late.     His  advance  reached  Louisville  on  the 

sept.  25.    25th,  and    his   whole    army  had    arrived  by  the  29th, 

rives  aT   where  he  was  largely  reinforced  by  new  recruits,  also 

Louisville,  by  a  strong  detachment  from  Grant's  army  at  Corinth, 

giving  him  an  active  force  of  about  70,000  men. 

While  the  troops  were  at  Louisville,  General  William 
Death  of   Neison  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  a  brother  officer, 

General 

Nelson.  in  a  moment  of  resentment  for  harsh  and  unjust  treat- 
ment. The  deed  was  considered  justifiable.  General 
Nelson  entered  the  naval  service  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and 
served  in  the  United  States  Navy  until  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war,  when  he  was  made  Brigadier-General  of  land 
forces.  He  was  killed  Sept.  29,  1862. 

On  the  30th  Buell  reorganized  his  army  in  three 
corps,  under  A.  McD.  McCook,  Crittenden,  and  Gilbert. 
Division  commanders  under  McCook  were  Sill,  Rousseau, 
and  Jackson ;  under  Crittenden,  Wood,  W.  S.  Smith, 

and  ;  under  Gilbert,  Mitchell,  Schoepf,  and 

Sheridan.  On  this  day  the  President  relieved  Buell  of 
his  command,  and  named  Thomas  as  his  successor ;  but 
Thomas  declined,  and  plead  for  the  retention  of  Buell, 
who  was  reinstated,  with  Thomas  second  in  command. 
This  all  occurred  in  one  day.  Oct.  1,  Buell  left  Louis- 
ville, marching  on  Bardstown.  A  terrible  drought  pre- 
vailed at  this  time,  and  consequently  water  was  scarce. 
This  caused  the  troops  to  move  slowly,  and  they  did  not 
reach  Bardstown  until  October  4. 

Polk  had  gone  toward  Bryantsville,  arriving  at  Ilar- 
rodsburg  on  the  6th.  At  this  time  there  was  trouble  in 
the  enemy's  camp.  A  new  secession  governor  was  being 
installed  at  Frankfort  on  the  4th.  A  division  under 
General  Sill,  forming  the  Federal  left,  moving  in  the 
direction  of  Lexington,  caused  the  disturbance.  Kirby 
Smith  was  at  Frankfort  with  his  corps,  and  Bragg  has 


kUELL  199 

Come  to  witness  the  ceremony.  In  the  midst  of  the  is  ex. 
preparations,  scouts  came  in  haste  with  the  news  that 
the  Federal  army  was  approaching,  and  all  was  instantly 
in  confusion.  "  Every  man  to  his  post,"  was  the  order. 
The  would-be  governor  hastened  away  to  Lexington. 
Hardee's  corps  was  on  the  road  to  Perryville,  which  lies 
40  miles  southwest  of  Lexington. 

On    the    6th   the    Federal   left  —  McCook's    corps—- 

Oct.     0. 

reached  a  point  half  way  between  Bardstown  and  Mack-  ?he  °PI)OS- 
ville.      Gilbert's    corps    had    reached    Springfield,   and  drawing 
Crittenden's  corps  lay  between  Springfield  and  Lebanon.  viiie.Perry 
On  the  7th    the    Federals    drew   closer   to   Perryville. 
Sheridan's  division  took  an  advanced  position  on  Doc- 
tor's Creek,  where,  on  the  morning  of  the  8th,  Hardee  Oct  8 
attacked    him,  but  was   repulsed.     Hardee  was   across  Doctor'8 

Creek,    or 


Chaplin's  Creek  with  about  15,000  men.  Polk  had 
arrived  with  one  division,  the  other  having  been  sent  to 
reinforce  Kirby  Smith  at  Frankfort,  in  consequence  of 
the  scare  created  by  Sill.  Bragsr  now  had  about  25,- 

Oct.    8. 

000    men    at    Perryville.     Buell   had    given    orders   to 


attack  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  ;  but  Bragg,  thinking 
that  only  a  small  part  of  the  Federal  army  was  before 
him,  began  the  attack  upon  McCook's  corps  at  2  P.  M.  of 
the  8th.  McCook  had  taken  position  on  Gilbert's  left, 
having  crossed  Doctor's  Creek  about  10  A.  M.  Hardee 
attacked  the  Federal  left  with  great  vigor,  Anderson's 
division  coming  upon  Rousseau,  and  Buckner  on  his 
right  against  Jackson.  Rousseau  held  his  ground  at  first, 
but  Jackson's  troops  were  new  recruits,  and  although 
they  bravely  withstood  a  terrible  fire  for  a  time,  they 
were  at  last  compelled  to  give  way,  when  the  whole 
Federal  left  was  driven  back  some  distance  with  severe 
loss.  General  Jackson  was  killed  at  the  beginning  of  the  General 
battle.  He  had  served  at  the  head  of  a  regiment  of  Jame8  s- 

Jacksoa 

Kentucky    volunteers    in    the    Mexican    war.     General 


200  EUELL. 

1862.  Wm.  R.  Terrill,  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  was    soon 
Perr~j,e    afterward  killed  while  endeavoring  to  rally  his  brigade  ; 
but  the  enemy  had  also  suffered  severe  loss,  both  of  An- 
derson's brigade  commanders  being  wounded.     Colonel 
Geo.  Webster,  of  the  98th  Ohio,  whose  brigade,  with  Tor- 
i-ill's, formed  Jackson's  division,  now  came  to  aid  what 
Death  of    was  left  of  Terrill's  brigade.     The  battle  was  terrific,  but 
Terriii  and  the  enemy  was  checked.     Webster  was  wounded,  and 
webrtor.     died  Oct-  9-     He  had  served  in  the  Mexican  war. 

During  this  battle  between  two  divisions  of  the 
enemy's  right  and  the  Federal  left,  Sheridan,  who  was 
at  Rousseau's  right,  had  kept  up  a  harassing  artillery 
fire  upon  Anderson's  left,  and  about  4  p.  M.,  just  as 
McCook's  corps  (Sill's  division  was  not  in  the  battle) 
was  falling  back,  the  enemy  found  that  Phil  must  be 
looked  after  a  little.  Anderson  now  turned  savagely 
upon  him,  and  again  the  battle  raged.  Polk  sent  An- 
derson reinforcements,  and  at  the  same  time  Gilbert  sent 
Mitchell  with  two  brigades  of  his  division  to  reinforce 
Sheridan's  right.  The  enemy  charged  and  charged 
again,  directing  all  their  efforts  against  Sheridan,  but 
could  not  move  him.  Mitchell's  third  brigade  was  sent 
to  aid  McCook.  Its  commander,  Colonel  Gooding,  was 
wounded  while  bravely  fighting  with  McCook's  troops. 
Schoepf's  division  was  not  engaged,  being  held  in  re- 
serve. Toward  night,  Sheridan  and  Mitchell  assumed 
the  offensive,  and  drove  the  baffled  enemy  back  beyond 
Bragg  de-  Chaplin's  Creek,  and  through  Perryville,  capturing  sev- 
eral hundred  prisoners.  It  was  now  dark,  and  the  bat- 
tle of  Perryville  ended. 

Crittenden's  corps  had  taken  position  farther  to  the 
right  than  was  intended  by  Buell,  on  account  of  scarcity 
of  water,  calculating  to  be  back  in  time  for  the  proposed 
attack  on  the  9th.  He  did  not  hear  the  musketry 
firing  at  all,  and  paid  no  attention  to  the  artillery 


KUELL.  201 

firing;  thus  this  corps  took  no  part  in  the  battle.  Al- 
though  sent  for  in  great  haste  at  4  p.  M.,  Crittenden  did 
not  arrive  on  the  field  till  night,  so  that  the  battle  was 
fought  by  about  25,000  men  on  each  side.  The  Federal 
loss  in  killed  was  845,  in  wounded,  2,851,  and  515  miss- 
ing. The  enemy's  loss  was  fully  equal.  Buell  made 
preparations  to  attack  in  the  morning,  but  Bragg  had 
departed  during  the  night,  retiring  toward  Harrodsburg, 
which  he  reached  on  the  evening  of  the  9th. 

On  the  llth,  Bragg's  army  had  concentrated  around  oct.  n. 
Bryantsville,  Kirby  Smith    and    Folk's    other   division  emng  out 
having  been  called  in  haste.     On  the  13th,  Bragg  moved  °,flck^en~ 
rapidly  to  get  out  of  Kentucky,  passing  through  Lan- 
caster, Mt.  Vernon,  and  Barboursville.     By  the  26th  his 
whole  army  had  passed  Cumberland  Gap.     Buell  at  once 
sent  his  columns  in  pursuit ;  but  he  soon  saw  that  Bragg 
had  too  much  the  start,  and  gave  up  the  chase.     Bragg 
returned  to  the  vicinity  of  Knoxville,  and  Buell  through  Br!lgg  res'8 

atKnoxville 

Bowling  Green  to  Lebanon,  Tenn.     Bragg's  invasion  of and   But!l1 
Kentucky  was  a  failure,  except  in  capturing  from  his 
" dear  friends"  all  the  cattle,  swine,  horses,  mules,  and 
provisions  he   could    carry  away.     It  is  said    that   his 
booty  made  a  wagon  train  fifty  miles  long. 

Oct.  30,  General   Buell  was  relieved  of  command,  JevasRose- 
and    General   Rosecrans    took  his  place.     He  at  once crans- 
began   concentrating  the   army  around    Nashville,  Mc- 
Cook's  corps  reaching  that  place  Nov.  6. 


CHAPTER    X. 

CORINTH    TO    ARKANSAS    POST. 
GRANT. 

T  IT  7"HEN  Halleck's  army  broke  up  at  Corinth,  in 
V  V  June,  Sherman  proceeded  to  Memphis,  still 

under  Grant,  who  now  commanded  the  Army  of  the 
The  break-  Tennessee,  and  the  Army  of  the  Mississippi.  Hal- 
Haiieck-s°f  leck  had  gone  to  Washington,  superseding  McClellan  as 
army  at  General-in-Chief,  and  Pope  had  gone  to  command  the 

Corinth.  _  r 

"Army  of  Virginia."  The  divisions  of  Hurlbut  and 
Ord  were  stationed  at  Bolivar,  the  army  under  Rose- 
crans,  formerly  Pope's  command,  was  at  Corinth,  the  re- 
mainder of  Grant's  forces  at  Jackson,  Tenn.  Grant  had 
about  40,000  men  in  his  department.  The  division 
commanders  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  were  Gener- 
als Sherman,  McPherson,  Ord,  and  Hurlbut;  of  Rose- 
crans'  army,  Generals  Hamilton,  Stanley,  Davis,  and 
McKean. 

On  Aug.  30,  General  Price  sent  a  cavalry  brigade  un- 

Ang.    30.  * 

Boiivar,  der  General  Armstrong  to  feel  of  the  Federals  at  Bolivar. 
A  brigade  of  Federal  cavalry  came  out  to  meet  them, 
and  a  sharp  engagement  followed,  lasting  several  hours. 
They  were  at  one  time  at  close  quarters  with  the  sabre, 
but  the  enemy  was  finally  defeated.  The  Federals 
returned  at  night,  rejoining  the  main  body  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Hatchie.  Armstrong,  moving  to  the  west- 

Aug.  31.  ward,  attacked  a  small  body  of  Federals  at  Medon  Sta- 
tion on  the  31st.  Here  he  was  again  repulsed,  when  he 
returned  toward  the  Hatchie.  A  brigade  under  Colonel 

(202) 


GRANT.  203 


Dennis  was  then  sent  after  him,  and  overtook  him  Sept. 
1  at  Britton's  Lane.     Although  much  inferior  in  strength  Sep~. 
to  the  Confederates,  who  turned  and  attacked  him  sav-  f^0'8 
agely,  Dennis  repulsed  them  in  repeated  charges,  when 
they   retired,   having   suffered    severely.      This    ended 
Armstrong's  campaign.  Scpt   13 

On    Sept.    13,  Price    advanced    toward    luka,  with  The  enemy 
about  14,000  men.     Colonel  Murphy,  in  command  of  a  iing   price 
Federal  brigade  there,  withdrew  on  the  appoach  of  Price,  a 
who  took  possession,  and  called  upon  Van  Dorn  to  join 
him  in  an  attack  on  Corinth.     It  was  to  prevent  this 
junction  that  Grant*  proceeded  at  once  to  attack  Price 
with  the  divisions  of  Stanley  and  Hamilton,  under  Rose- 
crans, numbering  about  9,000  men,  and  6,000  under  Ord, 
brought  from  Bolivar  and  Jackson.     Rosecrans  was  sent 
to  attack  from  the  south  while  Ord  should  assail  Price 
from  the  north.     On  the  18th  Grant  was  at  Burns ville 
waiting  to  hear  from  Rosecrans.     Ord  had  reached  the 
point  assigned  him,  and  was  to  lead  the  attack  on  the 
morning  of  the  19th;  but  unfortunately  Rosecrans  found  ^ 
muddy  roads,  and  sending  Grant  word  that  he  would  be 
greatly  delayed  thereby,  he  struggled  on,  but  did  not 
reach  the  vicinity  of  luka  until  the  middle  of  the  after- 
noon of  the  19th. 

Grant  had  sent  word  to  Ord  to  wait  the  booming  of 
Rosecrans'  guns.  Price  was  too  sharp  to  let  the  chance 
slip,  and  at  once  attacked  Rosecrans  before  he  was 
hardly  in  position;  but  although  largely  outnumbering 
the  Federals,  he  could  not  drive  them.  Hamilton's  di- 
vision in  the  advance  sustained  the  shock,  and  repulsed 
the  attack  of  Price's  whole  force,  Sullivan's  brigade  of 
this  division  performing  wonders.  The  battle  was  des- 
perate, and  ra^ed  till  dark ;  but  Price  was  repulsed,  and  Price  de- 

feated. 

during  the  night  he  evacuated  luka. 

Ord  had  not  heard  Rosecrans'  guns,  a  strong  north 


204  GllAttT. 

is  an.  wind  prevailing,  and  he  did  riot  know  of  the  battle  until 
midnight,  Rosecrans'  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was 
about  750 ;  that  of  the  enemy,  about  1,400,  including 
Death  of  350  prisoners.  General  Henry  L.  Little,  commanding  a 
Little.  division  of  the  enemy,  was  among  the  killed.  He  had 
formerly  been  a  captain  in  the  United  States  army,  and 
had  served  in  the  Mexican  war.  Both  Rosecrans  and 
Ord  entered  luka  the  following  morning.  Being  unable 
to  pursue,  Grant  at  once  ordered  llosecrans  back  to 
Corinth  and  Ord  to  Bolivar,  removing  his  own  headquar- 
ters to  Jackson. 

Price  now  proceeded  to  form  "junction  with  Van 
Dorn.  They  met  at  Ripley  on  the  28th  of  September, 
and  at  once  began  a  movement  upon  Corinth  with  the 
latter  in  command.  They  reached  Pocahontas  October 
1,  crossing  the  Hatchie  river,  where  Van  Dorn  left  a 
small  force  of  cavalry  to  guard  the  bridge,  and  pushed 
corinth.  4  forward,  encamping  Oct.  2  at  Chewalla,  while  his  pickets 
reached  well  toward  Corinth,  coming  in  contact  with  the 
Federal  outposts,  which  fact  was  quickly  made  known  to 
the  Federal  commander.  Rosecrans  had  about  18,000 
men. 

The  extensive  works  built  by  Beauregard  and  im- 
proved by  Halleck  to  accommodate  his  100,000  men, 
had  been  modified  so  that  they  could  the  better  be  de- 
fended by  the  small  army  under  Rosecrans.  The  works 
consisted  of  redoubts  and  forto,  connected  by  breast- 
works and  abatis.  The  force  under  Van  Dorn  numbered 
about  25,000  men  in  three  strong  divisions.  Price's  two 
divisions  were  under  Maury  and  Herbert;  the  other  di- 
vision was  commanded  by  Lovell.  The  first-named 
formed  the  enemy's  center,  the  second  his  left,  the  last 
his  right. 

Rosecrans  moved  outside  of  his  works  when  informed 
of  the  enemy's  approach,  posting  McKean's  division 


GRANT.  205 

across  the  Memphis  Railroad  west  of  the  town,  Davis's 
division  on  McKean's  right,  and  Hamilton  still  farther 
to  the  right,  with  Stanley's  division  in  reserve.     On  the 
morning  of  the  3d,  Van  Dorn  began  the  attack  with  Lov- 
ell's  division,  upon  McKean.     Oliver's  brigade  of  Davis's 
division  had  been  brought  to  strengthen  the  Federal  left. 
Soon  afterward  Maury  opened  upon  Davis,  Herbert  upon 
Hamilton,  and  the  battle  became  general  all  along  the 
line.     Oliver's  brigade  occupied  an  advanced  redoubt,  the 
fire  from  which  was  proving  disastrous  to  Lovell,  who 
now  heavily  attacked  it.     McArthur's  brigade  of  Mc- 
Kean's division  reinforced  Oliver.     Davis  at  the  same 
time  was  furiously  assailed  by  a  largely  superior  force ; 
and  with  Oliver  absent,  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that 
his  men  withstood   the   onset.     The    combatants   were 
within  short  musket  range.     Both  sides  were  stubborn, 
and  fought  with  great  determination,  but  McKean  was 
at  last  compelled  to  yield  the  redoubt  and  retire.     This 
exposed  Davis's  left  flank,  of  which  Maury  at  once  took 
advantage,  when  Davis  also  was  compelled  to  fall  back 
to  conform  to  McKean's  movement.     The  fury  of  the 
enemy  was  soon  spent,  and  there  came  a  lull,  which  en- 
abled both  sides  to  restore  their   lines,   the    Federals 
forming  new  lines  some  distance  in  the  rear  of  the  first. 
At  about  2  p.  M.  Van  Dorn  renewed  the  attack.     Lov- 
ell assailed  McKean  as  savagely  as  before,  and  this  time 
Van  Dorn  made  strenuous  efforts  to  break  the  Federal 
center,  Herbert's  division  joining  Maury  against  Davis. 
Hamilton  endeavored  to  flank  the  enemy's  left,  but  ac- 
complished little  on  account  of  the  dense   woods   and 
underbrush.     Meantime  Davis's  troops  were  experienc- 
ing a  terrible  conflict  with  largely  superior  numbers,  and 
would   have  been  driven  but  for  the  timely  arrival  of 
Stanley.     Even  with  this  reinforcement,  Davis  was  still 
outnumbered,  and  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  he 


206  GRANT. 

186  a.   maintained  his  ground  until  dark,  when  the  combatants 
rested.     Two  of  Davis's  brigade  commanders  had  fallen, 


General     General  Hackelman  being  killed,  and  General  Oarlesby 

Hackelman  J 

killed.       badly  wounded. 

During  the  night,  Rosecrans  rearranged  and  con- 
tracted his  lines.  The  colored  fugitives  worked  all  night 
for  dear  life,  throwing  up  new  breastworks  and  strength- 
ening old  ones,  and  building  a  new  redoubt  on  the  Boli- 
var road,  afterward  named  Fort  Richardson.  Hamilton 
still  held  the  right,  but  had  been  brought  to  the  rear, 
and  was  facing  north.  He  was  joined  as  before  by  Davis 
on  his  left.  Stanley's  troops  were  placed  in  line  on 
Davis's  left,  with  McKean,  whose  line  reached  over  Col- 
lege Hill  to  the  southwest  of  Corinth,  on  the  extreme 
left. 

At  daylight  on  the  4th,  Price  opened  a  heavy  artil- 
lery fire  upon  the  Federal  center  ;  but  by  some  misman- 
agement, Van  Dorn  did  not  at  once  attack  with  infantry. 
The  Federal  artillery,  being  excellently  served,  soon 
silenced  the  enemies  batteries;  the  fire  of  the  sharp- 
shooters, however,  gradually  increased  to  a  battle.  At 
about  9:30  A.  M.  Herbert's  division  advanced,  his  left 
against  Fort  Powell,  which  was  defended  by  a  portion  of 
Hamilton's  men,  his  right  against  Fort  Richardson.  The 
assault  was  most  determined,  the  Federal  fire  incessant 
and  terribly  destructive,  the  Southern  soldiers  being  lit- 
erally mowed  down.  Rapidly  reinforced  by  Maury, 
those  that  have  not  fallen  bravely  press  forward,  and 
reach  the  parapet  in  the  face  of  a  death-dealing  fire. 
Here  a  fearful  struggle  takes  place  Many  artillerists 
fell  while  yet  by  their  guns.  At  last  overpowered,  the 
Federals  give  way,  and  the  fort  is  taken.  Fort  Powell 
is  also  taken. 

Rosecrans,  in  the  midst  of  his  retreating  soldiers, 
strives  to  rally  them.  A  small  force  of  the  enemy  not 


GRANT.  207 

yet  exhausted  reaches  the  streets  of  Corinth,  but  in  isea. 
great  confusion.  Rosecrans  has  succeeded  in  rallying 
the  scattered  troops,  and  leading  a  charge  the  enemy 
is  quickly  driven  back.  Hamilton  now  takes  the  enemy 
in  flank,  and  recaptures  Fort  Powell.  Davis,  reinforcing 
his  center,  gallantly  charges,  recapturing  Fort  Richard- 
son. In  vain  does  the  disappointed  and  maddened  foe 
charge,  and  reinforced,  charge  again  to  retake  it;  but  he 
is  finally  repulsed,  and  with  dreadful  loss. 

The  fighting  has  also  become  desperate  between 
Maury's  men  and  Stanley's  division.  The  enemy  suc- 
ceed in  taking  some  outer  breastworks  at  this  point, 
but  are  stopped  by  two  strong  redoubts,  and  finally 
forced  to  retire.  At  11  A.  M.  Van  Dorn  ordered  a  re- 
treat. This  had  been  a  fierce  battle,  the  slaughter  great. 
Van  Dorn  was  utterly  defeated,  and  his  army  fearfully 
punished.  McPherson  arrived  with  a  brigade  from  re*reats,°r 
Jackson  just  as  the  battle  ended.  ""^If  de" 

«  feated. 

The  loss  of  the  enemy  in  killed  was  about  1,400, 
and  it  was  estimated  that  5,000  were  wounded.  2,200 
prisoners  were  captured  by  the  Federals.  Rosecrans' 
loss  was  340  killed,  1,809  wounded,  and  230  missing. . 
The  enemy  reached  Chewalla  in  great  disorder  on  the 
morning  of  the  4th,  but  the  Federals  were  unable  to 
pursue  till  the  next  day,  all  being  exhausted  by  the  aw- 
ful struggle. 

On  the  morning  of  the  5th,  Van  Dorn  pushed  on  for  Qct   5 
the  Big  Hatchie  River,  hoping  to  cross  at  Davies  Bridge  MS  Hat- 

chie   River, 

in  advance  of  the  Federals ;  but  the  Federal  general,  or  ' 
Hurlbut,  had  left  Bolivar,  by  order  of  General  Grant, 
that  morning,  to  take  possession  of  the  bridge.  Van 
Dorn's  advance  reached  the  bridge  first,  but  Hurlbut 
was  at  Matamoras,  a  height  that  commanded  the  passage 
of  the  river.  A  brigade  of  the  enemy  crossed  the 
bridge,  and  attempted  to  drive  Hurlbut  from  his  position, 
but  was  driven  back  in  disorder. 


208  GRANT. 

i*«».  General  Ord,  who  was  in  command  at  Bolivar,  was 
on  the  way  with  more  troops  to  assist  Hurlbut,  and 
reached  Matamoras  in  advance  of  his  troops  just  as  the 
enemy  had  been  repulsed.  He  at  once  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  Federals,  and  charging,  drove  the 
enemy  still  farther  back  across  the  river,  capturing  the 
bridge.  General  Ord  was  wounded  in  the  charge,  and 
Hurlbut  resumed  command.  The  Federals  held  the 
bridge  against  every  attempt  of  the  Confederates  to  dis- 
lodge them,  and  Van  Dora  was  finally  compelled  to  seek 
another  crossing. 

Precious  time  was  lost  by  Rosecrans,  who  was  fol- 
lowing. He  took  the  wrong  road  at  first,  and  did  not 
get  up  in  time  to  attack  while  Hurlbut  held  Van  Dora 
in  check.  The  latter,  being  unable  to  force  a  passage  at 
Davies  Bridge,  and  knowing  that  Rosecrans  would  be 
upon  him  soon,  turned  toward  Crum's  Mill  Bridge,  and 
succeeded  in  crossing  at  that  point  and  reaching  Ripley 

Price  es-  on  the  morning  of  the  6th.  Rosecrans  arrived  there  on 
the  8th,  but  it  was  too  late ;  the  enemy  was  far  away. 
Notwithstanding  his  inability  to  overtake  Van  Dora,  he 
had  won  a  glorious  victory.  Rosecrans  returned  to 
Corinth,  and  soon  after  succeeded  Buell  in  command  of 

superseded  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.     Van  Dorn  did  not  please 
r"  his  government,  and  Pemberton  was  placed  over  him. 
On  Nov.  2,  Grant  began  his  movement  against  the 

Nov     2 

Grant's  enemy  under  General  J.  C.  Pemberton,  who  had  formerly 
toward™'  been  an  officer  in  the  United  States  army,  and  had 
rg.  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  where  Grant  had  known 
him.  Three  divisions  were  brought  from  Corinth,  under 
General  C.  S.  Hamilton,  and  two  divisions  from  Bolivar, 
under  General  J.  B.  McPherson,  both  forces  proceeding 
to  Grand  Junction.  General  Sherman  also  joined  Grant 
soon  after,  coming  from  Memphis  with  about  15,000 
men.  Grant's  army  was  thus  increased  to  about  40,000. 


GRANT.  209 


On  the  13th  of  November,  his  advance  reached  Holly 
Springs.  Pemberton  was  on  the  Tallahatchie  at  Abbe- 
ville and  Wyatt.  Grant  reached  the  vicinity  of  the 
enemy's  position  Nov.  29,  and  on  Dec.  1  Pemberton 
withdrew  to  Grenada,  the  Federals  following  as  far  as 
Oxford.  Grant's  cavalry,  going  still  farther,  had  a 
sharp  fisrht  with  the  enemy  near  Coffeeville  on  the  5th.  Dec-  5- 

J  Coffeeville. 

Grant  now  desired  to  place  a  force  between  Pemberton 
and  Vicksburg,  and  after  correspondence  with  Halleck, 
Sherman  proceeded  to  Memphis  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing  a  strong  force,  with  which  he  was  to  move 
by  boats  down  the  Mississippi  and  up  the  Yazoo,  in 
order  to  cut  Pemberton  off  from  Vicksburg.  Sherman, 
taking  with  him  the  division  of  General  M.  L.  Smith, 
arrived  at  Memphis  Dec.  12,  and  at  once  began  prepara-  Dec.  12. 
tions  for  the  proposed  expedition.  Memphis. 

On  Dec.  19,  Grant  learned  that  Van  Dorn,  with 
about  5,000  cavalry,  was  raiding  in  his  rear.  He  at 
once  telegraphed,  or  dispatched  couriers,  to  all  the  sup- 
ply depots  and  outposts  to  be  on  guard.  Colonel  Mur- 
phy, in  command  at  Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  received 
Grant's  dispatch  on  the  evening  of  the  19th  ;  but  taking 
no  heed  he  went  to  sleep.  Van  Dorn  charged  suddenly 
into  the  town  on  the  morning  of  the  20th,  capturing  Dcc  ^ 
many  of  the  officers  in  bed.  and  made  nearly  the  whole  Holly 

:  .  .  Springs  dis- 

garrison  prisoners.  The  garrison  numbered  about  1,500,  aster. 
and  all  were  paroled.  He  then  proceeded  to  destroy  the 
supply  depot  containing  a  large  quantity  of  provisions, 
burned  the  arsenal,  railroad  station,  and  several  trains 
of  cars,  and  altogether  did  immense  damage.  Grant  had 
started  4,000  troops  to  reinforce  Murphy  ;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  an  accident  to  the  railroad  train,  they  did  not 
reach  the  ground  until  Van  Dorn  had  departed,  he  hav- 
ing hastily  withdrawn  the  same  evening.  But  that  did 
not  excuse  Murphy,  who  had  sufficient  force  to  easily 

14 


210  GRANT. 

defend  his  post  until  reinforcements  could  arrive.     On 


DecT~2i.     the  21st  Van  Dorn  attacked  the  post  at  Davis's  Mill, 

Davids      which  was  defended  by  only  250  Federal  soldiers,  and 

was  repulsed.     Several  other  small  garrisons  were  also 

attacked,  but  he  was  everywhere  driven  oif.     The  cap- 

ture of  Holly  Springs  was  his  only  success. 

Forrest,  with   about   3,500   men,  was  at  the  same 

time  raiding  upon  Grant's  communications  in  Western 

Forrest  in  Tennessee.     About  the  middle  of  December  he  crossed 

"  the  Tennessee  River  at  Clifton,  and  proceeded  to  destroy 

an  important  branch  of  railroad  running  from  Humboldt 

to  Columbus,  Ky.    General  Sullivan  started  from  Jackson 

in  pursuit.     One  brigade  under  Colonel  Dunham  overtook 

parked    Forrest  on  the  30th  at  Parker's  Cross  Roads.     Forrest 

cross        turned  upon  him  savagely,  and  a  fierce  engagement  fol- 

lowed.    Forrest's   numbers  were  greatly  superior,  and 

Dunham  began  to  feel  that  he  must  be  utterly  defeated, 

when  just  in  time  to  prevent  disaster,  General  Sullivan 

routed.       came  to  his  aid.     In  an  instant  the  scene  changes.     The 

exultant  foe  is  checked,  then  he  is  driven,  and  finally 

routed.      The    Federal    loss   was    200   in   killed    and 

wounded;  the  loss  of  the  enemy,  including  prisoners, 

was  about  500. 

The  destruction  of  his  depots  at  Holly  Springs, 
together  with  the  near  approach  of  winter,  determined 
Grant  Grant  to  move  backward.  His  army  returned  to  Grand 
Junction  and  La  Grange  in  the  latter  part  of  December. 
For  more  than  a  week  his  communication  and  his  source 
of  supplies  had  been  cut  off  from  the  North,  obliging 
his  army  to  subsist  on  the  products  of  the  country  where 
they  were.  Pemberton  now  retired  to  Vicksburg,  hav- 
ing learned  of  Sherman's  plans. 

shemS's         General  Sherman  left  Memphis  Dec.  20  with  about 
expedition  30  000  men  in  three  divisions  under  A.  J.  Smith,  M.  L. 

against. 

.  Smith,  and  Geo.  W.  Morgan,  and  proceeded  down  the 


GRANT.  211 


river  in  transports.  The  troops  under  General  Curtis, 
which  had  been  operating  in  Missouri,  and  were  now  at 
Helena,  had  been  transferred  to  Grant's  command.  This 
force  was  taken  on  board  by  Sherman,  and  placed  under 
command  of  General  Frederick  Steele.  This  addition 
increased  Sherman's  army  to  about  42,000  men.  The 
expedition  reached  Milliken's  Bend  on  the  evening  of  the 
24th,  and  was  joined  here  by  Commodore  Porter's  fleet. 
Proceeding  up  the  Yazoo  —  which  empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi nine  miles  above  Vicksburg  —  on  the  26th,  the 
army  was  landed  by  the  morning  of  the  27th  upon  the  ^ck 
only  ground  .  available,  —  apiece  of  land  lying  between  Bayou. 
the  Yazoo  and  Chickasaw  Bayou,  —  when  skirmishing 
with  the  enemy  immediately  began.  Sherman  could 
not  use  one  half  his  troops,  in  consequence  of  swamps 
and  overflowed  land.  On  the  28th,  General  M.  L. 
Smith  fell,  dangerously  wounded  by  one  of  the  enemy's 
skirmishers. 

On  the  29th,  Blair's  brigade  of  Steele's  division  was 
ordered  to  attack  the  enemy's  works  on  Chickasaw 
Bayou.  He  began  the  assault  about  noon,  charging  in 
the  face  of  a  terrible  fire.  His  soldiers  press  forward 
without  faltering  and  capture  the  first  and  second  lines 
of  rifle-pits  ;  but  here  they  are  checked.  The  enemy's 
position  back  of  this  is  almost  impregnable.  De  Cour- 
cey's  brigade  was  sent  to  his  relief,  but  it  needed  a 
dozen  brigades  to  accomplish  the  desired  object.  De 
Courcey  was  forced  back,  and  Blair  was  soon  after  com- 
pelled to  retire,  his  brigade  having  suffered  fearfully. 
Their  loss  had  been  about  1,500  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners.  The  whole  Federal  loss  was  about  2,000. 

General  Sherman  now  became  satisfied  that  this  was 
not  the  point  at  which  Vicksburg  could  be  successfully 
attacked,  although  on  the  31st  he  contemplated  making 
another  trial  at  Haynes  Bluff,  by  a  night  attack,  but 
dark  nights  and  dense  fogs  prevented  ;  and  learning  of 


212  GRANT. 


1803.   Grant's  retreat,  he  again  embarked  his  troops,  Jan.  2, 
an.~7      1863,  and  set  sail  for  Milliken's  Bend.     At  the  mouth 


Sherman     Qf  ^Q  Yazoo  he  met  a  steamer  with  General  McCler- 

retires. 

nand  on  board,  who  had  an  order  from  the  President  to 
take  command  of  the  expedition. 

On  Jan.  4,  without  debarking,  with  the  exception  of 
a  small  portion  of  the  troops,  McClernand,  at  Sherman's 
suggestion,  proceeded  up  Arkansas  River  for  the  pur- 
pose of  capturing  Fort  Hindman,  formerly  known  as 
Arkansas  Post,  which  was  garrisoned  by  about  5,000 
men  under  General  Churchill.  The  Federals  landed  a 
little  below  the  fort  on  the  9th,  but  in  consequence  of 
the  difficult  approaches,  the  investment  was  not  coin- 
jan.  11.  pleted  until  the  llth,  when,  at  1  p.  M.,  the  attack  began. 
pogt.  '  The  enemy's  troops  were  mostly  Texans,  and  good 

fighters.  They  bravely  disputed  the  Federal  advance, 
but  could  not  resist  an  avalanche.  After  a  hard  fight 
they  were  driven  from  the  outer  works.  The  Federal 
artillery,  together  with  three  gun-boats,  had  dismounted 
all  their  cannon.  Suddenly  the  Federals  cease  firing,  a 
sure  indication  that  a  charge  is  about  to  take  place.  In 
an  instant  Sherman's  corps  on  the  right  and  Morgan's 
on  the  left  spring  forward,  going  right  into  the  fort. 
Churchill  now  surrenders,  further  resistance  being  use- 
less. The  whole  garrison  is  captured.  The  Federal 
loss  is  about  950  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  Federals 
return  to  Milliken's  Bend. 

Grant's  forces  were  about  this  time  divided  into  four 
corps,  numbered  and  officered  as  follows  :  Sherman  in 
command  of  the  15th  Corps,  in  two  divisions,  under 
Steele  and  Stuart;  McClernand  the  13th  Corps,  divis- 
ions, A.  J.  Smith  and  Morgan;  the  16th  and  17th  Corps 
were  under  Hurlbut  and  McPherson. 

We  will  now  leave  the  Mississippi  River  for  a  while, 
and  look^after  Rosecrans  and  minor  operations  in  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee. 


CHAPTER    XI. 

STONE      RIVER. 

ROSECRANS. 

ENERAL  BRAGG  occupied  Murfreesboro  after  his     i  *  c  a . 

return  from  Kentucky  in  October,  going  into  win- 
ter quarters  there.  Rosecrans  had  relieved  Buell  on 
the  30th  of  October,  and  shortly  after  concentrated  his 
army  about  Nashville ;  consequently  there  were  numer- 
ous small  battles  about  Nashville  and  in  that  part  of 
Tennessee.  On  Nov.  7  several  detachments  of  Federal  ^ver^ne 
troops  moved  in  the  direction  of  Murfreesboro.  On  this  Tenn- 
day  General  Kirk  dislodged  the  enemy  under  Wheeler 
at  La  Vergne,  Sheridan  drove  the  enemy  out  of  Nolens- 
ville,  and  Colonel  Hill  defeated  a  body  of  the  enemy  at 
Hartsville.  On  Dec.  7,  at  daylight,  Morgan,  with  about  Dec-  "• 

J      D  Hartsville. 

2,500  men,  attacked  Colonel  Moore  at  Hartsville,  who 
had  three  small  regiments  of  infantry  and  one  of  cavalry. 
The  attack  was  a  complete  surprise,  the  Federals  scarcely 
having  time  to  form  line.     After  a  severe  engagement 
the  Federals  were  routed,  and  the  greater  part  of  them   Federals 
taken   prisoners.     Dec.  12  the   Federal   cavalry  under 
General  Stanley  captured  Franklin,  destroying  the  de-  p^kl^ 
pots  and  mills  which  supplied  Bragg's  army. 

On  Nov.  24,  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who  had   GeneraT 
scarcely  recovered  from  the  wounds  he  received  at  Fair  J°hnstonin 

*  chief    corn- 

Oaks,  was  placed  in  command  of  the  enemy's  forces  un-   mand  of 

der  Bragg,  Kirby  Smith,  and  Pemberton.  At  this  time  ate"  toton 
10,000  men  were  sent  from  Bragg's  army  to  reinforce  ^^J^* 
Pemberton  at  Vicksburg.  Dec.  27,  Morgan,  with  3,000 

(213) 


ROSECRANS, 

men,  captured  Elizabethtown,  Ky.,  and  500  Federals, 
DecT^r.  wno  were  paroled.  Dec.  21,  Federal  General  S.  P. 
Elizabeth-  carter,  with  1,000  cavalry-men,  started  from  London, 

town,     Ky.  . 

Ky.,  on  a  raid  upon  Bragg's  Richmond  communications. 

Entering  Virginia  near    Cumberland  Gap,  he  advanced 

nearly  to  Bristol,  destroying  railroads  and  bridges,  and 

Dec,  so.     capturing  .on  the  30th,  at  Blountsville,  300  Confederates, 

Bioimts-     together  with  their  commander,  Major  McDowell.     Re- 

ville,  Term. 

turning,  he  reached  the  Federal  lines  at  Manchester, 
Ky.,  on  Jan.  6,  1863.  This  was  a  hard  ride  for  the 
boys,  as  they  were  obliged  to  keep  the  saddle  day 
and  night. 

oct.  ir.  Oct.  17,  General   John   Morgan,  still    operating  in 

Lexington,  Kentucky  with   about  3,000    cavalry-men,    defeated   a 
small  body  of  Federals   near  Lexington ;  and  again  on 
the  18th  he  defeated  another  detachment  of  Federals, 
capturing  about  250  prisoners.     But  he  did  not  fare  so 
oct.  23.     well  at  Big  Hill  Pass,  where  on  the  23d  Colonel  McCook 
Pass  HKV    attacked  and  defeated  him,  taking  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  his  men  prisoners. 

Oct.  7.  October  7,  a  brigade  of  the  enemy  under    General 

Ky.  e  '  Anderson  approached  Nashville,  Tenn.,  when  General 
Palmer,  with  his  own  brigade  and  Negley's,  attacked 
him  at  La  Vergne,  and  compelled  him  to  retire.  Forrest 
again  appeared  in  this  neighborhood,  and  on  Oct.  20 
attacked  a  detachment  of  Federal  cavalry  near  the  Cum- 
berland, a  little  below  Nashville.  After  a  spirited  en- 
gagement, he  was  driven  across  the  river.  Soon  after- 
ward, Forrest,  joined  by  Morgan  and  a  Kentucky 
brigade  under  Roger  Hanson,  moved  upon  the  fortifica- 
NOV.  s.  tions  of  Nashville,  and  on  Nov.  5,  at  2  A.  M.,  they 
assaulted  Fort  Negley,  but  were  repulsed  after  a  sharp 
NOV.  10.  fight.  Nov.  10,  at  Rural  Hills,  east  of  Nashville,  a  small 

Rural  Hills.      ° 

body  of  rederal  infantry  repulsed  a  guerrilla  force 
which  attempted  the  capture  of  a  supply  train.  A  few 


ROSECRANS.  215 

days  later  a  part  of  Morgan's  troopers  were  defeated  by   18eif, 
Colonel  Kenneth,  and  considerable  booty  which  they 
had  collected  was  taken  from  them. 

When    General   Rosecrans  relieved   General   Buell, 
the  name  of  that  army  was  changed  from  the  "  Army  of 
the  Ohio"  to  the  "Army  of  the  Cumberland."     General 
Rosecrans,  having  been  for  some  time  making  prepara- 
tions for  an  offensive  movement,  put  his  troops  in  motion  Dec   ^ 
Dec.  26.     He  had  an  army  of  about  45,000  men  of  allR°*e-   " 
arms,  including  a  cavalry  force  of  3,200.     Bragg  was  army  m 
still  at  Murfreesboro  with  Folk's  corps  and  three  bri- m 
gades  of  Hardee's  corps.     The  remainder  of  the  latter  Bragg  at 
corps,  forming   the   left,    was    stationed   at   Eagleville.  bo".' 
McCown's  division  of  Kirby  Smith's  corps  formed  the 
right,  and  was  stationed  at  Readyville.    From  the  left, 
Hardee  stationed  a  division  at  Triune,  for  the  purpose 
of  watching  the  Federals. 

Rosecrans'  army  was  formed  in  three  grand  divisions  : 
Right,  McCook  —  divisions:  Jefferson  C.  Davis,  Johnson, 
and  Sheridan.  Center,  Thomas  —  divisions  :  Negley, 
Rousseau,  Fry,  and  Dumont.  Left,  Crittenden  —  divis- 
ions :  Wood,  Palmer,  and  Van  Cleve.  Cavalry  division, 
Stanley. 

McCook   moved    directly   upon   Hardee's   forces  at 
Triune,  the  other  corps  taking  roads  each  side.     McCook  SJJ^J8' 
met  Hardee's  pickets  a  short  distance  from  Nashville. ville- 
Driving  them  before  him  through  Nolensville,  he  reached 
Triune  on  the  27th,  when  he  found  the  enemy  had  gone 
the  day  before  toward  Murfreesboro.     On  the  29th  the  Dec'  ^  30- 

Cavalry 

Federal  army  reached  the  vicinity  of  Overall's  Creek,  skinnish- 
Rosecrans'    cavalry    securing   the    bridges    before    the in 
enemy  had  time  to  destroy  them.     Crittenden,  on  the 
left,  passed  that  creek  this  same  day,  and  reached  the 
neighborhood  of  the  enemy's  breastworks  on  that  side, 
sending  a  brigade   across    Stone   River  to  reconnoitre. 


216  ROSECRANS. 

1862.  Ascertaining  that  the  enemy  intended  to  hold  their 
ston~  ground,  the  brigade  returned  at  dark,  after  having  put 
River-  to  flight  a  regiment  of  Breckenridge's  division.  Negley's 
division  had  followed  Crittenden,  Rousseau's  division  re- 
maining to  cover  the  rear.  These  two  divisions  com- 
prised Thomas's  corps  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River. 
McCook  reached  Overall's  Creek,  nearly  directly  west  of 
Murfreesboro,  the  same  day,  but  did  not  cross  over  until 
the  30th.  Bragg  had  put  his  army  in  battle  order, 
Hardee's  corps  in  two  divisions  under  Breckenridge  and 
Cleburne  on  the  right  bank  of  Stone  River ;  Folk's  corps, 
composed  of  the  divisions  of  Cheatham  and  Withers,  on 
the  left  bank,  in  front  of  Murfreesboro,  and  to  the  left 
of  Hardee.  McCown's  division  of  Kirby  Smith's  corps 
had  just  arrived,  and  was  placed  on  Folk's  left.  Alto- 
gether the  Confederates  numbered  about  35,000  men; 
the.  Federals  about  43,000. 

Since  the  26th  there  had  been  continuous  fighting, 
the  enemy's  skirmishers  and  cavalry  slowly  falling  back, 
vigorously  disputing  the  Federal  advance.  During  the 
30th,  Bragg  remained  quiet,  which  gave  Rosecrans 
opportunity  to  get  into  position  without  hindrance,  with 
the  exception  of  a  sharp  encounter  just  at  night  on 
McCook's  front,  between  Woodruff's  brigade  and  a 
brigade  of  the  enemy.  The  latter  was  pushed  back, 
McCook  securing  the  desired  ground,  at  a  loss,  however, 
of  about  130  in  killed  and  wounded,  His  three  divisions, 
forming  Rosecrans'  right,  were  now  posted  with  Sheridan 
on  the  left,  Davis  in  the  center,  and  Johnson  on  the 
right.  Thomas's  corps  had  taken  its  place  in  the  center 
of  the  army,  with  Negley  in  line  between  Crittenden 
and  McCook,  and  Rousseau  in  the  rear. 

Rosecrans'  plan  was  to  move  his  left  across  Stone 
River  on  the  31st,  and  attack  Hardee,  leaving  McCook 
and  Thomas  to  take  care  of  the  enemy  on  the  left  bank. 


ROSECRANS.  21  7 


Though    not   knowing   the   plans   of  the  Federal  com- 
mander,  fortunately  for  himself  Bragg  made  a  counter  sto^T" 
movement   unknown    to    Rosecrans.     He   had    ordered  R 
Hardee    to    cross    with    Cleburne's  division  to  the  left 
bank,  which  placed  him  at  Folk's  left,  and  in  command 
also  of  McCown's  division,  so  that  Polk  and   Hardee, 
with  four  fifths  of  Bragg's  army,  were  now  on  the  left 
bank,  Breckenridge's  division  being  alone  upon  the  other 
side. 

At  daylight  on  the  31st,  Van  Cleve's  division  began  Dec.  31. 
crossing  Stone  River.  Wood's  division  was  to  follow. 
Negley's  division  joined  Sheridan's  left,  Palmer  on  Neg- 
ley's  left.  Two  brigades  of  Rousseau's  division  were  held 
in  reserve.  The  other  two  brigades  were  posted 
some  distance  back,  guarding  the  rear.  Van  Cleve's 
division  had  already  crossed  when  heavy  firing  was 
heard  on  the  right.  This  spurred  Rosecrans  to  hasten 
his  movement  on  the  left,  thinking  an  attack  on  Bragg's 
right  would  cause  him  to  draw  from  his  forces  in 
McCook's  front  ;  but  before  Wood  had  crossed,  a  dispatch 
from  McCook  caused  Rosecrans  to  change  his  mind  in- 
stantly, and  Van  Cleve  was  ordered  back  in  haste.  This 
was  Rosecrans'  first  knowledge  of  his  danger. 

McCown's  division  began  the  attack  upon  Johnson 
about  7  A.  M.  The  Federals  were  taken  somewhat  by 
surprise,  and  were  hardly  in  shape  to  receive  the  terrible 
fire  that  was  so  suddenly  opened  upon  them.  Cleburne's 
division  now  moved  forward,  and  joined  in  the  attack. 
Johnson  had  only  two  brigades  on  the  line,  the  other 
one  being  held  in  reserve.  After  a  gallant  fight  of 
nearly  three  quarters  of  an  hour,  some  of  the  time  hand 
to  hand,  the  Federals  were  driven  from  their  position, 
with  a  loss  of  several  pieces  of  artillery.  The  reserve 
brigade  now  came  up,  but  too*  late,  and  Johnson  was 
driven  back  in  disorder.  The  enemy's  cavalry,  under 


218  ROSECRANS. 

186%,  Wharton,  attacked  the  retreating  Federals  on  the  right 
stonT"  flank,  capturing  about  1,000  prisoners.  The  enemy  now 
mver.  pressed  forward  upon  Davis's  division.  After  repelling 
the  first  assault,  causing  the  enemy  fearful  loss,  Davis's 
right  brigade,  being  also  attacked  in  flank,  was  compelled 
to  give  way.  His  next  brigade  fell  back  after  a  desper- 
ate fight,  and  the  third  soon  followed,  bravely  contesting 
every  inch  of  ground.  Davis  rallied  his  troops  a  short 
distance  in  the  rear,  near  a  house  situated  on  a  rising 
piece  of  ground,  and  stubbornly  resisted  until  McCown 
had  swung  around  on  his  flank  and  rear.  At  this  point, 
after  a  desperate  conflict  in  which  he  caused  the  enemy 
heavy  loss,  Davis  was  again  compelled  to  retire  to  the 
left,  being  nearly  surrounded  by  overwhelming  numbers. 
Rosecrans  had  the  most  men,  but  Bragg  the  most  luck. 
Bragg  could  not  have  managed  better  had  Rosecrans' 
plans  been  fully  known  to  him.  He  had  thrown  two 
divisions  against  one,  crushing  it  before  reinforcements 
could  be  had,  and  was  thereby  enabled  to  crowd  back 
McCook's  second  division. 

Soon  after  the  attack  upon  Davis,  Polk  moved  for- 
ward, Cheatham  against  Sheridan,  Withers  upon  Negley. 
Sheridan  had  a  good  position,  and  he  knew  how  to  hold 
it.  The  enemy  attacked  him  fiercely,  but  after  suffering 
fearful  loss,  was  repulsed.  Cheatham  now  pushed  for- 
ward his  reserves,  and  was  again  driven  back  by  a 
terrific  fire.  The  very  earth  quaked  under  the  crash  of 
Sheridan's  guns.  At  this  moment  one  of  Sheridan's 
brigades,  under  Sill,  charges  the  confederates,  throwing 
Death  of  them  into  great  disorder.  The  brave  Sill  falls,  mortally 
Joshua  w.  wounded.  Withers  had  sent  one  brigade  against  Negley, 
which  was  repulsed  with  awful  slaughter,  nearly  200 
out  of  the  400  engaged  being  killed  or  wounded  in  one 
regiment — the  13th  Mississippi. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  Davis  had  been  compelled 


ROSECRANS.  219 


to  retire  from  the  house  where  he  had  made  a  stand, 
thus  uncovering  Sheridan's  right  flank,  and  now,  about  ston 
9  :  30  A.  M.,  Sheridan  must  contend  with  Cleburne,  Me-  Eivcr- 
Gowns,  and  a  portion  of  Cheatham's  division.  In  the 
face  of  all  this  he  and  his  brave  veterans  do  not  falter  j 
but,  under  a  terrible  fire,  Sheridan  reforms  his  lines  so  as 
to  accommodate  the  whole  crowd,  and  Hardee  asks  Bragg 
for  help.  Withers  is  at  once  ordered  to  pitch  into  poor 
Phil  also.  Palmer  and  Negley's  left  are  now  attacked 
by  Polk,  and  the  battle  rages  furiously.  Sheridan  suc- 
cessfully resists  all  Hardee's  efforts  for  an  hour,  thus 
protecting  the  center,  and  enabling  Rosecrans  to  correct 
his  lines.  Sheridan's  brigade  commanders,  Roberts, 
Schaeffer,  and  Sill,  have  all  been  killed.  His  division 
has  been  forced  back  so  that  it  now  faces  west,  back  to 
back  with  Negley's. 

Sheridan's  ammunition  begins  to  fail;  his  ranks  are 
thinned,  and  at  last  he  is  compelled  to  fall  back.  Negley 
is  also  forced  backward.  Rousseau's  division  now  comes 
to  relieve  Sheridan,  whose  soldiers  are  allowed  to  take 
a  little  rest.  Rosecrans  and  Thomas  are  first  here, 
then  there,  always  in  the  thickest  of  the  battle.  Pal- 
mer's division,  on  the  Federal  left,  his  left  extending  to 
Round  Forest,  was  attacked  by  Withers  at  the  time 
Sheridan  and  Negley  fell  back,  and  his  two  brigades  on 
the  right  were  driven  ;  but  Hazen,  in  command  of  the 
other  brigade,  held  his  ground  against  repeated  charges. 
Sheridan  and  Hazen  are  credited  with  having  saved  the 
Federal  army  from  defeat.  Van  Cleve's  division  had 
arrived  from  across  Stone  River,  and  was  fighting  on  the 
right  of  the  engineer  brigade,  which  was  doing  brave 
work  with  the  musket  on  Rousseau's  right.  Wood's 
division  was  fighting  in  different  parts  of  the  field,  going 
in  detachments  where  most  needed.  The  battle  which 
had  raged  unceasingly  since  7  o'clock,  was  reduced 


220  ROSECRANS. 

1862.  to  a  heavy  musketry  fire  from  noon  until  2  p.  M.     Dur- 
stonT"      ing  this  time  Rosecrans  improved  his  position,  by  ex- 
Rivcr>        tending  his  new  line  along  the  Nashville  Railroad,  which 
runs  from  Murfreesboro  to  the  Northwest,  and  by  con- 
centrating Palmer's  division  on  the  position  so  well  de- 
fended  by  llazen,   with    Wagner's    brigade  of   Wood's 
division  connecting  Hazen's  left  with  the  river. 

At  2  P.  M.  the  battle  again  becomes  a  carnage  ;  but 
the  Federals  are  now  all  together.  The  enemy  again 
attack,  meeting  with  a  deadly  fire.  Nearly  a  whole 
brigade  is  destroyed  in  the  desperate  charge.  Brecken- 
ridge  has  brought  two  fresh  brigades  over  the  river,  and 
joins  in  the  new  attack  at  Round  Forest,  where  the 
enemy  are  frantically  endeavoring  to  break  the  Federal 
lines.  In  desperation  Bragg  throws  his  last  men  into 
the  fight,  but  it  is  of  no  avail.  The  Union  soldiers 
stand  firm,  repelling  charge  after  charge.  The  battle 
.  rages  along  the  whole  line  till  dark,  when  firing  gradually 
ceases,  and  night  ends  one  of  the  most  terrible  conflicts 
of  the  war. 

1863.  January  1,  1863,  there  was  no  fighting,  each  side 

an'  **  taking  needed  rest.  Rosecrans,  however,  resumed  his 
first  plan  of  attacking  the  enemy's  right  across  Stone 
River,  and  posted  Van  Cleve's  division  on  the  right 
bank  during  the  day.  On  the  morning  of  January  2, 
Bragg  determined  to  dislodge  this  force.  About  4  P.  M., 
Breckenridge,  with  five  strong  brigades,  attacked  Van 
Cleve's  two  brigades,  which  had  advanced  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  river ;  and  so  impetuous  was  this  assault 
that  before  reinforcements  could  reach  them,  the  Feder- 
als were  driven  back  to  the  river,  a  part  of  them  cross- 
ing in  some  confusion.  Immediately  Rosecrans  hastened 
Palmer's  division  across,  which  attacked  Breckenridge 
with  vigor,  throwing  his  troops  into  great  disorder. 
Negley's  division  followed,  and  Breckenridge  was  soon 


RO  SEC  KAN'S.  221 

routed.     Meanwhile  the  Federal  artillery,  posted  on  the   i««3. 
left  bank,  was  doing  fearful  execution  in  the  ranks  of  ston~ 
the  enemy. 

During  this  engagement,  a  savage  artillery  battle 
was  going  on  between  Polk  and  the  Federals  in  his  front, 
ceasing  with  the  defeat  of  Breckenridge.  The  battle  of 
Stone  River  was  now  at  an  end.  Bragg  retreated  to 
Murfreesboro  on  the  3d,  and  on  the  5th  to  Duck  River. 
Rosecrans  occupied  Murfreesboro  that  day,  but  did  not 
pursue  farther.  The  Federal  loss  in  the  battle  of  Stone 
River  was  about  1,500  killed,  7,500  wounded,  and  3,000 
prisoners  ;  total  12,000.  Bragg's  loss  was  about  14,000 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing.  Generals  Wood,  Van 
Cleve,  and  Kirk  were  among  the  Federal  wounded  ;  and 
Generals  Sill  and  Schaeffer,  and  Colonel  Geo.  W.  Roberts  Death  or 
were  among  the  killed.  General  Willich  was  taken  ^le"er!1 

Schaeffer, 

prisoner.     Colonel  Roberts  was  the  officer  who  led  the  anrt  coiond 
detachment   that   spiked    the    enemy's   guns  at  Island 
Number  Ten  (see  Navy).     Among  the  enemy's  killed 
were  Generals  Roger  W.  Hanson  and  James  Rains.     The  Death  or 
latter  was  a  graduate  of  West   Point,  and  had  served 
in  the  United  States  army  before  the  war. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

VICKSBURQ. 

GRANT. 

.  T  T  7~E  left  General  Grant,  whose  headquarters  have 
V  V  been  at  Memphis  since  Jan.  10,  withdrawing 
from  Pemberton's  front  at  Grenada,  Sherman  and  Mc- 
Clernand  at  Milliken's  Bend.  On  the  arrival  of  the  latter 
from  the  Arkansas  River  expedition,  Grant  joined  them 
with  the  17th  Corps  under  McPherson  (the  16th  Corps 
having  been  left  at  Memphis  under  Hurlbut)  ,  and  imme- 
diately began  operations  against  Vicksburg  from  that 
point.  McClernand  now  returned  to  his  own  corps. 

A  new  channel,  called  the  Williams's  Canal,  across 
a  neck  of  land  made  by  a  bend  in  the  river  opposite 
Vicksburg,  had  been  begun  by  the  Federals  in  1862,  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  the  river  a  new  course,  which  would 
leave  Vicksburg  an  inland  town,  and  render  that  strong- 
hold powerless  to  blockade  the  river.  The  completion 
Grant  at  of  this  channel  was  undertaken  by  Grant  in  February, 


™rg-  ig63  An  immense  amount  of  work  was  done  in  this 
direction,  when  on  March  8  the  waters  of  the  great 
river,  as  if  indignant  at  this  meddling  with  their  natural 
course,  broke  down  the  dam  at  the  entrance  of  the 
channel.  Instantly  it  was  filled  to  the  overflowing  of 
its  banks,  rendering  it  useless.  All  the  labor  and  time 
spent  upon  it  was  destroyed  in  a  moment.  The  camps 
were  inundated,  causing  a  great  loss  in  provisions  and 
ammunition.  The  work  was  given  up. 

In  the  meantime  Grant  was  endeavoring  to  find  a 

(223) 


GRANT.  223 


water  passage  around  Vicksburg  on  both  sides  of  the 
Mississippi  :  on  the  right  bank  about  seventy  miles 
above  Vicksburg,  via  Lake  Providence,  Bayou  Baxter, 
Bayou  Macon,  the  Washita  River,  Tensas  River,  and 
Red  River  ;  on  the  left  bank,  via  Yazoo  Pass,  Moon  ins  to  find 

a  water  pas- 

Lake,  Cold  water  River,  and  Tallahatchie  River.  The  sage  around 
Lake  Providence  route  was  abandoned,  after  about  six 
weeks  had  been  spent  in  the  struggle.  Soldiers  had 
worked  in  water  and  mud,  suffering  greatly.  McPher- 
son's  whole  army  corps  was  engaged  in  this  effort.  The 
Yazoo  Pass  route  was  also  abandoned  on  March  27. 
The  operations  in  this  direction  were  attended  by  con- 
siderable fighting. 

On  Feb.  2  the  dam,  or  levee,  obstructing  the  Yazoo 
Pass  was  opened,  and  soon  after  two  gun-boats,  the 
Chillicothe  and  De  Kalb,  accompanied  by  two  regiments  of 
sharpshooters  and  Ross's  division  of  McClernand's  corps, 
on  transports,  entered  Moon  Lake.  The  expedition 
succeeded  in  entering  Coldwater  River  March  2,  and  on 
March  10  reached  the  Tallahatchie.  On  this  river,  near 
the  'village  of  Greenwood,  the  enemy  had  erected  a 
fortification  called  Fort  Pemberton.  When  the  Federals 
arrived  at  this  point,  they  found  the  water  had  overflowed 
the  approach  to  the  fort,  and  they  could  only  attack 
with  the  gun-boats.  The  Chillicothe  opened  fire  the  llth,  MarchiM4. 
but  after  suffering  considerable  damage  from  the  enemy's  Jjj^*" 
shot,  was  obliged  to  withdraw.  The  De  Kalb  renewed 
the  attack  on  the  13th,  silencing  the  guns  of  the  fort; 
but  the  inability  to  land  the  infantry  rendered  this  of  no 
avail. 

At  the  same  time  Porter,  with  a  strong  division  of 
the  navy,  was  trying  still  another  route  —  via  Steele's 
Bayou,  Black  Bayou,  Deer  Creek,  Rolling  Fork,  and 
Sunflower  River  to  the  Yazoo.  He  entered  Steele's 
Bayou  on  March  14.  Grant,  learning  of  the  check  to 


224  GRANT. 

the  Tallahatchie  expedition,  ordered  Sherman  to  follow 

_  '   Porter,  and  by  that  direction  go  to  its  relief,  after  assist- 

vicksbnrg.  ing  porter  to  reach  the  Yazoo.     On  the  20th,  Porter 

found  himself  in  a  box.     He  had  almost  reached  Rolling 


Fork,  but  the  enemy  had  felled  trees  across  Deer  Creek 
before  and  behind  him.  The  Southern  sharpshooters 
The  Fed.  had  come  in  swarms,  and  drove  Porter's  men  from  their 
TbldfiL7"1  work  of  removing  the  obstructions.  The  vessels  could 
not  be  turned  in  the  narrow  stream,  and  Porter  endeav- 
ored to  back  out,  but  found  himself  shut  in.  He  landed 
a  force  from  the  ships,  but  the  Southern  soldiers  were 
too  numerous.  They  also  had  the  advantage  of  the 
shelter  of  bushes  and  trees.  The  whole  fleet  was  now 
in  imminent  danger  of  being  destroyed. 

On  the  night  of  the  19th,  Porter  had  sent  a  messenger 
to  Sherman,  who  was  a  long  distance  away,  at  Hill's 
plantation.  Sherman  made  all  haste.  One  regiment, 
the  8th  Missouri,  under  Colonel  Giles  A.  Smith,  arrived 
first,  and  checked  the  enemy  till  Sherman  arrived  with 
two  brigades,  when  the  fleet  was  saved.  General  Sher- 
man marched  with  his  soldiers  for  about  twenty-five 
miles,  for  it  was  impossible  to  bring  horses  ;  but  when  a 
short  distance  from  Porter,  he  came  upon  a  loose  horse, 
mounted  it,  and  came  bareback  at  a  gallop,  in  advance 
of  his  troops.  The  expedition  was  decided  a  failure, 
and  returned,  reaching  the  Mississippi  March  27.  The 
Tallahatchie  expedition  also  returned  soon  after,  and 
the  tired  Federals  found  that  they  must  take  some 
other  course  for  the  reduction  of  Vicksburg. 

General  Grant  now  decided  to  take  the  course  that 
for  some  time  had  seemed  to  him  the  true  one  ;  that  is, 
crossing  the  Mississippi  below  Vicksburg.  The  sub- 
merged condition  of  the  roads  on  the  Louisiana  shore 
had  hitherto  made  this  route  difficult.  March  30  he 
started  his  advance  down  the  right  bank  of  the  Missis- 


GRANT.  225 

sippi,  under   McClernand,  who,  moving   via  Richmond   1*6-3. 
and  New  Carthage,  arrived  at  Hard  Times,  a  point  nearly  vick^urg. 
opposite    Grand    Gulf,  April  28.     McPherson  followed  March  so. 
closely  with  the  17th  Corps.     The  march  had  been  slow  army  In 
and  difficult,  in  consequence  of  the  many  swamps  and  ™°^on  for 
bayous.     In  conjunction  with  Grant's  movement,  Porter  i^11108- 
had  run  the  Vicksburg  batteries  on  April  16,  with  a  fleet  April-  16 
of  seven  war  vessels  and  two  transports,  one  other  trans-  f°rte™ ™ns 

the    Vicks- 

port  having  been  lost.     General  Grant  soon  after  ordered 

ics 

six  other  transports  to  attempt  the  passage,  five  of 
which  passed  safely.  One  was  lost,  sunk  by  the  enemy's 
batteries.  Sherman  remained  at  Milliken's  Bend  to 
occupy  the  attention  of  Pemberton  until  the  advance 
should  secure  a  landing  upon  the  left  bank,  which  duty 
Sherman  performed  so  well  that  the  enemy  was  com- 
pletely deceived  for  several  days,  Pemberton  believing 
that  the  Federals  were  returning  to  Memphis. 

Grant  had  left  General  Hurlbut  in  command  at 
Memphis.  This  officer,  under  instructions,  organized  a 
cavalry  raid  in  Pemberton's  rear.  For  this  duty  General  Grie 
Grierson  left  La  Grange  April  17,  with  three  regiments  rald' 
of  cavalry, — the  6th  and  7th  Illinois  and  the  2d  Iowa, — 
numbering  about  1,700  men,  and  a  battery  of  artillery. 
Grierson  crossed  the  Tallahatchie  on  the  18th.  On  the 
20th  he  encamped  between  Houston  and  Starkville, 
having  sent  back  to  La  Grange  the  day  before  about  175 
men  who  were  not  strong  enough  for  such  rough  duty. 
One  piece  of  artillery  also  returned  with  them.  From 
Starkville  he  sent  the  2d  Iowa  with  one  piece  of  artillery 
eastward,  for  the  purpose  of  tearing  up  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio  Railroad  between  Macon  and  Okolona.  But  this 
regiment  found  the  railroad  too  well  guarded,  and 
returned,  as  directed,  to  La  Grange.  With  the  two 
Illinois  regiments  Grierson  pushed  on  southward.  He 
had  now  about  1,000  men.  Directing  his  course  for  the 

15 


226  GRANT. 

1863.   Southern  Railroad  between  Jackson  and  Meridian,  he 
passed    through   Louisville,   and   entered   an   immense 

Vicksburg.   * 

swamp  at  night.  This  was  a  painful  march,  made  in  one 
of  the  darkest  of  nights  and  in  a  hard  rain.  The  water 
in  the  swamp  was  two  and  three  feet  deep.  Crossing 
Pearl  River  on  the  23d,  he  reached  Newton  Station  on 
the  Southern  Railroad  the  following  morning,  where  he 
tore  up  the  track,  burned  a  large  number  of  cars,  and 
destroyed  several  locomotives  and  bridges,  creating 
havoc  generally. 

Pressing  forward,  Grierson  again  crossed  Pearl  River 
at  Georgetown  on  the  26th,  reaching  Hazlehurst  on  the 
Mississippi  Central  Railroad  the  same  day,  where  he 
continued  the  work  of  destruction.  Thence  he  moved 
in  the  direction  of  Grand  Gulf,  hoping  to  meet  Grant  in 
that  neighborhood ;  but  a  strong  force  of  cavalry  under 
Wirt  Adams  blocked  his  way,  and  turning  rapidly,  he 
pushed  on  for  Baton  Rouge.  At  Brookhaven  Station 
he  captured  200  prisoners,  whom  he  released  on  parole. 
The  enemy  was  in  hot  pursuit,  making  it  necessary  that 
Grierson's  tired  horses  should  keep  moving.  He  crossed 
the  Tickfaw  River  twice,  and  succeeded  in  reaching  the 
Amite  River  bridge  May  1,  scarcely  two  hours  in 
advance  of  the  enemy.  Rapid  movements  had  saved 
him.  During  this  day  he  surprised  two  separate  de- 
tachments of  the  enemy's  cavalry,  and  put  them  to 
flight,  taking  many  of  their  number  prisoners.  May  2 
he  reached  Baton  Rouge,  where  he  and  his  gallant 
soldiers  were  received  with  open  arms  by  the  Federal 
force  at  that  place.  He  had  left  behind  only  3  men 
killed,  7  wounded,  5  sick,  and  9  missing,  and  had  cap- 
tured over  500  prisoners.  He  had  traveled  about  600 
miles. 

The  Federals  having  now  concentrated  sufficiently  at 
Hard  Times,  General  Grant  resolved  to  attempt  a  lodg- 


GRANT.  227 


ment  at  Grand  Gulf.     On  April  29,  Porter's  fleet  opened 
upon  the  enemy's  batteries  there,  the  reduction  of  which 
was    necessary   before   the   transports    could   land  the  April  29. 
troops  ;  but  after  a  bombardment  of  nearly  six  hours,  in  Guir. 
which   several   of   Porter's   vessels   were   considerably 
damaged  by  the  enemy's  plunging  shot,  the  attempt  was 
given  up.     The  lower  batteries  had  been  silenced,  but 
those  above  the  town,  located  upon  high  banks,  vigor- 
ously returned  the  Federal  fire  to  the  last.     Grant  now 
decided  to  look  for  a  crossing  lower  down,  and  at  once 
put  his  army  in  motion  for  De  Schroon's  plantation,  six  schroon-s 
miles  below  Hard  Times.     As  the  Federals  marched  but  i>lantatiou- 
fpur  miles  in  direct  line,  McClernand's  corps  and  a  por- 
tion of  McPherson's  reached  this  point  on  the  morning 
of  the  30th. 

Porter  engaged  the  Grand  Gulf  batteries  on  the 
evening  of  the  29th,  simply  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
the  transports  an  opportunity  to  pass.  This  was  accom- 
plished without  loss,  when  Porter  retired  down  stream, 
and  on  the  morning  of  the  30th  the  vessels  were  all  at  April  so. 
De  Schroon's.  The  troops  at  once  began  to  embark.  er^8  cross 
Grant  did  not  know  at  this  moment  just  where  he  would  the  nver 
land,  but  he  was  bound  to  land  somewhere  upon  the  left 
bank.  Just  as  the  first  transport  was  about  to  cast  off, 
a  colored  man  informed  the  General  of  the  availability 
of  the  country  around  the  village  of  Bruinsburg,  situated 
five  miles  below.  Accordingly  this  place  was  selected 
for  landing,  and  the  13th  Corps  at  once  crossed,  and 
took  possession  without  opposition,  the  17th  Corps 
immediately  following.  But  speed  was  now  the  thing 
most  required,  and  McClernand  was  at  once  pushed 
toward  Port  Gibson,  which  is  about  twelve  miles  from 
Bruinsburg  and  eight  miles  back  from  the  river. 

On  the  morning  of  May  1,  when  within  two  or  three  May  *• 
miles  of  the  town,  McClernand  came  upon  a  force  of  the  son. 


228  GRANT. 

is 63.   enemy  under  General  Bowen,  numbering  about  8,000, 

Vicksburg.  strongly  posted,  hastened    thither  by  Pemberton  from 

Grand    Gulf  to  delay  Grant's    march.     McCiernand  at 

once  attacks  vigorously,  the  enemy  resisting  with  great 

determination.     McPherson  arrives  upon  the  field  with 

a  part  of  his  corps,  and  at  once  enters  the  fight,  which 

now   becomes    desperate.     The    Southerners,   although 

exhibiting  great  bravery,  are  at  last  compelled  to  yield, 

the  Federals  encamping  upon  the  battle  field.     These 

have   suffered  a  loss  of  130  killed  and  718  wounded. 

The  loss  of  the  enemy  has  been  about  500  in  killed  and 

wounded  and  about  600  prisoners,  the  latter  number  in- 

Dcath  of    eluding   a   portion    of   the    wounded.     General    E.    J). 

Triuy*      Tracy  was  among  the  enemy's  dead. 

May  2.  After  the  defeat  at  Port  Gibson,  the  enemy  hastily 

Grand        evacuated  Grand  Gulf  (May  2),  and  by  the  evening  of 

Gulf  evacu-  J        n  J 

atcd.  the  3d  his  forces  had  all  crossed  the  Big  Black.  The 
Federals  arrived  at  Hankinson's  Ferry  on  that  river  the 
same  evening,  in  time  to  save  the  bridge.  Grant  had 
sent  word  to  Sherman  on  April  30  to  "  come  on."  The 
latter,  making  all  haste,  arrived  at  Hankinson's  Ferry 
May  8,  where  the  Federals  had  remained  since  the  3d, 
awaiting  him,  meantime  making  preparations  for  future 
movements. 

Pemberton,  at  Vicksburg,  was  anxiously  looking  for 
reinforcements,  which  were  hastening  from  all  points 
and  concentrating  at  Jackson.  Grant  resolved  to  attack 
these  reinforcements  before  they  could  join  Pemberton. 
His  whole  army  was  in  motion  on  the  8th,  and  on  the 

Grant  cuts  llth  his  rear  cut  loose  from  Grand  Gulf.     He  was  going 
3   seek  a  new   base   above    Vicksburg.     The    soldiers 
•   filled  their  haversacks,  then  the  wagons  were    loaded, 
when  they  swung  out.     The  Federal  Government  soon 
learned  of  the  movement,  and  the  people  at  Washington 
were    scared.     Grant   was    rash ;   he  would  -be    over- 


GRANT.  229 

whelmed!  Halleck  telegraphed  him  to  "go  back,"  but  ISM. 
Grant  had  calculated  for  this,  and  did  not  report  his 
intended  movement  until  too  late  to  return.  McPherson 
was  placed  on*the  right,  Sherman  had  the  center,  and 
McClernand  the  left.  McClernand  was  to  take  care  of 
and  entertain  Pemberton,  who  was  now  preparing  to 
oppose  the  Federals  at  Edward's  Depot  while  McPher- 
son and  Sherman  should  march  upon  Jackson. 

Logan's  division  of  McPherson's  corps,  numbering 
about  6,000  men,  in  advance,  reached  the  vicinity  of 
Raymond  on  the  12th,  where  it  met  about  the  same  *Iay  12-, 

»  Raymond, 

number  of  the  enemy,  under  General  Gregg,  recently  Miss- 
brought  from  Port  Hudson.  Logan  at  once  attacked, 
and  after  a  severe  engagement  drove  the  enemy  toward 
Jackson.  The  Federal  loss  was  66  killed,  339  wounded, 
and  37  missing.  Gregg's  loss  was  100  killed,  305 
wounded,  and  415  prisoners. 

On  the  same  evening,  Sherman  had  arrived  at 
Dillon,  and  McClernand  at  his  left  on  Fourteen  Mile 
Creek.  McPherson  resumed  his  march  for  Jackson  on 
the  morning  of  the  13th,  going  north  to  Clinton,  there 
turning  east,  following  the  Vicksburg  and  Jackson  Rail- 
road. Sherman  was  now  directed  to  move  rapidly  east- 
ward to  Raymond,  thence  northeast  direct  upon  Jackson, 
McClernand  at  the  same  time  to  follow  Sherman  as  far 
as  Raymond.  Before  starting,  however,  McClernand  de- 
tached Smith's  division  to  join  Blair's  division  of  Sher- 
man's corps,  which  had  just  arrived  at  Auburn  from 
Grand  Gulf  with  a  large  supply  train. 

At  2  P.  M.  McPherson  struck  the  railroad  at  Clinton, 
destroying  the  track  and  telegraph  lines,  which  threw 
consternation  into  the  camps  of  the  enemy  on  both  sides 
of  him,  and  encamped  that  evening  near  Clinton.  Sher- 
man rested  that  night  beyond  Mississippi  Springs,  and 
McClernand  at  Raymond,  the  divisions  of  Blair  and 
Smith  nearing  New  Auburn  with  the  trains. 


230  GRANT. 

ises.  Grant  now  receives  news  warning  him  that  he  must 
vicMbiirg  be  quick.  The  enemy  has  received  a  valuable  reinforce  - 
•  inent  in  the  person  of  General  J.  E.  Johnston,  who  had 
that  day  arrived  at  Jackson,  coming  from*  Chattanooga. 
At  4  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  14th,  the  Federals 
move;  but  it  is  raining  hard,  and  the  march  is  slow. 
Crocker's  division  of  McPherson's  corps  in  advance  first 
come  in  contact  with  Johnston's  skirmishers  at  9.  A.  M. 
These  are  rapidly  driven  back  to  near  their  works, 
where  the  enemy  was  found  drawn  up  in  strong  force. 
The  attack  is  delayed  for  some  time  by  the  rain.  John- 
ston is  at  this  moment  preparing  to  evacuate ;  his  force 
is  too  small  to  resist  Grant's  whole  army,  and  Pember- 
ton  is  still  at  Edward's  Depot.  Grant's  active  force 
present  scarcely  numbers  50,000  men.  Four  months  of 
severe  hardship  have  greatly  reduced  his  army. 

At  11  o'clock  the  rain  has  ceased,  and  McPherson 
attacks  on  the  left,  Sherman  on  the  right.  The  enemy 
answer  with  vigor  for  a  time,  when  suddenly  it  is  noticed 
that  only  cannon  are  replying.  A  forward  movement  is 
Johnston  ordered,  when  it  is  discovered  that  Johnston  has  slipped 
jlckson68  awav>  leaving  about  150  artillery-men  to  detain  the 
Federals  as  long  as  possible.  These  are  captured.  At 
3  P.  M.  the  stars  and  stripes  wave  over  the  capitol  of 
Mississippi.  A  large  amount  of  stores  were  found,  and 
all  that  could  not  be  used  were  destroyed,  including 
cotton  warehouses,  spinning  factories,  and  the  junction 
of  the  many  railroad  lines  leading  into  Jackson.  The 
railroad  tracks  were  torn  up  for  a  long  distance,  which 
duty  was  assigned  to  Sherman.  The  Federal  loss  in 
the  attack  had  been  41  killed  and  24  wounded. 

Johnston,  whose  loss  had  been  about  850,  moved 
northward,  at  the  same  time  calling  for  Peniberton  to 
join  him;  but  the  latter  could  not  decide  to  uncover  the 
stronghold  that  Jefferson  Davis  had  ordered  him  to 


GRANT.  231 

protect  "  at  any  cost."  He  therefore  moved  southward 
upon  Dillon  on  the  afternoon  of  the  15th  with  about 
30,000  men,  with  the  intention  of  attacking  Grant  be- 
fore he  could  collect  his  forces,  at  the  same  time  request- 
ing Johnston  to  meet  him  at  Raymond.  The  Federal 
general  however  was  wide  awake,  putting  his  army  in 
motion  in  the  direction  of  Vicksburg  on  the  morning  of 
the  15th,  and  that  evening  McPherson's  corps  and 
Hovey's  division  of  McClernand's  corps  reached  Bolton 
Depot,  on  the  Vicksburg  and  Jackson  Railroad,  a  few 
miles  east  of  Champion  Hill.  The  divisions  of  Osterhaus 
and  Carr  were  a  short  distance  south  of  the  railroad, 
while  Smith's  and  Blair's  divisions  were  near  Raymond, 
which  is  about  eight  miles  south  of  Bolton  Depot. 

Sherman  was  now  concluding  matters  at  Jackson. 
Pemberton  again  received  a  positive  order  from  Johnston 
to  move  northward  and  join  him.  This  he  concluded  to 
obey,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  16th  moved  northeast- 
ward, not  knowing  that  he  was  directing  his  course  upon  champion 
Grant's  forces.  The  latter  had  put  his  army  in  motion 
that  morning,  marching  westward.  A  collision  must 
soon  take  place.  McPherson  had  the  right,  with  Hovey 
leading.  Smith's  division,  on  the  extreme  left,  came 
upon  Pemberton's  rear  guard  about  7  A.  M.  Brisk  skir- 
mishing at  once  begins.  Osterhaus,  in  the  center,  soon 
strikes  the  enemy's  column,  and  a  sharp  fight  follows. 
Pemberton  has  now  reached  Champion  Hill,  and. can  go 
no  farther.  The  Federals  are  northeast  and  south  of 
of  him ;  but  fortunately  for  him  he  has  stumbled  upon  a 
strong  position,  of  which  he  at  once  takes  advantage. 
Skirmishing  has  been  continuous  since  morning;  it  is 
now  11  A.  M. 

Sherman  had  left  Jackson  that  morning,  but  was  yet 
some  distance  away.  Grant  felt  that  he  must  attack 
at  once.  He  had  only  about  30,000  men  present. 


232  GRANT. 

1863.  McClernand  had  been  directed  to  begin  the  attack;  but 
vick^bnrg.  Grant  listens  in  vain  for  his  cannon.  Hovey  at  this 
hour  has  reached  a  position  so  near  the  enemy  that  the 
skirmishing  grows  to  be  a  battle.  Logan  deploys  on  his 
right,  and  at  once  becomes  engaged.  Hovey's  men  dash 
forward,  driving  back  a  division  of  the  enemy,  and  cap- 
ture its  ground,  with  several  pieces  of  artillery  and  300 
prisoners ;  but  here  they  are  checked.  Crocker's  divis- 
ion now  arrives.  A  brigade  is  sent  to  Hovey.  McCler- 
nand still  remains  inactive.  Seeing  this,  Pemberton 
reinforces  his  left  from  his  right,  and  after  desperate 
fighting  Hovey  is  forced  back,  losing  the  ground  and 
guns  his  men  have  so  bravely  captured.  At  the  same 
time  a  charge  made  upon  McPherson's  batteries  is  re- 
pulsed, with  severe  loss  to  the  enemy.  A  gap  now 
exists  between  Logan  and  Hovey.  Crocker,  with  his 
other  two  brigades,  goes  in  to  fill  it.  The  battle  is  con- 
tinued by  Logan,  Hovey,  and  Crocker.  McClernand 
holds  one  half  of  Grant's  force  idle.  Pemberton  leaves 
about  six  or  seven  thousand  men  in  front  of  him,  so 
champion  that  the  battle  ig  fought  by  about  16,000  Federals  and 

18,000  Confederates.  The  Federals  press  forward. 
Hovey  recaptures  the  guns  that  he  has  recently  cap- 
tured and  lost.  The  enemy  is  sorely  pressed.  Pember- 
ton draws  more  troops  from  his  right.  McClernand's 
guns  are  silent.  The  Federals  for  a  moment  are  checked. 
But  Logan  has  succeeded  in  flanking  Pemberton's  left. 
Thus  taken  in  the  rear,  it  gives  way,  and  the  Federals 
now  charge  all  along  the  line.  They  cannot  be  resisted, 
and  the  enemy  fall  back,  then  break  and  retreat  in  great 
disorder  toward  Vicksburg.  It  is  about  4  p.  M. 

McClernand  now  comes  forward,  when  General  Grant 
sends  Osterhaus  and  Carr  after  the  retreating  enemy, 
while  the  soldiers  under  Logan,  Hovey,  and  Crocker,  to 
whom  the  glory  of  this  victory  belongs,  rest  upon  the 


GRANT.  233 

battle  field.  To  Logan  belongs  great  credit  for  the  is  a  3. 
flank  movement,  which  first  broke  the  ranks  of  the  Vicksburg. 
enemy,  and  rendered  it  impossible  for  Pemberton  to  To  Locr;m 
proceed  northward  to  unite  with  Johnston.  His  only  Hovey< 

*    Crocker, 

avenue  of  escape  was  toward  Vicksburg,  although  in  all  ami  tiu-ir 
probability  he  would  in  any  case  have  retreated  to  that  ^g8  tehig 
stronghold  after  his  defeat,  as  one  half  of  his  army  had  victory- 
already  taken  to  flight  in  that  direction. 

.  .  Pemberton 

Jackson  lies  forty-five  miles  almost  directly  east  from  retreats  to 
Vicksburg.     Champion  Hill  is  about  midway,  on  a  di- Vl 
rect  line,  near  the  railroad,  so  that  Pemberton's  troops 
must  travel  about  twenty-five  miles  before  reaching  their 
harbor  of  refuge.     Those  that  first   began    the  retreat 
reached    Bovina  Station,  within   eight  miles  of  Vicks- 
burg, at    midnight.     General    Bowen,  commanding  the 
division  which  formed  the  rear  guard,  was  directed  to 
make  a  stand  at  Baker's  Creek,  five  miles  west  of  the 
battle  field,  until  Loring's  division   should  pass.     This 
last-named  division,  numbering   about  6,000  men,  was 
composed  of  the  troops  that  had  fought  the  silent  battle 
with  McClernand.     Loring  had  not  learned  soon  enough 
of  the  defeat  of  the  left,  and  the  pursuit  of  Osterhaus 
and  Carr,  who  followed  Bowen  closely  to  Baker's  Creek,  May  ie. 
had    cut  him  off.     The  latter    was   now    compelled   to  creek, 
take  the  road  to  the  southeast,  in  the  direction  of  Ray- Ml88' 
mond.     Grant  at  once  sent  Blair  and  Smith  after  him. 
They  overtook  and  attacked  his  rear  guard,  which  fought 
desperately,  but  was  soon  routed.     General  Tilghman  Death  of 
was  among  their  killed.     He  was  a  veteran  of  the  Mex-  LiTyT 
ican  war,  and  a  graduate  of  West  Point.     Loring  now  Tl'ghman- 
abandoned  his  artillery  and  wagons,  scattering  his  6,000 
men  in  the  woods,  the  greater  portion  of  them  reaching 
Jackson  a  few  days  later.     Osterhaus  soon  drove  Bowen 
from  Baker's   Creek,  when  he  retreated  rapidly  to  the 
Big  Black  River  bridge,  which  is  within  ten  miles  of 


234  GRANT. 

1863.  Vicksburg.  Here  Pemberton's  retreating  army  arrived 
vick^Turg.  at  about  2  A.  M.  the  17th,  and  rested.  His  loss  had 
been  about  3,000  in  killed  and  wounded,  3,000  able- 
bodied  prisoners,  and  30  pieces  of  artillery,  besides  the 
scattering  of  Loring's  division.  The  Federal  loss  was 
410  killed,  1,844  wounded,  and  187  missing. 

During  the  16th,  Johnston  was  at  Calhouri  station, 
on  the  northern  railroad,  waiting  to  hear  from  Pernber- 
ton.  On  that  evening  he  received  a  dispatch,  written  by 
Pemberton  in  the  morning,  before  he  had  been  attacked, 
informing  Johnston  where  to  meet  him.  The  latter  put 
his  small  army  in  motion  on  the  morning  of  the  17th, 
and  had  by  a  forced  march,  passed  over  fifteen  miles  of 
ground  before  he  learned  of  Pemberton's  defeat  and  re- 
turn to  Vicksburg.  He  at  once  returned  northward  to 
Livingston. 

On  the  morning  of  the  17th  the  Federal  army  was 
Big  Black  again  in  motion.     Sherman   had   rested  that   night    at 
Clinton,  where  he  received  orders  to  press  forward  to 
Bridgeport,  on  the  Big  Black,  which  would  bring  him 
upon  the  Federal  right.     McClernand,  with  Osterhaus 
and  Carr,  moved  forward  at  4  A.  M.,  with  McPherson 
following.     Blair  was  now  directed  to  rejoin  Sherman, 
to  whose  corps  his  division  belonged.     Bowen,  with  his 
division,  still  guarded  the  bridge  over  the  Big  Black, 
waiting   for   Loring,   not   knowing   that   he    had   been 
driven   toward    Jackson.      McClernand    now    came    to 
attack  him.     His  position  was  a  strong  one,  and  was 
easily  defended  until  Lawler's  brigade  of  Carr's  division 
succeeded  in  flanking  it,  when  with  Colonel  Kinsman  at 
its  head  this  brigade  charged  in  the  face  of  a  terrible 
fire.     Undaunted  the  Federals  rushed  forward,  and  car- 
ried the  position,  the  enemy  giving  way  in  great  disorder. 
Before  the  whole  of  them  had  escaped,  some  of  their 
number  set   the  bridge  on  fire,  and  about  1,800  were 


GRANT.  235 


thus    cut    off    and    made    prisoners    by    the    Federals, 
Eighteen    pieces    of  artillery    were    also   taken.       The  Vicksburg. 
Federal   loss   at   the    bridge   was    29    killed   and    242 
wounded.     Pemberton  now  withdrew  within  the  forti- 
fications of  Vicksburg. 

At  noon  Sherman  had  reached  Bridgeport,  where 
Blair  joined  him.  The  bridge  equipage  of  the  army  was 
with  Sherman,  so  that  he  had  no  difficulty  in  crossing 
the  Big  Black.  McClernand's  and  McPherson's  soldiers 
built  bridges  during  the  night,  and  the  following  morning 
(the  18th)  the  13th  and  17th  Corps  were  marching 
toward  Yicksburg.  Sherman  was  also  across,  and  that 
day  reached  the  Walnut  Hills,  between  Haynes  Bluff 
and  Vicksburg.  Haynes  Bluff  was  now  silent;  the 
enemy  had  abandoned  this  stronghold,  which  had  resisted 
all  of  Grant's  and  Sherman's  previous  efforts.  Grant 
now  goes  over  to  Sherman's  quarters,  and  bidding  him 
"  Come  on,"  they  go  together  to  take  a  look  at  it  and  Grant  and 
their  new  base  of  supplies.  They  see  the  smoke  of  fhl:nnan 

»  look  at 

friendly   steamers,  which   are   at   anchor  in  the    river  Haynes 
below.     Sherman  says,  "  I  see  it.     I  give  it  up."     He 
had  advised  Grant  against  the  move  via  Hard  Times. 
On  the  morning  of  the  19th,  with  McClernand  on  the  v 


left,  McPherson  in  the  center,  and  Sherman  on  the  right,  May  18  to 

7  July    4. 

Grant  had  Pemberton's  army  closely  invested.    Johnston 
now  repaired  to  Jackson,  where  he  endeavored  to  organ- 
ize an  army  to  raise  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.    Pemberton's 
army  numbered  about  33,000  at  this  time.     Grant  had 
scarcely  40,000,  and    supposing   that  the  defenders  of 
Vicksburg  did  not  exceed  15,000,  he  at  once  ordered  an  May  19. 
assault.      McClernand    and    McPherson    had    difficult  ^^ 
ground  to  pass  over,  and  were  unable  to  get  up  in  time 

for  the  assault  of  this  day.     Sherman  only  succeeded  in 

*  ,        .  .  .  The  first  as- 

making    an    attack    with    Blair  s    division,    which    was  sauit. 

repulsed  with  severe  loss.     Sherman's  old  regiment,  the 


236  GRANT. 

1863.  13th  Regulars,  led  by  Captain  Edward  C.  Washington, 
siege  of  charged  up  to  the  enemy's  works,  where  the  gallant 
vicksburg.  Washington  planted  a  flag,  but  fell,  mortally  wounded. 
capLin°  He  died  the  following  day. 


washing-  rpj^    20th   and    21st   were  consumed  in  correcting 

ton. 

lines,  re  victualing  the  army,  and  getting  ready  for  a 
general  assault,  which  had  been  ordered  for  the  22d. 
During  the  entire  night  of  the  21st,  the  mortars  threw 
May  22.  sne^s  into  Vicksburg  ;  and  at  3  A.  M.  of  the  22d,  the 
A  general  Federal  artillery  opened  vigorously,  Porter  joining  with 
his  iron-clads  in  the  general  roar.  At  daylight  the 
sharpshooters  open  fire.  This  continues  until  10  A.  M., 
when,  the  hour  having  arrived  for  the  assault,  the 
Federal  cannon  cease,  and  the  troops  move  forward. 
The  charge  is  gallantly  made  by  the  whole  army,  but 
Grant  has  been  deceived  in  his  estimation  of  the  numbers 
of  the  defenders.  His  assaulting  columns  meet  with  a 
terrible  fire  at  every  point.  Great  heroism  is  exhibited 
by  his  troops,  who  plant  their  flags  upon  the  parapet  in 
many  places.  The  battle  rages  without  abatement  until 
2  P.  M.,  when  the  Federals  have  been  repulsed  all  along 
the  line. 

But  McClernand  thinks  he  has  not  been  repulsed, 
and  calls  upon  Grant  for  reinforcements,  stating  that  he 
has  captured  two  strong  works.  Reinforcements  are 
given  him,  and  the  assault  ordered  renewed,  and  at  4 
P.  M.  another  attempt  is  made,  with  the  same  result  as 
before,  and  darkness  ends  the  fighting  for  this  day. 

Grant  has  met  with  a  severe  check.  He  has  made 
some  gain,  however,  in  getting  positions  nearer  the 
enemy's  works.  Assaulting  was  not  to  be  again  indulged 
in  ;  it  had  proved  too  dear.  The  Federals  at  once  begin 
preparations  for  a  regular  siege.  Grant's  army  is  now 
.  reduced  to  about  35,000  men,  but  reinforcements  are 

vjrralit    rein-  f  * 

forced.       near  at  hand.     A  division  under  General  Lauman  arrived 


GRANT.  237 

from    Memphis    on    May    24.      General    Hurlbut   also 
organized  and  forwarded  two  divisions,  one  under  Gen- 

'          .  Siege  of 

eral  Kimball,  arriving  June  3,  and  another  under  General 


W.  S.  Smith,  on  June  8.  General  Schofield  sent  a  strong 
division  under  General  Herron  from  Missouri,  which  re- 
ported to  Grant  on  June  11  ;  and  finally  two  divisions, 
one  under  General  Welsh  and  the  other  under  General 
Potter,  of  the  9th  Corps,  commanded  by  General  Parke, 
joined  Grant's  forces  June  14.  The  last  two  divisions 
were  borrowed  from  Burnside,  who  then  had  his  head- 
quarters at  Lexington,  Ky.  General  Grant's  army  was 
increased  to  nearly  75,000  men. 

The  army  now  settled  down  to  siege  operations,  and 
as  Johnston  was  at  Jackson  with  an  army  of  about 
25,000  men,  defenses  were  erected  facing  east  as  well 
as  west.  During  the  siege  the  enemy  attempted  in 
different  ways  to  draw  off  a  portion,  at  least,  of  Grant's 
forces,  hoping  that  Pemberton  might  be  enabled  thereby 
to  cut  his  way  out. 

On  June  7  a  detachment  of  Arkansas  troops,  num-  june  7. 
bering  about  3,000  men,  made  a  furious   attack   upon  BendT^ 
Milliken's  Bend,  one  of  Grant's    supply  depots,  which 
was  guarded  by  a  brigade  under  General  Dennis  ;  but 
he  was  well  prepared  for  the  attack,  and  dealt  out  to  the 
enemy  from  his  stores  of  ammunition  so  bountifully  that 
they  hastily  retreated  after  a  brief  but  sharp  engage- 
ment.    Two  Federal  gun-boats  aided  in  their  repulse. 

An  Arkansas  force  of  about  8,000  men,  under  Gen- 
eral Holmes,  came  to  attack  Helena,  Ark.,  which  was 
garrisoned  by  about  4,000  Federal  troops  under  General 
Prentiss.  Holmes  attacked  at  daylight,  July  4,  but  the  juiy  4. 
Federal  works  were  strong,  and  Prentiss  had  prepared 
for  their  reception.  The  assault  was  furious,  and  lasted 
until  10  A.  M.,  when  the  enemy  was  terribly  repulsed, 
with  a  loss  of  about  1,600  in  killed  and  wounded  and 


238  GRANT. 


1,100  prisoners.     The  Federal  loss  was  less  than  250  in 

Sie~f     killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

vicksburg.  Qn  june  25  and  July  1,  mines  were  exploded  under 
the  enemy's  works  by  the  Federals,  but  with  no  other 
result  than  to  demolish  them  somewhat  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  mines.  The  siege  was  now  drawing  to  a 
close.  Pemberton's  troops  were  in  a  sad  plight,  their 
provisions  nearly  gone.  For  some  time  they  had  been 
without  beef  or  pork,  and  had  been  compelled  to  substi- 
tute horse  and  mule  flesh.  The  sick  list  was  a  long  one, 
the  hospitals  were  full,  and  all  were  disheartened. 
Johnston  had  approached  the  Big  Black  with  his  little 
army  June  29,  reconnoitering  ;  but  he  turned  away 
after  viewing  Grant's  preparations  for  his  reception. 
This  discouraged  Pemberton,  and  on  July  3  a  flag  of 

Flag  of      truce  put  a  stop  to  the  firing.     General   Bowen,  who 

Truc6. 

accompanied  it,  asked  for  the  appointment  of  a  commission 
to  discuss  terms  of  capitulation  ;  but  Grant  would  only 
treat  with  Pemberton  personally.  Pemberton  came  out 
at  3  P.  M.,  and  held  a  consultation  with  the  conqueror  ; 
but  the  terms  were  not  agreed  upon  until  the  following 
juiy  4.  morning,  when  on  the  4th  day  of  July,  America's  glo- 
ri°us  day,  the  enemy  surrendered.  Grant's  capture 
amounted  to  31,600  men,  and  175  pieces  of  artillery. 
The  hero  entered  Vicksburg  at  the  head  of  Logan's 
division,  the  45th  Illinois  being  in  the  lead.  The  battle- 
torn  flag  of  the  latter  regiment  was  placed  upon  the 
Court  House.  The  enemy  lost  two  general  officers  dur- 
ing the  siege,  General  I.  W.  Garrott,  killed  June  17, 
and  General  M.  E.  Green,  killed  June  27.  General  John 
S.  Bowen  died  July  16. 

General  Sherman  was  at  once  started  after  Johnston 


Sherman 


moves  after  ^k  three  army  corps,  the  13th  Corps  under  General 

Johnston.  _  •> 

Ord,  to  which  had  been  added  Lauman's  division  (Mc- 
Clernand  had  been  relieved  June  18),  the  15th  (Slier- 


GRANT.  239 


man's  own  corps)  under  General  Steele,  and  the  other 
corps  under  Parke,  consisting  of  the  divisions  of  Welsh, 
Potter,  and  W.  S.  Smith.  Johnston  lay  midway  between 
Brownsville  and  the  Big  Black  when,  on  July  5,  he 
learned  of  the  surrender.  He  at  once  returned  to  the 
fortifications  of  Jackson,  which  he  had  greatly  strength- 
ened. Sherman's  forces  appeared  before  the  works  at 
Jackson  on  the  9th,  and  at  once  began  an  investment  of  jniy  &-ie. 
Johnston's  "position.  Skirmish  and  artillery  firing  were  Miss.80™' 
kept  up,  but  no  assault  was  made,  nor  did  any  engage- 
ment occur  during  the  siege,  except  that  Lauman's 
division,  on  the  extreme  right,  carelessly  ran  into 
Breckenridge's  forces  on  July  12.  The  latter  was 
well  intrenched,  and  in  his  main  works  ;  but  Lauman, 
without  proper  investigation,  attacked,  supposing  this 
force  to  be  an  advanced  detachment.  He  received  a 
bloody  repulse,  suffering  a  loss  of  about  500  men. 
Sherman  being  compelled  to  wait  until  the  16th  for  a 
supply  of  ammunition,  could  not  assault  until  the  17th. 
Again  Johnston  slips  away,  evacuating  during  the 
night  of  the  16th,  and  retiring  to  Brandon,  and  through 
the  town  of  Morton  to  Meridian.  He  was  not  pursued, 
except  that  Steele's  division  followed  as  far  as  Brandon. 
On  the  25th,  Sherman  returned  to  Vicksburg,  after  hav- 
ing destroyed  for  the  second  time  the  railroad,  depots, 
and  fortifications  at  Jackson. 

During  Grant's  operations  from  May  1  to  July  4,  he  Grant'8 

17  great  suc- 

had  taken  over  42,000  prisoners,  and  caused  the  enemy  cess. 
a  total   loss  of  about  60,000  men.     His  losses  -during 
that    time    had    been    1,511    killed,    7,396    wounded, 
and  453  missing  ;  total,  9,360.     President  Lincoln  wrote  The 
to  General  Grant,  congratulating  him  and  giving  him  his 
hearty  thanks. 

Grant's  army  during  the  Vicksburg   campaign  was 
officered  as  follows  :  —  > 


240  GHAAT. 

i8G3.  13th  Corps,  John  A.  McClernand  (up  to  June  18 
when  E.  0.  C.  Ord  took  command) ;  divisions,  Peter  J. 
Osterhaus,  A.  J.  Smith,  A.  P.  Hovey,  Eugene  A.  Carr : 
15th  Corps,  Wm.  Tecumseh  Sherman ;  divisions,  Fred- 
erick Steele,  Frank  P.  Blair,  James  M.  Tuttle :  17th 
Corps,  James  B.  McPherson ;  divisions,  John  A.  Logan, 
John  McArthur,  M.  M.  Crocker  (succeeded  May  17  by 
Isaac  F.  Quinby,  its  permanent  commander),  John  E. 
Smith  succeeded  Quinby  June  3.  Two  divisions  of  the 
9th  Corps,  John  G.  Parke;  divisions,  Thomas  Welsh, 
Robert  B.  Potter :  three  divisions  of  the  16th  Corps, 
W.  S.  Smith,  Nathan  Kimball,  Jacob  Gr.  Lauman ;  one 
division  from  Missouri,  Francis  J.  Herron. 

Soon  after  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  Grant's  army  was 
considerably  broken  up.  The  troops  belonging  to  the 
9th  Corps  were  returned  to  Burnside,  the  loth  Corps 
was  sent  into  the  Department  of  the  Gulf,  and  the  16th 
Corps  to  Memphis.  The  15th  Corps  encamped  on  the 
Big  Black  about  twenty  miles  east  of  Vicksburg,  and 
the  17th  remained  in  and  about  Vicksburg. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

THOMPSON'S  STATION  TO   CHICKAMAUGA. 

ROSECRANS. 


AFTER   the   battle  of  Stone  River,  Rosecrans  in-      _ 
trenches   at   Murfreesboro.     Bragg   has  taken  a  January. 
strong  position  about  Shelbyville,  Manchester,  and  Tul- 
lahoma.     While  remaining  in  these  positions,  the  antag-  The  en_ 
onists,    closely  watching   each    other,  are    sending   out  emy  8  raid 
raiding   parties.     Jan.  25,  1863,  the  enemy  .capture  a 
train  of  cars  between  Nashville  and  Murfreesboro,  on 
the  Louisville  and  Nashville  road.     They  also  capture  a 
train  on  Feb.  15,  and  another  on  the  26th. 

Early  in  January  Bragg  starts  Wheeler's  cavalry  on 
a  raid,  which  pushes  to  within  ten  miles  of  Nashville, 
burning  a  bridge  on  the  Columbia    Railroad.     On  the 
13th  of  January  Wheeler  appears  upon  the  banks  of  the  ^J^ 
Columbia    River,  where  he  succeeds  in  capturing  four  <»valrycap 

*•  tares  four 

transports  loaded  with  army  supplies.     He  paroles  the  transports. 
crews,  and  sends  them  back  on  one  of  the  transports, 
burning  the  other  three.     The  brigades  of  Forrest  and 
Wharton  join  Wheeler  near  Franklin,  who  now  has  a 
force  of  about  3,000  men  and  two  batteries.     Rosecrans 
has  sent  Jefferson  C.  Davis  with  his  division  and  two  • 
brigades  of  cavalry  under  Colonel  Minty  after  him.     On  pavfe  in 
his  route,  Minty  captures  a  detachment  of  about  300 
troopers   near   Eagleville.     Davis  reaches  Franklin,  to 

find  Wheeler  a  long  distance  away. 

.  .  . 

On   Feb.    3    Wheeler,   moving   rapidly,   arrives    at 

Dover  on  the  Cumberland,  about  two  miles  from  Fort  *™  °r 

16  (241) 


242  ROSECRANS. 

isfis.  Donelson,  which  was  fortified,  and  garrisoned  by  the 
83d  Illinois  and  a  battalion  of  the  5th  Iowa  cavalry, 
numbering  about  700  men,  under  Colonel  Abner  C. 
Harding  (afterward  made  Brigadier-General),  and  four 
pieces  of  artillery.  Harding  prepares  for  defense,  and 
sends  to  Fort  Henry  for  assistance.  At  about  3  P.  M. 
Forrest  charges  the  works.  The  Federals  give  him  a 
severe  reception,  but  his  men  press  forward,  and  succeed 
in  capturing  the  first  line  of  defense ;  but  here  they  are 
checked.  Wharton,  not  being  ready,  does  not  come  to 
his  assistance,  thus  giving  Harding  opportunity  to  bring 
his  whole  force  against  Forrest,  who  is  soon  compelled 
to  retire.  The  enemy  now  prepare  to  make  a  combined 
assault,  but  first  send  a  flag  of  truce,  demanding  surren- 
der, which  is  refused.  They  rush  forward,  and  again 
the  first  line  is  captured.  The  fighting  is  at  short  range. 
It  is  now  night ;  darkness  favors  the  Federals,  and  after 
a  severe  struggle  the  Confederates  are  repulsed. 

At  about  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  the  gun-boat 
Lexington  arrives,  throwing  her  heavy  shot  into  the 
midst  of  the  retreating  enemy,  which  accelerates  their 
motions.  Wheeler  has  suffered  a  loss  of  about  300  men. 
The  Federal  loss  was  about  100.  Colonel  Lowe  brings 
reinforcements  from  Fort  Henry,  but  the  enemy  has  fled. 
Wheeler  narrowly  escapes  Davis,  who  is  still  after  him, 

woodbury,  and  reaches  Columbia  Feb.  18.  On  Jan.  28,  Federal 
General  Palmer  defeats  a  detachment  of  Confederate 
cavalry  at  Woodbury,  taking  100  prisoners.  General 
Reynolds  surprises  a  detachment  of  the  enemy  at  Milton, 

Mutoiu  -^e^-  1?  capturing  a  number  of  prisoners,  and  on  Feb.  3, 
succeeds  in  breaking  up  recruiting  camps,  and  capturing 

Liberty!     supplies  near  Liberty ;  at  Lebanon  on  the  8th  he  takes 

Feb.  s.      about  600  prisoners. 

Lebanon.  >  ^ 

March  i.          On   March    1,    General    Stanley,    with   about    700 
ie.  m0unted   men?  attacks  about  the  same  number  of  the 


BOS JSC  BANS.  243 

enemy  at  Brady ville.    The  Federal  charge  is  irresistible.    ISGS. 
The  enemy  break  and  retreat  in  great  disorder,  leaving 
over  100  prisoners  in  Stanley's  hands.     A  brigade  of  March  2. 
regulars   put   to    flight   a  detachment   of  the    enemy's 
cavalry  at  Easrleville  the  following  day.     March  5  the  March  5- 

J  °          J  Thorap- 

Federals   meet   with    disaster   at    Thompsons    Station,  son's  sta- 
March  1,  Colonel  Coburn  left  Brentwood  to  join  General  s^ 
Gilbert,   his    superior,    at   Franklin.      Gilbert   directed 
Coburn  to  lead  his  troops  to  Spring  Hill  for  the  purpose 
of  reconnaissance.     Coburn  had  about  2,800  men, —  the 
33d  (his  own)  and  the  85th  Indiana,  the  19th  Michigan, 
the   22d   Wisconsin,   the    124th    Ohio,  and  about   600 
mounted    infantry, —  under    Colonel    Jordan,  with    six 
pieces  of  artillery. 

When  a  short  distance  from  Franklin,  on  the  4th,  he 
comes  upon  a  detachment  of  Van  Dorn's  cavalry,  which, 
after  a  slight  skirmish,  falls  back  in  the  direction  of 
Spring  Hill,  seeking  to  draw  him  on.  Van  Dorn  is  near 
at  hand  with  5,000  men,  which  fact  is  unsuspected  by 
Coburn.  The  latter  hesitates,  and  goes  into  camp  about 
eight  miles  from  Franklin.  Surprised  at  finding  the 
enemy  so  near,  he  sends  to  Gilbert  for  further  instruc- 
tions. The  latter  orders  him  to  continue  his  march. 
During  the  night  he  learns  that  Van  Dorn  is  near  with 
a  large  force,  and  sends  the  information  to  his  chief. 
He  waits  until  8  A.  M.  the  following  morning  to  hear 
from  Gilbert,  but  receives  no  word,  and  thinking  that  he 
must  carry  out  his  instructions,  he  resumes  his  march. 

At  about  9  A.  M.  he  again  meets  Van  Dorn's  skir- 
mishers, not  far  from  Thompson's  Station.  Coburn 
presses  forward,  and  soon  meets  the  fire  of  Van  Dorn's 
artillery.  The  forces  of  the  enemy  are  partially  hid 
from  view ;  and  being  deceived  as  to  their  numbers,  the 
two  Indiana  regiments  charge  their  batteries,  when  they 
meet  a  lerrible  fire  of  musketry.  They  still  press  for- 


244  R083CRAN& 

1863.  ward,  but  when  near  the  enemy's  line  their  officers  dis- 
cover the  superior  numbers  before  them,  and  order  a 
retreat  to  the  heights  near  by.  Instantly  the  enemy 
charge  upon  them.  The  Federals  reach  the  desired 
ground,  turn,  and  deliver  a  fire  which  staggers  their 
pursuers,  who  fall  back.  Coburn  has  discovered  that  he 
is  greatly  outnumbered,  and  endeavors  to  retreat;  but 
Van  Dorn  gives  him  no  opportunity,  attacking  furiously 
with  his  whole  force. 

Coburn  calls  for  Colonel  Jordan,  whose  men  have 
not  yet  entered  the  fight,  but  Jordan  retires  with  his 
troops  and  artillery  toward  Franklin.  The  Ohio  reg- 
iment follows,  leaving  the  other  four  regiments  contend- 
ing with  Van  Dorn.  These  brave  soldiers  stand  their 
ground  nobly,  repulsing  charge  after  charge.  Coburn, 
having  been  deprived  of  nearly  one  half  of  his  command, 
finds  it  impossible  to  retreat.  His  troops  are  new,  but 
they  exhibit  the  qualities  of  old  warriors.  They  have 
resisted  five  times  their  own  numbers  for  six  hours. 
Their  ammunition  is  gone,  and  at  about  4  P.  M.  Coburn 
finds  himself  completely  surrounded.  Further  resist- 
cobnm  ance  being  useless,  he  surrenders.  He  has  lost  about 

surrenders.  . 

300  in  killed  and  wounded.  About  1,300  prisoners  fell 
into  the  enemy's  hands.  Van  Dorn's  loss  footed  up 
about  500  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Simultaneous  with  the  movement  of  Coburn,  Rose- 
crans  sent  two  other  columns  on  a  reconnaissance,  under 
Sheridan  and  Steedman.  Sheridan,  with  his  division 
and  two  brigades  of  cavalry  under  Colonel  Minty,  pro- 
ceeded toward  Eagle ville.  Minty,  going  toward  Union- 
ville,  drove  the  enemy's  outposts  from  Rover  on  March 
ie5'  ^'  ™^  f°H°wing  them  to  their  main  body  at'Unionville, 
drove  it  on  March  5  from  that  town  in  the  direction 
of  Shelby  ville,  taking  50  prisoners.  Minty  rejoined 
'Sheridan  at  Eagleville  that  evening.  After  some  ma- 
neuvering, Sheridan  was  ordered  to  Franklin. 


ROSECRAXS.  245 

Steedman,  advancing  through  Triune  and  Harpeth,   is  a  3. 
came  upon  Roddy's  brigade  of  cavalry  at  Chapel  Hill,  March  4. 
driving  it  beyond  Duck  River,  and  taking  60  prisoners,  chapel 
when  he  returned,  arriving  at  Triune  on  the  6th.     Gor- 
don Granger,  with  a  division,  left  Franklin  on  the  8th, 
marching  upon  Thompson's  Station,  where  he  encount-  Thomp-8 
ered    two   regiments   left  by  Van   Dora  to  watch   the 80n'8  sta 

*  .  lion. 

Federals.  Granger  drove  this  force  before  him,  which 
retreated  to  Spring  Hill.  Van  Dorn,  learning  of  Gran- 
ger's numbers,  hastily  retired  to  Columbia,  leaving 
Forrest  at  Rutherford  Creek  to  check  the  Federal  ad- 
vance. Granger  crossed  that  stream  on  the  llth,  when 
Forrest  retired,  crossing  Duck  River  at  Chapel  Hill. 
Granger  now  gave  up  the  chase. 

On  the  20th,  Colonel  A.  S.  Hall,  with  about  1,300  ^cghht,f 
men  (the  80th  and  the  123d  Illinois,  the  101st  Indiana,  Hm- 
the  105th  Ohio,  and  a  section  of  the  19th  Indiana  bat- 
tery, and  a  company  of  Tennessee  cavalry),  while  re- 
turning from  a  reconnaissance,  is  attacked  near  Milton 
by  Morgan  with  his  brigade  of  cavalry.  Hall  posts  his 
force  on  Vaught's  Hill,  and  awaits  his  foe.  Morgan 
charges  furiously,  but  is  repulsed.  Mad  that  this  small 
band  should  check  his  superior  force,  he  collects  his 
men  well  in  hand,  and  makes  a  determined  assault. 
The  Federals  stand  firm,  and  he  is  repulsed  a  second 
time,  when  he  withdraws.  His  loss  had  been  more  than 
300.  Hall  had  but  50  men  disabled.  He  returns  to 
Murfreesboro  without  further  hindrance. 

On  the  21st  the  Federals  surprised  and  captured  a  March  gl 
post  of  the  enemy  at  College  Grove  on  Harpeth  River.  Collese 
March  25,  Forrest   captured    two    Federal   posts   near 
Brentwood,  as  follows :  about  300  men  of  the  22d  Wis- 
consin  and  200  of  the  19th  Michigan,  who .  had  escaped 
the  Thompson  Station  disaster,  were  stationed,  the  first 
at  Brentwood,  the  latter  at  a  block-house  on  the  Frank- 


246  ROSECRANS. 

lin  road.  Forrest  came  first  upon  the  Wisconsin  men, 
who  surrendered  after  a  short  fight.  He  then  sur- 
rounded the  block-house,  and  after  a  brief  engagement 
the  Michigan  men,  seeing  the  uselessness  of  resistance, 
also  surrender.  Forrest  then  retires  toward  Spring 
Hill.  A  regiment  of  Federal  cavalry  strike  his  rear, 
and  by  a  vigorous  charge  nearly  release  the  prisoners  ; 
but  just  at  this  moment,  having  heard  the  firing,  Forrest 
returns  with  a  portion  of  the  main  body,  and  the  oppor- 
tunity is  lost. 

APril  10>  Van  Dorn  attacks  Granger  at  Franklin 
with  two  strong  divisions.  The  Federal  force  numbers 
about  5,000  infantry,  reinforced  that  day  by  Stanley's 
cavalry.  After  a  severe  engagement,  in  which  the  40th 

V  * 

Ohio  and  the  4th  Regular  cavalry  signalize  themselves, 
Van  Dorn  withdraws,  and  retires  to  Spring  Hill ;  but 
he  will  trouble  the  Federals  no  more.  Major-General 
Earl  Van  Dorn  was  killed  by  Dr.  Peters,  of  Maury  Co., 
Tcnn.,  May  8,  1863,  for  injury  done  his  family.  He 

SJkpetere  was  a  grftduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  in  the 
Mexican  war  with  distinction. 

April  2.  April  2,  two    brigades,  under    Generals    Cruft  and 

Woodbury.  L 

Hazen,  left  Murfreesboro,  moving  against  a  body  of  the 
enemy  at  Woodbury,  which  made  but  little  resistance, 
and  escaped  with  a  loss  of  thirty  prisoners. 

April  3,  General    Stanley,  with  his  cavalry  and  a 

snow  mil.  brigade  of  infantry,  disturbed  the  enemy  under  Morgan 
at  Snow  Hill,  where  that  officer  had  for  some  time  made 
his  headquarters.  Morgan  was  compelled  to  retreat 
after  a  sharp  encounter,  in  which  he  lost  about  40 
prisoners. 

April  6.  April  6,  General  Mitchell,  then  in  command  at  Nash- 

Green  Hill. 

ville,  with  a  mounted  regiment  surprised  and  dispersed 
a  recruiting  camp  of  the  enemy  at  Green  Hill,  taking  a 
number  of  prisoners.  April  20,  General  Reynolds  left 


&OSECRANS.  247 

Murfreesboro  with  his  division,  accompanied  by  a  bri-   ISGS. 
gade  of  mounted  infantry,  under  Colonel   Wilder,  and  Apri71jo. 
Minty's  cavalry,  moving  against   Morgan  at   McMinn-  ^jMinn~ 
ville.     But  Morgan  retired   hastily,  retreating  beyond 
Cany  Fork.     The  Federals  succeeded  in  taking  about 
120  prisoners,  and  accomplished  the  destruction  of  the 
Tullahoma  railroad  bridge. 

In  Kentucky,  March  22,  two  regiments  of  the  enemy,  March  22. 
under  Colonel  Cluke,  who   had   been   foraging   in    the  J^g)SKy" 
neighborhood  of  Mount  Sterling,  captured  a  small  Federal 
garrison  at  that  place.     Burnside,  who  had  been  assigned 
to  the  Department  of  the  Ohio,  March  15, 1863,  relieving 
General  II.  G.  Wright,  sent  a  force  in  pursuit ;  but  the 
enemy  had  escaped  to  the  Cumberland  Mountains. 

On  the  24th,  a  body  of  cavalry  under  General  Pegram  March  24. 
attacked  the  Federals  at  Danville.  General  Carter,  in  Ky"vl 
command  at  that  place,  overestimating  Pegram's  force, 
had  sent  his  supplies  to  Lexington  the  day  before,  and 
taken  the  larger  portion  of  his  troops  to  Dick  River 
bridge,  leaving  a  force  behind  to  check  the  enemy  a 
sufficient  time  for  him  to  complete  his  retreat  across  the 
Kentucky  River,  which  movement  was  entirely  success- 
ful. Pegram  did  not  follow,  but  proceeded  to  Monticello. 
General  Gillmore,  who  commanded  the  division  to  which 
Carter  belonged,  arrived  with  some  reinforcements,  and 
assuming  command,  recrossed  the  Kentucky,  and  moved 
in  pursuit  of  Pegram,  who  relinquished  the  most  of  his 
booty  in  endeavoring  to  escape.  Gillmore  still  pursuing, 
overtook  the  enemy  at  Somerset  on  March  30,  where 
they  were  strongly  posted.  Pegram  had  about  2,000  somerset, 
men,  Gillmore  about  1,300.  The  Federals  attacked  with  K 
impetuosity,  and  after  a  short  but  severe  encounter  put 
the  enemy  to  flight;  taking  a  number  of  prisoners.  The 
Federals  lost  about  50  men  in  the  action.  Pegram's 
loss  was  about  300.  On  reaching  the  Cumberland,  Gill- 
more  gave  up  the  pursuit. 


248  RO  SEC  RAWS. 


On  May  1,  Carter  crossed  the  Cumberland   River, 
May~      and  moved  upon  Monticello,  where  a  small  force  of  the 
Monticeiio,  enemy  was  stationed,  under  Colonel  Chenault,  who  re- 
tired southward  after  a  short  skirmish.     Colonel  Morri- 
son, with   reinforcements    for    the    enemy,   came    from 
Albany,  Tenn.,  by  another  road.    The  pursuing  Federals 
then  turned  upon  Morrison,  who,  after  a  brief  engage- 
ment, retired  in  the  direction  of  Jamestown,  unable  to 
connect  with  Chenault. 

April  17,  General  Dodge,  with  three  brigades,  left 
Corinth,  Miss.,  moving  toward  Tuscumbia,  Ala.  On 
the  18th  his  advance  encountered  a  brigade  of  the 
April  is,  19.  enemy's  cavalry  under  Roddy,  on  Bear  Creek,  near  luka. 
Ai&.rCreek  -^0(ldy  was  on  his  way  from  Bragg's  army  to  join  Pem- 
berton,  at  Vicksburg.  The  Federals,  without  waiting  for 
the  main  force,  attacked  Roddy,  and  met  with  a  severe 
repulse  ;  but  on  the  following  day,  Dodge  came  up  with 
his  whole  command,  and  capturing  the  ford,  drove  the 
enemy  toward  Tuscumbia.  Dodge  did  not  press  mat- 
ters for  a  few  da}rs,  being  delayed  for  want  of  cavalry 
horses  for  the  brigade  of  Colonel  Streight,  which  was  to 
endeavor  to  reach  and  break  up  the  Atlanta  and  Chatta- 
nooga Railroad,  Bragg's  avenue  of  supplies,  under  cover 
of  the  maneuvers  of  Dodge. 

April  24.          On  the  24th  the  Federals  moved  forward,  and  took 

bia!C"        possession  of  Tuscumbia,  Roddy  falling  back  and  taking 

a  strong  position  at  the  rapids  called  Muscle  Shoals,  on 

Town  Creek,  where  he  was  reinforced  by  the  opportune 

arrival  of  Forrest.     Pushing  forward,  Dodge    attacked 

April  as.    the  enemy  here  on  the  morning  of  the  28th,  but  after  a 

creek.       sharp  fight  withdrew.     Finding  Roddy's  position  very 

strong,  and  thinking  that  Streight  was  now  far  away  on 

his  course,  he  started  that  evening  upon  his  return  to 

Corinth,  reaching  that  place  soon  after. 

Streight  set  out  from  Tuscumbia  on  the  24th,  with  a 


ROSEGRANS.  249 

small    brigade    of   mounted    infantry,    passing   through   is  vs. 
Russellville,  Newburg,   and    Moulton.     From  the  last- 

Colonel 

named  place  he  proceeded  toward  Blountsville,  reaching  streight-s 
the  vicinity  of  Day's  Gap  on  the  evening  of  the  29th.  capture. 
Immediately  after  being  relieved  of  Dodge's  presence  at 
Muscle  Shoals,  Forrest  and  Roddy  put  forth  every  effort 
to  overtake  Streight.    The  Federal  pkin  was,  that  Dodge 
should  occupy  the  attention  of  the  enemy  until  Streight 
could  get  so  far  away  that  it  would  be  impossible  for 
Forrest  or  Roddy  to  overtake  him.     But  Dodge  retired 
too  soon.     Forrest  came  up  with  Streight  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  30th,  as  he  was  moving  rapidly  for  the  strong  April  ^ 
position    of  Day's    Gap.      Forrest's   advance    attacked  Day'8  Gap' 
fiercely,  driving  the  Federal  rear  guard  upon  the  main 
body,  which  was  now  strongly  posted  at  the  gap.     The 
enemy,  hotly  pursuing,  was  checked.     Forrest's  coming 
up  made  a  furious   assault;    but  meeting  a  murderous 
fire  he  fell  back  in  disorder.    The  brave  Federal  colonel, 
at  the  head  of  a  portion  of  his  troops,  quickly  charged 
in  turn,  routing  his  assailants,  and  capturing  two  pieces 
of  artillery.     After  this  repulse  Forrest  was  inclined  to 
respect  his  adversary. 

At  2  P.  M.,  seeing  that  the  enemy  remained  at  a 
distance,  Streight  moved  on ;  but  his  horses  were  poor 
ones  for  such  service  at  the  start,  and  now  were  nearly 
worn  out.  His  troops  were  infantry  soldiers  recently 
mounted,  with  no  previous  training  for  cavalry  service. 
He  could  therefore  scarcely  hope  to  escape  the  well- 
trained  and  excellently  mounted  troopers  that  were  upon 
his  trail.  The  Federals  had  gone  but  seven  or  eight  Apni  so. 
miles  when  they  were  again  overtaken  on  Long  Creek  JJJ^  Ala 
at  about  5  P.  M.  The  Confederates  come  on  with  a  rush, 
throwing  them  into  some  disorder ;  but  they  soon  rally, 
and  check  the  exultant  enemy.  The  fighting  continues 
until  8  P.  M.  without  material  advantage  to  either  side. 


250  ROSECRANS. 

i8V3.  It  is  now  dark,  and  firing  has  ceased.     The  Federals 

burn  their  wagons,  spike  the  two  guns  that  they  have 

captured,  and  at  9  p.  M.  again  move  on.     Marching  all 

May  i.      night,  they  reach  Blountsville  at  11  A.  M.,  May  1.     Al- 

viiie.         though  horses  and  men  are  exhausted,  they  are  allowed 

but  two  hours'  rest,  resuming  their  march  toward  Gads- 

May  2       den,  and  reaching  there  at  11  A.  M.,  May  2,  where  they 

Gadsden,     destroy  large  depots  of  the  enemy's  supplies. 

A-1&. 

The  enemy  has  been  close  upon  them  since  leaving 

Long  Creek.     After  a  rest  of  two  hours  at  this  place, 

they  move  on  toward  Rome,  Ga.,  their  objective  point. 

Turkey      Arriving  at  Turkey  Town  at  5  P.  M.,  they  are  obliged 

Town.  *  J 

to  stop  for  rest,  and  to  prepare  coffee.  The  pursuers 
are  soon  upon  them,  attacking  savagely ;  a  severe  battle 
follows,  ending  with  the  repulse  of  the  enemy.  The 
combatants  are  exhausted,  and  both  sides  enjoy  a  brief 
respite.  At  dark  the  Federals  resume  the  march,  and 
with  little  rest  being  allowed  them,  they  pass  through 
May  3  the  village  of  Cedar  Bluf£  Ga,,  May  3,  at  daybreak,  and 
Biufl,  Ga.  soon  after  cross  the  Chattooga  River,  burning  the  bridge. 
Feeling  secure  for  a  time,  Streight  allows  his  soldiers 
to  break  ranks.  Some  fall  to  the,  ground,  utterly 
exhausted ;  some  proceed  to  prepare  a  meal,  while  the 
stronger  ones  scatter  about  in  search  of  provisions.  In 
the  midst  of  this  relaxation,  Forrest,  reinforced  by  fresh 
troops,  again  makes  his  appearance.  The  Federals 
hastily  rally  around  their  chief,  with  the  will  but  not  the 
strength  to  continue  the  fight.  They  have  ridden  more 
than  150  miles,  having  had  very  little  rest  or  sleep  for 
the  last  four  days,  engaged  in  continual  skirmishing  and 
fighting  since  the  morning  of  the  30th.  Colonel  Streight, 
seeing  the  condition  of  his  men,  and  knowing  that  his 
ammunition  is  nearly  exhausted,  becomes  disheartened. 
Forrest,  ready  for  the  charge,  now  sends  a  demand  for 
surrender.  Feeling  that  further  resistance  would  be 


HOSECItANS.  251 


useless,  Colonel  Streight  accedes  to  the  demand  —  a 
hard  blow  to  these  brave  men,  about  1,300  of  whom  fell 
into  the  enemy's  hands.  Most  of  them  were  soon  after-  siirre"dpr8 

r  to    Forrest. 

ward  exchanged,  but  Colonel  Streight  himself  was  held 
a  prisoner  for  nearly  a  year,  when  he  succeeded  in 
escaping  from  Libby  Prison.  (Colonel  A.  D.  Streight 
was  from  Indiana.  He  was  killed  in  action  at  Dalton, 
Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1864.)  In  this  raid  the  Federals  had 
traversed  Northern  Alabama  from  west  to  east,  and  had 
nearly  reached  Rome,  Ga.,  when  compelled  to  yield. 

In  Tennessee,  May  16,  1863,  General  Palmer,  at  the  Braa^yvn]e. 
head    of  his    cavalry    escort,  charges    and    disperses  a 
squadron  of  the  3d  Georgia,  at  Bradyville.     May  22,  Middieton. 
General  Stanley,  with  a  part  of  a  cavalry  division,  sur- 
prises a  small  force  of  the  enemy  at  Middieton,  who 
escape  to  the  woods,  leaving   nearly  100  prisoners   in 
Federal  hands.     May  27  Colonel  Cornyn,  having  come  May  27. 
from  Corinth  with  four  regiments  of  cavalry,  attacks  a  Aia. 
detachment   of  Roddy's    cavalry  brigade   at   Florence, 
Ala.,  driving   it   from    the    town,   and    destroying   the 
enemy's    factories    and  a  large   accumulation   of  army 
stores  at  that  point. 

June  3,  General    Grander  moved   his  headquarters  June  ?• 

Franklin 

and  his  whole  corps,  with  the  exception  of  one  regiment 
of  cavalry  and  one  of  infantry,  from  Franklin  to  Triune. 
When  Forrest  heard  of  this,  he  at  once  determined  a 
bold  stroke.  The  following  morning  he  appeared  before 
Franklin  with  two  brigades,  and  at  once  began  an  attack. 
His  first  assault  was  repulsed  ;  but  getting  his  troops 
well  in  hand,  he  again  advanced,  and  after  a  desperate 
engagement,  the  Federals  were  driven  out  of  their 
works,  and  out  of  the  town.  At  this  moment  Campbell's 
brigade  of  cavalry  arrived,  having  been  hurried  forward 
by  Granger  at  the  first  news  of  the  danger,  and  the 
scene  is  changed.  Victory  is  snatched  from  the  victor; 


252 

i8G3.  Forrest  is  driven  back.  The  Federals  now  assume  the 
offensive,  when  the  enemy  hastily  retire,  and  the  follow- 
ing day  reach  their  old  rendezvous  at  Spring  Hill. 

June  11.  June  11,  one  brigade  of  Forrest's  cavalry  make  a 
demonstration  against  Granger's  cavalry  outposts  at 
Triune.  The  brigade  beat  a  hasty  retreat,  however, 
after  having  suffered  severe  loss.  This  was  repeated 

Triune.  June  20,  with  like  results.  June  9,  Colonel  Kautz, 
with  three  mounted  regiments,  attacked  a  brigade  of  the 

June    9. 

Monticeiio.  enemy  under  Pegram  at  Monticello,  Ky.,  driving  it  in 
disorder  beyond  the  village  ;  but  Pegram,  soon  after  re- 
inforced, returns  to  re-engage  the  Federals.  A  desperate 
fight  follows.  The  latter,  outnumbered,  extricate  them- 
selves with  difficulty,  and  regain  the  banks  of  the  Cum- 
berland. Burnside  dispatched  another  small  force,  this 
time  into  Tennessee,  commanded  by  Colonel  Sanders, 
which  succeeded  in  cutting  the  railroad  at  Lenoir's  sta- 
tion, Strawberry  Plains,  and  Mossy  Creek,  returning 
safely  to  Kentucky  on  June  26,  bringing  back  400 
prisoners. 

June  27.  General  John  Morgan,  the  Southern  raider,  started 

^gai       on  his  great  raid  through  Kentucky  and  the  southern 
counties    of  Indiana  and    Ohio,  leaving  Sparta,  Tenn., 
June  27,  with  about  3,500  men.     He  crossed  the  Cum- 
berland, entering  Kentucky  at  Burkesville  July  2.     At 
July  a.      Columbia,  Ky.,  on  the  3d,  he  was  met  by  150  Federal 
coinn  bia,   troopers,  under  Captain  Carter,  who  held  him  in  check 
for  some  little  time.    But  Carter  was  killed,  and  his  men 
compelled  to  retire,  when  Morgan  sacked  the  town,  and 
soon  after  reached  Tebb's  Bend  on  Green  River,  where 
jniy  4.      on  July  4  he  came  upon  about  250  men  of  the  25th 
.   Michigan  infantry,  under  Colonel  0.  H.  Moore.     Sur- 
render was  demanded,  and  refused.     The  Federals  were 
strongly  intrenched.     Morgan  at  once  began  the  attack 
with  a  part  of  his  force,  making  furious  charges,  which 


BOSSCKANS.  253 


were  each  time  repulsed.  After  an  engagement  of 
nearly  three  hours,  the  enemy  withdrew,  having  suffered 
a  loss  of  about  250  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  Federal 
loss  was  only  6  killed  and  23  wounded.  The  brave 
Michigan  men  had  done  nobly,  receiving  afterward  the 
thanks  of  the  Kentucky  legislature,  as  well  as  commen- 
dations from  the  whole  country.  Morgan  himself,  though 
defeated,  admired  the  heroic  Colonel,  sending  him  a  note 
in  which  he  said,  "  I  promote  you  to  be  Brigadier- 
General." 

Morgan  next  struck  Lebanon,  where,  on  the    5th,  Jll]y  5- 

'  Lebanon, 

400  men  of  the  20th  Kentucky,  under  Colonel  Hanson,  Ky. 
fought  him  for  seven  hours  ;  but  at  last,  the  town  being 
on  fire,  the  Federals  surrendered.     Pushing  'rapidly  for- 
ward,  Morgan   reached    Brandenburg,  40  miles   below 
Louisville  on  the  Ohio,  on  the  7th.     Here  he  captured 
two  steamers,  and  crossed  into  Indiana  on  the  8th.     The  Brlnden- 
Federals  were  now  in  hot  pursuit.     A  force  of  infantry,  bnr&  Ky- 
cavalry,  and  artillery,  under  Generals  Hobson,  Judah, 
and  Shackleford,  reached  Brandenburg  just  after  Morgan 
had    crossed.      Hobson    procured    some    steamers,   and 
crossing  quickly,  pushed  on  in  pursuit.    Morgan  reached 
Corydon  on  the  9th.     The  Home  Guards  resisted,  but  J«iy  9- 
were  overpowered,  and  the  town  sacked.  ind. 

The  marauders  then  pushed  on  to  Salem,  where  they 

*    Salem,  Ind. 

captured  a  small  militia  force,  and  pillaged  the  town. 
Plundering  as  they  went,  they  neared  Vernon,  where  ^[n011' 
Colonel  Lowe,  with  a  strong  militia  force,  caused  them 
to  turn  aside.     Passing  through  Versailles  on  the  12th,  y^/^ 
they  reached  the  Ohio  border  the  next  day  at  Harrison.  Ind- 
Moving   around    Cincinnati,   the    daylight  of  the   14th 
found  Morgan  some  fourteen   miles  east  of  that   city, 
anxiously  seeking  some  avenue  of  escape.     The  Federals 
were  close  upon  him,  and  the  militia  of  Indiana  and  Ohio 
were  in  arms. 


254  ROSECRANS. 

1863.         On  the  18th  of  July  Morgan  reached  Buffington  Island 
19.  Ford,  near  Pomeroy,  on  the  Ohio,  having  passed  through 
Williamsburg,  Winchester,  Piketon,  and  Jackson.     But  a 
owo.         new    enemy    now   appeared    before    the    robbers, — the 
Federal  gun-boats  were  there  to  oppose  their  passage. 
General  Judah,  coming  by  water,  landed  at  Portsmouth, 
and-  on  the  19th  his  cavalry  attacked  Morgan  on  one 
side,  while  Hobson's  advance  struck  him  on  the  other. 
A  battle  followed,  ending  with  the  defeat  of  the  enemy 
and    the    capture  of  all   their    plunder,  with  over  TOO 
prisoners.     Morgan    escaped  with  the  main   body,  and 
fled  up  the  river.     At  Belleville,  about  3  P.  M.,  nearly 
300  of  his  men  succeeded  in  getting  across  the  river, 
when  the  gun-boats  arrived  and  put  a  stop  to  the  opera- 
tion.    The  Federal  land  forces  now  came  up,  and  about 
1,000  more  of  the  enemy  surrendered.     Morgan,  with 
what  troops   yet  remained  to  him,  now  fled  inland  to 
McArthur,  and  thence  to  New  Lisbon.    The  militia  here 
caused  him  to  stop.     Shackleford  with  his  cavalry  was 
jniy  se.     upon  him,  and  escape  was  impossible,  when,  on  July  26, 
boiT  o.?     the  bold  raiders  surrendered.     The  loss  of  the  enemy 
Morgan      y,a(j  been   about  500  in  killed    and  wounded,  and  the 

(surrenders. 

balance  all  taken  prisoners,  except  those  who  escaped 
at  Belleville.  Morgan  and  a  few  of  his  officers  were 
held  prisoners  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  whence  they  man- 
aged to  escape  on  Nov.  26  following.  Just  previous  to 
Morgan's  raid,  about  100  of  the  enemy  from  Kentucky 
had  raided  into  Indiana  at  Leavenworth.  They  were 
captured  by  the  Home  Guards  of  that  place. 

We  will  now  accompany  General  Rosecrans,  who  has 

at  last  decided  to  move  against  his  adversary.     On  June 

jnne  24.    24  he  put  his  army  in  motion  toward  Brass's  position 

Rosecrans'  r  • 

army  in  on  Duck  River.  McCook,  having  the  right,  moved 
toward  Shelbyville,  Thomas  in  the  center  toward  Man- 
chester, and  Crittenden  on  the  left  in  the  direction  of 


ROSECRANS.  255 

McMinnville.     Thomas's  advance  met  a  detachment  of  j  sca- 
the   enemy  at   Hoover's    Gap,   and   after  a  slight  en-Hoo^8 
gagement,  secured  the  gap.     McCook  reached  and  cap-  Gap- 
tured  Liberty  Gap.     General  Gordon  Granger's  reserve  JJJJ^* 
corps  also  marched  this  day  from  Triune  toward  Bragg's  Ap- 
position, securing  Guy's  Gap  on  the  27th,  after  a  sharp  June  27. 
skirmish.     Then,  closely  following  the  enemy,  he  arrived  Guy  B  Gap- 
at  Shelby  ville  about  7  o'clock  that  evening,  capturing  sheibyviiie. 
the  town,  with  about  500  prisoners.     Manchester  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Federals  on  the  morning  of  the 
27th,  and  by  the  29th  Thomas  and  McCook  had  both 
reached  that  place.     Bragg   had   retired  to  Tullahoma. 
The  Federals  rapidly  advanced,  and  reaching  Tullahoma 
July  1,  again  found  the  enemy  had  retreated  the  day  July  *• 

J  J  J    Tullahoma. 

before.  Bragg  continued  his  backward  movement  until 
he  reached  Chattanooga.  Crittenden's  corps  had  arrived 
at  McMinnville. 

Rosecrans,  now  obliged  to  wait  until  he  could  es-  3Ro.8.ecrans 

halts. 

tablish  a  line  of  communication  with  Murfreesboro,  and 
receive  supplies,  did  not  appear  in  the  vicinity  of  Chat-  sept.  e. 
tanooga   until   Aug.    20.     He    crossed    the    Tennessee  cross  Ten- 


Chatta- 
nooga. 


River  on  Sept.  6.     On  the  7th,  Bragg  evacuated 

tanooga,   and    withdrew  to   Chickamauga   River   about  sept  ?. 

nine  miles  distant,  posting  his  army  near  La  Fayette,  Ga.  evacuates 

August    21,    General    Burnside    started  from    Crab 
Orchard,  Ky.,  with  about  20,000  men,  moving  into  East 
Tennessee,  for  the  purpose  of  co-operating,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible with  General  Rosecrans.     General  Buckner,  who 
was  at  Knoxville  with  about  10,000  men,  was  ordered 
to  join   Bragg   at   about   the    same    time.     During   his 
movement,  and    on   September  9,  at  Cumberland  Gap,  sept.  9. 
Burnside  was  fortunate  in  capturing  a  brigade  of  Buck-  land  Gap, 
ner's  troops,  under  General  Frazier,  which  Buckner  had  T 
left  behind  without  orders.     Burnside  took   possession 
of  Knoxville  on  the  3d  of  September. 


256  ROSECRAftS. 

1863.         Rosecrans  now  sought  to  drive  Bragg  from  his  posi- 
sept.  11.    tion  at  La  Fayette.    Thomas,  in  reconnoitering,  reached 
Dug  Gap.    j)Ug    Qap   jn  pjgeon    Mountain,   where  he  halted   his 
advance,  after  a  brief  engagement,  having  discovered  the 
enemy  in  heavy  force  and  strongly  posted.     Crittenden 
reached  Tunnel  Hill,  after  a  heavy  skirmish  near  Buz- 
zard Roost.     McCook  marching  farther  south  had  reached 
p'  Alpine  Gap,  when  Rosecrans,  becoming   satisfied   that 
Bragg  was  being  heavily  reinforced,  and  that  his  own 
army  was  too  much  scattered,  ordered  a  concentration 
o<ap.Cn       of  his  force  in  Chickamauga  Valley,  about  half  way  be- 
tween  Chattanooga   and    La  Fayette,    on    Chickamauga 

Davis  Cross  J  ° 

Roads.  Creek.  The  movement  was  completed  on  the  18th  of 
se  t  is  September,  having  been  performed  without  difficulty, 
Lett's  tan-  except  that  Crittenden's  rear  experienced  heavy  skir- 

yard,  Ga.  J 

mishing  with  the  enemy  at  Lett  s  tan-yard. 

The  Federal  army  was  now  posted,  with  Thomas  on 
the  left,  not  far  from  Rossville,  Crittenden  in  the  center, 
and  McCook  on  the  right.  Two  mounted  brigades, 
under  Colonels  Minty  and  Wilder,  on  the  extreme  left 
(which  afterward  became  the  right  by  moving  the  whole 
army  except  themselves  to  the  left),  were  attacked  on 
the  18th,  and  forced  back  some  distance ;  but  no  other 
fighting  occurred  until  the  next  day.  Bragg  had  been 
heavily  reinforced,  troops  having  arrived  from  Virginia, 
Georgia,  Mississippi,  and  East  Tennessee.  One  half  of 
Johnston's  army  had  come  to  aid  in  the  defeat  of  Rose- 
crans. Hood,  with  his  division  of  Longstreet's  corps, 
had  reached  the  ground,  and  his  chief  was  near  at  hand 
with  his  other  two  divisions,  under  McLaws  and  B.  R. 
Johnson,  Longstreet's  troops  having  been  brought  from 
Lee's  army  by  forced  marches.'  The  enemy  was  mak- 
ing a  powerful  concentration,  hoping  to  crush  Rosecrans 
before  he  could  be  reinforced.  Bragg's  army  had  now 
been  increased  to  fully  75,000  men,  about  60,000  of 


ROSECRANS.  257 


whom  were  present  for  duty  at  the  beginning  of  the  bat- 
tie  ;    while    Rosecrans    could  scarcely  bring  45,000    to  CM 
oppose    him.      Bragg's   division  commanders  were  Cle-mauga- 
burne.    Breckenridge,    Cheatham,   W.   H.    T.   Walker, 
Stewart,  Preston,  Johnston,   (the  last  two  of  Buckner's 
corps,)  Hindman,  Hood,  McLaws,  and  B.  R.  Johnson. 

On  the  19th,  about  10  A.  M.,  Thomas  opened  the 
battle.  Hood  had  command  of  the  enemy's  left  (Long- 
street  with  his  other  two  divisions  did  not  arrive  in 
time  for  this  day's  battle),  Polk  of  the  right.  The  Fed- 
eral division  commanders  were,  in  Thomas's  corps,  Gener- 
als Negley,  Baird,  Brannan,  and  Reynolds  ;  in  Critten- 
den's  corps,  Generals  Wood,  Palmer,  and  Van  Cleve; 
in  McCook's  corps,  Generals  Davis,  Sheridan,  and 
Johnson.  Bragg  intended  to  gain  the  Federal  left,  and 
secure  the  road  to  Chattanooga;  but  he  unexpectedly 
found  Thomas  there  to  oppose  him. 

The  weight  of  the  battle  at  the  beginning  fell  upon 
Thomas.  Bragg  reinforced  his  right,  and  Rosecrans, 
his  left.  The  fighting  was  fierce  and  determined  at 
this  point  until  2  p.  M.,  when  the  battle  reached  to  the 
center,  and  then  along  the  whole  line,  raging  furiously 
until  4  P.  M.  A  lull  then  followed  until  5  P.  M.,  when 
Bragg,  having  massed  upon  the  center,  endeavored  to 
break  the  Federal  line  in  the  middle.  He  bad  nearly 
succeeded,  when  Thomas  reinforced  the  center  with  a 
portion  of  his  corps,  and  the  enemy  was  driven  back. 
The  conflict  continued  until  long  after  dark.  The 
slaughter  was  frightful  on  both  sides,  that  of  the  enemy 
the  heaviest,  having  attacked  the  Federals  in  their 
chosen  position. 

The  8th  Indiana  battery  and  Loomis's  Michigan  bat- 
tery were  captured  by  the  enemy  in  a  desperate  charge. 
The  Federals  made  a  counter-charge,  and  recaptured  the 
Indiana  battery  and  a  part  of  the  Michigan  battery, 

17 


258  ROSECRANS. 

1863.   with  many  prisoners.  When  Loomis's  battery  was  taken 

cMcka-      by   the    enemy,  and  all   its    men   killed    or   captured 

lga'       Lieutenant  Van  Pelt  still  stood  by  his  beloved  guns, 

Death  of    and  "  alone  fought  a  legion  in  their  defense,"  until  struck 

GCO.  w.     down.     The  day's  battle  was  over,  but  neither  side  had 

Battery !A,  gained  any  material  advantage.     Every  Federal  division 

Michigan.    }jacj  Deen  engaged.     They  still  held  their  ground,  having 

repulsed  the  enemy  at  all  points. 

During  the  night,  both  armies  reformed  their  lines, 
the  Federals  falling  back  some  distance.  Longstreet 
arrived  about  midnight  with  his  two  other  divisions,  and 
was  placed  in  command  of  Bragg's  left.  The  Federal 
army,  as  now  posted,  were  by  divisions  from  left  to 
right :  Baird,  Johnson,  Palmer,  Reynolds,  Brannan, 
Negley,  Davis,  and  Sheridan,  with  Wood  and  Van  Cleve 
in  reserve.  Bragg  had  ordered  an  early  attack,  confi- 
dent, since  Long-street's  arrival,  of  success ;  but  Polk, 
commanding  his  right,  failed  him ;  he  was  eating  his 
breakfast  at  a  late  hour.  It  was  9  A.  M.  before  the 
battle  began.  Longstreet  was  instructed  to  wait  until 
Polk  should  double  Thomas  up,  but  the  latter  had 
built  breastworks  and  made  excellent  preparations  for 
his  reception. 

Polk's  troops  make  charge  after  charge,  but  are 
driven  back  with  fearful  loss  at  each  attempt.  At 
11  A.  M.  Longstreet  attacks,  having  become  satisfied  that 
Polk  will  not  be  able  to  force  Thomas  from  his  ground. 
But  Rosecrans  has  greatly  weakened  his  right  to  rein- 
force his  left,  and  now  Longstreet  attacks  with  a  force 
outnumbering  the  Federal  right  three  to  one.  The  Fed- 
erals stubbornly  resist  for  a  time,  but  are  finally  com- 
pelled to  give  way.  Davis  and  Sheridan  strive  in  vain 
to  rally  their  troops ;  they  cannot  resist  the  terrible 
onslaught.  Portions  of  Brannan's,  Van  Cleve's,  Neg- 
ley's,  and  Wood's  divisions  are  also  carried  away. 


ROSXCRANS.  259 

Thomas    still    stands  his  ground  with  the  divisions  of  is « 3. 
Baird,  Johnson,  Palmer,  and  Reynolds,  and  portions  of  chi^7. 
Negley's,  Wood's,  Brannan's,  and  Van  Cleve's  divisions.  mauga- 
The  battle  continues  with  unabated  fury. 

Thomas's  right  is  forced  from  its  position,  but  retires 
slowly,  and  only  a  short  distance  to  the  spurs  of  Mission- 
ary Ridge.  He  is  yet  ignorant  of  the  rout  of  the  Fed- 
eral right.  He  forms  new  lines  in  a  strong  position,  and 
continues  the  defense  with  the  determination  of  a  hero. 
Folk's  troops  are  exhausted  by  their  efforts.  Longstreet 
is  now  free  to  aid  Polk,  and  at  once  prepares  to  annihilate  * 
Thomas.  Bragg  now  attacks  on  the  front  and  both 
flanks,  expecting  an  easy  victory ;  but  he  finds  "  good 
men  and  true"  with  "Pap"  Thomas  in  command. 
Shortly  after  noon,  General  Gordon  Granger  joined 
Thomas  with  the  brigades  of  Whittaker  and  Mitchell, 
under  General  Steedman.  Granger,  with  his  reserve 
corps,  had  been  stationed  at  Rossville  ;  but  at  11  A.  M.,  ™mt  ac* 

'  of    General 

becoming  satisfied  that  Thomas  needs  help,  he  moves  Granger, 
rapidly  forward,  without  orders,  and  arrives  most  oppor- 
tunely, bringing  Thomas  much-needed  ammunition.  He 
has  scarcely  arrived  and  been  placed  upon  the  right  of 
the  Federal  line,  when  the  Confederates  assault  furiously. 
The  conflict  becomes  desperate,  but  the  Federal  soldiers 
nobly  repel  every  effort  of  the  enemy.  Charge  after 
charge  is  repulsed,  causing  frightful  losses  in  the  ranks 
of  the  foe.  A  division  of  the  enemy  getting  in  the  rear, 
Steedman,  seizing  a  flag,  charges  at  the  head  of  the 
brigades  of  Whittaker  and  Mitchell,  driving  them  in  Gallantry 

_       .  of  General 

COlHUSlOn.  Steedman. 

A  second  time  Longstreet  prepares  for  a  general  as- 
sault.    On  they  come,  but  the  "  Rock  of  Chickamauga  "  General 
is  there.     Another  desperate  struggle,  and  the  battle  of Thomaslhe 

"Rock  of 

Chickamauga   is    over,    with    the    setting    of    the   sun.  cwcka- 
Thoinas  and  his  soldiers  have  made  a  wonderful  defense ;  ™ 


260 

1863.  may  their  country  never  forget  them!     That   evening 

chicka-      the  Federals    retired    to    Rossville.     The  enemy  made 

mauga.       some  feeble  attacks  during  the  movement,  which  were 

easily  repulsed.     When  Thomas  reached  Rossville,  he 

found  Generals  Negley,  Davis,  and  Sheridan  there,  who 

had   succeeded   in   rallying   quite   a    force,  which  now 

proved  valuable  to  Thomas,  as  it  gave  his  tired  soldiers 

opportunity   for    rest.       General    Garfield,    Rosecrans' 

chief-of-staff,  joined   Thomas  at  4  p.  M.,  and    remained 

with  him  during  the  rest  of  the  day.     Rosecrans  had 

%    already  established   his    headquarters    at    Chattanooga, 

where  about  one  third  of  his  army  had  followed  him. 

During  the  21st  there  was  but  very  little  fighting, 

and  that  evening  Thomas  retired  to  Chattanooga.    Bragg 

advanced,  taking  possession  of  Lookout  Mountain  and 

Missionary  Ridge.     The  Federal  loss  was  1,644  killed, 

9,262  wounded,  4,945  missing;  total,  15,851.     Bragg' s 

loss  was   fully  20,000,   although   reported   as    17,804. 

Death  of    Among  the  enemy's  killed  were  Brigadier-Generals  Pres- 

smith,       ton  Smith,  James  Deshler,  and  B    H.  Helm.     The  last 

and  Hcim.  two  were  graduates  of  West  Point.     General  Wm.  H. 

Death  of    Lytle  was  among  the  Federal  dead.     He  had  won  dis- 

Gencnil  *  ° 

Lytie.        tinction  in  the  Mexican  war. 

Rosecrans  Bragg  now  laid  siege  to  Chattanooga.  This  town  is 
besieged,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tennessee 
River,  151  miles  southeast  of  Nashville,  and  138  miles 
northwest  of  Atlanta.  It  is  surrounded  by  high  hills, 
and  amid  picturesque  scenery,  several  valleys  and  inter- 
vening ridges  converging  at  this  point. 

The  enemy  now  seriously  interrupted  Rosecrans' 
communications.  For  several  days  the  Federal  troops 
were  on  short  rations.  Manv  horses  and  mules  died 

«/ 

from  starvation,  or  were  worked  to  death  in  striving  to 
bring  supplies  over  the  one  route  yet  left  open, — from 
Nashville.  The  Federals  had  possession  of  the  railroad 


ROSECRANS.  261 

from  Nashville  to  Bridgeport;  but  here  the  road  crossed  is  us. 
to  the  south  side  of  the  Tennessee  River,  which  crossing 
was  commanded  by  Bragg's  guns,  so  that  instead  of 
bringing  his  supplies  direct  from  Bridgeport,  only  25 
miles  away,  the  Federal  commander  was  compelled  to 
follow  a  circuitous  route  for  sixty  miles  north  of  the 
river,  over  a  mountainous  country. 

Sept.    30. 

On  Sept.  30,  Bragg  sent  Wheeler  with  about  4,000  wheeier-* 
troopers  on  a  raid  upon  Rosecrans'  supply  trains.     The 
Federal  cavalry  started  in  pursuit :  but  Wheeler  caused  Oct  1- 

*  Anderson's 

great  damage,  capturing  and  destroying  two  large  trains,  Gap. 
and  taking  about  1,000  prisoners  at  Anderson's  Cross  Oct   2 
Roads,  in   the    Sequatchie  Valley.     Here   his    success Andcrson'8 
ended.      The    Federal    cavalry   attacked   him   Oct.    2,  Roads, 
but    in    too    small   a   force   to    do   more    than    check 
him   for  a  short   time.     Again  on  the    4th,   near   Mc-oct.  4. 
Minnville,    the    Federal    cavalry,   about   2,000    strong,  ™inn" 
attacked    the    bold    raider,    but    without    result,   and 
at   dark   Wheeler   moved   away  toward    Murfreesboro, 
which    he   found    too    strongly   guarded  to  venture  an 
attack ;  but  he  did  attack,  without  success,  a  stockade  Oct  5 
on  Stone  River.     Then  pushing  southward  toward  Shel-  stockade 
byville,  he  reached  Wartrace  Depot,  where  the  Federals  River, 
again  overtook  him.     A  hard  fight  followed,  resulting  in 
the  defeat  and  rout  of  Wheeler.     His  force  became  di_  Depot. 
vided,  when  he  hastily  retreated,  but  was  closely  pur. 
sued,  the  Federals  capturing  about  half  of  his  command 
before  he  could  reach  Bragg's  lines. 

We  will  now  close  this  chapter,  as  there  is  a  change 
in  the  management  of  military  affairs  in  this  Departme.nt, 
and  will  rejoin  the  successful  inarch  of  our  great  captain. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

CHATTANOOGA     AND     KNOXVILLE. 

GRANT. 

^  the  16th  of  October  the  President  directed  Gen- 
eral Grant  to  take  command  of  the  departments  of 


Grant  as-    ^e    Ohio,   the    Cumberland,   and   the    Tennessee,   and 

signed  to 

the  com-    designated  all  three  as  the  Department  of  the  Mississippi. 
three  DC-    General  Grant  placed  General  Thomas  in  command  of 
partments.  ftosecrans'  army,  giving  to  Sherman  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  Burnside  retaining  command  of  the  Army  of 
e  Oh*0-     -"-n  ^ne  &rs^  days  of  September,  Grant  had 
e- visited  New  Orleans  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  confer- 
ence with  General  Banks.     While  there  he  attended  a  re- 
Grant  in-    vjew  Of  Banks's  troops  at  Carrollton.     While  returning 

jured  near 

New  or-  to  New  Orleans  from  the  review  on  Sept.  4,  his  horse 
became  frightened  and  springing  against  a  wagon  with 
great  violence,  fell  to  the  pavement  with  the  General, 
severely  injuring  his  hip.  This  caused  him  many  days 
of  painful  suffering,  and  obliged  him  to  use  crutches 
several  weeks.  He  returned  to  Vicksburg  about  the 
middle  of  September,  but  did  not  leave  his  bed  until 
the  25th. 

On  Oct.  3  he  was  directed  to  proceed  to  Cairo  as 
soon  as  able  to  take  the  field.  The  dispatch  reached 
him  on  the  10th,  and  he  arrived  in  Cairo  on  the  16th, 
where  he  received  instructions  to  report  at  the  Gait 
House,  Louisville,  Ky.,  with  which  he  at  once  complied. 
At  Indianapolis  he  met  the  Secretary  of  War,  Hon. 
E.  M.  Stanton,  who  now  gave  him  the  order  of  the 

(262) 


GRANT.  263 


President.     They  proceeded  together  to  Louisville.    On 
the  18th  Grant  telegraphed  the  order  placing  General  chat^7 
Thomas  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  nooga- 
and  started  with  his  staff  for  Chattanooga  on  the  19th, 
arriving  there  on  the  23d.    He  had  already  given  various 
orders  looking  to  the  relief  of  the   beleaguered  army 
under  Rosecrans  at  that  place.     Hooker  was  near  by, 
having  arrived  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  with  the  chatta- 
llth  Corps  under  General  Howard,  and  the  12th  Corps  n< 
under  General  Slocum.     Hooker  had  made  a  surprisingly 
quick    movement,  transporting  over  20,000   men,  with 
artillery,    trains,   animals,   and   baggage,   nearly    1,200 
miles  within  seven  days. 

The  day  after  General  Grant  arrived  at  Chattanooga, 
he  issued  orders  for  the  movement  of  troops.  His  first 
duties  were  to  relieve  the  half-starved  and  half-clothed 
army.  Retreat  was  not  thought  of  by  Grant,  although 
Rosecrans  had  contemplated  doing  so.  On  the  26th  of 
October,  Hooker,  following  the  instructions  of  his  chief, 
crossed  the  Tennessee  at  Bridgeport,  marching  eastward 
via  Whiteside  and  Wauhatchie  to  Brown's  Ferry,  the 
ferry  being  a  short  distance  west  of  Chattanooga  and  in 
possession  of  the  enemy.  Troops  were  also  put  in 
motion  from  the  camps  at  Chattanooga  for  the  capture 
of  the  ferry.  General  Hazen,  with  a  brigade  of  infantry, 
went  down  the  river  on  ponton  boats  in  the  night,  and 
at  daylight  on  the  27th  surprised  the  enemy's  pickets 
and  captured  the  post  and  the  heights  commanding  that 
point.  Hooker  reached  Wauhatchie  in  Lookout  Valley 
on  the  afternoon  of  the  28th,  where  a  part  of  his  troops 
under  Geary  were  left,  the  rest  going  to  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  ferry. 

The  enemy  on  Lookout  Mountain  was  watcning  Oct.  as. 
Hooker's  movements,  and  Longstreet  determined  to  J^,e- 
drive  him  back.  About  midnight  of  the  last-named 


264  GRANT. 

lass,  day,  he  charged  down  upon  Geary's  division,  expecting 
cimttaT  to  completely  surprise  it;  but  Geary  was  wide-awake, 
and  gave  McLaws  a  hot  reception.  Hooker,  hearing  the 
sound  of  battle,  sent  Howard  from  the  ferry  to  his 
relief.  Geary  resisted  a  largely  superior  force  for  three 
hours.  The  battle  was  fierce,  lasting  till  4  A.  M.  of  the 
29th.  At  last,  with  the  aid  of  reinforcements,  the 
enemy  was  overthrown,  and  retired  in  disorder.  Hook- 
er's loss  was  416  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  loss  of 
the  enemy  was  about  1,000  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners.  Hooker's  victory  at  once  brought  relief  to 
the  army.  Grant  had  opened  the  way  so  that  provisions 
could  be  freely  conveyed  to  the  troops,  and  they  soon 
had  full  rations. 

Bragg's  army  was  intrenched  about  three  miles  from 

the  Tennessee,  along  the  western  slope  of  Missionary 

Ridge,  across  Chattanooga  Valley  to  the  western  slope 

of  Lookout  Mountain.     His   line    of  works  was  about 

twelve  miles  long,  enveloping  the  Federal  position  on  the 

NOV  14     ea§t?  south,  and  west.     On  Nov.  14,  General  Sherman 

Sherman     arrived  at  Bridgeport,  Ala.,  with  four  divisions,  under 

arrives 

fromvicks-  Osterhaus,  M.  L.  Smith,  Hugh  Ewing,  and  John  E. 
Smith,  the  first  three  of  the  15th  Corps,  the  latter  of  the 
17th  Corps.  General  Sherman,  being  now  in  command , 
of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  had  placed  General  Blair 
in  command  of  the  15th  Corps.  These  troops  had  left 
Vicksburg  by  boat,  Sept.  28,  for  Memphis,  reaching 
there  Oct.  4.  They  soon  pushed  forward  to  the  relief 
of  Chattanooga,  a  division  of  the  16th  Corps,  under  G. 
M.  Dodge,  following.  The  distance  from  Memphis  to 
Chattanooga  is  330  miles.  Sherman's  march  was  along 
the  northern  border  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  passing 
through  Corinth,  luka,  Tuscumbia,  Florence,  Decatur, 
Athens,  and  Stevenson,  skirmishing  heavily  nearly  the 
whole  distance. 


GRANT.  265 


General  Sherman  reported  in  person  at  Grant's 
headquarters  on  the  15th,  and  received  his  instructions, 
which  were  to  proceed  to  a  position  which  would  threaten  nooga- 
Bragg's  right  at  the  northern  end  of  the  ridge.  Thomas 
had  the  center,  and  would  move  against  the  enemy's 
works  on  Missionary  Ridge.  McCook's  and  Crittenden's 
corps  had  been  consolidated,  and  now  constituted  the 
4th  Corps,  in  three  divisions,  under  Cruft,  Wood,  and 
Sheridan,  commanded  by  General  Gordon  Granger. 
General  Palmer  now  commanded  Thomas's  old  corps, 
the  14th,  which  was  in  three  divisions,  under  Baird, 
Johnson,  and  Jefferson  C.  Davis.  Hooker  held  the 
right  before  the  enemy's  works  on  Lookout  Mountain. 
Owing  to  heavy  rains,  bad  roads,  and  so  many  rivers  to 
cross  and  recross,  Grant  was  unable  to  complete  his 
preparations  for  an*  attack  until  the  23d. 

On  the  22d  the  llth  Corps  had  been  detached  from 
Hooker's  command  and  brought  to  the  left  rear  of 
Thomas's,  where  it  acted  as  a  reserve.  Heavy  artillery 
firing  had  been  going  on  during  the  forenoon  of  the 
23d,  and  at  1  P.  M.  Wood  and  Sheridan  advanced  at  Nov.  23.25. 
double-quick,  forcing  back  the  enemy's  pickets  and  their  ^"^  of 
reserves,  capturing  200  prisoners  and  taking  possession  noosa- 
of  their  advanced  line  of  works,  including  Orchard  Knob 
and  a  low  range  of  hills  lying  about  half  way  between 
Chattanooga  and  Missionary  Ridge.  Palmer  advanced 
on  Granger's  right,  and  Howard  on  his  left,  where  the 
Federals  intrenched  during  the  night.  But  Sherman 
had  not  yet  reached  the  point  assigned  him.  His  troops 
must  cross  the  Tennessee  twice,  first  at  the  west  of  the 
town,  at  Brown's  Ferry,  then  passing  north  of  it  march- 
ing eastward  they  reach  the  river  again,  northeast  of  the 
town  and  about  four  miles  distant.  During  the  night 
the  Federals  quietly  cross  over,  capturing  the  enemy's 
pickets,  and  by  daylight  on  the  24th  Sherman  has  two 


266  GRANT. 

1803.  divisions  strongly  intrenched  near  Bragg' s  right  flank, 
chatta^  and  by  noon  he  is  ready  to  move  forward.  Osterhaus's 
nooga.  division  has  been  left  with  Hooker,  but  Jefferson  C. 
Davis's  division  of  Palmer's  corps  has  been  given  to 
Sherman  to  fill  the  vacancy.  It  was  not  intended  that 
Sherman  should  go  much  farther  this  day ;  but  he  presses 
forward,  and  after  some  heavy  artillery  firing  and  sharp 
skirmishing,  about  4  P.  M.  secures  a  strong  position  on 
the  northern  end  of  Missionary  Ridge.  At  last  he  has 
reached  the  place  assigned  him  by  General  Grant  on  the 
15th.  General  Howard  now  extended  his  left  connect- 
ing with  Sherman's  right.  During  the  24th,  Thomas 
remained  quiet  in  accordance  with  Grant's  plan,  who 
was  waiting  for  his  flankers  to  perform  their  part  of  the 
play. 

While  Sherman  was  skillfully  executing  his  portion 
of  the  preliminaries  to  the  great  battle  expected  on  the 
morrow,  Hooker  grandly  accomplished  the  work  given 
him  to  do.  He  had  with  him  Geary's  division  of  the 
12th  Corps,  Graft's  division  of  the  4th  Corps,  and 
Osterhaus's  division  of  the  15th  Corps.  Hooker's  camps 
were  on  the  western  side  of  Lookout  Creek,  near  the 
base  of  Raccoon  Mountain.  Geary,  with  his  own  divis- 
ion and  one  brigade  of  Craft's  division,  crossed  the 
creek  near  Wauhatchie  at  about  8  A.  M.,  captured  the 
enemy's  pickets,  and  at  once  began  to  climb  the  mount- 
ain-side. At  the  same  time  the  remainder  of  Hooker's 
troops  approached  the  creek,  opposite  the  northern 
extremity  of  Lookout  Mountain.  This  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  enemy  wholly,  so  that  Geary  was  not 
discovered  for  some  time. 

By  11  A.  M.  the  enemy  was  driven  from  the  foot  of 
the  hill.  They  now  discover  Geary  climbing  over  ledges 
and  boulders  on  their  left  and  rear.  Osterhaus's  right 
joins  Geary's  left,  and  the  Federals  press  forward  over 


GRANT.  267 

obstacles    of  the    most   extraordinary    character.     The    is  as 
Confederates  resist  determinedly,  but  are  driven.  chattT 

Lookout   Mountain  is  about   2,000  feet  above   theno°sa' 
level  of  the  sea,  and  about  1,400  feet  above  the  Ten- 
nessee, which  skirts  its  base,  and  is  steep  and  difficult 
of  ascent.     On  the  northern  slope,  about  midway  up  the- 
mountain,  the    enemy  had  a  continuous   line  of  earth- 
works.    The  fighting  lasted  until  night.     Since  2  p.  M. 
the  clouds  had  settled  down  below  the  combatants,  and 
those  below  could    only  see  the  flashing  of  the  guns ; 
hence  it  was  named  "  The  battle    above   the    clouds."  "The  bat- 
Hooker  succeeded  in  capturing  Lookout  Mountain.     He  the* 
also  took  about  2,000  prisoners.     The  Federal  soldiers  cloud8'" 
exhibited,  great  gallantry  in  charging  up  the  mountain- 
side in  the  face  of  a  Severe  fire.     During  the  night  the 
enemy  retired  to  Missionary  Ridge,  leaving  Hooker  in 
possession  of  the  mountain. 

On  the  4th  of  November,  Bragg  had  sent  Longstreet, 
with  his  corps  and  Wheeler's  cavalry,  to  operate  against 
Burnside  in  East  Tennessee,  hoping  to  draw  off  a  portion 
of  Grant's  force  in  that  direction ;  but  the  latter,  trust- 
ing to  the  ability  of  Burnside  to  take  care  of  himself, 
held  his  troops  before  Bragg. 

The  Federals  now  make  preparations  for  storming 
the  enemy's  intrenchments.  Bragg  has  concentrated 
his  forces  upon  the  top  of  Missionary  Ridge,  abandoning 
all  his  rifle-pits  below.  Without  Longstreet  he  has 
about  40,000  men ;  Grant  has  about  60,000.  On  the 
morning  of  the  25th  the  assault  of  Missionary  Ridge 
was  renewed.  This  ridge  runs  nearly  north  and  south, 
and  is  about  400  feet  high.  Hooker,  on  the  right,  was 
to  pass  from  Lookout  Mountain  down  into  the  valley  at 
the  east,  march  to  Rossville  Gap,  and  envelop  the  south 
end  of  Missionary  Ridge,  or  Bragg's  left  flank. 

Soon  after  daylight  Sherman  opened  the  fight.     His 


268  GRANT. 

whole  army  was  soon  engaged  upon  the  enemy's  right 
an(l  rear.     Hooker  was  detained  in  bridging  Chattanooga 
Creek,  and  it  was  3  P.  M.  before  he  came  up.     Meantime, 
Grant  had  held  Thomas  back  till  Hooker  should  attack, 
so  that  Bragg  should  weaken  his  center  to  strengthen 
his  flanks.     This  delay  made  severe  work  for  Sherman ; 
Bragg  was  thus  enabled  to  reinforce  his  right  more  and 
more,  and  notwithstanding  the  heroism  and  determina- 
.tion  of  Sherman's  troops,  they  could   make    but  little 
headway  against  such  a  tide.     At  last,  about  3  p.  M., 
Thomas  received  the  order,  and  the  impatient  troops  of 
Sheridan,  Wood,    Baird,  and  Johnson    moved    forward 
under  a  tremendous    fire    of  artillery  from   the   ridge. 
They  soon  take  up  the  double-quic]^.     The  first  line  of 
The  magni-  the  enemy  is  reached.     Not  a  shot  has  been  fired  by  the 
charge  of    Federals.     With  a  rush  they  go  over  the  works.     Hun- 
Thomas's    dreds  of  prisoners  are  taken  in  the  trenches.     On  and 
up  go  the  Federals,  the  enemy  flying  before  them  to  the 
crest.     Here  they  make  stubborn  resistance ;  the  air  is 
filled  with  clouds  of  shot  and  shell,  but  the  exultant 
Federals  press  on,  and  the  last  line  is  reached  and  taken 
with  thousands  of  prisoners  within  one  hour  from  the 
Bragg        time  they  started.     The  enemy  is  now  in  retreat  down 
_the  eastern  slope.     Sheridan  pursues  until  dark,  taking 
many   prisoners.     Hooker   and    Sherman   have   broken 
Bragg's  wings,  and  he  is  utterly  routed ;  Chickamauga 
is   avenged.      The    Federals    take    more    than    6,000 
prisoners. 

Bragg  retreated  to  Chickamauga  Station.     The  Fed- 
erals  started  in  pursuit   the    following   morning.     The 
NOV.  27.    enemy's  rear  guard  was  soon  overtaken,  and  skirmishing 
and  Tay-    continued  for  twenty  miles,  to  Ringgold.     A  little  be- 
lgc'  yond  this  place    Bragg   ordered  some  of  his  troops  to 
hold  a  gap  in  Taylor's  Ridge  until  his  trains  should  be 
placed  beyond  danger.     Hooker  at  once  attacked,  but 


GRANT.  269 

his  artillery  was  not  up,  and  the  Federal  advance  was 
checked.  A  severe  engagement  followed  of  three  hours' 
duration,  but  without  result.  The  Federal  artillery  ar-  no°sa- 
rived  about  noon,  and  had  scarcely  opened  when  the 
enemy  again  retreated ;  but  Bragg  had  accomplished  his 
object ;  his  trains  were  saved.  Grant  now  discontinued 
the  pursuit,  and  after  destroying  the  railroads  in  the 
neighborhood  pretty  thoroughly,  his  army  was  ordered 
back  to  the  vicinity  of  Chattanooga.  The  Federal  loss 
in  this  fight  with  Bragg  was  757  killed,  4,529  wounded, 
and  330  missing;  total,  5,616.  The  loss  of  the  enemy 
was  6,000  taken  prisoners,  and  an  estimated  loss  of 
4,000  in  killed  and  wounded,  also  forty  pieces  of  artil- 
lery. Bragg  reported  his  total  loss  as  8,684. 

General  Grant  returned  from  Ringgold  to  Chatta- 
nooga on  the  28th,  and  directed  that  Granger's  corps 
should  go  at  once  to  the  relief  of  Burnside,  who  was  be- 
sieged at  Knoxville  by  Longstreet.  Granger  seemed 
unwilling  to  go,  and  General  Grant,  fearing  for  Burn- 
side's  safety,  determined  to  send  his  most  trusty  lieu- 
tenant, and  at  once  ordered  General  Sherman  to  march 
to  Knoxville  with  the  15th  Corps.  Sherman  started 
on  the  30th.  NOV.  30. 

We  left  Burnside  in  East  Tennessee  a  little  while  go**  to  the 
before  the  battle  of  Chickamausra,  where  he  has  been  !5hef  ?' 

Knoxville. 

having  a  serious  time.     On  Oct.  10  his  cavalry  had  a 
brisk  engagement  with  the  enemy's  cavalry  under  Sam  B^,'e 
Jones,  at  Blue  Springs,  not  far  from  Bull's  Gap,  result-  ^,"g8' 
ing  in  the  defeat  of  the  foe.     But  Jones  met  with  suc- 
cess on   Nov.  6,  near   Rogersville,  where    with   2,000  Rogers- 
troopers  he  attacked  two  regiments  under  Colonel  Gar-  ville' Tenn- 
rard,  putting  the  Federals  to  flight,  and  capturing  over 
500  prisoners.     Oct.  20  Colonel  Wolford,  operating  in  °ct-  2°- 
the  Sweetwater   Valley,   was   attacked   by  a   superior  Phia, 
force  of  the  enemy  near   Philadelphia.     After   several 


270  '  GRANT. 

1863.  hours'  fighting,  finding  that  he  was  being  surrounded,  he 
retired  to  Loudon,  leaving  in  the  enemy's  hands  about 
300  prisoners. 

NOV.  10.  On  Nov.  10  the  Federal  garrison  at  Rogers ville  was 

viife,  Term,  attacked  by  forces  from  Virginia,  and  forced    back  to 
Morristown,  with  a  loss  of  about  400  prisoners.     On  the 
morning  of  Nov.   14  Longstreet's  advance  crossed  the 
NOV.  14.     Tennessee    at  Huff's   Ferry,  six  miles   below    Loudon. 
Feny        ^  brigade  under  General  Julius  White  attacked  Ljong- 
street's  advance,  driving  it  back  a  distance  of  two  miles. 
Burnside  now  hastened  to  concentrate  his  forces  at 
Lenoir's,  from  which  place  he  marched  on  the  evening 
NOV.  is.    of  the  15th  for    Campbell's    Station.     Longstreet   was 
creek*      endeavoring   to    reach    that   point   first,    but   Burnside 
arrived   ahead  of  him.     Taking  a  strong   position  one 
Lenoir's.     haif  miie  from  the  station,  on  the  Knoxville  road,  he 
River™      awaits   the    enemy.     Longstreet   soon   attacks    with   a 
part  of  his  corps,  but  is  repulsed.     He  assaults  again 
campbeirs  aT1d  again,  but  is  repeatedly  driven  back  with    severe 
station.      jogg^  wnen  ne  withdraws.     During  the  night  Burnside 
NOV.  17  to  retires  to  the  defenses  of  Knoxville.     The  enemy  soon 
siege  of     follow,  and  on  the  18th  assault  the  works,  but  receive 
Knoxviiie.  a  severe  repulse.     General  Sanders,  commanding  Burn- 
Death  of    side's  cavalry,  is  killed  while  gallantly  fighting  at  the 
neacl  of  his  troops.     The  earthwork  in  front  of  which  he 
fell  was  named  Fort  Sanders  by  General  Burnside,  in 
honor  of  his  memory. 

Longstreet  now  determined  to  reduce  the  garrison 
by  famine  till  they  should  be  compelled  to  surrender, 
and  at  once  began  the  siege.  He  had  about  17,000  men 
when  he  left  Bragg,  but  now  received  a  considerable  re- 
inforcement by  the  arrival  of  the  forces  under  Sam 
Jones  and  Carter  Harrison.  On  the  25th  he  made  an 
attempt  to  seize  a  height  that  commanded  Fort  Sanders, 
but  failed.  At  6  A.  M.  on  the  29th  the  enemy  made  a 


GRANT.  271 

determined  assault  upon  the  fort,  the  Confederates  rush-   is  64. 
ing  right  into  the  face  of  death,  undaunted  by  the  terri-  Nov~^9. 
ble  fire  delivered  by  the  Federals  ;    but  after  desperate  ^ort  San" 

*  ders. 

fighting,  in  which  the  enemy  suffered  a  loss  of  nearly 
1,000  men,  they  were  repulsed.     The  Federal  loss  was 
less  than  50.     Longstreet,  learning  of  Bragg's  disaster 
and  Sherman's  approach,  raised  the  siege  on  Dec.  3,  and 
retired  in  the  direction  of  Virginia  ;  but  he  remained  in 
East  Tennessee  until  the  following  spring,  when  he  re- 
joined General  Lee  in  Virginia.     General  Sherman  re-  JLe™"eB 
turned  to  the  vicinity  of  Chattanooga,  and  rested   his  when  Long- 
worn-out  veterans.     They  had  marched  over  500  miles  tires. 
since  leaving  Vicksburg.     The  whole  country,  including 
Congress,  voted  thanks  to  General  Grant  and  his  soldiers. 
Success  seemed  to  follow  both  him  and  them,  no  matter 
what  field  they  occupied. 

On  March  2,  1864,  Congress  revived  the  grade  of^rch' 
Lieutenant-General.       The    President    named    General  Grant  a 
Grant  for  the  place,  which  was  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  General 
Grant   was    called    to    Washington,   where    he   arrived  ^^Tn- 
March  8,  and  on  the  9th  he  met  the  President  for  the  Chief- 
first   time,  and  received  his  commission,  which  placed 
him  in  command  of  all  the  armies  of  the  United  States. 
General  Sherman  was  given  the  place  vacated  by  Gen-  Snerman 
eral  Grant,  and  McPherson  took  Sherman's  late  command. 


General  Grant  at  once  began  preparations  for  the  spring  pr 
campaign,  meeting  Sherman  at  Nashville  on  the  17th  of 
March  to  arrange  matters  in  that  Department.    He  then 
returned  to  Washington,  reaching  there  on  the  23d. 

Grant's  headquarters  had  been  at  Nashville  since  the 
middle  of  December.  Thomas  had  remained  at  Chatta- 
nooga, Sherman  at  Bridgeport,  with  his  troops  distributed 
along  the  railroad  from  Stevenson  to  Decatur,  Ala.,  and 
toward  Nashville.  General  Foster  relieved  General 
Burnside  on  Dec.  11  but  the  former  was  soon  after  re- 


272  GRANT. 

1804.  lieved  at  his  own  request,  on  account  of  a  wound  re- 
ceived in  the  Mexican  war,  General  John  M.  Schofield 
assuming  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  on 
Feb.  9,  1864. 

When  Sherman  was  ordered  to  the  assistance  of  Rose- 

crans,  McPherson  was  left  in  command  at  Vicksburg. 

Oct   13     About  the  middle  of  October,  1863,  McPherson,  with 

1863.  MC-    the  divisions  of  Logan  and  Tuttle,  moved  in  the  direction 

Pherson    at 

Big  Black  of  Canton,  where  the  enemy  seemed  to  be  concentrating. 
After  crossing  the  Big  Black,  McPherson  met  the  enemy's 
cavalry  under  Wirt  Adams.  Sharp  skirmishing  followed, 
in  which  Adams  was  forced  back  some  distance,  after 
which  the  enemy  was  heavily  reinforced.  The  purpose 
of  the  reconnaissance  having  been  effected,  McPherson 
returned  to  Vickeburg. 

In  January,  1864,  General  Grant  directed  Sherman 

to    organize   a   force    at   Vicksburg,  for  an    expedition 

against  the  enemy's  railroads  in  Mississippi.     General 

February,    Sherman  left  Vicksburg  Feb.  3,  with  four  divisions,  two 

Sherman's  under  McPherson  and  two  brought  from  Memphis  under 

Meridian     jjuriDUt.     Passing  through  Jackson,  Brandon,  and  Mor- 

Expedition. 

ton,  he  reached  Meridian  on  the  14th,  driving  the  enemy 
under  General  Polk  before  him.  Here  he  destroyed  150 
miles  of  railroad  track  and  6,000  feet  of  trestle-work  to 
his  entire  satisfaction,  and  everything  else  but  inhabited 
houses,  including  depots,  storehouses,  and  bridges.  At 
Meridian,  Sherman  expected  to  be  joined  by  a  division 
of  cavalry  under  W.  S.  Smith  from  the  vicinity  of  Mem- 
phis, but  Smith  did  not  effect  the  junction ;  he  was  de- 
tained in  his  march.  He  had  succeeded  in  destroying 
about  1,000,000  bushels  of  corn,  2,000  bales  of  cotton, 
and  30  miles  of  railroad  track.  Being  confronted  by 
Forrest  on  Feb.  20,  and  believing  his  force  inferior  to 
that  of  the  enemy,  he  returned  to  Memphis,  Forrest  fol- 
Feb.  22.  lowing  as  far  as  the  Tallahatchie,  after  having  a  brief 

Okolona, 

Miss.         engagement  at  Okolona  on  the  22d. 


GRAM.  273 

Sherman  remained  at  Meridian  until  Feb.  20,  waiting   is  &  4. 
for  the  arrival   of   Smith,  intending  to  push  as  far  as 
Selma,  Ala.     But   not    wishing   to   go  farther  without 
cavalry,  he  now  began  his  return  march  to  Vicksburg,  Sherman 
on  a  line  north  of  the  one  on  which  he  had  advanced,  vicksbnrg. 
passing    through  Canton  on  the  26th,  having  marched 
about  300  miles.     He  had  kept  up  a  continual  skirmish- 
ing with  the  enemy  on  his  march  out,  and  had  lost  21 
killed,  68  wounded,  and  81  missing;  he  brought  back 
with  him  about  500  prisoners.     Some  5,000  negroes  had 
followed  his  army  to  Vicksburg. 

General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  had  superseded  Bragg 
after  the  battle  of  Chattanooga.  When  Johnston  learned  Johnston- 
of  Sherman's  advance  from  Vicksburg,  he  sent  two 
divisions  of  Hardee's  corps  to  reinforce  Polk.  General 
Grant,  at  Chattanooga,  being  informed  of  this,  started 
General  Palmer  with  the  14th  Corps  in  the  direction  of 
Dalton,  to  counteract  it.  Palmer  moved  out  Feb.  22, 
pressing  back  Wheeler's  cavalry  until  he  reached  Tunnel 
Hill  Ridge,  where  on  the  25th,  at  about  3  P.  M.,  Wheeler  Feb 


made  a  stand.     He  was  compelled  to  retire,  however,  Tunnc!Hi11 

'  Ridge  and 

after  a  sharp   fight.     Again  at  about  5  P.  M.  Wheeler  Buzzard 
faced  about  at  Buzzard  Roost,  on  Rocky  Face  Ridge. 


A  brief  engagement  took  place,  when  the  opposing  forces  Fcl)- 

0    c  l  °  Rocky  Face 

rested  for  the  night.  In  the  morning  it  was  found  that  Ridge. 
Wheeler  had  gone  toward  Dalton.  Palmer  followed, 
and  soon  met  the  enemy  in  Rocky  Face  Valley.  After 
a  sharp  fight,  having  become  satisfied  that  heavy  rein- 
forcements were  marching  to  Wheeler's  aid,  he  withdrew, 
returning  to  Tunnel  Hill  and  soon  after  to  Ringgold. 
Hardee's  divisions  sent  to  Polk  were  ordered  back, 
Johnston  having  learned  that  Sherman  had  returned  to 
Vicksburg.  After  returning  from  his  Meridian  expedi- 
tion, General  Sherman  visited  General  Banks  at  New 
Orleans.  He  soon  afterward  sent  two  divisions  to  join 

18 


274  GRANT. 

1864.  Banks  on  the  Red  River,  one  division  under  T.  Kilby 
Smith,  and  the  other  under  Joseph  A.  Mower,  both  in 
command  of  A.  J.  Smith.  General  Hurlbut  returned  to 
Memphis  ;  McPherson  remained  at  Vicksburg. 

Becoming  satisfied  that  he  had  defeated  W.  S.  Smith 

in  his  attempt  to  unite  with  Sherman,  Forrest  started 

raiding  in  on  a  raid  into  Western  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  moving 

Tennessee.  northward  from  Qkolona,  Miss.,  March  14,  1864,  with 

March  23.  about  5,000  men.     He  .reached  Jackson,  Tenn.,  March 

Tenn.   '     23,  where  he  rested  a  short  time,  sending  a  detachment 

to  attack  a  Federal  post  at  Union  City,  Tenn.,  defended 

March    34.  »  7 

union  city,  by  Colonel  Hawkins  with  the  llth  Tennessee  cavalry, 
numbering  about  450  men.  The  first  charge  of  the 
,  enemy  was  gallantly  repulsed,  but  Hawkins  now  surren- 
dered, believing  that  he  could  not  resist  the  force  sent 
against  him. 

Scah^or        Forrest   appeared  before  Paducah,  Ky.,  March  25. 

Fort  An-    Colonel  S.  G.  Hicks  with  about  650  men  garrisoned  Fort 

derson,  Ky. 

Anderson,  in  the  edge  of  the  town.  His  demand  for 
surrender  being  refused,  Forrest  savagely  assaulted,  and 
was  handsomely  repulsed.  Again  the  enemy  charged, 
more  determinedly  than  before,  and  was  again  repelled. 
The  Federals  were  aided  by  two  gun-boats.  Forrest  now 
drew  off,  but  remained  in  the  neighborhood  until  the 
27th,  when  he  vanished.  His  loss  had  been  over  350  in 
killed  and  wounded ;  Federal  loss,  14  killed  and  46 
wounded. 

The  raiders  now  moved  upon  Fort  Pillow,  located  on 
the  Mississippi  above  Memphis.  The  garrison  consisted 
of  19  officers  and  538  men,  of  whom  262  were  colored 
troops,  commanded  by  Major  L.  F.  Booth.  Major 
W.  F.  Bradford  commanded  the  white  troops.  Booth 
being  the  ranking  officer,  had  charge  of  the  garrison. 
April  12.  Forrest  assaulted  at  sunrise  on  the  12th.  The  Federals 

Fort  Pillow 

niiigsacrc.    fought  gallantly,  and  up  to  2  p.  M.  the  enemy  had  not 


GRANT.  275 

gained  any  decisive  advantage.     Major  Booth  had  been  is 64. 
killed,  and    Bradford    was  now  in  command.     At  this  Death  of 
hour  the  firing  had  ceased  when  Forrest  demanded  an  JJJJ£ 
unconditional  surrender,   and  under  cover   of  the    flag 
of  truce  his  fiends  crept  up  to  positions  near  the  works 
which  they  had  failed  to  gain  by  fighting.     This  was 
both   cowardly   and  treacherous.     Bradford  refused   to 
surrender,  when  the  demons  rushed  over  the   fortifica- 
tions, and  a  scene  followed  that  no  pen  can   describe 
for   its   barbarity.     More    than    300    Federal   soldiers, 
who   had   surrendered    when    they   found    the    fort   in 
possession  of  the    enemy,  were    murdered,   the    devils 
crying,  "  No  quarter,"  shooting  and  butchering  in  indis- 
criminate slaughter.     Men  were  nailed  to  tent  floors  and 
buildings,  and  burned  alive;    wounded  and    sick  were 
shot  where  they  lay.     Major  Bradford,  with  other  pris- 
oners, was  taken  along  by  Forrest  when  he  moved  away. 
The   following  day  Bradford  was  led  a  short  distance  Death  Of 
aside  from  the  line  of  march,  and  a  volley  fired  at  him.  ^aj°r  , 

J  Bradford. 

It  is  stated  that  he  fell  dead,  pierced  by  many  bullets. 

Forrest  now  hastily  returned  to  Northern  Mississippi. 
A  few  days  later  General  S.  D.  Sturgis,  with  about 
10,000  men,  was  sent  from  Memphis  after  Forrest,  but 
the  latter,  moving  rapidly,  escaped.  Early  in  June 
Sturgis  made  another  attempt  against  Forrest,  advancing 
through  West  Tennessee  and  Northern  Mississippi.  He 
came  upon  the  enemy  near  Guntown.  The  Federal Jnne  10- 

*  .  _  Guntown, 

cavalry  first  encountered  Forrest,  pushing  his  cavalry  MISS. 
back  upon  his  infantry,  which  was  found  to  be  strongly 
posted.  Sturgis  was  some  five  miles  behind.  Hasten- 
ing forward  at  double-quick,  he  soon  came  upon  the 
ground,  but  it  was  a  hot  day,  and  his  men  arrived  ex- 
hausted ;  without  rest  they  were  pushed  immediately 
into  the  fight.  The  conflict  was  short  and  decisive, 
resulting  in  the  rout  of  the  Federals,  who  retreated  in 


276  GKAAT. 

1864.   disorder.     At  Ripley  they  succeeded  in  checking   the 

jane  11.    pursuing  enemy  for  a  time,  but  were  again  driven,  For- 

Miw!7'      res^  following   nearly  to  Memphis.    .  Sturgis    had  been 

utterly  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  about  3,000  men,  most 

of  whom  were  captured.     Early  in  July  the   Federals 

once  more  moved  against  Forrest.     On  the  7th,  General 

A.  J.  Smith,  who  had  been  returned  to  this  department 

from  Banks's  army,  left  Saulsbury,  Tenn.,  with  about 

12,000  men,  skirmishing  with  the  enemy  all  the  way  to 

Tupelo,  Miss. 

juiy  i3-io.        On  the  13th,  near  that  town,  a  detachment  of  For- 

Tupelo,  , 

MISS.  .rests  cavalry  attacked  the  Federal  trains,  but  met  with 
a  severe  repulse.  The  following  day,  at  Tupelo,  Forrest 
with  his  whole  force,  numbering  about  14,000  men, 
attacked  the  Federals,  who  being  well  posted,  drove 
back  the  assailants.  Gathering  for  a  determined  charge, 
the  enemy  renewed  the  assault  again  and  again ;  but 
without  success.  Forrest  now  retired.  The  Federals 

01.1  Town  soon  f0nowed,  and  on  the  15th,  at  Old  Town  Creek,  the 

Crook. 

conflict  was  renewed,  resulting,  after  a  severe  battle,  in 
the  defeat  of  the  enemy.     Smith  soon  afterward  with- 
drew to  Memphis.     Again  in  August    General    Smith 
Went  in  search  of  Forrest,  marching  as  far  as  the  Talla- 
hatchie.     The  latter  dashed  into  Memphis  on  the  morn- 
Aug.  21.    ing  of  Aug.  21  with  about  3,000  troopers,  while  Smith 
Memphis,    was  looking  for  him  in  Mississippi.     He  succeeded  in 
capturing  several  officers  and  about  300  men ;  but  before 
he  could  get  away  the  Federals  gathered  in  his  path, 
causing  him  a  loss  of  about  200  in  killed  and  wounded. 
Dec.  14, -63.        December  14,  1863,  as  Longstreet  was  retiring  from 

Bean's  Sta-  '  '  ° 

tion,  Tenn.  the  neighborhood  of  Knoxville,  the  Federals  in  pursuit 
overtook  him  near  Bean's  Station.     A  severe    engage- 
ment followed,  but  without  result ;  it  ended  with  dark- 
ness.    Long-street  now  fell  back  toward  Bull's  Gap. 
December   29,  General    Sturgis,  in   command  of  a 


GKANT.  277 

small  force,  defeated  John  Morgan,  who  had  about  5,000   is  a  4. 
men,  between  Mossy  Creek  and   New    Market,  Tenn.,  Dec.~2v&3. 
causing   him  a  loss  of  about  250  men;    Federal   loss,  ^ossy 

about   100.  Tenn. 

December   28,   Wheeler's    cavalry  captured  a  Fed- 
eral  supply    train   near   Charleston,  Tenn. ;    but  their  Charleston, 
possession  of  it  was  of  short  duration.     Federal  rein-T< 
forcements    coming   up  just  in  time,  retook    the  train, 
repulsing   Wheeler    with   a   loss    of  45   in    killed  and 
wounded   and    over  100   prisoners.     The    Federal  loss 
was  15  in  killed  and  wounded. 

January  16,  1864,  John  Morgan  attacked  General  Jan  16)  164 
Sturgis  at  Dandridge,  Tenn.     A  severe  battle  followed,  »™*M^ 

'  Tenn. 

ending  at  night  without  result,  when  Sturgis  retired  to 
Strawberry  Plains. 

January  14,  a  small  force  of  the  enemy  under  Gen- Jan- 14> 15- 

»  '  *  Sevicrville, 

eral  Vance,  which  had  come  from  North  Carolina,  cap-  Tenn. 
tured  a  small  Federal  train  near  Sevierville,  Tenn.  On 
the  following  morning,  Major  Davidson,  with  the  4th 
Illinois  cavalry,  surrounded  Vance,  taking  him  prisoner 
with  several  of  his  officers  and  about  100  men,  together 
with  his  booty.  May  20. 

May    29,  Morgan   entered    Kentucky  on  a  raiding  ra^fng  in 
expedition,  causing  great  destruction  of  property.     June  Keiltucky- 
9,  General  Burbridge  overtook  him  at  Mount  Sterling,  juno  9. 
and  punished    him    severely.     Again,  near    Cynthiana,  JJ^* 
Burbridge  gave  him  another  hard  blow,  causing  him  a 
loss  of  300  in  killed  and  wounded  and  400  prisoners,  cynthiana. 
together  with   1,000    stolen  horses.     The  Federal  loss 
was  about  150.     Morgan  found  Kentucky  a  bad  place 
for  his  business,  and  returned  to  East  Tennessee,  where, 
on  Sept.  4,  at  Greenville,  he  was  attacked  by  General  Sej)t-  4- 

*  Greenville, 

Gillem.     His  force  was  defeated  with  a  loss  of  175  men.  Tenn. 
Morgan  had  made  his  last  raid ;  he  was  killed  during  Dcalh  of 

.  °  General 

this  engagement  by  Federal  pursuers,  in  endeavoring  to  Morgan. 


278  GRANT. 

1864.  escape  from  a  house.     General  Morgan  hnd  served  in 

the  Mexican  war  as  a  volunteer  in  a  Kentucky  regiment. 

Oct.  2.  October  2,  General  Burbridge  approached  Abingdon, 

va.  Va.,  for   the    purpose  of  destroying   the    enemy's  salt 

works  at  that  point,  when  he  was  met  by  a  superior 

force  under  Breckenridge,  and  defeated  with  a  loss  of 

over  300  men. 

Oct.  28.  October    28,    General    Gillem's    cavalry    defeated   a 

town.Tenn.  body  of  Confederates    at   Morristown,    Tenn.,    causing 
them  a  loss  of  about  450  men  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners.     But  Breckenridge,  who  had  recently  assumed 
NOV.  is.    command  in  East  Tennessee,  avenged  this  at  Bull's  Gap 
?enn!  °^  on  the  night  of  Nov.  13.     With  a  force  of  3,000  cavalry- 
men   he    routed    Gillem    after   a   sharp    fight.      Gillem 
did  not  have  one  half  that  number,  and  was  compelled 
to  retreat,  followed  by  the  enemy  to  Russellville,  where 
he  was  overtaken  and  again  defeated  with  the  loss  of  his 
battery,  train,  and  about  200  men  captured,  after  which 
he  at  last  succeeded  in  reaching  Knoxville.     The  enemy 
NOV.  17.    ceased    pursuit   at    Strawberry    Plains.     Colonel  L.  S. 

Strawberry  .  * 

plains.  Trowbridge,  in  command  of  a  small  brigade  at  Straw- 
berry Plains,  had  sent  forward  a  force  of  about  300  men 
to  aid  Gillem.  This  force  received  the  enemy  with  a 
severe  fire  near  Morristown,  checking  them.  Gillem's 
troops,  that  had  not  been  captured,  thus  escaped,  when 
Trowbridge's  force  returned.  Breckenridge  attacked 
Trowbridge  on  the  17th ;  and  although  the  latter  had  no 
more  than  one  sixth  of  the  force  of  the  enemy,  he  re- 
pulsed and  drove  him  off. 

sept.  23.  September  23,  Forrest,  with  about  7,000  men,  cap- 
Aia.enS  tured  a  garrison  of  600  colored  troops  at  Athens,  Ala., 
commanded  by  Colonel  Campbell.  Two  white  regiments 
coming  to  reinforce  the  garrison,  arrived  too  late ;  they 
were  driven  back  and  compelled  to  retire.  On  both  oc- 
casions the  Federals  resisted  bravely,  but  could  not 
withstand  the  overwhelming  force  of  the  enemy. 


Gil  A  NT.  279 

September  26,  Forrest  appeared  at  Pulaski,  Term.,   1864. 
which  was    occupied  by  a  strong  force  under   General  Sept~^,  37. 
Rousseau.     A  little  skirmishing  only  was  indulged  in,  Pulaski' 

«•  Tenn. 

when  the  enemy  moved  away.  He  next  attempted  the 
destruction  of  the  railroad  between  Tullahoma  and 
Decherd,  but  was  deprived  of  the  sport  by  the  Federals 
under  Generals  Rousseau  and  Steedman,  on  whose  ap- 
proach Forrest  hastened  away  to  Fayetteville. 

October  1  and  2,  Forrest   again    attacked   Athens,  Oct.  i,  2. 
Ala.,  which  was   now  garrisoned   by  the  73d   Indiana  Aia.ens 
under  Colonel  Slade.     He  was  severely  repulsed,  return- 
ing to  Tennessee. 

October  26,  General  Hood  appeared  before  Decatur,  Oct.  20-29. 

Hood  at 

Ala.,  and  laid  siege.  General  Granger  was  in  command 
of  the  strong  Federal  garrison  there.  On  the  28th,  a  Ala' 
part  of  the  garrison  made  a  sortie,  capturing  200  of 
Hood's  soldiers  in  their  rifle-pits.  At  another  time  a 
colored  regiment  rushed  out,  and  spiked  the  guns  of  one 
of  Hood's  batteries.  Hood  raised  the  siege  on  the  29th, 
moving  on  to  Tuscumbia. 

In  the  next  chapter  will  be  related  the  misfortunes 
of  Hood,  and  the  fortunes  of  Stoneman's  and  Wilson's 
cavalry. 


CHAPTER    XV. 

FRANKLIN    AND    NASHVILLE. 

THOMAS. 


1864.    /^  ENERAL  SHERMAN,  who  at  this  time  commands 

V->T  the  Federal   forces   in   the   central   departments, 

since  General  Grant's  ascendency,  (a  narrative  of  whose 

Thomas      operations  will  be  found  in  a  following;  chapter,  headed 

and  Hood. 

"  Sherman's  March,")  has  now  reached  Atlanta,  Ga., 
having  pushed  Johnston's  army  before  him.  As  before 
stated,  Bragg  was  relieved  by  General  Johnston  soon 
after  the  battle  of  Chattanooga.  On  July  17,  Jefferson 
Davis  relieved  Johnston,  because  he  could  not  stop 
Sherman's  onward  inarch,  placing  General  Hood  in  com- 
mand. Hood  could  do  no  better.  General  Sherman  is 
now  making  preparations  for  his  great  march  to  the  sea. 
After  he  had  forced  Hood  out  of  Atlanta,  the  latter 
moved  northward  upon  the  communications  of  Sherman, 
hoping  to  draw  him  out  of  Georgia.  General  Sherman 
had  sent  General  Thomas  back  from  Atlanta  to  Nashville, 
where  he  arrived  Oct.  3,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing 
the  forces  in  that  vicinity  for  the  defense  of  Tennessee. 
We  have  just  seen  that  Hood  has  returned  into  Alabama. 
Sherman  has  followed  him  as  far  as  Gaylesville  in 
that  State.  He  will  now  leave  Hood  to  the  tender 
mercies  of  "  Pap  "  Thomas,  to  whom  has  been  assigned 
the  23d  Corps,  under  General  Schofield,  and  the  4th 
Corps,  under  General  Stanley. 

The    23d    Corps    was    organized  in  Kentucky,  and 
brought  to  Tennessee   by  Burnside.     General    Thomas 

(280) 


TUG  MAS.  281 

has    been    busy  organizing  an  army  out  of  the  troops   ise4. 
about  Nashville.     New  recruits  are  also  coming  to  him, 


and  those  added  to  the  two  corps  named  above,  which  and  Wilson 

at  Pulaski. 

have  arrived  at  Pulaski,  will  give  him  a  sufficient  force 
to  take  care  of  Hood.  General  Schofield  assumes  com- 
mand at  Pulaski.  The  division  commanders  in  the  4th 
Corps  are  Generals  Kimball,  Wagner,  and  T.  J.  Wood  ; 
and  of  the  23d  Corps,  Generals  Ruger  and  J.  D.  Cox. 
Ruger's  division  is  at  Johnsonville.  General  J.  H. 
Wilson  has  been  sent  by  General  Grant  from  the  army 
in  Virginia,  to  organize  the  cavalry  force  of  Thomas's 
army.  This  officer  is  now  with  Schofield,  with  a  cavalry 
corps  numbering  about  4,000  men.  Schofield  has  a  force 
of  about  25,000.  Thomas,  whose  headquarters  are  at 
Nashville,  has  about  15,000  other  troops,  but  as  yet 
they  are  somewhat  scattered. 

Hood,  whose  army  was  divided  into  three  corps,  un- 
der Cheatham,  Stewart,  and  Lee,  crossed  the  Tennessee 
at  Florence,  Ala.,  Nov.  17,  moving  toward  Nashville,  and 
driving  a  detachment  of  Federal  cavalry,  under  General 
Hatch,  from  Lawrenceburg  on  the  22d.  In  accordance 
with  his  instructions,  Schofield  now  fell  back  to  Colum- 
bia, having  all  his  troops  at  that  place  by  the  24th. 
Hood  came  on  through  Pulaski  to  Columbia.  On  the  Nov 
night  of  the  27th  the  Federals  retired  across  Duck  Lawrence- 
River,  Schofield  at  once  starting  his  trains  for  Nashville, 
about  60  miles  distant.  During  the  28th  the  Federals 
successfully  disputed  the  crossing  of  the  river  with 
Hood.  On  the  29th  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  crossed  Nov-  m- 

*  Spring  Hill, 

about  six  miles  above,  and  advanced  toward  Spring  Hill, 
about  15  miles  north  of  Columbia.  Schofield  sent 
Stanley  with  Wagner's  division  to  check  this  force  at 
that  point.  Stanley  reached  Spring  Hill  just  in  time  to 
head  off  Forrest  and  save  the  trains.  Infantry  coming 
to  Forrest's  support,  a  severe  battle  followed,  ending  in 
the  dark  with  the  repulse  of  the  enemy. 


282  THOMAS. 


Meantime  Sehofield  had  successfully  resisted  all  at- 
tempts of  Hood's  main  body  to  cross  the  river.  Under 
cover  of  darkness,  Sehofield  retreated,  passing  Spring- 
Hill  unmolested.  His  troops  marched  twenty-five  miles 
during  the  night,  and  got  into  position  at  Franklin, 
eighteen  miles  south  of  Nashville,  on  the  morning  of  the 
NOV.  so.  30th.  Ruger's  division,  which  had  been  sent  to  Stanley's 
Tennkhn'  assistance  at  Spring  Hill,  now  rejoined  its  corps.  Seho- 
field had  intended  to  cross  the  Harpeth  River,  but  there 
was  no  bridge  for  wagons  and  no  ford.  He  was  there- 
fore obliged  to  draw  up  his  army  on  the  south  side  of 
the  river  until  bridges  could  be  built.  These  were  com- 
pleted, and  the  trains  had  crossed  when  Hood's  advance 
appeared.  Wood's  division  was  sent  across  with  the 
trains.  Sehofield  now  had  but  20,000  men  to  oppose 
Hood's  45,000.  The  latter  did  not  get  up  to  attack 
until  nearly  4  p.  M.,  which  gave  the  Federals  time  to 
construct  breastworks.  Two  brigades  of  Wagner's 
division  held  some  advanced  works,  which  were  heavily 
attacked.  Bravely  resisting  for  a  time,  they  were  at 
last  forced  from  their  position  with  severe  loss,  falling 
back  upon  the  Federal  center.  The  exultant  enemy 
followed  with  a  rush,  and  pierced  the  Federal  lines. 
Wagner  had  lost  eight  guns.  The  moment  was  critical. 
Two  brigades,  under  Generals  Opdyke  and"  Conrad,  held 
in  reserve,  saw  the  danger,  and  rushed  to  the  rescue  at 
Gallantry  the  cry  of  General  Opdyke,  who  shouted,  "  Forward  to 

of  General  .  7  . 

the  lines  !  "  and  leading  his  men,  these  two  brigades 
dashed  forward  in  a  charge  that  was  irresistible.  The 
enemy  was  checked,  and  then  driven  back,  with  a  loss  of 
400  prisoners.  The  lost  guns  were  all  recovered,  the 
gap  was  closed,  and  Schofield's  army  saved  from  disaster. 
Hood  now  made  most  determined  efforts  to  regain 
the  lost  ground,  hurling  his  regiments  against  the  Federal 
breastworks  in  desperation  ;  but  every  attempt  was  re- 


THOMAS.  283 

pulsed  with  fearful  slaughter,  the  whole  Federal  front  ise4. 
becoming  engaged.  The  battle  lasted  far  into  the 
evening,  when  Hood  became  silent.  The  desperate  char- 
acter of  his  assaults  is  shown  by  his  losses.  His  army 
had  suffered  dreadful  losses,  amounting  to  1,750  killed, 
3,800  wounded,  and  702  prisoners,  making  a  total  of 
6,252.  The  Federal  loss  was  189  killed,  1,033  wounded, 
and  1,104  missing;  total,  2,326.  General  Stanley  was 
among  the  Federal  wounded.  Hood  lost  thirteen  general 
officers,  of  whom  six  were  killed,  six  wounded,  and  one 
taken  prisoner.  The  killed  were  Generals  0.  F.  Strail,  «en<;ralf 

'  Strail,  Cle- 

Patrick  R.  Cleburne,  John  Adams,  John  C.  Carter,  S.  R.  bume, 
Gist,  and  H.  B.  Granbury.     The  wounded  were  Brown, 


Manigault,  Quarles,  Cockerell,  -    —  ,  and  Scott.     Gordon 
was  captured.     (General  Thomas  recommended  General  killed 
Opdyke    for   promotion,  stating   that  he  'believed   that 
officer  saved  the  day.)  | 

Schofield  put  his  army  in  motion  for  Nashville  a  lit- 
tle after  midnight,  reaching  that  place  about  noon  on 
Dec.  1.  Thomas  had  just  been  reinforced  by  General 
A.  J.  Smith,  with  his  three  divisions  of  infantry.  Gen- 
eral Steedman  had  also  arrived,  coming  from  Chatta- 
nooga with  5,000  men,  including  a  brigade  of  colored 
troops.  Thomas  now  prepared  to  receive  the  enemy, 
posting  his  army  on  the  southern  side  of  the  town,  with 
General  Smith  on  the  right,  the  4th  Corps  in  the  center, 
with  General  T.  J.  Wood  in  command  in  place  of  Stan- 
ley, wounded,  and  General  Schofield  with  the  23d  Corps 
on  the  left.  Steedman  was  placed  on  Schofield's  left. 
Thomas  now  had  about  55,000  men,  including  Wilson's 
cavalry,  numbering  about  10,000.  Hood  at  once  began 
to  intrench  in  front  of  the  Federal  works,  as  if  he  would 
besiege  an  army  larger  than  his  own.  Cheatham's  corps 
formed  his  right,  Lee's  the  center,  and  Stewart's  the  left. 

Dec.  4  a  division  of  Hood's  army  attacked  a  small 


284:  THOMAS. 


detachment  of  Federals  at  a  block-house  on  Overall's 
Creek,  four  miles  north  of  Murfreesboro.  General 
Rousseau,  who  was  at  Murfreesboro  with  about  8,000 
men>  sent  General  Milroy  with  a  brigade  to  their  assist- 
ance. The  small  band  held  out  bravely  till  Milroy 
arrived,  when  the  enemy  was  driven  off. 

Marftee*  Dec.  8,  Forrest's  cavalry  made  a  weak  attack  upon 
boro.  Murfreesboro,  but  engaging  only  in  artillery  firing  and 
a  little  skirmishing,  they  soon  withdrew.  On  this  day 
Rousseau  sent  Milroy,  with  about  3,500  men,  out  to  the 
Wilkerson  Pike,  where  he  had  a  brisk  engagement  with 
Forrest,  driving  him  from  his  temporary  breastworks, 
and  capturing  about  250  of  his  troopers.  Milroy  lost 
about  200  men  in  the  action. 

The  division  commanders  in  the  opposing  armies 
were  as  follows  :  In  the  Federal  army,  —  Wood's  corps 
Generals  Kimball,  Elliott,  and  Beatty  ;  Scofield's  corps, 
Couch  and  Cox  ;  Smith's  corps,  Me  Arthur,  Garrard,  and 
Colonel  J.  B.  Moore  ;  Wilson's  cavalry  corps,  Hatch, 
R.  W.  Johnson,  J.  F.  Knipe.  Hood's  division  com- 
manders were  Generals  Johnson,  Stevenson,  Clayton, 
Loring,  French,  Walthall,  Johnson,  Williams,  J.  A. 
Smith,  and  T.  B.  Smith. 

From  the  1st  to  the  15th  of  December  was  spent  by 
Thomas      both  armies  in  strengthening  their  works  and  otherwise 


g°°k    preparing  for  the  impending  conflict.     General  Thomas 
other  at     had  been  ready  to  attack  Hood  for  some  time,  but  on 

Nashville.  .  .         . 

account  of  a  freezing  rain,  covering  everything  with  ice, 

he  was  delayed  for  several  days.     At  last,  the  weather 

becoming  more  favorable,  the  Federals  move  forward  on 

Dec  15  16  ^ne   morning   of   the    15th.     Thomas    sends    Steedman 

Battle  of    against  the  enemy's  right  to  cause  him  to  weaken  his 

Nashville.  . 

left.  This  succeeds,  when  Smith,  with  Wilson's  cavalry 
on  his  right,  is  sent  vigorously  against  Hood's  left,  en- 
veloping his  left  flank.  The  enemy  give  way,  yielding 


THOMAS.  285 

a  portion  of  their  works  with  several  guns  and  about  is 64. 
400  prisoners.  Wood  also  advances,  assaulting  Hood's 
center,  and  a  little  before  noon  a  brigade  of  Wagner's 
division  makes  a  brilliant  charge,  capturing  the  enemy's 
works  on  Montgomery  Hill.  Schofield  having  been  held 
in  reserve,  is  now  sent  to  the  right  of  Smith.  The 
fighting  becomes  general  along  the  whole  line.  By  night 
Hood's  army  has  been  forced  from  its  original  line  of 
works,  Wilson's  cavalry  doing  excellent  service.  Wood 
has  forced  back  Hood's  center,  capturing  his  breastworks 
with  600  prisoners ;  Steedman  has  also  gained  important 
advantages.  The  enemy's  left  has  been  driven  back  a 
long  distance,  and  Thomas  has  captured  1,200  prisoners 
and  15  guns,  when  darkness  ends  the  day's  battle. 

During  the  night,  Hood  corrected  his  lines,  drawing 
back  the  right  and  center  to  conform  to  the  left.  He 
also  brought  Cheatham's  corps  from  right  to  left.  The 
following  morning  the  Federals  moved  forward  toward 
the  enemy's  new  position,  in  the  same  order  as  at  the 
close  of  the  preceding  day.  Thomas  was  not  able  to 
attack  until  about  3  P.  M.,  when  Steedman's  and  Wood's 
left  made  a  determined  assault  upon  Hood's  right,  in- 
trenched at  Overton's  Hill.  After  a  terrible  struggle  the 
Federals  were  repulsed.  Wilson,  Smith,  and  Schofield 
have  not  been  idle,  however.  Hood  had  weakened  his 
left  to  repel  the  attack  upon  his  right,  when  they  pushed 
forward  vigorously,  sweeping  everything  before  them. 
Wood  and  Steedman  now  hear  the  cheers  of  their  com- 
rades at  the  right,  and  again  they  charge  furiously,  this 
time  with  success,  capturing  the  hill.  Thousands  of  pris- 
oners are  taken  by  the  Federals,  and  Hood's  army  is 
routed,  retreating  in  utter  disorder  toward  Franklin. 
Thomas  has  taken  4,500  prisoners  and  about  50  pieces 
of  artillery.  Wilson's  cavalry  give  immediate  pursuit, 
and  after  going  a  short  distance,  they  come  up  with  the 


286  THOMAS. 

is 64.  enemy's  cavalry  covering  Hood's  rear.  A  brisk  fight 
vaio71>f  takes  place,  when  the  Federals  charge,  Colonel  Geo. 
coionei  Spalding,  with  the  12th  Tennessee,  leading.  The  ene- 

Soaldlng. 

my's  line  breaks  and  scatters.  Darkness  again  con- 
cludes the  day's  fighting. 

Hoiiow7'  Pursuit  was  continued  on  the  17th,  the  cavalry  lead- 

Tree  Gap.  jng?  followed  by  the  4th  Corps.     A  severe  engagement 
was  had  at  Hollow  Tree  Gap,  within  four  miles  of  Frank- 
lin.    Wilson  charged,  dispersing  the  enemy,  and  captur- 
ing 400  prisoners ;  then  pressing  forward  he  soon  drove 
Franklin.    jj00(j  hastily  from  Franklin,  the  latter  leaving  behind 
2,000  of  his  wounded  and  about  200  Federal  wounded 
whom  he  had  captured.     Five    miles  beyond  Franklin 
Hood's  rear  guard  made  another  stand;  but  a  brilliant 
charge,  in  which  the  4th  regular  cavalry  did  splendid 
Hooa        work,  broke  it  up,  driving  the  enemy  in  confusion.     The 

routed, 

Thomas  in  pursuit  was  continued  by  the  cavalry  as  far  as  Lexing- 
ton, Ala.,  where  the  4th  Corps  also  arrived  on  the  28th, 
when,  finding  that  Hood  had  escaped  across  the  Tennes- 
see, it  ceased.  Schofield  had  followed  as  far  as  Colum- 
bia, and  Smith  had  reached  Pulaski,  when  a  halt  was 
ordered. 

Hood  crossed  the  Tennessee  Dec.  27,  and  retired  to 
Hood  re-  Tupelo,  Miss.,  where  on  January  23,  at  his  own  request, 
DickVay-  ne  was  relieved  of  the  command  of  what  there  was  left 
lor-  of  his  army.  This  remnant,  saved  from  the  wreck,  was 

placed  under  General  Dick  Taylor,  who  had  come  from 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  by  him  was  taken  to  the 
Atlantic  Coast  to  oppose  Sherman.  During  Hood's 
retreat,  and  before  he  reached  Tupelo,  Colonel  Palmer, 
with  about  600  Federal  cavalry,  coming  from  Decatur, 
Ala.,  succeeded  in  destroying  Hood's  ponton  train,  con- 
sisting of  200  wagons  and  78  ponton  boats,  near  Russell- 
ville,  on  Jan.  1,  1865,  and  at  10  P.  M.  that  night  came 
upon  a  supply  train  of  110  wagons,  which  he  also  cap- 


THOMAS.  287 

tured  and  destroyed.  He  then  returned  to  Decatur,  1864. 
having  sustained  but  little  loss.  Hood's  army  had  been 
nearly  destroyed  ;  he  had  lost  13,000  men  taken  prison- 
ers and  2,000  by  desertion  during  his  Tennessee  cam- 
paign ;  also  seventy-five  pieces  of  artillery.  The  Fed- 
eral loss  in  the  battle  of  Nashville  was  2,140  in  killed 
and  wounded. 

Upon  the  defeat  of  Gillem  by  Breckenridge  at  Bull's  stoneman 
Gap,  Stoneman  was  ordered  to  go  from  Louisville,  Ky.,  enridge  in 
to    his  relief.     He   at   once  started  with  a  division  ofj™n^ee 
cavalry  under    General    Burbridge  for  Knoxville.     On  &»•*• 
the  death  of  John  Morgan,  Basil  Duke  took  command, 
continuing   operations    under    Breckenridge's   direction. 
On  Dec.  13.  Stoneman,  having  united  the  forces  of  Bur-1*™-  13- 

.  Kingsport, 

bridge  and  Gillem,  moved  against  the  enemy.     Gillem 


came  upon  Duke  at  Kingsport,  defeating   him  after  a 
sharp  engagement,  and  capturing  his  train  and  85  pris- 
oners.    The  following   day  Burbridge  encountered  the  Dec.  14. 
enemy  at  Bristol,  Teun.,  and  at  Abingdon,  Va.,  on  the 
15th,   capturing   about   300    prisoners,  and    destroying  Dec-  15- 
several   loaded    trains  of  cars  and  a  large  quantity  ofva. 
military  stores.     December  16,  Gillem  routed  the  ene- 

Dec.    16. 

my's  cavalry  under  Vaughn,  at  Marion,  pursuing  him  to  Marion  and 
Wytheville,  Va.,  capturing  at  that  place  200  prisoners  Wyth 
and    8    guns,    together    with    a   valuable    wagon   train. 
Extensive  lead-works  near  the  town  and  the   railroad 
bridge  over  Reedy  Creek  were  destroyed.     On  the  17th 
Stoneman    moved    from    Mount   Airy   to    destroy   the 
enemy's    salt   works    at    Saltville,   Va.     Near    Marion,  Dec   18 
Burbridge  in  advance  fought  Breckenridge  several  hours,  Marion- 
when  the  enemy,  perceiving  that  Gillem  was  approach- 
ing, retired  into  North  Carolina.     Stoneman  then  pushed 
on  to  Saltville,  where  he  succeeded  in  accomplishing  the  DOC.  20. 
object  of  the  expedition.     From    here   he  returned    to 
Knoxville  with  Gillem's  troops,  Burbridge  returning  to 
Kentucky. 


288  THOMAS. 

1864.  Dec.  21,  General  Grierson  left  Memphis  with  about 
Griersoii.  3,500  cavalry.  Reaching  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad 
at  Tupelo,  he  destroyed  that  road  to  Okolona.  At 
Verona  on  the  25th  a  detachment  of  this  force  destroyed 
an  immense  amount  of  supplies  intended  for  Hood's 
Dec.  as.  army.  On  the  28th,  Grierson  attacked  the  intrenched 
tionf^iss"  enemy?  numbering  about  1,600  men,  at  Egypt  station. 
During  the  engagement,  reinforcements  for  the  enemy 
arrived  ;  but  before  they  could  form  a  junction,  Grierson 
defeated  them  in  detail,  capturing  over  500  prisoners ; 
then  moving  to  the  Mississippi  Central,  he  tore  up  the 
track  for  several  miles  near  Winona  station.  He  also 
destroyed  cloth  and  shoe  factories  at  Bankston.  At 
Benton  the  enemy's  cavalry  was  again  defeated  after  a 
sharp  conflict,  when  Grierson  proceeded  to  Yicksburg. 
This  had  been  a  successful  raid,  causing  the  destruction 
of  an  immense  amount  of  the  enemy's  supplies,  railroads, 
factories,  etc. 

i8C5.  March    20,    1865,    Stoneman   started    from    Mossy 

Creek,  Tenn.,  with  about  6,000  cavalry,  making  a  suc- 

March.  J  ' 

stoneman    cessful   raid   into  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  having 

in  North  .  . 

Carolina,  slight  engagements  with  the  enemy  at  Boone,  Wilkes- 
boro,  Jonesville,  Salisbury,  Salem,  Huntsville,  and  many 
other  places.  Ten  miles  east  of  Salisbury,  at  Grant's 

April  12.    Creek,  on  April  12,  he  came  upon  the    enemy    3,000 

creek.8  strong,  under  Pemberton,  of  Vicksburg  fame.  Gillem's 
cavalry  made  a  brilliant  charge,  the  llth  Michigan  cav- 

of  coionei  airy  under  Colonel  S.  B.  Brown  displaying  great  gallan- 
try. Pemberton  was  completely  routed,  with  a  loss  of 
14  pieces  of  artillery  and  nearly  1,400  men  taken  pris- 
oners. Stoneman  then  returned  to  Greenville,  Tenn., 
with  his  prisoners  and  captured  artillery,  leaving  Gillem 
with  a  division  to  intercept  and  disperse  any  troops  of 
the  enemy  moving  south.  During  this  raid,  Stoneman 
had  destroyed  an  immense  amount  of  military  property, 


THOMAS.  289 

and  had  captured  over  6,000  prisoners.  On  April  23, 
Gillem,  having  defeated  a  body  of  the  enemy  near  Ashe- 
ville,  was  about  taking  possession  of  that  town  when  he 
was  informed  that  the  war  was  at  an  end. 

March  22,  General  J.  H.  Wilson,  with  about  13,000  . 
men,    mostly    mounted,   was    started    southward    from 
Chickasaw,  Ala.,  by  General  Thomas,  for  the  purpose  of  A1»bama 

*  and  Gcor 

drawing  as  much  of  the  enemy's  forces  as  possible  from  gi»- 
reinforcing  Mobile  during  General  Canby's  operations 
there.  Wilson  left  Chickasaw  Landing  on  the  Tennessee 
River  on  the  date  named,  with  three  divisions  under 
Generals  Long,  Upton,  and  McCook.  Knipe's  division 
had  gone  with  the  16th  Corps  to  New  Orleans,  and 
from  there  to  Mobile,  aiding  in  the  capture  of  that  place. 
Wilson  arrived  at  Elyton  on  March  30.  From  here 
Croxton's  brigade  of  McCook's  division  was  sent  to 
Tuscaloosa,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  enemy's 
factories  there. 

Upton  at  the  same  time  moved  to  Montevallo,  driv- 
ing a  small  force  of  the  enemy  before  him.     Here  he  March  31 
destroyed    the    iron-works,   rolling-mills,    etc.      On   the  Ala.  ™ 
31st,  just  south  of  the  town,  Roddy's  cavalry  drove  in 
Upton's  pickets.     A  lively  fight  followed,  when  Roddy 
was  driven  toward  Randolph.     He  attempted  to  make  a  six  Miie 
stand  at  Six  Mile  Creek,  but  was  again  routed.     Upton  Cl 
entered  Randolph  the  next  day.     Wilson  now  came  up 
with    Long's    division,  and  joining   Upton,   pushed    on 
toward    Selma.     At   Ebenezer    Church    he    came  upon  Ebenczer 
Forrest   with    about    5,000    men.     The    Federals,    dis- 
mounting, gallantly  charged  the  enemy,  who  was  well 
sheltered  by  abatis.     Forrest  was  soon  routed,  with  a 
loss    of  200    taken    prisoners';    he  fled  toward    Selma. 
Wilson  followed  as  far  as  Plantersville,  where  he  rested 
for  the  night.     On  the  2d  he  moved  on  to  Selma,  reach-  April  2 


Beloui 

d.     nere  ne  lounu   r  orresi  wit/n  aoout 
19 


ing  there  at  4  p.  M.     Here  he  found  Forrest  with  about 


290  THOMAS. 

i8<>5.  7,000  men  prepared  to  defend  the  place.  The  Federals 
promptly  attack,  making  a*  brilliant  charge,  and  capture 
the  first  line  of  works.  General  Long  is  wounded,  and 
Colonel  Minty  takes  his  place.  Again  the  Federals 
move  forward,  and  before  dark  the  inner  line  is  carried 
and  the  town  captured,  with  about  3,000  prisoners, 
Forrest  retreating  in  haste  with  the  balance  of  his  com- 
mand. The  Federals  destroy  an  immense  amount  of 
property,  including  foundries,  machine-shops,  and  arse- 
nals. The  enemy  had  previously  burned  25,000  bales 
of  cotton  to  keep  it  out  of  Federal  hands. 

McCook  rejoined  Wilson  on  the  5th  of  April,  whom 
he  had  left  on  the  1st,  going  to  Scottsville  to  aid  Crox- 
ton  in  an  attack  on  Jackson's  division  of  Forrest's  com- 
mand. The  latter  was  moving  from  Tuscaloosa  to  Cen- 
treville.  Croxton  failed  to  connect,  and  McCook,  not 
deeming  it  advisable  to  attack  without  him,  withdrew. 
Wilson  left  Selma  on  the  10th  with  his  whole  force, 
except  Croxton's  brigade,  moving  toward  Montgomery, 
which  place  he  entered  on  the  12th.  The  enemy  had 
burned  an  immense  amount  of  cotton  on  the  approach  of 
the  Federals.  Moving  from  there  on  the  14th,  they 
April  16.  arrive  before  Columbus,  Ga.,  on  the  16th,  to  find  a 
Ga.un  ''  strong  force  opposing  further  advance.  The  Federals  at 
once  attack,  and  soon  capture  the  town,  with  about 
1,000  prisoners.  The  enemy  had  a  war  vessel  here 
nearly  ready  for  sea,  which  the  Federals  destroyed, 
together  with  the  navy  yard,  arsenal,  armory,  factories, 
and  a  large  amount  of  cotton  and  two  hundred  cars.  An- 
other war  vessel,  the  Chattahoochee,  lying  a  few  miles 
below,  was  destroyed  by  the  enemy. 

On  this  same  day  a  detachment  of  McCook's  division, 

under    Colonel   La  Grange,  leaving  the    main   body   at 

west  Point,  Tuskcgee,  proceeded  to  West  Point,  which  it  found  well 

fortified,  and  garrisoned  by  about  25.0  men.     La  Grange 


THOMAS.  291 


carried  the  works  by  storm,  capturing  the  entire  garri- 
son.     Among  the  enemy's  killed  was  General  Chas.  H.  Death  of 
Tyler,   a   graduate    of  West   Point   military  academy.  ®y™™1 
Wilson  reached  Macon,  Ga.,  on  the  20th,  when  he  was 
informed  that  Lee  had  surrendered,  and  the  war  was  £2^*5,. 
over. 

Croxton,  who  had  left  Wilson  at  Elyton,  had  pro-  APril  4- 

*  Tnscaloosa, 

ceeded  to  Tuscaloosa,  where  he  surprised  and  captured  Aia. 
forty  prisoners,  destroying  the  military  school  and  some 
bridges,  moving  through  Talladega  and  Carrollton,  Ga.,  April  6 
to   Pleasant   Hill.     Here    the    enemy  attacked  the  6th  peasant 

*  Ridge. 

Kentucky  cavalry.  The  2d  Michigan  gallantly  coming 
to  its  assistance,  the  enemy  was  driven  off  with  severe 
loss.  Croxton  joined  Wilson  on  the  31st  at  Macon. 


SHERMAN'S    GREAT    MARCH, 

ATLANTA,   THE  SEA,   AND   RICHMOND. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

CHATTANOOGA    TO    ATLANTA. 

SHERMAN. 


1804.  r^  ENERAL  WILLIAM  T.  SHERMAN  assumed 
Sherman's  ^-*  command  of  the  military  division  of  the  Missis- 
uonlTor  ^PPi?  embracing  the  departments  of  Cumberland,  Ten- 
the  march  nessee,  Ohio,  and  Arkansas,  March  18,  1864.  The 
gia.  latter,  however,  being  too  remote,  was  transferred  to 
the  Department  of  the  Gulf  on  May  8.  General  Sher- 
man at  once  addressed  himself  to  the  task  of  organizing 
and  preparing  for  the  proposed  movement  into  Georgia, 
coincident  with  the  advance  of  all  the  armies  against  the 
enemy.  The  army  of  the  Cumberland  was  rendezvoused 
at  Chattanooga,  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  at  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  at  Knoxville.  The  question 
of  furnishing  supplies  to  Sherman's  army  as  it  moved 
forward,  making  its  line  of  communication  longer  and 
longer,  proved  at  first  very  troublesome.  But  the  Gen- 
eral was  equal  to  the  emergency,  and  before  starting  he 
had  everything  arranged  so  that  it  worked  like  a 
charm.  It  required  100  locomotives  and  1,000  cars  to 
keep  his  100,000  men  and  35,000  animals  supplied. 
Each  man  carried  rations  for  five  days,  each  regiment 
was  allowed  one  wagon  and  one  ambulance,  and  the 
officers  of  each  company  one  pack-horse  or  mule.  Each 

(393) 


SHERMAN.  293 

brigade  and  division  had  its  supply  train  limited  to  i8G4. 
carrying  food,  ammunition,  and  clothing.  Tents  were 
forbidden,  except  for  the  sick  and  wounded,  and  one 
tent  for  each  headquarters, — only  tent-flies  for  all  others. 
General  Sherman  set  the  example,  having  only  tent-flies 
for  himself  and  staff,  and  no  tent  furniture  of  any  kind. 

On  May  6,  General  Sherman  left  the  vicinity  of 
Chattanooga  with  about  100,000  men.  General  Geo.  H. 
Thomas  was  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
with  about  60,000  men,  in  three  corps  :  the  4th  Corps, 
General  0.  0.  Howard,  in  three  divisions  under  Generals 
D.  S*.  Stanley,  John  Newton,  and  Thomas  J.  Wood ;  the 
14th  Corps,  General  John  M.  Palmer,  in  three  divisions 
under  Generals  Richard  W.  Johnson,  Jefferson  C.  Davis, 
and  Absalom  Baird ;  the  20th  Corps,  General  Joseph 
Hooker,  in  three  divisions  under  Generals  A.  S.  Williams, 
John  W.  Geary,  and  Daniel  Butterfield.  The  llth  and 
12th  Corps  had  been  consolidated,  and  were  designated 
the  20th  Corps.  Slocum,  who  had  commanded  the  12th 
Corps,  was  assigned  to  a  command  at  Vicksburg.  How- 
ard, who  had  commanded  the  llth,  was  given  the  4th 
Corps,  as  General  Gordon  Granger,  its  old  commander, 
was  on  leave  of  absence. 

General  James  B.  McPherson,  in  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee,  had  about  24,500  men,  in  three 
corps  :  the  15th  Corps,  General  John  A.  Logan,  in  four 
divisions  under  Generals  Peter  J.  Osterhaus,  Morgan  L. 
Smith,  John  E.  Smith,  and  Wm.  Harrow;  the  16th 
Corps,  General  Grenville  M.  Dodge,  in  two  divisions 
under  General  Thomas  W.  Sweeny  and  James  C.  Veatch: 
the  17th  Corps,  General  Frank  P.  Blair,  in  two  divisions 
under  Generals  Mortimer  D.  Leggett  and  Walter  Q. 
Gresham.  This  was  only  a  part  of  the  16th  and  17th 
Corps,  the  rest  being  at  Memphis  and  Vicksburg,  under 
Hurlbut  .and  Slocum,  or  absent  with  Banks  on  the  Red 
River  expedition. 


294:  SHERMAN. 

i  m-,4  General  John  M.  Schofield,  in  command  of  the  Army 

of  the  Ohio,  had  about  13,500  men  of  the  23d  Corps,  in 
three  divisions,  under  Generals  Alvin  P.  Hovey  (early 
in  June  this  division  was  consolidated  with  the  other 
two),  Henry  M.  Judah,  and  Jacob  D.  Cox.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  23d  Corps  was  left  behind  for  duty  in 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Leggett's  and  Gresham's 
divisions  were  absent  on  furlough ;  Blair  was  occupying 
a  seat  in  the  U.  S.  Congress  at  the  time  Sherman  put 
his  army  in  motion.  He  did  not  join  McPherson  until 
June  9,  at  Ac  worth.  The  cavalry  force  was  in  four 
divisions,  under  Generals  George  Stoneman,  Kenner 
Garrard,  Judson  Kilpatrick,  and  Edward  M.  McCook. 
The  divisions  of  Stoneman  and  Garrard  were  still  re- 
cruiting in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  when  Sherman 
started,  but  soon  afterward  joined  him  with  about  4,000 
men  each,  which  increased  Sherman's  total  force  to  about 
108,000.  His  artillery  numbered  250  guns. 

The  enemy  under  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  Sher- 
man's objective  point,  numbering  about  48,000  men,  held 
Dalton,  Ga.,  strongly  fortified  and  covered  at  the  north 
fey  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  which  at  Buzzard  Roost  Gap 
is  four  miles  north  of  Dalton.  Dalton  is  thirty-nine 
miles  southeast  of  Chattanooga,  and  ninety-nine  north  of 
Atlanta. 

Johnston's  army  was  in  two  corps,  under  Hood  and 
Hardee.     On  May  7,  McPherson  on  the  Federal  right 
lay  at  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill,  Thomas  in  the  center  at 
BuLard     an(^  near  Ringgold?  Schofield  on  Thomas's  left  at  Red 
Roost  Gap.  Clay.     Although  there  was  severe  fighting  on  the  8th 
May  9.      and  9th  at  Buzzard  Roost  Gap,  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  and 
Daiton.      Dalton,  Sherman  did  not  intend  to  attack  the  enemy's 
May  &-i2.  naturally  strong  position,  but  to  flank  him  out.     Thomas 
and    Schofield    pressed    him    close  in  front  and  on  his 
right,  while  McPherson,  preceded  by  Kilpatrick's  cav- 


SHERMAN.  295 

airy,  moved  upon  Resaca,  which  lies  on  the  Oostanaula    isc4. 
River,  fifteen  miles  south  of  Dal  ton.     Thomas  drove  the 
enemy's    outposts   from    Tunnel    Hill   on  the  7th,  and  May  7. 
skirmish  and  artillery  firing  continued  at  this  point;  but^116 
other    operations    awaited    the   result    of   McPherson's 
movement.     The  latter  appeared  before  Resaca  on  the 
9th,  but   believing    the    garrison  there  too  strong,  fell  snake 
back  to  Snake  Creek  Gap,  and  notified  Sherman  of  these  Cl 
facts.     Kilpatrick  had  been  wounded  this  day  in  a  sharp 
engagement  with  a  detachment  of  the  enemy's  cavalry 
*at  a  cross  road  near  Resaca. 

Sherman  was  greatly  disappointed,  for  he  had  hoped 
McPherson  could  take  Resaca,  and  thus  cut  off  John- 
ston's escape  to  the  South.  On  the  llth,  leaving 
Howard's  corps  and  Stoneman's  cavalry  in  front  of 
Buzzard  Roost  Gap,  he  moved  the  rest  of  his  army  in 
the  tracks  of  McPherson,  upon  Resaca.  When  McPher- 
son first  appeared  before  Resaca,  its  works  were  gar- 
risoned by  only  one  brigade ;  but  Johnston,  being 
warned  on  the  afternoon  of  the  9th  of  the  danger,  dis- 
patched Hood  with  his  troops  to  that  place,  where  he 
was  joined  by  a  division  under  General  Polk  which  had 
just  arrived.  This,  with  other  reinforcements,  increased 
Johnston's  army  to  65,000  men.  • 

On  the  night  of  the  12th,  Johnston  evacuated  Dalton, 
concentrating  his  whole  army  around  Resaca,  where 
strong  fortifications  had  been  previously  made,  Howard 
and  Stoneman  following  closely  upon  his  rear.  Sher- 
man was  now  approaching,  and  McPherson  moved  for- 
ward, driving  the  enemy's  pickets  before  him,  and  took 
position  with  his  right  on  Oostanaula  River.  Thomas 
came  in  on  McPherson's  left,  and  Schofield  on  the  left  May  13-10. 
of  the  army,  with  Stoneman  on  the  extreme  left.  By 
the  14th  Sherman  had  his  army  well  in  position,  envel- 
oping the  town  at  the  north  and  west,  his  lines  being 


296  SHERMAN. 

1864.  gradually  pressed  forward.  Heavy  musketry  and  artil- 
lery firing  continued  throughout  the  14th  and  15th,  the 
battle  becoming  heavy  on  the  afternoon  of  the  15th. 
The  Federals  succeeded  in  forcing  both  flanks  of  the 
enemy  backward.  McPherson  gained  a  ridge  overlook- 
ing the  town,  which  he  held  against  the  most  determined 
efforts  of  the  enemy  to  retake  it.  Johnston  retired  from 
Resaca  during  the  night,  moving  southward.  The  Fed- 
erals took  possession  of  the  town  at  daylight  on  the  16th. 
The  Federal  loss  before  Resaca  was  about  4,000  in  killed 
and  wounded.  * 

Sherman  at  once  crossed  the  Oostanaula,  and  started 
in  pursuit.  Newton's  division  of  Thomas's  army,  which 

May    17.  , 

Adairsviiie.  was  in  advance,  had  a  brief  engagement  with  Johnston's 

M     19     rear  at  Adairsviiie.     The    Confederates    reached    Cass- 

cassviiie.    V\\\Q  on  the  19th  with  the  Federals  close  upon  them. 

Some  fighting  took  place  here  just  at  night,  but  in  the 

morning  the  foe  was  gone  r  Johnston   had  crossed  the 

Etowah    River  during  the   night,  burning  the  bridges, 

and  now  halted  at  Allatoona  Pass.     Sherman,  now  on 

the  right  bank  of  the  Etowah,  also  halted  to  rest  his 

troops,  repair  railroads,  and  bring  up  supplies. 

General  Sherman  was  somewhat  familiar  with  this 
section,  having  spent  some  time  here  in  1844,  while 
serving  in  the  regular  army.  He  again  flanked  the 
enemy's  position,  when  Johnston  fell  back  to  Dallas, 
thirty-five  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta,  and  extending  his 

May  25  to  •> 

June  4..  lines  to  Marietta,  intrenched.  Sherman  confronted  his 
church,  wary  antagonist  at  this  point  on  the  26th,  McPherson 
still  on  the  right,  Thomas  in  the  center,  Schofield  on  the 
left.  General  Milo  S.  Hascall  now  commanded  Judah's 
division.  Hooker's  corps  in  Thomas's  advance  had 
fought  a  severe  battle  with  the  enemy  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  25th,  and  again  on  the  morning  of  the  26th  at 
Dallas.  jj0pe  Church,  about  four  miles  north  of  Dallas ; 


SHERMAN.  297 


Lost  Moun- 
tains. 


but  the  enemy's  position  was  a  strong  one,  and  Hooker 
was  unable  to  drive  him  out.     McPherson  had  reached 
Dallas,  leaving  a  gap  of  about  three  miles  between  his  Burnt 
army  and  Thomas.     Finding  the  enemy's  position  very  HickorJ'- 
strong  at  New  Hope,  Sherman  ordered  McPherson  to  Aitoona 
move  to  the  left,  so  as  to  unite  with  Thomas's  right.     In  p^pkhf 
endeavoring  to  accomplish  this,  McPherson  was  savagely  vine  creek. 
attacked  on  the  28th.     His  soldiers  had  erected  good 
breastworks,  and  gave  the  enemy  a  terrible  repulse  •  but 
he  was   not   enabled    to    effect  a  close  junction   with 
Thomas  until  June  1.     Meanwhile  the  Federal  left  was  ^eort3,;  4' 
gradually  extended  to  Acworth. 

Since  May  25,  and   during  the  maneuvering  of  the 
Federals,  there  had  been  a  continuous  and  severe  con-  Juiy  2. 
flict  of  arms.     Wood's  division,  supported  by  Johnston's,  pin^Tmi' 
while  feeling  for  the  enemy's  right  flank,  had  a  hot  en- 
gagement at  Pickett's  Mill  on  the  27th.     June  4,  John- 
ston withdrew  from  New  Hope  Church,  and  took  position 
about   the  twin  mountains   (Little  and  Big  Kenesaw), 
also    occupying    Pine    and    Lost    mountains    covering 
Marietta.     The  Federals  occupied  Big    Shanty  on  the 
9th.     McPherson  had  been  transferred  from  the  right  to 
the  left  of  the  army  June  4.     During  a  cannonade  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  14th,  while  Johnston,  Hardee,  and 
Polk  were  reconnoitering  Sherman's  position,  a  Federal 
shell  exploded  near,  a  piece  striking  General  Polk  in  the  Ge 
breast,    killing   him.      General   Leonidas   Polk   was   ap°lkkilled- 
graduate  of  West  Point.     At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  he  was  an  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Louisiana. 

Up  to  this  time  the  losses  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing  had  been  about  10,000  men  on  each  side  ;  but 
Johnston's  number  missing  was  much  larger  than  Sher- 
man's. 

On  June  15  the  Federals,  pressing  forward,  forced 
the  enemy  from  Pine  Mountain,  taking  several  hundred 


298  SHERMAN. 

prisoners.     On    the    16th    the    fighting   continued,    the 
enemy  leaving  Lost  Mountain  in  the  hands  of  the  Fed- 
17.    erals.     Sherman  was  active,  gradually  forcing  Johnston 
back  upon  Marietta,  the  fighting  at  times  being  severe. 
June  19.    Sharp  conflicts  occurred  on  the  17th  at  Noses  Creek,  on 
'  the  19th    at   Pine  Knob,  and  on  the  20th  at  Powder 

June    20. 

Powder      Spring  and  Noonday  Creek. 

Noonday  On  June  22,  Hood,  with  his  corps,  made  a  sally, 

striking  between  Thomas  and  Schofield,  near  what  is 

June  22.    known  as  Gulp's  House.     The  attack  was  mainly  upon 

House.  Williams's  and  Hascall's  divisions.  The  Federal  lines 
were  somewhat  forced  back  at  first,  but  recovering  they 
charged  the  Confederates,  driving  them  back  in  disorder 
arid  with  severe  loss.  On  June  27  the  Federals  made  a 
general  assault,  lasting  from  9  to  11  :  30  A.  M.?  but  were 

Death  of   repulsed  with  heavy  loss.     General  Harker  and  Colonel 

General  r  » 

Harker  and  Daniel  McCook  both  fell,  mortally  wounded.     The  latter 
cook.6    °  died  at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  July  17.     The  Federal  loss 

in  the  assault  was  about  2,500  in  killed  and  wounded  ; 

the  loss  of  the  enemy  was  estimated  at  about  1,000. 
Sherman  now  concluded  to  try  the  flank  treatment 

again,  and    on   the    night   of  July  2,  McPherson   was 
July  3.      brought  back  to  the   right.     Johnston  promptly  evac- 

Johnston  .  .  ' 

again  re-  uated  as  Sherman  again  threatened  his  rear.  Retreating 
toward  Atlanta,  he  made  a  stand  on  the  north  and  west 
bank  of  the  Chattahoochee,  within  strong  intrenchments 
previously  thrown  up.  Sherman  had  now  forced  the 
enemy  back  to  within  ten  miles  of  Atlanta.  The  Feder- 
als at  once  moved  forward,  the  head  of  Thomas's  column 
having  a  severe  engagement  with  Johnston's  rear  six 
miles  beyond  Marietta.  After  some  heavy  skirmishing 
and  maneuvering,  Sherman  again  flanked,  Schofield 
July  3-12.  crossing  the  Chattahoochee  just  below  the  mouth  of 
chattahoo-  goap's  Creek,  for  the  purpose  of  threatening  Atlanta. 

chee  Itiver. 

This  compelled  Johnston  to  change  his  position  so  as  to 


SHERMAN.  299 

cover  Atlanta,  and    during   the    night   of  the    9th    he   is 04. 
crossed  the  river,  taking  a  new  position,  his  left  on  the^l]y~~^ 
Chattahoochee,  his  right  on  Peach  Tree  Creek.     Bothfear  Al- 

lanta. 

armies  now  rested  a  few  days. 

July  17,  Jefferson  Davis  relieved  General  Johnston,  juiy  17. 
and  placed  Hood  in  chief  command.     On  this  day  Sher-  Jjjjjj1^ 
man  again  advanced,  skirmishing  and  fighting  continu- Hood- 
ously.     McPherson  had  crossed  the  river  at  Roswell  on 
the  13th,  and  Thomas  on  the  17th  on  his  own  ponton 
bridges  at  Powers's  and  Paice's  ferries.     The  Federals 
were  well  closed  in  upon  Hood's  position  by  the  20th, 
when  soon  after  noon  of  that  day  Hood  sallied  out  in 
heavy  force  from  his  Peach  Tree  Creek  line,  striking  in  juiy  20. 
the    order   named    the    divisions    of  Newton,   Wm.   T.  £^£ n 
Ward     (Butterfield's    division),    Geary,    Williams,   and 
Johnson.     The  battle  lasted  nearly  two  hours,  and  was 
fierce  and  bloody.     The  Federal  line  was  partially  pro- 
tected by  barricades  of  rails  and  logs,  hastily  thrown  to- 
gether.    The   enemy  was  finally  repulsed  with  fearful 
slaughter.     His   loss,  partly    estimated,  was    5,000   in 
killed,  wounded,  and    prisoners ;    the  Federal  loss  was 
about  1,900.     Generals  A.  L.  Long  of  Georgia,  John  J.  Generals 
Pettus  of  Mississippi,  and    Geo.  M.  Stevens  of  Mary- 
land  were  among    the    enemy's    killed.     Meantime  the  s 
other  Federal  divisions  were  working  up  on  the  north 
and  east  of  Atlanta.     McPherson  was  forcing  his  way  to 
the  east  side,  with  Blair  on  the  left,  Logan  uniting  with 
him,  and    Schofield    and    Dodge  in  the  rear.     General 
Gresham  was  severely  wounded  during  the  afternoon, 
while    leading    his    division   to    the    attack   in    Blair's 
advance ;  General  Giles  A.  Smith  wns  placed  in  command 
of  his  division.     When  night  closed  in,  the  enemy  had 
been    pushed    back  to  an  eminence    styled    Bald    Hill, 
which  was  steep  and  strongly  fortified. 

On  the  21st,  General  Sherman  ordered  the  destruc- 


300  SHERMAN. 

m  <>4.  tion  of  the  Augusta  Railroad  from  Decatur  to  Atlanta. 
juiy~2i  ^McPherson,  on  the  left,  lay  across  this  road,  which  runs 
sept  2.  ou£  j.Q  ^e  east.  Schofield  was  now  in  the  center,  and 

Atlanta. 

Thomas  on  the  right.  After  the  destruction  of  the  rail- 
road, Sherman  intended  to  bring  McPherson  to  the  right 
of  Thomas,  for  the  purpose  of  reaching  another  railroad 
juiy  21.  running  to  East  Point.  On  the  evening  of  the  21st, 
Baid  urn.  Biftj,.  succeeded  in  getting  possession  of  Bald  Hill. 
Leggett's  division  led  the  charge,  and  captured  the  hill, 
which  was  afterward  called  Leggett's  Hill.  During  the 
night,  Hood  abandoned  the  Peach  Tree  Creek  line,  and 
withdrew  into  the  defenses  of  Atlanta,  facing  north  and 
east.  But  the  position  captured  by  Blair  alarmed  him. 
From  this  height  the  Federal  guns  overlooked  Atlanta, 
juiy  22.  and  during  the  night  Hardee  was  dispatched  stealthily 
"rtfe.8fret  to  the  right  with  his  corps,  led  by  Wheeler's  cavalry, 
and  on  the  morning  of  the  22d  he  was  creeping  upon 
Blair's  left  and  rear.  Feeling  that  his  left  was  not 
strong  enough,  McPherson  had  that  morning  directed 
Dodge  to  move  to  Blair's  left.  Smith's  division  was  on 
Leggett's  left,  with  his  own  left  somewhat  refused.  At 
the  moment  of  attack  by  Hardee,  Dodge  was  marching 
right  in  front,  and  was  nearly  up.  He  had  but  to  halt 
and  face  to  the  left  to  be  in  line  of  battle  before  the 
surprised  enemy,  who  had  made  a  long  night's  march, 
thinking  to  bag  Blair. 

During  the  morning,  McPherson,  accompanied  by  his 
staff,  had  visited  Sherman  at  his  headquarters,  which 
were  with  Schofield.  Their  consultation  was  about  con- 
cluded when  heavy  musketry  firing  was  heard  in  the 
direction  of  Blair's  position.  McPherson  hastily  mounted 
and  rode  away,  promising  to  send  Sherman  word  as  to 
its  meaning.  McPherson,  becoming  satisfied  by  the 
rapidly  increasing  sounds  of  battle  that  there  was 
serious  work  ahead,  sent  his  staff  one  after  another  on 


SHERMAN.  301 

different  errands,  and  dashing  forward,  soon  joined  ise*. 
Dodge,  who  was  now  hotly  engaged  with  his  back  to 
Atlanta.  There  was  a  gap  between  Dodge  and  Smith  ; 
McPherson  sent  for  a  reserve  brigade  of  the  15th  Corps 
to  fill  it,  and  at  once  started  to  find  Blair.  He  soon  dis- 
appeared in  the  woods,  to  be  seen  alive  by  his  friends 


no  more  on  earth.  The  enemy  had  penetrated  the  gap,  kllled< 
and  he  rode  directly  into  Hardee's  skirmish  lines,  and 
refusing  to  surrender  he  was  killed  while  endeavoring  to 
escape.  It  was  but  a  few  minutes  after  he  rode  into 
the  woods  that  his  horse  returned,  bleeding  and  rider- 
less. The  enemy  was  soon  forced  back,  when  the  body 
of  the  greatly  lamented  General  was  recovered.  His 
pockets  had  been  emptied,  but  the  soldier  that  had  the 
effects  was  capture'd,  and  the  papers  and  wallet  were 
recovered.  General  Sherman  sent  the  body  to  Clyde, 
Ohio,  his  home,  in  charge  of  his  staff.  General  McPher- 
son was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  been  a  class- 
mate of  Schofield,  Sheridan,  and  Hood. 

The  first  blows  of  Hardee  had  fallen  upon  General 
J.  W.  Fuller's  (formerly  Veatch's)  and  Smith's  divisions  ; 
but  Sweeney  and  Leggett  were  soon  engaged,  and  alto-  • 
gether  they  gave  the  enemy  a  terrible  reception,  soon 
checking  his  advance  ;  and  although  he  made  desperate 
attempts,  he  could  gain  but  little  ground.  There  had 
been  a  gap  between  Dodge  and  Blair,  as  previously 
stated,  which  had  been  filled  by  troops  from  the  15th 
Corps  ordered  by  McPherson  —  his  last  order,  just  before 
he  entered  the  fatal  woods. 

Logan  was  placed  in  command  of  McPherson's  army, 
M.  L.  Smith  was  given  the  15th  Corps  temporarily,  and 
General  J.  A.  J.  Lightburn  assumed  command  of  Smith's 
division.  It  was  now  a  little  after  noon,  and  from  that 

Desperate 

time  until  dark  the  battle  raged  furiously.     Seven  times  charges  of 
did  the  enemy  charge  savagely,  and  seven  times  was  he  troops!8 


302  8HBRMAF. 

1864.  terribly  repulsed.  Hardee  felt  that  the  Federals  must 
be  driven  from  this  position,  or  Atlanta  must  be  evacu- 
ated, and  was  consequently  desperate.  At  about  4 
p.  M.  Hood's  old  corps,  now  under  Cheatham,  moved  out 
from  Atlanta,  attacking  the  line  held  by  the  15th  Corps, 
also  Leggett's  position  on  the  hill.  General  Charles  R. 
Wood,  now  in  command  of  Osterhaus's  division,  joined 
Schofield.  M.  L.  Smith  held  the  center,  and  Harrow's 
division  the  right,  of  the  15th  Corps,  connecting 
with  Blair.  Leggett's  breastworks  faced  Atlanta;  but 
when  attacked  by  Hardee  in  the  rear,  his  men  had 
leaped  to  the  other  side,  and  fought  with  their  backs  to 
Atlanta.  They  were  now  assaulted  in  their  new  rear 
by  Cheatham.  Fortunately,  Hardee's  troops  had  just 
been  repelled,  and  they  were  enabled  to  use  the  east 
side  again,  where  they  also  repelled  Cheatham's  men, 
though  it  was  by  desperate  fighting. 

Meantime  the  enemy  had  gained  considerable  ground 
from  the  15th  Corps,  capturing  a  battery.  But  the 
15th  Corps  soon  rallied  under  the  leadership  of  the 
gallant  Logan,  and  aided  by  a  heavy  battery  fire  from 

Hood's    ^  Schofield's  guns,  the  Federal  troops  charged,  driving  the 

pulsed™  Confederates  back  in  great  disorder,  and  inflicting  fear- 
ful loss  in  their  ranks,  recapturing  a  part  of  the  lost 
battery.  Cheatham  was  driven  back  into  Atlanta.  An 
attack  had  also  been  made  upon  Schofield's  troops  by  a 
division  of  Georgia  militia,  which  formed  a  part  of  Hood's 
army.  This  was  easily  repulsed. 

During  the  battle,  Thomas  felt  of  the  enemy's  works 
held  by  Folk's  old  corps,  under  Stewart,  but  did  not  con- 
sider it  wise  to  assault.  Before  daylight  the  following 
morning,  Hardee  had  retired  to  the  fortifications  at 

June  22.  Atlanta.  Wheeler's  cavalry  had  passed  on  to  Decatur 
when  Hardee  had  begun  his  assault,  and  had  attempted 
the  capture  of  Sherman's  trains  which  were  there 


SHERMAN.  303 

guarded  by  a  brigade  of  Fuller's  division  of  the  16th  ise4. 
Corps,  under  Colonel  Sprague.  Being  warned  in  time, 
the  trains  were  moved  to  Schofield's  rear.  Wheeler 
attacked  the  Federal  brigade  which,  being  reinforced  by 
a  brigade  hastened  thither  by  Schofield,  gave  the  South- 
ern cavalry-men  a  hot  reception,  from  which  they  were 
soon  glad  to  withdraw. 

The  total  loss  of  Sherman's  army  was  about  3,500 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing.  This  was  light,  com- 
pared to  that  of  the  enemy.  Blair  was  intrenched,  and 
during  the  first  lull  in  the  battle  Dodge  was  enabled  to 
construct  light  breastworks,  which  may  in  part  account 
for  it.  The  15th  Corps  was  also  intrenched.  The  loss 
of  the  enemy  was  about  2,500  killed  and  2,000  taken 
prisoners,  1,000  of  whom  were  wounded ;  his  total  loss 
was  estimated  as  10,000  at  least.  This  battle  was 
fought,  on  the  Federal  side,  by  the  Army  of  the  Tennes- 
see. William  Walker,  of  Georgia,  a  Major-General  in  Death  of 

J  General 

the  ranks  of  the  enemy,  was  killed  this  day.     He  was  a  walker, 
graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  with  distinction 
in  the  Mexican  war. 

Some  changes  in  Federal  commanders  now  occurred. 
General  0.  0.  Howard  was  chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy  Q*™™1  ~ 

•>    Howard 

caused  by  McPherson's  death,  Logan  returning  to  the  promoted. 
command  of  the  15th  corps.     General  D.  S.  Stanley  was 
given  the  4th  Corps,  and  General  Nathan  Kimball  suc- 
ceeded to  the  command  of  Stanley's  division.     At  this 
time  General  Hooker  asked  to  be  relieved,  which  request IIookcr 

A  relieved. 

was  granted.  General  Henry  W.  Slocum  was  called 
from  Vicksburg  to  command  the  20th  Corps.  He  did 
not  arrive,  however,  until  the  latter  part  of  August. 
The  corps  was  commanded  by  General  A.  S.  Williams, 
during  the  interval.  In  the  enemy's  ranks  General 
S.  D.  Lee  had  been  given  Hood's  old  corps,  Cheatham, 
returning  to  his  division  in  Hardee's  corps. 


304  SHERMAN. 

i  i8<>4.  .  The  destruction  of  the  Augusta  Railroad,  which  Sher- 
man ordered  before  the  battle  of  the  22d,  was  now 
thoroughly  accomplished,  over  thirty  miles  being  de- 
stroyed. A  new  move  to  the  right  was  now  ordered  on 
July  26  for  the  following  morning,  when  the  army  of 
the  Tennessee  was  put  in  motion  for  Thomas's  right. 
Moving  by  the  rear,  Dodge  came  into  position  on  Pal- 
mer's right  at  Proctor's  Creek,  Blair  on  the  right  of  the 
16th  Corps,  and  Logan  on  the  extreme  right.  General 
Jefferson  C.  Davis's  division  of  Palmer's  corps  was 
ordered  to  the  extreme  right  to  strengthen  that  flank. 
Hood  did  not  relish  the  way  Sherman  had  of  moving 
armies  around  just  where  he  pleased,  and  again  attempted 

juiy  as.     to  frustrate   his   plans  on  the    28th,  by  attacking   his 

Hood's  sec-     _  * 

ond  sortie,  right  in  the  manner  he  had  his  left  on  the  22d.  Lee's 
corps  was  to  attack  the  15th  Corps,  and  Stewart's  corps 
to  follow,  moving  around  to  Logan's  rear.  Logan  had 
scarcely  arrived  in  his  new  position  on  the  morning  of 
the  28th  when  skirmishing  began,  followed  by  artillery 
firing;  but  the  15th  Corps  had  time  to  throw  up  slight 
breastworks  of  logs  and  rails. 

About  11  A.  M.  Lee  struck  the  15th  Corps.  A  fierce 
battle  at  once  began.  The  divisions  of  M.  L.  Smith 
and  Harrow,  which  were  _  the  center  and  right  of  the 
15th  Corps,  received  the  weight  of  the  attack.  The 
battle  lasted  until  about  4  p.  M.,  the  enemy  making  sev- 
eral desperate  assaults,  but  was  each  time  repulsed. 
Stewart  moved  forward  to  Lee's  assistance  after  the  first 
repulse.  The  slaughter  of  the  enemy  was  terrible. 
The  Confederates  displayed  great  bravery  and  determina- 
tion in  their  assaults,  but  they  were  completely  repulsed, 
and  at  last  returned,  sorely  smitten,  to  their  intrench- 
ments.  The  Union  soldiers  had  held  their  ground  firmly 
against' a  largely  superior  force,  and  had  caused  a  loss 
to  the  enemy  of  about  4,000  men  in  killed,  wounded, 


SHERMAN.  305 

and  missing;  the  Federal  loss  was  about  800.     Davis's  •  i s a 4 . 
division  had  taken  the  wrong  road,  and  did  not  arrive 
on  the  ground  until  after  the  battle  was  over.     Ward's 
division    of    Palmer's    corps    was   now    drawn    out   of 
Thomas's  line  and  sent  to  the  right  to  further  strengthen 
that  point.     The  whole  army  now  stretched    over  ten 
miles  of  ground,  from  the  Augusta  Railroad  on  the  left 
to  the  Sand  Town  road  on  the  right. 
20 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

ATLANTA     TO     THE     SEA. 
SHERMAN. 

1864.  A  S  General  Sherman  had  already  determined  on  his 
JL\-  march  to  the  sea,  this  chapter  is  begun  at  this 
point,  and  for  the  further  reason  that  all  his  movements 
from  this  time  are  made  with  that  end  in  view. 

When  he  began  his  movement  to  the  right,  he  sent 
his  cavalry  to  the  enemy's  rear  for  the  purpose  of 
destroying  the  railroads  about  Jonesboro.  On  the  27th 
of  July,  McCook's  cavalry,  moving  from  the  right  flank 
of  the  army,  tore  up  the  track  near  Palmetto  station, 
and  going  on  to  Fayetteville,  captured  and  burned  a 
large  train  of  wagons,  taking  about  400  prisoners  and 
1,000  mules ;  but  Wheeler's  cavalry  was  close  upon 

July  29,  30.      '  .  J  .  r 

Lovejoy's    them.     Stoneman's  cavalry  was  to  join  them  at  Lovejoy's 

Station,  but  it  did  not  arrive,  and  McCook  was  compelled 

to    move   on.      At   Newnan   station   he  came    upon   a 

Newnan*     strong   force    of  the    enemy's   infantry.     He  was  now 

station.      compelled    to    fight.     His    men   gallantly    charged    the 

enemy,  and  after  a  severe  conflict  cut  their  way  through, 

with  the  loss  of  about  500  men  and  the  prisoners  they 

had  previously  captured.     McCook  reached  the  right  of 

the    Federal   army   at    Turner's    Ferry    on    the    3d    of 

August. 

Stoneman  had  started  from  the  left  flank  also  on 
July  27,  but  instead  of  proceeding  to  Jonesboro  as 
intended,  he  pushed  toward  Macon,  thinking  he  might 
be  able  to  liberate  the  Federal  prisoners  there  j  but 

(306) 


SHERMAN.  307 

finding  the  enemy's  position  difficult  to  attack  at  that   ise*.        t 
point,  he  gave  up  the  attempt,  and  returned  to  Clinton. 
Here  he  found  the  enemy  in  strong  force  before  him. 
Supposing   that   he    was    surrounded,    he    directed   his 
brigade  commanders  to  force  their  way  through,  and  re- 
join the  army.     Stoneman  himself,  with  about  700  men,  stoneman 
made  a  gallant  stand,  fighting  the  enemy  bravely,  and 
holding  them  in  check  until  the  escaping  troopers  were 
well  away,  when,  being  at  last  surrounded,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender. 

For  the  purpose  of  reaching  farther  to  the  right, 
Sherman  moved  Schofield's  army  from  left  .to  right,  as 
had  previously  been  done  with  Howard's.  The  14th 
Corps  was  also  withdrawn  from  Thomas's  line,  and 
taken  to  the  right  to  support  Schofield,  who,  in  working 
his  army  toward  East  Point,  had  sharp  engagements 
with  the  enemy  at  Utoy  Creek,  on  the  5th  and  6th  of  A"g-  5'  G- 

J  *  Utoy  Creek. 

August.  On  the  6th,  General  Palmer  was  relieved  of 
the  command  of  the  14th  Corps  at  his  own  request,  and 
General  Jefferson  C.  Davis  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy. 
General  James  D.  Morgan  was  given  Davis's  division. 
About  the  middle  of  August  the  enemy's  cavalry  made 
a  raid  northward  upon  Sherman's  communications,  but 
all  damage  done  was  soon  repaired. 

August  18,  Kilpatrick,  with  his  division  of  cavalry, 
started  upon  another  raid  upon  Hood's  communications 
south  of  Atlanta,  ha  vino;  an  engagement  at  Jonesboro,  Ang-  19- 

'  Jonesboro. 

routing  the  enemy  and  destroying  considerable  railroad 
track.     At  Lovejoy's  he  again  met  the  enemy,  capturing  Ang.  20. 
a  battery  and  about  seventy  prisoners,  when  he  returned 
to  the  army,  arriving  there  on  the  23d. 

The  efforts  of  the  Federal  cavalry  to  destroy  Hood's 
source  of  supplies  had  not  been  satisfactory  to  General 
Sherman,  and  he  now  determined  to  move  his  whole 
army  upon  it.  The  movement  began  on  the  25th,  orders 


308  SHERMAN. 

1864.  having  been  previously  given.  Before  the  movement 
began,  the  army  lay  from  left  to  right :  Stanley,  4th 
Corps ;  Williams,  20th  Corps ;  Howard,  Army  of  the 
Tennessee ;  Davis,  14th  Corps ;  and  Schofield,  23d 
Corps.  Stanley  was  north  of  Atlanta ;  Schofield,  west. 
Williams,  20th  Corps,  was  moved  back  to  the  Chatta- 
hoochee  with  the  sick  and  wounded  and  extra  supplies, 
occupying  strong  works  there  which  had  been  previously 
prepared.  General  Slocum  arrived  at  this  point,  and 
assumed  command  of  the  20th  Corps.  Stanley  marched 
by  the  rear  of  the  army,  and  arrived  next  day  at  Utoy 
Creek,  in  the  rear  of  the  14th  Corps.  At  the  same  time 
Howard  moved  out  to  the  west  of  Thomas.  General 
Dodge  had  been  wounded,  and  the  16th  Corps  was  now 
commanded  by  General  Ransom  until  after  the  fall  of 
Atlanta,  when  Sweeney's  division  was  transferred  to  the 
15th  Corps  and  Fuller's  to  the  17th  Corps. 

The  army  was  now  west  of  Atlanta,  and  facing 
south,  Howard  on  the  right,  Thomas  in  the  center,  and 
Schofield  on  the  left,  where  the  latter  continued  active 
East  Point,  demonstrations  about  East  Point.  Hood  knew  that 
Sherman  was  making  some  new  move,  but  believed  the 
Federals  were  short  of  rations,  and  were  about  to  retreat 
across  the  Chattahoochee.  On  the  30th,  having  discov- 
ered his  error,  he  hastened  the  corps  of  Hardee  and  Lee 
to  Jonesboro,  where  they  arrived  on  the  morning  of  the 
31st.  On  the  28th,  Howard  moved  forward  to  Fairburn, 
and  Thomas  to  Red  Oak.  Meanwhile  Schofield  pre- 
sented a  bold  front  toward  the  enemy.  On  the  29th, 
Howard  and  Thomas  thoroughly  destroyed  the  railroad 
from  East  Point  to  Fairburn.  On  the  30th  the  march 
southward  was  resumed.  Howard  moved  along  the  road 
from  Fairburn  to  Jonesboro,  skirmishing  heavily  with 
the  enemy's-  cavalry  all  the  way.  Schofield  marched  to 
Rough  and  Ready.  Thomas  was  between  them.  How- 


SHERMAN.  309 

ard  advanced  rapidly,  reaching  Flint  River  that  day,  and  is 64. 
driving  the  enemy  from  the  bridge,  secured  it,  and 
crossed  Logan's  corps  over  that  evening.  Logan  placed 
M.  L.  Smith's  division,  now  commanded  by  Wm.  B. 
Hazen,  on  the  left,  Harrow's  division  on  the  right,  and 
Osterhaus  in  reserve.  The  16th  Corps,  under  Ransom, 
moved  to  the  right  of  Logan,  but  remained  on  the  west 
side  of  Flint  River.  Blair  arrived  on  the  31st,  and 
joined  Logan's  left,  but  also  remained  west  of  the  river. 
These  three  corps  connected  their  lines,  however,*by 
numerous  bridges,  Logan's  corps  occupying  a  ridge 
where  they  were  strongly  intrenched. 

Hardee  with  his  own  and  Lee's  corps  was  now  at 
Jonesboro,  and  the  opposing  forces  were  scarcely  two 
miles  apart.     Jonesboro  is  about  twenty  miles  south  of  Aug.  31  and 
Atlanta.    About  3  P.  M.  on  the  31st,  Lee's  corps  savagely  j^boro 
attacked  Logan.     The  battle  raged  for  two  hours,  but 
the  15th  Corps  could  not  be  moved ;   a  division   each 
from  the  16th  and  17th  Corps  had  been  sent  to  Logan's 
assistance.     The  enemy  was  finally  repulsed  with  a  loss 
of  about  2,000  in  killed  and  wounded ;  Howard's  loss 
was   about   1,000.     Hardee's  corps  had    been  engaged 
farther  to  the  right,  disputing  the  passage  of  the  river  Flint  River- 
with  Kilpatrick's  cavalry. 

Hood  was  bewildered.  The  Federals  were  reported 
as  moving  northward  from  Rough  and  Ready  station. 
He  ordered  Hardee  to  send  back  Lee's  corps  in  all 
haste.  Lee  started  that  night;  this  left  Hardee  alone 
at  Jonesboro.  Sherman  soon  learned  this,  and  ordered 
a  concentration  around  Hardee,  hoping  to  capture  the 
whole  corps.  About  4  p.  M.,  September  1,  Davis's  corps 
approached  the  north  front  of  Jonesboro,  his  right  join- 
ing Howard.  Davis  at  once  charged  upon  the  enemy's 
works  on  his  front,  capturing  them  with  their  defenders 
—  a  whole  brigade  —  and  two  field-batteries  of  ten  guns. 


310  SHERMAN. 

1804.   Although  Howard  endeavored  to  get  below  Jonesboro, 

and  Stanley's  corps  to  the  east  of  the  town,  night  closed 

Death  of    in  before  these  movements  could  be  completed.     Among 

Anderson,   the  enemy's  losses  at  Jonesboro  were  Generals  Anderson, 

dimming,   Cumming,  and  Patten.     Hardee  escaped  to   Loveioy's 

and  Patten.  . 

Station  during  the  night. 

The  following  morning  Sherman  pushed  forward,  but 
had  scarcely  reached  Hardee's  new  front  when  news 
arrived  that  Atlanta  was  evacuated  by  Hood,  and  Gen- 
eral Slocum  was  in  possession.  Sherman  suspected 
this,  as  he  had  heard  heavy  explosions  during  the  pre- 
vious night  in  the  direction  of  Atlanta.  Hood  evacuated 
Hood  evac-  during  ^ne  night  of  September  1,  joining  Hardee  soon 
At-  after  ward.  The  Union  soldiers  were  overjoyed  at  the 
good  news.  General  Thomas  was  a  boy  again  in  his 
glee.  The  whole  country  was  cheered.  The  President 
wrote  a  hearty  letter  of  congratulation  to  General  Sher- 
man. General  Grant  telegraphed  that  he  had  ordered  a 
salute  to  be  fired,  with  guns  shotted,  from  every  battery 
bearing  upon  the  enemy  in  his  front. 

General  Sherman  now  determined  to  give  his  tired 

soldiers  the  rest  they  had  so*  nobly  earned,  and  at  once 

ordered  his  army  back  to  Atlanta,  which  movement  was 

sept.  s.     begun  on  the  5th,  and  by  the  8th  they  were  encamped 

Sherman     aroun(j  Atlanta,  Thomas's  troops  in  and  about  Atlanta, 

rests  at  At- 
lanta.       Howard's  at  East  Point,  and  Schofield's  at  Decatur. 

The  enemy's  cavalry,  under  Wheeler  and  Forrest, 
were  now  threatening  Sherman's  communications  in 
Northern  Georgia  and  Tennessee,  and  about  the  middle 
of  September  Newton's  division,  now  commanded  by 
General  George  D.  Wagner,  was  sent  back  to  Chatta- 
nooga, and  Sweeney's  division,  which  was  now  com- 
manded by  General  John  M.  Corse, 'and  belonged  to  the 
17th  Corps,  was  sent  back  to  Rome.  Toward  the  end 
of  September,  Hood  became  active",  and  was  moving 


311 

northward.    Sherman  was  now  convinced  that  the  enemy    i  s  a  4  . 
was  making  a  general   movement  upon   his  rear.     He 


therefore  sent  General  Thomas  to  Chattanooga  on  the  Thoma8 

sent  back 

29th,  with  Morgan's  division  of  the  14th  Corps.  to  chatta- 

Sherman's  losses  since  leaving  Chattanooga  in  May 
had  been  31,687  ;  those  killed  numbered  4,442,  wounded, 
22,822,  missing,  4,423.  The  loss  of  the  enemy  was 
estimated  at  between  35,000  and  40,000,  12,000  of 
whom  were  prisoners.  This  had  been  a  severe  campaign  ; 
scarcely  a  day  had  passed  since  the  7th  of  May  without 
a  heavy  skirmish  or  battle. 

Hood   crossed  the  Chattahoochee  about  the  1st  of°ct-  1- 

Hood  niov- 

October  with  an  army  of  40,000  men.  Hardee  had  mg  north. 
been  called  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  to  relieve  Beauregard, 
the  latter  having  been  placed  at  the  head  of  the  enemy's 
forces  in  the  central  region.  Hood's  three  corps  were 
now  commanded  by  Cheatham,  S.  D.  Lee,  and  Stewart. 
The  enemy's  cavalry  in  advance  captured  about  400 
Federal  soldiers  at  Big  Shanty  and  Acworth.  On  the  sigBbaaty. 
5th  of  October  a  division  of  Hood's  infantry  appeared 
before  Allatoona,  which  was  garrisoned  by  three  reg- 
iments under  Colonel  Tourtelotte.  An  immense  .quantity 
of  supplies  was  stored  at  that  place,  which  Sherman 
made  haste  to  protect.  Leaving  Slocum  at  Atlanta 
with  the  20th  Corps,  he  started  northward,  Oct.  3.  The  Sherman 

after  Hood 

army  had  undergone  many  changes.  General  J.  D.  Cox 
was  now  in  command  of  the  23d  Corps,  General  Schofield 
having  gone  to  Knoxville  to  look  after  some  business 
connected  with  his  Department.  General  Stanley  took 
Thomas's  place,  assuming  command  of  the  troops  of  the 
4th  and  14th  Corps  that  were  not  with  Thomas  at  Chat- 
tanooga. Generals  Logan  and  Blair  had  gone  north, 
leaving  the  15th  Corps  in  command  of  General  Osterhaus 
and  the  17th  under  General  T.  E.  G.  Ransom.  Sherman 
moved  north  after  Hood  with  about  60,000  men. 


312  SUJSRMAN. 

1864.  On  Oct.  4,  General  Sherman  signaled  from  Vining 
Station  to  Kenesaw,  and  there  repeated  to  General  Corse 
at  Rome,  to  hasten  back  to  the  assistance  of  the  garrison 
at  Allatoona.  Corse  arrived  in  the  nick  of  time  with 
three  regiments,  increasing  the  garrison  to  nearly  2,000 
meu'  On  the  morning  of  the  5th  a  division  of  the  enemy, 
about  5,000  strong,  under  General  French,  appeared  be- 
fore Allatoona,  and  demanded  its  surrender.  General 
Corse  refused,  when  the  enemy  assaulted  on  all  sides  at 
once.  They  attacked  furiously,  but  after  a  desperate 
struggle  were  finally  repulsed,  with  a  loss  of  about  1,500 
in  killed  and  wounded  and  400  prisoners.  The  Federal 
loss  was  about  700.  Sherman,  from  the  top  of  Kenesaw, 


the  eighteen  miles  distant,  signaled  to  Corse,  "  Hold  out,  re- 
comingi"  lief  is  coming  !  "  which  he  did  most  nobly.  Assault 
after  assault  was  gallantly  repulsed,  and  General  Cox, 
approaching  with  the  23d  Corps,  decided  the  enemy  to 
hastily  decamp.  The  battle  had  lasted  from  .about  9 
A.  M.  till  about  2  p.  M.  General  Corse  and  Colonel 
Tourtelotte  were  both  severely  wounded. 

During  this  battle,  Hood  with  his  main  force  was  at 
Dallas.  He  continued  to  move  northward,  with  Sher- 
man close  after  him.  Hood's  men  complained  that  the 
raid  upon  Sherman's  communications  was  of  no  use,  as 
Sherman  carried  duplicate  railroads,  bridges,  and  tunnels 
along  with  him.  Sherman  reached  Kingston  on  the 
10th  and  Rome  on  the  llth,  (the  latter  place  is  about 
80  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta,)  arriving  on  the  13th  at 
Oct.  12.  Resaca.  Hood  had  appeared  before  Resaca  on  the  12th, 
demanding  its  surrender.  Colonel  Weaver,  in  command 
of  a  small  Federal  force  there,  refused  the  demand  ;  but 
Hood  concluded  not  to  attack,  and  after  some  skirmish- 
ing he  moved  away,  destroying  the  railroad  and  captur- 
Oct  n  ing  the  garrison  at  Dalton,  consisting  of  a  regiment  of 
colored  troops. 


SUERAfAN.  313 

Sherman  followed  Hood  as  far  as  Gaylesville,  Ala.,   1*6-4. 
which  place  he  reached  on  the  21st  of  October.     But 
now  he  concluded  that  Thomas  could  take  care  of  Hood, 
and  at  once  began  organizing  for  a  march  through  Geor- 
gia.     General   Ransom,   who   had   commanded    Blair's  Death  of 
corps  since  leaving  Atlanta,  died  of  fever  Oct.  29,  near  R^m. 
Rome.     Schofield,  who  had  rejoined  Sherman  at  Gayles- 
ville with   the    23d    Corps,  and    Stanley  with  the  4th 
Corps,   were   ordered   to   report  to    Thomas.     General 
Wilson,  who  had  been  sent  from  Petersburg  by  General  Sherman 
Grant  to  take  command  of  the  cavalry  in  this  Depart-  J™1^8 
ment,  was  also  ordered  to  report  to  Thomas,  Sherman  march  to 

the  sea. 

retaining  Kilpatrick  for  his  chief  cavalry  commander. 
General  Thomas  would  also  have  the  following-named 
troops  to  aid  him  in  repelling  Hood ;  viz,  10,000  troops, 
mostly  new,  at  Nashville,  Steedman's  division  at  Chat- 
tanooga, Rousseau's  division  at  Murfreesboro,  R.  S. 
Granger's  division  at  Decatur  and  Huntsville,  Ala.,  the 
garrisons  at  Bridgeport  and  Stevenson,  about  8,000  cav- 
alry, under  Edward  Hatch,  Croxton,  and  Colonel  Capron, 
besides  some  10,000  cavalry  now  collecting  under  Wil- 
son ;  also  General  A.  J.  Smith,  with  his  two  divisions  of 
the  16th  Corps,  who  was  soon  to  arrive  from  Missouri. 
These  troops  would  give  Thomas  a  force  largely  superior 
to  Hood's,  and  on  Nov.  2  General  Grant  finally  gave  his 
consent  to  Sherman's  "  march  to  the  sea." 

On  the  14th  of  November,  General    Sherman  was  Nov  14 
again  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  with  the  14th,  15th,  17th,  and  Sherman 

0  '  m  7  7  again  at 

20th  Corps,  which  he  organized  in  two  grand  divisions  :  Atlanta. 
the  right,  under  General  Howard, — 15th  Corps,  P.  J. 
Osterhaus ;  divisions,  Charles  R.  Woods,  W.  B.  Hazen, 
John  E.  Smith,  John  M.  Corse, — 17th  Corps,  Frank  P. 
Blair;  divisions,  J.  A.  Mower,  M.  D.  Leggett,  Giles  A. 
Smith.  The  left,  under  H.  W.  Slocum, — 14th  Corps, 
Jefferson  C.  Davis ;  divisions,  W.  P.  Carlin,  James  D. 


314  SHERMAtf. 

1864.  Morgan,  A.  Baird, — 20th  Corps,  A.  S.  Williams;  divis- 
ions, N.  J.  Jackson,  John  W.  Geary,  W.  T.  Ward.  The 
cavalry  under  Judson  Kilpatrick  was  in  two  brigades, 
commanded  by  Colonels  Eli  H.  Murray  and  Smith  D. 
Atkins.  General  John  A.  Logan  took  command  of  the 
15th  Corps  at  Savannah.  This  army,  all  told,  numbered 
about  60,000  men,  besides  about  5,500  cavalry  under 
Kilpatrick. 

On  Nov.  15,  Sherman's   army  swung  out  into  the 
Sherman's  enemy's  country,  entirely  cut  loose  from  all  their  corn- 
troops        munications.     The  artillery  was  reduced  to  65  guns,  or 
•nSTtto    about  one  gun  to  each  1,000  men.     Each  gun,  caisson,  and 
sea.          forge  was  drawn  by  eight  horses,  and  each  corps  had  a 
wagon  train  of  about  600  wagons,  with  six  mules  each, 
and  150  ambulances,  with  two  horses  each.     There  were 
altogether   2,500  wagons,   and    600   ambulances ;   each 
wagon  carried  about  2,500  pounds'  weight.     The  army 
started  with  200  rounds  of  ammunition  per  man,  each 
soldier  carrying  on  his  person  forty  rounds ;  and  each 
piece  of  artillery  had  200  rounds  of  assorted  ammunition. 
The  army  was  also  provided  with  about  twenty  days' 
rations  per  man,  and  five  days'  forage  for  the  animals. 
This,  with   the    corn   and   beef  found  in  the    enemy's 
country,  proved  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  troops. 
Atlanta's    Before  the  last  troops  left  Atlanta,  the  destruction  of 
foundries,   foundries,  arsenals,  machine-shops,  etc.,  was  completed : 

etc.,  laid  in 

ashes.        everything  that  could  be  of  use  to  the  enemy  was  laid  in 
ashes. 

General  Sherman  haft  drawn  his  supplies  from  Louis- 
ville via  Nashville,  up  to  this  time.  It  is  474  miles 
from  Atlanta  to  Louisville,  and  289  miles  to  Nashville. 
It  required  a  large  number  of  troops  to  guard  these 
lines ;  strong  guards  had  to  be  maintained  at  Marietta, 
Kenesaw,  Allatoona,  Etowah  Bridge,  Kingston,  Rome, 
Resaca,-  Dalton,  Ringgold,  and  Chattanooga,  also  at  all 


SHERMAN.  315 

important  bridges  and  railroad  stations.     But  General   i8G4. 
Sherman   adopted  a  new  plan, — he    withdrew   all   the 
troops  from  these  points.     He  aided  the  enemy  in  de- 
stroying   the    Federal    communications,    himself    sub- 
sisting on  southern  corn  and  beef,  and  at  the  same  time 
gave  himself  and  Thomas  more  men.     Jefferson  Davis 
sent  Hood  upon  Sherman's  communications  for  the  spe-  helps  Hood 
cial  purpose  of  drawing  him  northward  out  of  Georgia ;  federal 
Jeff  must  therefore  have  been  set  a-guessiner  when  he  commu- 

0       _  nicationa. 

saw  Sherman  helping  Hood  by  burning  bridges  and  tear- 
ing up  railroad  tracks  in  his  rear.  However,  Sherman 
did  not  destroy  the  rails  or  the  rolling  stock ;  they  were 
sent  to  Chattanooga  for  future  use. 

The  proposed  march  to  the  sea  was  General  Sher-  Grant  and 
man's  delight ;  the  matter  had  occupied  his  mind  for Shcrman- 
some  time  before  the  taking  of  Atlanta.  Visions 
of  bursting  the  enemy's  empty  shell  were  constantly 
before  him.  With  a  keen  insight  he  foresaw  what  the 
effect  of  that  explosion  would  be,  and  was  eager  to  begin 
the  movement;  and  to  him  next  after  General  Grant 
belongs  the  credit  for  the  bearing  that  campaign  had 
toward  the  ending  of  the  war.  It  is  claimed  by  some 
that  all  credit  is  due  to  Grant,  and  by  others  to  Sher- 
man, for  the  conception  of  this  grand  campaign ;  but 't  is 
half  and  half.  When  Grant  had  routed  and  defeated 
Bragg  at  Chattanooga,  and  been  made  chief  of  all  the 
armies,  he  selected  General  Sherman  for  his  successor, 
as  leader  in  that  section,  and  directed  him  to  move  into 
the  enemy's  country.  In  a  letter  to  Sherman,  dated 
April  4,  1864,  Grant  said,  "You  I  propose  to  move 
against  Johnston's  army,  to  break  it  up,  and  to  go  into 
the  interior  of  the  enemy's  country  as  far  as  you  can, 
inflicting  all  the  damage  you  can  against  all  their  war 
resources."  "  I  do  not  propose  to  lay  down  for  you  a 
plan  campaign,  but  simply  to  lay  down  the  work  it  is 


316  SHERMAN. 

1864.  desirable  to  have  done,  and  leave  you  free  to  execute  it  in 
your  own  way."  Again  Sept.  12, 1864,  in  a  letter  to  Sher- 
man, Grant  said  that  his  plan  would  be  to  send  a  force 
to  Mobile  and  another  to  Savannah  from  the  Department 
of  the  Mississippi,  with  Sherman  moving  at  the  same 
time  upon  Macon  and  Augusta,  Ga.  A  great  deal  of 
correspondence  passed  between  these  two  master  spirits 
concerning  future  operations,  Grant  giving  his  own  ideas, 
asking  Sherman  his  views,  and  finally  leaving  him  to 
plan  and  execute  what  they  both  had  decided  upon.  No 
doubt  both  Generals  smile  at  the  efforts  of  their  respect- 
ive friends  and  admirers  to  give  one  or  the  other  the 
whole  glory.  To  each  other  they  are  the  fastest  of 
friends ;  one  cannot  speak  in  too  high  terms  of  the  other. 
And  certainly  they  were  both  honest  in  their  endeavors 
to  put  down  the  rebellion  and  end  the  war.  Neither 
thought  of  reward  or  promotion  or  personal  glory ;  both 
were  practical  soldiers,  knew  nothing  of  politics,  worked 
unitedly  and  in  harmony,  and  thus  with  the  aid  of  good 
lieutenants  of  their  own  selection,  they  ended  the  war. 
It  is  300  miles  from  Atlanta  to  Charleston,  and  292 

The  army  to  Savannah.  Howard's  column  moved  toward  Gordon, 
while  Slocum  marched  toward  Milledgeville.  These 
points  were  reached  on  Nov.  22.  The  railroads  were 
destroyed  as  they  moved  along.  Howard  had  passed 
through  Jonesboro  and  Monticello,  while  Slocam  had 
moved  via  Decatur,  Stone  Mountain,  and  Eatonton.  On 
the  22d,  while  the  right  of  the  15th  Corps  was  operating 

NOV.  22.    near  Griswoldville,  it  was  attacked  by  a  brigade  of  the 

Griswold-  J 

vine.  enemy  s  troops  coming  from  Macon.  The  enemy  was 
handsomely  repulsed,  and  driven  back  into  Macon,  with 
severe  loss.  Kilpatrick  met  a  detachment  of  Wheeler's 
cavalry  at  East  Point,  driving  them  before  him  and  pur- 
suing to  Lovejoy's,  where  they  took  possession  of  some 
intrenchments  and  made  a  stand.  The  Federals  charged, 


SHERMAN.  317 

driving  the  enemy  from  the  works,  and  taking  a  number   is  64. 
of  prisoners.     Kilpatrick  moved  thence  through  Clinton 


to  Macon,  where  he  met  another  force  of  the  enemy's  rick'8  cav- 
cavalry,  and  drove  them  into  the  works  of  Macon,  then 
marched  on  through  Gordon,  Milledgeville,  Gibson,  and 
Waynesboro.  Turning  to  the  right  here,  he  moved 
toward  Millen,  hoping  to  liberate  the  Federal  prisoners 
there  ;  but  before  reaching  that  place  he  learned  that 
they  had  been  removed.  He  then  fell  back,  arriving  at 
Louisville  on  the  29th  of  Nov.,  followed  by  Wheeler's 
cavalry,  skirmishing  continuously.  During  this  latter 
movement  Kilpatrick,  with  his  staff  and  the  8th  Indiana 
and  9th  Michigan,  were  isolated  from  the  rest  of  the 
command,  and  nearly  surrounded  ;  they  cut  their  way 
out,  however,  with  little  loss. 

On  the  2d  of  December,  reinforced  by  Baird's  divis- 
ion of  infantry,  Kilpatrick  again  moved  toward  Waynes- 
boro, near  which  place  Wheeler  was  again  encountered  weaynes'_ 
and  driven  through  the  town,  on  toward  Augusta.     Kil-  boro- 
patrick  covered  the  left  flank  of  the  army,  and  was  per- 
sistently followed  by  Wheeler's    cavalry.     Sharp  skir- 
mishing and  frequent   brisk  engagements  were  contin- 
uous. 

Howard  moved  from  Gordon,  following  the  Savannah 
Railroad,  having  a  small  fight  at  the  Oconee  River,  Nov.  Nov   30 
30.     Slocum  moved  from  Milledgeville  to  Sandersville.  °conee 

River. 

Thence  the  army  moved  direct  for  Savannah,  continuing 
the  destruction  of  railroads  and  rolling  stock,  which  had 
been  pretty  thorough  since  leaving  Atlanta;  over  two 
hundred   miles    of  railroad   had   been  destroyed  when 
Savannah  was  reached.    Sherman  passed  through  Millen 
on  the  3d  of  December,  and  by  the  10th  he  had  Savan-  Dec.  10. 
nah  shut  up.     As  the  army  neared  the  coast,  swamps  reaches 
and  marshes  became  more  frequent,  and  many  miles  of  S£ 
corduroy  had  to  be  built  ;  but  as  Sherman  carried  bridges 


Dec.    13. 
Fort 


318  SHERMAN. 

ma 4.  and  corduroy  along  with  him,  nothing  stopped  him. 
The  boys  moved  rapidly;  at  least  15  miles  each  day 
was  the  rule. 

The  entrance  of  the  Ogeechee  River  to  Ossabaw 
Sound  was  guarded  by  Fort  McAllister,  which  stood  be- 
sie«e  o^21  twcen  Sherman  and  the  Federal  fleet.  To  reduce  this 
savannah.  for^  was  ftiQ  next  thing  the  Federal  general  wished  to 
accomplish.  To  a  division  of  the  15th  Corps,  commanded 
by  General  Hazen,  of  Stone  River  fame,  was  allotted 
this  work.  On  the  night  of  Dec.  12,  General  Howard's 
engineers  built  a  bridge  1,800  feet  long  over  the  Ogee- 
chee, where  King's  bridge  had  been  destroyed,  and  at 
sunrise  on  the  13th,  Hazen  with  his  division  passed  over. 
-  Fort  McAllister  was  garrisoned  by  about  250  men. 
lister.  Hazen  completed  his  preparations  about  3  p.  M.,  when 
his  soldiers  moved  forward  as  if  on  parade.  The  garrison 
fired  every  gun  available,  but  the  Union  boys  pressed 
steadily  onward,  soon  taking  the  double-quick,  then  the 
charge.  The  smoke  from  the  enemy's  guns  for  a  moment 
enveloped  them,  and  then  cleared  away  to  discover  the 
Union  blue  in  possession  of  the  fort.  The  Federal  loss 
was  about  90  in  killed  and  wounded ;  about  50  of  the 
garrison  were  killed  or  wounded.  Major  Anderson,  who 
commanded  the  fort,  was  taken  prisoner,  together  with 
the  garrison. 

December  14,  General  Sherman  met  General  Foster, 
who  commanded  the  Federal  forces  in  that  Depart- 
ment, and  Admiral  Dahlgren,  who  was  in  command  of 
the  naval  fleet  there,  arranging  with  Foster  for  some 
siege  guns,  and  with  Dahlgren  to  assist  in  the  bombard- 
ment of  Savannah.  On  the  16th  a  steamer,  sent  by 
General  Grant,  arrived  with  a  large  amount  of  accumu- 
lated mail  for  the  boys,  and  all  had  a  good  time  reading 
news  from  home.  Several  ships  loaded  with  stores  were 
lying  in  the  harbor  for  Sherman's  army. 


SHERMAN.  319 

General  Hardee  was  in  command  of  the  enemy's  is 64. 
forces  in  Savannah,  which  numbered  about  12,000  men. 
Every  avenue  of  escape  was  closed  to  him  except  to  the 
northeast,  toward  Charleston.  General  Sherman  de- 
manded the  surrender  of  Savannah  on  the  17th,  which 
Hardee  refused.  Sherman  at  once  began  preparations 
for  a  more  complete  investment  and  assault ;  but  Hardee  _ 

Dec.    21. 

was  too  quick  for  him,  and  escaped  with  his  troops  on  savannah 
the  night  of  the  20th  to  Charleston.     The  Federals  at 
once  took  quiet  possession  of  the  city.     The  enemy  had 
left  behind  230  cannon,  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition, 
and  30,000  bales  of  cotton. 

The  army  had  been  twenty-seven  days  on  the  march, 
leaving  a  track  of  ruin  thirty  miles  wide  in  its  rear.  It 
had  destroyed  20,000  bales  of  cotton,  200  miles  of  rail- 
road track,  and  had  taken  from  the  country  through 
which  it  passed,  sufficient  provision  for  its  subsistence. 
More  than  200,000  bushels  of  corn  were  taken,  but 
soldiers  were  not  permitted  to  enter  dwellings,  and  noth- 
ing was  taken  from  the  poorer  classes.  Besides  destroy- 
ing railroads,  the  army  also  gave  to  the  flames  all  depots, 
engine  houses,  repair  shops,  foundries,  cotton  gins,  etc., 
in  fact  everything  that  would  afford  sustenance  to  the 
enemy. 

During  the  twenty-seven  days  of  isolation,  the  North 
knew  nothing  of  the  fate  of  Sherman's  army,  except 
through  the  enemy,  and  these  reports  were  meager. 
The  Federal  loss  during  the  march  was  about  750  in 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing.  They  had  captured  about 
1,300  prisoners.  It  is  190  miles  in  a  straight  line  from 
Atlanta  to  Savannah,  but  255  miles  as  the  army  marched. 
About  this  time  Thomas  had  secured  his  great  victory  ISM. 
over  Hood,  and  that,  with  Sherman's  success,  filled  the  TT 

Union 

hearts  of  all  Union  loving  people  with  joy.     The  North  hearts  eiec- 
was  electrified,  but  the  shock  was  pleasant.     On  January 


320  SHERMAN. 

• 

lass.   14  the  United  States  Congress  passed  a  resolution  ten- 

con^s     dering  the   thanks  of  the    people    and  of   Congress  to 

Maior-General    William   T.   Sherman   and    the    soldiers 

thanks  to  J 

Sherman     under  him,  for  their  great  acheivements  from  Chattanooga 

and  his 

men.         to  feavannah. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

THROUGH*     THE     CAROLINAS. 

SHERMAN. 


in  January,  1865,  Sherman  began  making  me 5. 
preparations  for  moving  northward  through  the 
Carolinas.  His  army  now  numbered  about  60,000  men. 
No  changes  had  occurred  in  corps  and  division  com- 
manders, except  that  General  Logan  had  arrived  from 
the  North,  and  resumed  command  of  the  15th  Corps, 
and  General  M.  F.  Force  was  now  in  command  of  Leg- 
gett's  division  of  the  17th  Corps.  The  17th  Corps  was 
sent  around  by  water  to  Beaufort  Island,  S.  C.,  march- 
ing thence  to  Pocotaligo,  twenty -five  miles  to  the  north- 
ward, where  it  arrived  on  the  15th  of  January. 

On  the  18th  of  the  same  month,  Sherman  turned 
over  Savannah  and  its  surroundings  to  General  Foster, 
and  on  February  1  he  again  cut  loose.     General  Grant  Feb.  i. 
had  sent  Grover's  division  of  the  19th  Corps  to  garrison  IMTM 
Savannah.     Slocum,  with   Kilpatrick's   cavalry,  moved Savannah- 
from  Sisters  Ferry  to  Barnwell,  through  swamps,  while 
the    right   wing,   accompanied    by    General    Sherman, 
marched  toward  Branchville.     When  the  latter  reached 
the  Salkehatchie,  the  enemy  disputed  its  passage,  hav-  saike- 
ing  previously  destroyed  the  bridges.     Generals  Mower 
and  G.  A.  Smith  led  their  columns  through  the  swamps 
in  water  up  to  their  watch  pockets,  in  fact,  up  to  the 
necks  of  short  men,  soon  putting  to  flight  the  brigade  of 
the  enemy  on  the  other  side.     Sherman's  soldiers  saw 
hard    times  in  those  days ;  a  cold,  chilling   rain    came 

21  (321) 


322  THOMAS. 

isc,5.  down  in  torrents,  and  the  country  through  which  they 
were  passing  was  half  under  water.  Howard  pressed  on 
to  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  destroying  the  track  for 
many  miles.  Continuing  the  march,  he  arrived  at 

oran  12     Orangeburg  on  the    12th,  having  a  sharp    engagement 

burg.  with  the  enemy  that  day  near  that  place,  on  the  Edisto 
River.  After  destroying  the  railroads  at  this  point, 
Howard  pushed  on  for  Columbia,  driving  the  enemy 
before  him. 

The  enemy's  forces  now  opposing  Sherman's  march 
were  composed  mostly  of  militia.  The  left  wing  moved 
via  Barnwell,  Windsor,  and  Lexington  to  Columbia, 
Wheeler's  cavalry  contesting  the  Federal  advance ; 
but  Kilpatrick  pressed  them  back  constantly,  with  con- 
tinual sharp  skirmishing,  amounting  often  to  severe  en- 
gagements. Both  wings  reached  Columbia  about  the 

Feb.  i6-i8.  same  time  on  the  17th,  and  the  United  States  flag  again 
floated  over  the  capitol  of  South  Carolina.  The  Mayor 
had  hastened  forward  to  surrender  the  city  on  the 
approach  of  Howard's  troops.  Beauregard,  who  had 
recently  been  in  Tennessee  endeavoring  to  assist  Hood, 
had  been  in  command  at  Columbia,  but  fled  on  Sherman's 
approach,  leaving  Wade  Hampton  with  his  cavalry  to 
cover  the  rear.  Hampton  set  fire  to  a  large  quantity  of 
baled  cotton ;  and  it  being  a  very  windy  day,  the  flames 
caught  in  the  buildings,  and  spread  rapidly,  burning 
a  large  part  of  the  city  in  spite  of  the  endeavors  of  the 
Union  soldiers  to  quench  the  conflagration. 

Hardee  was  now  compelled  to  evacuate  Charleston. 
On  the  morning  of  Feb.  17  he  began  destroying  the  city 
by  setting  fire  to  warehouses  filled  with  cotton  and  other 
stores,  and  a  fearful  loss  of  property  followed,  including 
railroad  bridges  and  shipping.  Thus  Charleston  suffered 

^b\  ™.'    at  the  hands  of  her  defenders  almost  as  much  as  Colum- 

Charleston 

evacuated.  jjjat     Hardee  evacuated  on  the  18th,  going  into  North 


SHERMAN.  323 

Carolina  to  join  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who  had   ises. 
now   been    hastily    called    to    oppose    Sherman.      The 
United  States  flag  again  floated  over  Sumter,  and  over 
Charleston,  the  cradle  of  secession. 

Kilpatrick  had  a  sharp  fight  with  Wheeler's  cavalry 
at  Williston  station  on  Feb.  8,  and  again  near  Aiken  on  wsiiiston. 
the  llth.     The  enemy  was  defeated  on  both  occasions.  Feb-  n- 

*  Aiken. 

Kilpatrick  then  proceeded  northward,  crossing  the 
Saluda  on  the  17th.  On  the  18th  he  tore  up  the  railroad 
track  at  Alston,  crossing  Broad  River  on  the  19th,  and 
moved  on  nearly  to  Chesterfield,  when  he  learned  that 
Wheeler  and  Hampton  had  united  their  forces.  Being 
far  in  advance,  he  now  retired  toward  the  main  body. 

Sherman  pushed  forward  from  Columbia  on  Feb.  20, 
marching  in  the  direction  of  Charlotte,  N.  C.,  and  crossed 
the  line  dividing  the  Carolinas  on  the  8th  of  March.  The 
enemy's  forces  under  Beauregard,  Wheeler,  and  Hamp- 
ton were  awaiting  the  Federals  at  that  place;  but  they 
were  deceived.  When  Sherman  reached  Winnsboro,  he 
turned  to  the  east,  destroying  the  railroads  as  he  went. 
The  right  wing  crossed  the  Catawba  at  Peay's  Ferry, 
and  marched  nearly  direct  to  Cheraw,  reaching  that 
place  about  noon,  March  3.  The  left  wing,  after  de- 
stroying the  railroad  nearly  to  Chesterville,  turned  east, 
crossing  the  Catawba  at  Rocky  Mount  on  February  23, 
thence  proceeding  through  Chesterfield,  March  2,  to March  2 
Sneedsboro,  a  little  north  of  Cheraw,  driving  a  detach- 
ment  of  the  enemy's  cavalry  before  it.  Sherman  had 
expected  an  encounter  with  Hardee  at  Cheraw,  but  on 
his  approach  the  enemy  retreated  to  Fayetteville.  It 
had  been  a  very  tedious  march  since  leaving  Winnsboro, 
through  swamps  and  a  low  country  flooded  by  recent 
rains.  The  Federal  army  reached  Fayetteville  on  the 
llth  of  March. 

When   the    left   wing   moved    from    Rocky  Mount, 


324:  SHERMAN. 


18^5.  j£ilpa,trick  proceeded  to  Lancaster,  for  the  purpose  of 
misleading  Beauregard,  who  thought  the  Federals  were 
moving  on  Charlotte.  Kilpatrick  continued  in  that 
neighborhood  some  days,  skirmishing  with  Wheeler  and 
KnpCatrick  Hampton,  having  a  severe  engagement  on  March  9  near 
and  Hamp-  Fayetteville.  He  had  been  following  Hardee's  rear, 
when  he  learned  on  the  8th  that  Hampton  was  in  his  own 
rear.  Turning  back  with  Spencer's  brigade,  he  made  a 
night  march,  going  into  camp  toward  morning,  Kilpatrick 
himself  resting  at  a  farm  house  some  distance  from  the 
main  body,  surrounded  by  a  small  body  guard.  Here 
Hampton  charged  him  suddenly,  capturing  a  part  of  his 
staff  and  the  brigade  commander,  and  drove  the  Federal 
guards  out  of  their  camps.  Kilpatrick  barely  escaped 
capture.  Then  at  the  head  of  the  aroused  brigade  he 
charged  the  enemy  in  turn,  and  completely  routed  them, 
retaking  his  camp  and  the  prisoners  which  Hampton 
had  just  captured.  Kilpatrick  then  proceeded  to  Fay- 
etteville. 

General  Sherman  now  gave  his  troops  a  little  needed 
rest,  and  moved  again  on  the  15th  of  March  for  Golds- 
boro.  He  now  expected  more  serious  work  than  he  had 
experienced  since  leaving  Atlanta.  General  Johnston 
was  before  him  with  the  forces  of  Hardee,  Beauregard, 
Cheatham,  with  what  there  was  left  of  Hood's  army, 
Hoke,  with  the  troops  that  had  been  operating  on  the 
seaboard  of  North  Carolina,  and  Wheeler's  and  Hamp- 
ton's cavalry,  numbering  in  the  aggregate  about  40,000 
men.  On  moving,  Sherman  sent  Slocum  in  the  direction 
of  Averysboro,  accompanied  by  Kilpatrick's  cavalry,  to 
attract  the  enemy  to  the  defense  of  Raleigh,  Howard 
moving  more  directly  toward  Goldsboro,  Sherman  him- 
self remaining  with  Slocum. 

Kilpatrick  had  a  sharp  skirmish  with  Hardee's  rear 
guard  on  the  evening  of  the  15th,  capturing  a  number  of 


SHERMAN.  325 

prisoners.     On  the  following  morning  (the  16th),  Slocum   I«GJ. 
found  Hardee  intrenched  near  Averysboro,  with  about  Mar^~ 
15,000  men.     Johnston  was  expected  to  join  him  with  ^  ^ 
the   rest   of  his    army.     Sherman  directed    Slocum  to  bor°- 
attack  at  once.     Williams  led  the  attack  with  the  divis- 
ions  of  Jackson   and   Ward,  sending  a  brigade  under 
General  Casey  to  turn  the  enemy's  right  flank.     After  a 
short  but  severe  conflict,  the  enemy  was  driven  from  his 
first  line.     Slocum  now  pushed  forward  Davis  with  two 
divisions    of  the   14th  Corps  on  Williams's  left,  while 
Kilpatrick  was  hotly  engaged    on   the   right,  and   the 
battle   became  general.     Hardee  held  his  ground  with 
difficulty  until  dark,  when  he  retreated-  to  Smithfield. 
The  Federal  loss  was  77  killed  and  477  wounded ;  the 
loss  of  the  enemy  was  unknown,  except  217  who  were 
taken  prisoners,  and  108  of  their  dead  whom  the  Union 
soldiers  buried  upon  the  field. 

The  left  wing  moved  toward  Goldsboro  on  the  17th, 
the  14th  Corps  in  advance.  On  the  morning  of  the  19th, 
Sherman  left  Slocum  to  join  Howard.  Soon  afterward,  March 
about  6  A.  M.,  the  14th  Corps,  having  resumed  its  march,  Benton- 
came  upon  the  enemy's  cavalry  near  Bentonville.  Heavy  Ville' 
skirmishing  followed,  gradually  increasing  to  a  battle, 
the  enemy  retiring  slowly.  At  noon  the  Federals  found 
a  heavy  force  of  Johnston's  infantry  before  them.  The 
battle  now  became  fierce  and  determined.  Slocum,  be- 
coming satisfied  that  Johnston  was  before  him  with  all 
his  forces  united,  hurried  messengers  for  the  20th  Corps. 
About  3  P.  M.  the  enemy  in  strong  columns  charge 
furiously  upon  Carlin's  division,  at  the  same  time  striking 
the  rest  of  the  corps  heavily.  Carlin's  troops  gallantly 
withstand  superior  numbers  for  a  time,  but  are  finally 
giving  way,  when  Davis  hastens  to  the  right,  where 
Colonel  Fearing,  with  his  brigade  of  Morgan's  division, 
is  held  in  reserve.  He  now  sends  Fearing  at  double- 


326  SHERMAN. 

mc>5.  quick  against  the  enemy's  flank.  Nobly  do  the  soldiers 
of  that  brigade  perform  the  work ;  they  see  the  danger 
of  the  moment.  The  charge  is  magnificent,  checking 
the  exultant  enemy,  then  forcing  him  back.  Colonel 
Fearing  is  wounded,  and  many  of  his  men  are-  killed  and 
wounded  in  the  charge.  The  14th  Corps  is  saved  from 
a  greater  disaster,  but  the  battle  is  not  ended.  The 
enemy  press  with  great  determination  upon  Morgan's 
position,  and  the  fighting  becomes  hotter  and  fiercer. 
Morgan  is  nearly  surrounded,  but  he  has  old  and  tried 
veterans  who  repulse  charge  after  charge  of  the  furious 
and  exasperated  foe.  One  brigade  of  the  20th  Corps 
arrived  about  5*.  M.,  and  at  once  entered  the  fight.  The 
.battle  raged  from  right  to  left  until  dark,  but  Johnston 
failed  to  force  the  14th  Corps  from  its  ground. 

During  the  night,  two  divisions  of  the  20th  Corps 
came  up,  and  the  following  morning  (the  20th)  Howard 
joined  his  left  to  Slocum's  right.  Skirmishing  was  kept 
up,  and  on  the  21st  the  Federals  pressed  closely  upon 
the  enemy's  intrenchments ;  heavy  skirmishing  continued 
all  day. 

In   January,  General    Grant   had   brought    General 

Schofield,  with  the  23d  Corps,  from  Thomas's  army  in 

Tennessee  to  the  coast    of  North  Carolina.     Schofield 

Northed  landed  at  Fort  Fisher  Feb.  9.     General  A.  H.  Terry  was 

lina-          there,  having   recently    captured    that   fort.     Schofield 

was  placed  in  command,  and  with  his  own  corps  and  two 

divisions  of  the  10th  Corps,  under  General  Terry,  soon 

afterward  captured  Wilmington,  moving  thence  to  Golds- 

boro  for  the  purpose  of  operating  in  conjunction  with 

March  21.  Sherman.     He    arrived    at    Goldsboro    on    March    21. 

Goldsboro.  .  . 

Learning  of  this,  Johnston  withdrew  that  night  to 
Smithfield.  The  Federal  loss  on  the  19th,  20th,  and 
21st  was  about  1,700 ;  the  loss  of  the  enemy  was  es- 
timated at  3,000.  General  Sherman  moved  his  army 


SHERMAN.  327 

the  next  day  to  the  vicinity  of  Goldsboro,  where  Scho- 
field  reported  to  him  for  orders. 

General  Sherman  now  visited  General  Grant  at  City 
Point,  Va.  These  heroes  of  the  war  and  the  noble  Lin- 
coln met  on  March  27  at  City  Point,  to  congratulate,  and 
arrange  for  the  finish.  Until  April  10,  Sherman's  army  «"»>».  a»d 

*    Sherman 

rested  around  Goldsboro,  where  the  soldiers  were  sup-  meet, 
plied  with  new  clothing,  which  must  have  been  a  great 
treat  to  them.  They  had  marched  over  425  miles  since 
leaving  Savannah,  crossed  five  large  rivers, —  Edisto, 
Broad,  Catawba,  Pedee,  and  Cape  Fear, —  marched 
through  swamps  and  roads  of  mud,  and  were  compelled 
to  build  many  miles  of  corduroy  road.  But  the  boys 
had  made  the  march ;  they  had  raised  the  flag  of  the 
Union  at  Atlanta,  Savannah,  Charleston,  and  Columbia, 
and  reduced  the  difference  between  gold  and  greenbacks. 
The  shell  was  exploded. 

On  April  10,  Sherman  again  put  his  army  in  motion 
toward  the  enemy.     Arriving  at  Smithfield  on  the  llth, 
he  found  that  Johnston  had  retreated  to  Raleigh.     That 
night  General  Sherman  received  a  message  from  General  Sherman 
Grant,  conveying  the  information  that  Lee  had  surren- learns  that 
dered   at  Appomattox  Court  House  on  the  9th.     The  surren- 
following  morning  (the  12th),  General  Sherman  issued 
"  Special  Field  Order  No.  54,"  in  which  he  said,  "  Glory  Sherman 
to  God  and  our  country,  and  all  honor  to  our  comrades 
in  arms,  toward  whom  we  are  marching.     A  little  more 
labor,  a  little  more  toil  on  our  part,  and  the  great  race 
is  won,  and  our  Government  stands  regenerated,  after 
four  long  years  of  war." 

Some  changes  had  occurred  in  the  commanding  offi- 
cers of  the  army  since  its  arrival  at  Goldsboro.  Scho- 
field's  army  had  been  incorporated  in  Sherman's  grand 
army.  Armies,  corps,  and  divisions  were  officered  as 
follows  : — 


328  SHERMAN. 


Right  wing,  0.  0.  Howard.  15th  Corps,  John  A. 
Logan  ;  divisions,  C.  R.  Woods,  Wm.  B.  Hazen,  J.  E. 
Smith,  E.  W.  Rice.  17th  Corps,  Frank  P.  Blair;  divis- 
ions, M.  F.  Force,  M.  D.  Leggett,  G.  A.  Smith. 

Left  wing,  H.  W.  Slocum.  14th  Corps,  J.  C.  Davis  ; 
divisions,  C.  C.  Walcott,  J.  D.  Morgan,  A.  Baird.  20th 
Corps,  J.  A.  Mower;  divisions,  A.  S.  Williams,  John 
W.  Geary,  W.  T.  Ward. 

Center,  John  M.  Schofield.  10th  Corps,  A.  H. 
Terry  ;  divisions,  H.  W.  Birge,  A.  Ames,  C.  J.  Paine. 
23d  Corps,  J.  D.  Cox  ;  divisions,  Thomas  H.  Ruger,  D. 
N.  Couch,  S.  P.  Carter.  Cavalry  division,  Judson  Kil- 
patrick. 

General  Sherman  resumed  his  march  after  Johnston's 
army  on  the  morning  of  the  12th,  reaching  Raleigh  on 
the  following  day  to  find  that  the  enemy  had  retired  to- 
14.  ward  Hillsboro.  On  the  14th,  General  Sherman  received 
e^-  a  note  from  Johnston  asking  a  suspension  of  hostilities 
w-^  yjew  ^0  surrender>  Negotiations  were  carried  on 

for  surren- 

<!«*•  until  the  26th,  General  Grant  in  the  meantime  arriving 
and  holding  a  conference  with  General  Sherman.  Fi- 
nally on  the  26th  Sherman  and  Johnston  met  at  the 
house  of  James  Bennett,  near  Durham  station,  in  Or- 
ange County,  N.  C.,  and  terms  were  agreed  upon, 
Johnston  surrendering  on  the  following  day  with  about 
37,000  men.  Wade  Hampton  rode  away  with  a  portion 
of  his  troops,  indignantly  refusing  to  surrender. 

On  the  29th  of  April,  General  Sherman,  with  his 

The  war  is  staff,  proceeded  on  official  business  to  Savannah,  by  rail 
to  Wilmington,  and  by  water  from  there,  leaving  Gen- 
eral Schofield  to  carry  out  the  details  of  the  surrender, 
at  the  same  time  ordering  his  army  to  Richmond  to 
await  there  his  return,  except  that  Schofield,  Terry,  and 
Kilpatrick,  with  their  forces,  were  to  remain  on  duty  in 
the  Department  of  North  Carolina.  On  the  9th  of  May 


SHERMAN.  329 


Sherman  rejoined  his  veterans,  who  were  encamped  at 
Manchester,  near  Richmond.  On  the  llth  he  put  his 
army  in  motion  for  Alexandria,  arriving  there  on  the 
19th.  These  old  hero  "  bummers  "  must  have  been 
tired.  They  had  marched  over  tedious  roads,  through 
mountains,  valleys,  overflowed  swamps,  and  rivers,  skir- 
mishing and  fighting  most  of  the  way,  a  distance,  since 
leaving  Chattanooga  May  5,  1864,  of  1,500  miles,  and 
those  troops  of  the  15th  and  17th  Corps  which  came 
from  Vicksburg,  had  marched  over  2,000  miles.  At  that 
time  the  country  no  doubt  felt  grateful  ;  but  to-day 
(1885)  the  soldier  is  forgotten  in  the  distribution  of  of- 
fices ;  and  if  he  gets  up  sufficient  courage  to  ask  for  a 
place,  he  is  met  with  the  cry,  "  The  soldier  wants  every- 
thing !"  Buncombe  resolutions  answered  for  a  time,  but 
like  chaff  in  the  stomach,  they  are  not  strengthening. 

The  army  of  the  Potomac  passed  in  grand  review  in 
Washington  on  the  23d  of  May,  and  Sherman's  army  on  ^m^-8 
the    24th,  —  a  errand  sight  those  two  days.     President  armypa88es 

°  *  *  in  review- 

and  his  cabinet  were   the   reviewin     officers,  at  wash 


(How  sad  that  Lincoln  could  not  have  witnessed  this  ln 
grand  closing  of  the  war  !)  All  who  witnessed  the  re- 
view were  surprised  at  the  excellent  marching  of  these 
veteran  troops,  60,000  veterans,  —  the  regular  tread,  the 
perfect  alignment,  the  steady,  solid  mass  of  passing 
steel,  moving  with  the  regularity  of  a  pendulum.  These 
old  veterans  were  citizen  soldiers  from  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Michigan,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and 
Missouri,  including  several  regiments  from  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  with  a  sprinkling  from  New  Jersey, 
Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Maine,  New  Hampshire, 
Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 


x 


ARMY    OF    THE    POTOMAC, 

MAY,   1864,  TO  APRIL,   1865. 


Section   Second. 


CHAPTER 

PREPARATIONS  FOR  THE  FINAL  ADVANCE. 

"  They  boldly  closed  in  a  hand-to-hand  contest  with  their  enemy." 

—PRESCOTT. 

THE    CONQUEROR.* 

1864.  ry^HE  spring  of  1864  opened  a  new  era  for  the  armies 
-1-  of  the  Union.  The  Honorable  Elihu  B.  Washburne 
introduced  a  bill  in  the  United  States  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives for  the  revival  of  the  grade  of  Lieutenant- 
General;  it  passed  both  Houses  on  Feb.  26,  and  was 
signed  by  the  President  March  1.  The  President  at 
once  nominated  General  Grant  for  the  place,  and  on 


March  2.    ^e  2d  of  March  the  Senate  confirmed  the  nomination. 

Grant    a 

Lieutenant-  The  grade  of  Lieutenant-General  had  been  created  for 
Washington  in  1798,  and  was  discontinued  at  his  death. 
It  was  conferred  by  brevet  upon  General  Scott  in  1855. 
Grant  received  his  commission  as  Lieutenant-General 
and  General-in-Chief  of  all  the  armies,  from  the  hands  of 
the  President,  whom  he  now  met  for  the  first  time,  in 
the  presence  of  the  Cabinet,  on  March  9.  It  came  to 

*NoxE.  —  The  above  title  was  given  to  General  Grant  in  this  volume  more 
than  one  year  before  he  was  taken  sick,  and  was  not  so  given  because  of  re- 
cent but  just  popular  sentiment. 
(330) 


THE    CONQUEROR.  331 

him  unasked,  and  in  fact,  every  promotion  he  had  ever   is 64. 
received  had  come  to  him  unsought. 

General  Grant  was  born  April  27,  1822,  at  Point  Brief  wog- 
Pleasant,  Clermont  County,  Ohio.  At  the  age  of  seven-  oTne^af 
teen  he  entered  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  Grant- 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1843.  He  was  at  once 
assigned  to  the  4th  infantry  as  brevet  2d  Lieutenant. 
He  was  engaged  in  nearly  all  the  battles  of  the  Mexican 
war,  and  received  two  brevets  for  bravery.  In  1848  he 
married  Miss  Julia  Dent,  the  daughter  of  a  leading 
merchant  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  He  left  the  army  in  1854, 
and  engaged  in  farming  near  St.  Louis.  In  1860  he  en- 
tered the  leather-trade  at  Galena,  111.,  with  his  father. 
Four  days  after  Lincoln's  first  call  for  troops,  April  15, 
1861,  he  was  found  drilling  a  company  of  volunteers  at 
Galena.  From  that  date  to  this  we  have  been  reading 
the  glorious  history  of  the  General  and  his  operations  as 
recorded  in  the  part  of  this  volume  headed,  Central  De- 
partments 

General  Grant  wasted  no  time  on  .dinners  or  recep- 
tions, nor  did  he  even  take  the  rest  which  he  must  have 
needed,  but  at  once  began  the  work  that  lay  before  him. 
He  visited  the  army  of  the  Potomac  on  March  10. 
Meade's  headquarters  were  at  Brandy  Station;  here Grantvi8itl 
Grant  and  Meade  met  for  the  first  time  since  the  Mex- 
ican  war,  when  both  had  been  lieutenants  in  the  regular 
army.  At  this  time,  General  Meade  told  General  Grant 
not  to  hesitate  to  make  a  change  in  the  commanding 
officer,  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  if  he  so  wished  to 
do ;  that  he  (Meade)  would  serve  to  the  best  of  his 
ability  wherever  placed.  Grant  replied  that  he  should 
make  no  change.  General  Grant  says  in  his  "  Memoirs  "  : 
"  This  incident  gave  me  even  a  more  favorable  opinion 
of  Meade  than  did  his  great  victory  at  Gettysburg,  the 
July  before.  It  is  men  who  wait  to  be  selected,  and 


332  TEE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.  not  those  who  seek,  from  whom  we  may  always  expect 
the  most  efficient  service."  Grant  remained  with  Meade 
over  night,  discussing  future  movements,  and  returned 
to  Washington  on  the  llth.  He  held  a  consultation 
with  the  President  and  Secretary  of  War  during  the  day 
on  military  matters  generally,  also  securing  the  appoint- 
shcman'B  ment  of  Sherman  as  chief  of  the  military  division  of  the 

promotion.  » 

Mississippi,  and  McPherson  of  the  Department  of  the 
Tennessee.  Halleck  was  made  Chief-of-Staff  to  remain 
in  Washington,  but  General  John  A.  Rawlins  continued 
to  be  Grant's  Chief-of-Staff  in  the  field. 

The    General  left  Washington   that  night  to  go  to 

Nashville  for  the  purpose  of  making  arrangements  for 

the  spring  campaign  in  Sherman's  Department.     He  met 

March  17.  General  Sherman  at  Nashville  on  the  17th,  the  latter 

shsrman  at  having  just  returned  from  his  Meridian  campaign.    Dur- 


consuitation  of  these  two  friends,  Sherman  urged 
Grant  vehemently  to  stay  away  from  Washington,  to 
make  his  headquarters  with  the  Western  armies,  saying 
to  him  that  the  politicians  of  Washington  would  ruin 
him.  But  Grant  decided  that  for  the  best  interest  of 
the  service  he  should  be  in  person  with  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  besides,  the  President  had  assured  him 
that  he  should  have  absolute  control  of  all  military 
movements,  giving  Grant  to  understand  that  he  never 
had  and  never  would  interfere  with  commanders  who 
moved.  Grant  returned  to  Washington,  arriving  there 
March  23.  on  the  23d  of  March,  and  at  once  began  preparations  for 
waging*-  the  concentration  of  troops  for  a  vigorous  spring  cam- 
ton-  paign.  The  main  armies  of  the  enemy  were  under  Lee 
in  Virginia,  and  Johnston  in  Georgia.  He  gave  orders 
for  abandoning  all  posts  it  was  not  absolutely  indispen- 
sable to  hold  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  the  blockade. 
His  plan  was  to  move  all  armies  at  the  same  time,  so 
that  the  enemy  should  be  kept  busy  at  all  points  at  once, 


THE    CONQUEROR.  333 

thus  being  unable,  as  heretofore,  to  reinforce  one  army    is « 4. 
with  another. 

The  armies  and  military  departments  of  the  United 
States,  with  aggregate  numbers  of  officers  and  men  of  all 
arms  present  for  duty  and  fully  equipped  on  May  1, 
1864,  are  given  as  follows  : — 

Army  of  the  Potomac,  Maj.-Gen.  G.  G.  Meade, 97,273  Armies  of 

Ninth  Army  Corps,  "          A.  E.  Burnside, 22,708  the  United 

Army  of  the  James,  "          B.  P.  Butler, 31,081  States. 

§    S 

Dep't  of  the  Cumberland,  )  Tenn.,  «          Geo.  H.  Thomas, 102,111 

"         Tennessee,      >  Jj[s'j  (  "          J.  B.  McPherson, 55,984 

"         Ohio,  )  Ah,.,'  "          J.  M.  Schofield, 26,646 

Dep't  of  the  South  (Southern  Coast),  "  Q.  A.  Gillmore, 9,762 

Gulf,  "  N.  P.  Banks, 56,665 

Arkansas,  "  Frederick  Steel e, 18,013 

Missouri,  "  W.  S.  Rosecrans, 9,837 

West  Virginia,  "  Franz  Sigel, 26,296 

Washington,  "  C.  C.  Augur, 28,915 

East    (New  England  and  N.  Y.)»     "  John  A.  Dix, 1,797 

North  West  •} wis- Iowa-          «          john  Pope,. . .  2,827 

(    and  Minn., 

Susquehannah  (Pa),                "  D.  N.  Couch, 2,248 

New  Mexico,                    Brig.-Gen.  J.  H.  Carleton, 3,721 

Pacific  (Cal.  and  Oregon),        M  G.Wright, 5,642 

Kansas,                             Maj.-Gen.  S.  R.  Curtis, 4,633 

Va.andN.C.-jn,ot.inTArmy        "          B.F.Butler, 16,269 

f  of  the  James. 

Middle  Dept.  (Maryland  and  Del.),  "          Lewis  Wallace, 4,154 

Northern  Dep't.  (Ohio,  Ind.,  111.,  Mich.),       "          S.  P.  Heintzelman, . . . .      6,865 

Aggregate, 533,447 

This  was  the  fighting  strength  of  the  United  States 
forces,  although  there  were  reported  as  present  for  duty 
on  the  1st  of  May,  662,345  men. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  General  Grant's 
Report  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  dated,  Headquarters 
Armies  of  the  United  States,  Washington,  D.  C.,  July 
22,  1865.  The  report  covers  the  time  General  Grant 
commanded  all  the  armies,  and  the  extract  from  it  is  in- 
serted to  show  the  situation  of  the  contending  forces, 
and  General  Grant's  views  at  that  time. 


334:  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.         From  the  first,  I  was  firm  in  the  conviction  that  no  peace 
could  be  had  that  would  be  stable  and  conducive  to  the  happi- 

May. 

Extract       ness  °f  the  people,  both  North  and  South,  until  the  military 

from  Gen-  power  of  the  rebellion  was  entirely  broken. 

Report  I  therefore  determined,  first,  to  use  the  greatest  number  of 

troops  practicable  against  the  armed  force  of  the  enemy,  pre- 
venting him  from  using  the  same  force  at  different  seasons 
against  first  one  and  then  another  of  our  armies,  and  the  pos- 
sibility of  repose  for  refitting  and  producing  necessary  supplies 
for  carrying  on  resistance;  secondly,  to  hammer  continuously 
against*  the  armed  force  of  the  enemy  and  his  resources,  until 
by  mere  attrition,  if  in  no  other  way,  there  should  be  nothing 
left  to  him  but  an  equal  submission  with  the  loyal  section  of 
our  common  country  to  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  land. 
These  views  have  been  kept  constantly  in  mind,  and  orders 
given  and  campaigns  made  to  carry  them  out.  Whether  they 
might  have  been  better  in  conception  and  execution  is  for  the 
people  who  mourn  the  loss  of  friends  fallen,  and  who  have  to 
pay  the  pecuniary  cost,  to  say.  All  I  can  say  is,  that  what  I 
have  done  has  been  done  conscientiously,  to  the  best  of  my 
ability,  and  in  what  I  conceived  to  be  for  the  best  interests  of 
the  whole  country. 

At  the  date  when  this  report  begins,  the  situation  of  the 
contending  forces  was  about  as  follows :  The  Mississippi  River 
was  strongly  garrisoned  by  Federal  troops  from  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  to 
its  mouth.  The  line  of  the  Arkansas  was  also  held,  thus  giving 
us  armed  possession  of  all  west  of  the  Mississippi,  north  of  that 
stream.  A  few  points  in  Southern  Louisiana,  not  remote  from 
the  river,  were  held  by  us,  together  with  a  small  garrison  at  and 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande.  All  the  balance  of  the  vast 
territory  of  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas  was  in  the  almost 
undisputed  possession  of  the  enemy,  with  an  army  of  probably 
not  less  than  80,000  effective  men,  that  could  have  been  brought 
into  the  field.  ...  To  the  east  of  the  Mississippi  we  held  substan- 
tially with  the  line  of  the  Tennessee  and  Holston  rivers,  running 
eastward  to  include  nearly  all  of  the  State  of  Tennessee.  South 
of  Chattanooga,  a  small  foothold  had  been  obtained  in  Georgia, 
sufficient  to  protect  East  Tennessee  from  incursions  from  the 
enemy's  force  at  Dalton,  Georgia.  West  Virginia  was  substan- 


THE    CONQUEROR.  335 

tially  within  our  lines.     Virginia,  with  the   exception  of  the    is 64. 
northern  border,  the  Potomac  River,  a  small  area  about  the 

May. 

mouth  of  James  River,  covered  by  the  troops  at  Norfolk  andExtract 
Fort  Monroe  and  the  territory  covered  by  the  Army  of  the  from  Gcn- 
Potomac,  lying  along  the  Rapidan,  was  in  the  possession  of  the 
enemy.     Along  the  sea-coast,  footholds  had  been  obtained  at 
Plymouth,  Washington,  and  New  Berne  in  North   Carolina; 
Beaufort,  Folly,  and  Morris  Islands,  Hilton  Head,  Fort  Pulaski, 
and  Port  Royal  in  South  Carolina ;  Fernandina  and  St.  Augus- 
tine in  Florida.     Key  West  and   Pensacola  were  also  in  our 
possession,  while  all  the  important  ports  were  blockaded  by  the 
navy. 

The  enemy  had  concentrated  the  bulk  of  his  forces  east  of 
the  Mississippi  into  two  armies,  commanded  by  Generals  R.  E. 
Lee  and  J.  E.  Johnston,  his  ablest  and  best  generals.  The 
army  commanded  by  Lee  occupied  the  south  bank  of  the  Rap- 
idan, extending  from  Mine  Run  westward,  strongly  intrenched, 
covering  and  defending  Richmond.  .  .  .  The  army  under 
Johnston  occupied  a  strongly  intrenched  position  at  Dalton,  Ga., 
covering  and  defending  Atlanta,  a  place  of  great  importance  as 
a  railroad  center.  ...  In  addition  to  these  armies  he  had  a 
large  cavalry  force  under  Forrest,  in  Northeast  Mississippi,  a 
considerable  force  of  all  arms  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  and  in 
the  western  part  of  Virginia  and  extreme  eastern  part  of  Ten- 
nessee; and  also  confronting  our  sea-coast  garrisons,  and  holding 
blockaded  ports  where  we  had  no  foothold  upon  land. 

*##*#*#**# 

General  Sherman  was  instructed  to  move  against  Johnston's 
army,  to  break  it  up,  and  to  go  into  the  interior  of  the  enemy's 
country  as  far  as  he  could,  inflicting  all  the  damage  he  could 
upon  their  war  resources. 

Major-General  N.  P.  Banks,  then  on  an  expedition  up  Red 
River  against  Shreveport,  La.,  (which  had  been  organized  pre- 
vious to  my  appointment  to  command,)  was  notified  by  me  on 
the  15th  of  March,  of  the  importance  it  was  that  Shreveport 
should  be  taken  at  the  earliest  possible  day,  and  that  if  he 
found  that  the  taking  of  it  would  occupy  from  ten  to  fifteen 
days'  more  time  than  General  Sherman  had  given  his  troops  to 
be  absent  from  their  command,  he  would  send  them  back 


336  THE    CONQUtiROll. 

is  a  4.    at  the  time   specified  by  General  Sherman,  even  if  it  leu   i. 
~          the  abandonment  of  the  main  object  of  the  Red  River  expe- 
Extract       dition,  for  this  force  was  necessary  to  movements  east  of  the 
from  Gen-  Mississippi;   that   should   his   expedition   prove   successful,  he 
Report.       would  hold  Shreveport  and  the  Red  River  with  such  force  as 
he  might  deem  necessary,  and  return  the  balance  of  his  troops 
to  the  neighborhood  of  New  Orleans,  commencing  no  move  for 
the  further  acquisition  of  territory,  unless  it  was  to  make  that 
then  held  by  him  more  easily  held;  that  it  might  be  a  part  of 
the  spring  campaign  to  move  against  Mobile;  that  it  certainly 
would  be,  if  troops  enough  could  be  obtained  to  make  it  with- 
out embarrassing  other  movements;  that  New  Orleans  would 
be  the  point  of  departure  for  such  an  expedition ;  also,  that  I 
had  directed  General  Steele  to  make  a  real  move  from  Arkansas, 
as  suggested  by  him  (General  Banks),  instead  of  a  demonstra- 
tion, as  Steele  thought  advisable. 

********** 

Major- General  Meade  was  instructed  that  Lee's  army  would 
be  his  objective  point;  that  wherever  Lee  went  he  would  go 
also.  For  his  movement  two  plans  presented  themselves:  One 
to  cross  the  Rapidan  below  Lee,  moving  by  his  right  flank;  the 
other  above,  moving  by  his  left.  Each  presented  advantages 
over  the  other,  with  corresponding  objections.  By  crossing 
above,  Lee  would  be  cut  off  from  all  chance  of  ignoring  Rich- 
mond or  going  north  on  a  raid ;  but  if  we  took  this  route,  all  we 
did  would  have  to  be  done  while  the  rations  we  started  with 
held  out;  besides,  it  separated  us  from  Butler,  so  that  he  could 
not  be  directed  how  to  co-operate.  If  we  took  the  other  route, 
Brandy  Station  could  be  used  as  a  base  of  supplies  until  an- 
other was  secured  on  the  York  or  James  rivers.  Of  these, 
however,  it  was  decided  to  take  the  lower  route. 

The  following  letter  of  instruction  was  addressed  to  Major- 
General  B.  F.  Butler:— 

FORT  MONROE,  VIRGINIA,  April  2,  1864. 
GENERAL: — 

In  the  spring  campaign,  which  it  is  desirable  shall  commence 
at  as  early  a  day  as  practicable,  it  is  proposed  to  have  co-oper- 
ative action  of  all  the  armies  in  the  field,  as  far  as  this  object  can 
be  accomplished. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  337 

It  will  not  be  possible  to  unite  our  armies  into  two  or  three  j  a  04, 
large  ones  to  act  as  so  many  units,  owing  to  the  absolute  neces- 
sity of  holding  on  to  the  territory  already  taken  from  the  enemy; 
but,  generally  speaking,  concentration  can  be  practically  effected  from  Gon. 
by  armies  moving  to  the  interior  of  the  enemy's  country  from  erai Grant's 
the  territory  they  have  to  guard.  By  such  movement  they  in-  epor' 
terpose  themselves  between  the  enemy  and  the  country  to  be 
guarded,  thereby  reducing  the  number  necessary  to  guard  im- 
portant points,  or  at  least  occupy  the  attention  of  a  part  of  the 
enemy's  force,  if  no  greater  object  is  gained.  Lee's  army  and 
Richmond  being  the  greater  objects  toward  which  our  attention 
must  be  directed  in  the  next  campaign,  it  is  desirable  to  unite 
all  the  force  we  can  against  them.  The  necessity  of  covering 
Washington  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  of  covering 
your  department  with  your  army,  makes  it  impossible  to  unite 
these  forces  at  the  beginning  of  any  move.  I  propose,  there- 
fore, what  comes  nearest  this  of  -anything  that  seems  practica- 
ble :  The  Army  of  the  Potomac  will  act  from  its  present  base, 
Lee's  army  being  the  objective  point.  You  will  collect  all  the 
forces  from  your  command  that  can  be  spared  from  garrison 
duty — 1  should  say  not  less  than  twenty  thousand  effective  men 
— to  operate  on  the  south  side  of  James  River,  Richmond  being 
your  objective  point.  To  the  force  you  already  have  will  be 
added  about  ten  thousand  men  from  South  Carolina,  umler 
Major-General  Gillmore,  who  will  command  them  in  person. 
Major-General  W.  F.  Smith  is  ordered  to  report  to  you,  to  com- 
mand the  troops  sent  into  the  field  from  your  own  department. 

General  Gillmore  will  be  ordered  to  report  to  you  at  Fortress 
Monroe,  with  all  the  troops,  on  transports  by  the  18th  inst.  or  as 
soon  thereafter  as  practicable.  Should  you  not  receive  notice 
by  that  time  to  move,  you  will  make  such  disposition  of  them 
and  your  other  forces  as  you  ma}7  deem  best  calculated  to  de- 
ceive the  enemy  as  to  the  real  move  to  be  made. 

When  you  are  notified  to  move,  take  City  Point  with  as  much 
force  as  possible.  Fortify,  or  rather  intrench,  at  once,  and  con- 
centrate all  your  troops  for  the  field  there  as  rapidly  as  you  can. 
From  City  Point  directions  cannot  be  given  at  this  time  for  your 
further  movements. 

The  fact  that  has  already  been  stated — that  is,  that  Rich- 
mond is  to  be  your  objective  point,  and  that  there  is  to  be  co- 
operation between  your  force  and  the  Army  of  the  Potomac — 
must  be  your  guide.     This  indicates  the  necessity  of  your  hold- 
22 


838  THE    CONQUEROR, 

1864.  ing  close  to  the  south  bank  of  the  James  River  as  you  advance. 
—  Then,  should  the  enemy  be  forced  into  his  intrenchments  in 
ay'  Richmond,  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  would  follow,  and  by 

Extract  J 

from  Gen-  means  of  transports  the  two  armies  would  become  a  unit, 
erai  Grant's  All  the  minor  details  of  your  advance  are  left  entirely  to  your 
direction.  If,  however,  you  think  it  practicable  to  use  your 
cavalry  south  of  you,  so  as  to  cut  the  railroad  about  Hicksford, 
about  the  time  of  the  general  advance,  it  would  be  of  immense 
advantage. 

You  will  please  forward  for  my  information,  at  the  earliest 
practicable  day,  all  orders,  details,  and  instructions  you  may 
give  for  the  execution  of  this  order. 

U.  S.  GRANT, 

Lieutenant-  General. 
MAJOR-GENERAL  B.  P.  BUTLER. 

On  the  16th  these  instructions  were  substantially  reiterated. 
On  the  19th,  in  order  to  secure  full  co-operation  between  his 
army  and  that  of  General  Meade,  he  was  informed  that  I  ex- 
pected him  to  move  from  Fort  Monroe  the  same  day  that  Gen- 
eral Meade  moved  from  Culpepper.  The  exact  time  I  was  to 
telegraph  him  as  soon  as  it  was  fixed,  and  that  it  would  not  be 
eay-lier  than  the  27th  of  April;  that  it  was  my  intention  to 
fight  Lee  between  Culpepper  and  Richmond,  if  he  would  stand. 
Should  he,  however,  fall  back  into  Richmond,  I  would  follow 
up  and  make  a  junction  with  his  (General  Butler's)  army  on 
the  James  River ;  that  could  I  be  certain  he  would  be  able  to 
invest  Richmond  on  the  south  side,  so  as  to  have  his  left  resting 
on  the  James,  above  the  city,  I  would  form  the  junction  there; 
that  circumstances  might  make  this  course  advisable  anyhow ; 
that  he  should  use  every  exertion  to  secure  footing  as  far  up 
the  south  side  of  the  river  as  he  could,  and  as  soon  as  possible 
after  the  receipt  of  orders  to  move ;  that  if  he  could  not  carry 
the  city,  he  should  at  least  detain  as  large  a  force  there  as  pos- 
sible. 

In  co-operation  with  the  main  movements  against  Lee  and 
Johnston,  I  was  desirous  of  using  all  other  troops  necessarily 
kept  in  departments  remote  from  the  fields  of  immediate  oper- 
ations, and  also  those  kept  in  the  background  for  the  protec- 
tion of  our  extended  lines  between  the  loyal  States  and  the 
armies  operating  against  them. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  339 

A  very  considerable  force,  under  command  of  Major-Gen-  is 04. 
eral  Sigel,  was  so  held  for  the  protection  of  West  Virginia,  and 
the  frontiers  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  While  these  Extract 
troops  could  not  be  withdrawn  to  distant  fields  without  expos-  from  Gen- 
ing  the  North  to  invasion  by  comparatively  small  bodies  of  the  Report. 
enemy,  they  could  act  directly  to  their  front,  and  give  better 
protection  than  if  lying  idle  in  garrison.  By  such  a  movement 
they  would  either  compel  the  enemy  to  detach  largely  for  the 
protection  of  his  supplies  and  lines  of  communication,  or  he 
would  lose  them.  General  Sigel  was  therefore  directed  to  or- 
ganize all  his  available  force  into  two  expeditions,  to  move  from 
Beverly  and  Charleston,  under  command  of  Generals  Ord  and 
Crook,  against  the  East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Railroad. 
Subsequently,  General  Ord  having  been  relieved  at  his  own  re- 
quest, General  Sigel  was  instructed,  at  his  own  suggestion,  to 
give  up  the  expedition  by  Beverly,  and  to  form  two  columns, 
one  under  General  Crook,  on  the  Kanawha,  numbering  about 
ten  thousand  men,  and"  one  on  the  Shenandoah,  numbering  about 
seven  thousand  men;  the  one  on  the  Shenandoah  to  assemble 
between  Cumberland  and  the  Shenandoah,  and  the  infantry 
and  artillery  advanced  to  Cedar  Creek  with  such  cavalry  as 
could  be  made  available  at  the  moment,  to  threaten  the  enemy 
in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  and  advance  as  far  as  possible;  while 
General  Crook  would  take  possession  of  Lewisburg  with  part 
of  his  force  and  move  down  the  Tennessee  Railroad,  doing  as 
much  damage  as  he  could,  destroying  the  New  River  bridge 
and  the  salt-works  at  Saltville,  Va. 

Owing  to  the  weather  and  the  bad  condition  of  the  roads,  op- 
erations were  delayed  until  the  1st  of  May,  when,  everything 
being  in  readiness  and  the  roads  favorable,  orders  were  given 
for  a  general  movement  of  all  the  armies  not  later  than  the 
4th  of  May. 

My  first  object  being  to  break  the  military  power  of  the 
rebellion,  and  capture  the  enemy's  important  strongholds,  made 
me  desirous  that  General  Butler  should  succeed  in  his  move- 
ment against  Richmond,  as  that  would  tend  more  than  any- 
thing else,  unless  it  were  the  capture  of  Lee's  army,  to  accom- 
plish this  desired  result  in  the  East.  If  he  failed,  it  was  my 
determination,  by  hard  fighting,  either  to  compel  Lee  to  re- 


340  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.   treat,  or  to  so  cripple  him  that  he  could  not  detach  a  large 

"          force  to  go  north,  and  still  retain  enough  for  the  defense  of 

Extract       Richmond.     It  was  well  understood,  by  both  Generals  Butler 

from  Gen-an(j  Meade,  before  starting  on  the  campaign,  that  it  was  my 

Keport.       intention  to  put  both  their  armies  south  of  the  James  River,  in 

case  of  failure  to  destroy  Lee  without  it. 

Before  giving  General  Butler  his  instructions,  I  visited  him 
at  Fort  Monroe,  and  in  conversation  pointed  out  the  apparent 
importance  of  getting  possession  of  Petersburg,  and  destroying 
railroad  communication  as  far  south  as  possible.  Believing, 
however,  in  the  practicability  of  capturing  Richmond  unless  it 
was  reinforced,  I  made  that  the  objective  point  of  his  opera- 
tions. As  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  to  move  simultane- 
ously with  him,  Lee  could  not  detach  from  his  army  with  safety, 
and  the  enemy  did  not  have  troops  elsewhere  to  bring  to  the 
defense  of  the  city  in  time  to  meet  a  rapid  movement  from  the 
north  of  James  River. 

I  may  here  state  that,  commanding  all  the  armies  as  I  did, 
I  tried,  as  far  as  possible,  to  leave  General  Meade  in  indepen- 
dent command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  My  instructions 
for  that  army  were  all  through  him,  and  were  general  in  their 
nature,  leaving  all  the  details  and  the  execution  to  him.  The 
campaigns  that  followed  proved  him  to  be  the  right  man  in  the 
right  place.  His  commanding  always  in  the  presence  of  an 
officer  superior  to  him  in  rank,  has  drawn  from  him  much  of 
that  public  attention  that  his  zeal  and  ability  entitle  him  to, 
and  which  he  would  otherwise  have  received. 


CHAPTER   XX. 

WILDERNESS    TO    COLD    HARBOR. 

THE    CONQUEROR. 


T  I  ''HE  central  point  of  the  great  struggle  must  still  be 
-»-  in  Virginia.  The  Alleghany  and  Blue  Ridge  mount- 
ains traverse  this  State  its  entire  length  from  north  to 
south,  running  parallel  with  each  other.  West  of  these 
mountains  lies  West  Virginia,  and  between  them  lies  the 
valley  of  Virginia.  The  Potomac  and  the  James  rise  in  j^,^ 
the  Alleghanies,  at  a  distance  from  each  other  of  about  Virginia 
150  miles,  making  their  way  across  the  valley  and 
through  the  ridge  to  the  Atlantic,  uniting  with  the 
waters  of  Chesapeake  Bay  about  fifty  miles  apart.  The 
space  between  these  two  great  rivers  is  watered  by  four 
smaller  streams  :  the  Rappahannock,  whose  most  impor- 
tant affluent  is  the  Rapidan  ;  the  Mattapony,  formed  by 
the  Mat,  the  Ta,  the  Po,  and  the  Ny  ;  the  Pamunkey, 
whose  largest  branches  are  the  North  and  South  Anna 
(the  Mattapony  and  Pamunkey  enter  the  York  River, 
reaching  the  bay  through  that  stream);  and  the  Chicka- 
hominy,  which  is  a  tributary  of  the  James.  The  waters 
of  all  these  rivers  flow  between  Washington  and  Rich- 
mond, these  cities  being  but  one  hundred  miles  apart. 

General  Grant  established  his  headquarters  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  also  had  a  headquarters 
office  in  Washington,  of  which  Halleck  was  the  chief, 
for  the  receipt  of  all  communications  from  the  several 
armies,  except  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  which  reported 
to  Grant  direct.  General  Meade  was  continued  in  com- 

(341) 


342  THE    CONQUEROR. 


mand  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
General  His  army  was  reorganized  and  divided  into  three  corps, 
Meade  con-  the  %A  5tll  and  Qfa.  General  W.  S.  Hancock  retained 

tinued    in 

command,   command  of  the  2d  Corps,  in  four  divisions,  under  Gen- 

erals F.  C.  Barlow,  John  Gibbon,  D.  B.  Birney,  and  J.  B. 

Reorgam-    £jarr      General  G.  K.  Warren  was  placed  in  command 

zation  of 

the  army.  Of  the  5th  Corps,  in  four  divisions,  under  Generals 
Charles  Griffin,  J.  C.  Robinson,  S.  W.  Crawford,  and 
J.  S.  Wadsworth.  General  John  Sedgwick  commanded 
the  6th  Corps,  composed  of  three  divisions,  -under  Gen- 
erals H.  G.  Wright,  G.  W.  Getty,  and  J.  B.  Ricketts. 
Chief-of-Artillery  was  General  H  J.  Hunt,  assisted 
by  Colonel  H.  S.  Burton  ;  Chief-Quartermaster,  Rufus 
Ingalls  ;  Chief-of-Cavalry,  General  Philip  H.  Sheridan. 
The  cavalry  was  in  three  divisions,  under  Generals 
H.  T.  A.  Torbert,  D.  McM.  Gregg,  and  J.  H.  Wilson. 
General  Kilpatrick  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
cavalry  corps  attached  to  Sherman's  grand  army,  and 
General  Pleasonton  to  the  cavalry  force  in  Missouri,  re- 
porting to  General  Rosecrans.  General  A.  A.  Hum- 
phreys was  Meade's  Chief-of-Staff.  General  Burnside, 
who  had  been  relieved  at  Knoxville  in  December,  had 
since  that  time  been  engaged  in  reorganizing  and  recruit- 
ing his  old  9th  Corps.  There  was  one  division  (Ferre- 
ro's)  of  colored  troops  in  this  corps.  Burnside  joined  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  latter  part  of  April.  His 
four  divisions  were  under  Generals  T.  G.  Stevenson, 
R.  B.  Potter,  0.  B.  Willcox,  and  E.  Ferrero. 
Lee  Btiii  at  The  two  great  antagonists  lay  on  opposite  sides  of 
and^on  Ihe  the  Rapidan.  Lee,  on  the  south  bank,  was  at  Orange 
Rapidan.  (^our^  House,  his  right  resting  on  Mine  Run,  his  left  ex- 
tending up  the  Rapidan  far  above  Orange  Court  House. 
Longstreet  had  returned  with  his  corps  from  Tennessee, 
and  was  encamped  near  Gordonsville.  The  Federal 
army  numbered  about  115,000  men;  that  of  the  enemy, 


THE    CONQUEROR.  343 

about  75,000.     The  General-in-Chief  issued  orders  for  a 
general  movement  of  all  the  armies  to  begin  on  May  4,  Ma 
writing  Sherman  to  hammer  away  at  the  enemy  in  his  Jfh 
front,  and  should  he  attempt  to  join  Lee,  to  follow  him  united 
up,  and  that  he  (Grant)  would  prevent  Lee  from  concen-  motion. 
trating  with  Johnston;    thus   both  armies  would  work 
together.     Meade's  instructions  were,  "  Lee's  army  is  to 
be  your  objective  point ;  wherever  that  goes,  you  must 
go."     Sigel  was  put  in  motion  in  West  Virginia;  Butler 
moved  up  the  James,  having  been  joined  by  General 
Gillmore  with  10,000  men  from  South  Carolina,  which 
gave   him  an  army  of  30,000 ;    Sherman  moved   from 
Chattanooga  on  May  6. 

At  midnight  of  the  3d  of  May,  Meade's  army  was  put  The  Army 
in  motion  toward  the  enemy.     The  5th  and  6th  Corps,  °f  the 

»  *    '  Potomac 

with  Warren  in  advance,  Wilson's  cavalry  leading,  crossed  crosses  the 
the  Rapidan  at  Germania  Ford  on  the  4th.  The  2d  to  stay. 
Corps,  preceded  by  Gregg's  cavalry  and  followed  by 
4,000  wagons,  crossed  at  Ely's  Ford  on  the  same  day. 
Warren,  moving  into  the  Wilderness,  encamped  that 
night  at  Old  Wilderness  Tavern,  Wilson's  cavalry  ex- 
tending toward  Robertson's  Tavern,  Sedgwick  going  into 
camp  near  the  river.  Hancock  bivouacked  at  Chancel- 
lorsville  on  the  old  battle-field,  with  Gregg's  cavalry  ex- 
tending toward  Todd's  Tavern.  Torbert's  cavalry  was 
left  north  of  the  Rapidan  for  a  time  to  guard  the  rear. 
Burnside,  with  the  9th  Corps,  which  had  been  held  back 
at  Warrenton  until  the  other  corps  had  successfully 
passed  over,  crossed  the  Rapidan  on  the  5th. 

On   the   morning   of  the    5th,   Meade's   army  was 
asrain  in  motion.     Lee  had  moved  out  from  his  works  on 

May  5-7. 

the  4th,  and  the  opposing  forces  were  about  to  clash, 
Warren's  advance,  under  Crawford,  set  in  motion  toward 
Parker's  store,  came  upon  the  enemy  in  strong  force 
about  8  A.  M.,  and  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness  com- 


344  THE    COAQUEROR. 

is 64.  menced.      At    the    same   time,    skirmishing    began    on 
Griffin's  front.     Wads  worth's  division  was  on  Griffin's 

VVild'rness. 

May  5.  left ;  Robinson's  was  held  as  support.  Crawford  was 
directed  to  draw  back,  which  he  succeeded  in  doing, 
skirmishing  heavily. 

Grant  now  prepared  for  battle,  and  at  noon  the  Fed- 
erals advanced  to  the  attack,  Griffin's  division  pushing 
back  Johnson's  division  of  Ewell's  corps,  causing  it 
severe  loss.  But  Johnson  was  soon  reinforced  by 
Rodes's  division.  Warren's  right  had  not  yet  been 
joined  by  Sedgwick's  left,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  get- 
ting through  the  dense  woods.  Griffin,  being  thus  un- 
supported, was  forced  back  with  considerable  loss. 
Wadsworth  had  become  engaged  on  Griffin's  left,  and 
was  also  driven  back.  Crawford,  still  farther  to  the 
left,  was  likewise  compelled  to  retire.  He  had  sent  a 
brigade  to  assist  Wadsworth,  which  was  savagely  at- 
tacked by  superior  numbers  while  on  its  way,  and  with 
difficulty  escaped,  but  with  the  loss  of  two  regiments 
made  prisoners.  About  1  o'clock  the  6th  Corps  was 
attacked  by  a  portion  of  Swell's  troops,  while  endeavor- 
ing to  join  the  5th  Corps.  The  fighting  was  fierce  and 
bloody,  ending  about  3  :  30  p.  M.  with  the  repulse  of  the 
enemy.  Soon  after  this,  Rodes's  division  led  by  Gor- 
don, made  a  furious  charge  upon  Sedgwick's  troops, 
meeting  with  some  success,  when  the  Federals  made  a 
counter-charge,  driving  the  Confederates  back  to  their 
breastworks.  Night  ended  the  battle  at  this  point. 

At  the  first  attack  in  the  morning,  Grant  had  sent 
orders  to  Hancock — who  in  accordance  with  instructions 
was  marching  for  Shady  Grove  Church,  and  was  now  at 
Todd's  Tavern — to  hasten  to  the  main  body  by  the 
.Brock  road,  and  Getty's  division  was  advanced  to  that 
road  to  hold  it  at  the  junction  of  the  plank  road,  which 
point  was  menaced  by  Hill.  Getty  was  pressed  hard, 


THE    CONQUEROR.  845 

but  held  his  ground  until  3  p.  M.,  when  Birney  arrived,  is<>4. 
and  the  position  was  secured.     The  rest  of  the  2d  Corps 

Wild'rness. 

came  up  soon  afterward.  Hancock  was  now  directed  to 
push  Hill  back,  and  the  battle  at  once  became  a*continu- 
ous  roar,  the  conflict  raging  fiercely  until  dark.  The 
combatants  were  close,  the  losses  dreadful ;  but  Hill 
could  not  be  driven.  Among  the  Federal  killed  was  Gen- 
eral Alexander  Hays,  who  had  won  fame  at  Gettysburg.  General 
He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  in  killed. 
the  Mexican  war.  Meade  had  sent  Wadsworth's  divis- 
ion and  a  part  of  Robinson's  to  aid  Hancock ;  but  owing 
to  difficult  marching  through  tangled  thickets,  they  did 
not  reach  the  battle-ground  until  the  fighting  was  over. 

The  whole  battle-field  was,  generally  speaking,  a 
dense  forest,  the  roads  narrow  and  bad,  these  conditions 
greatly  favoring  the  enemy  in  their  defensive  operations. 

Wilson's  division  of  cavalry  had  moved  in  advance 
of  Crawford  toward  Parker's  store  in  the  morning,  and 
Hill's  movement  up  the  plank  road  had  cut  him  off. 
After  a  short  engagement  at  the  store,  Wilson  moved 
around  Hill's  flank,  meeting  Fitzhugh  Lee's  cavalry  in 

„  '          .    ,  ..  Craig'8 

superior  force  at  Craig  s  meeting  house.  A  severe  meeting 
fight  followed,  when  the  Federals  succeeded  in  cutting  bc 
their  way  out,  pushing  rapidly  on  to  Todd's  Tavern, 
Lee's  cavalry  pursuing.  General  Sheridan,  having 
learned  of  Wilson's  isolation  and  surmising  the  route  he 
would  take  to  get  back,  sent  Gregg's  division  to  meet 
him.  Gregg  was  just  in  time;  Lee  was  pressing  hard, 
when  Gregg  joining  Wilson  at  Todd's  Tavern,  they 
together  gave  the  foe  a  severe  repulse,  when  he  retired. 
Sheridan  now  concentrated  his  cavalry,  holding  a  line  on 
the  Federal  left  from  Todd's  Tavern  to  Piney  Branch. 
This  ended  the  fighting  for  the  day,  except  that  heavy 
musketry  firing  was  kept  up  on  the  Federal  right  till 
nearly  midnight. 


346  THE    CONQUEROR. 


Both  Grant  and  Lee  made  about  the  same  arrange- 
ments for  the  next  day's  battle  ;  the  former  strengthen- 
ing his  left  to  break  the  enemy's  right,  while  the  latter 
May  6-  niassed.upon  his  right  to  break  the  Federal  left.  Han- 
cock commanded  the  left,  composed  of  his  own  corps  and 
the  divisions  of  Getty,  Wadsworth,  and  Stevenson. 
Burnside  had  been  brought  up  from  Sedgwick's  right 
at  dawn  of  the  6th,  and  directed  to  send  Stevenson's 
division  to  Hancock,  while  he  should  press  forward  to 
fill  the  gap  between  Hancock  and  Warren  with  two 
divisions,  leaving  Ferrero's  division  to  guard  the  trains. 
Grant  ordered  a  general  attack  at  4  :  30  A.  M.,  but 
Meade  could  not  get  ready  before  5  o'clock.  Lee's  left 
opened  the  battle  by  an  attack  upon  Sedgwick,  which 
the  Federals  repulsed.  Warren's  front  then  became 
engaged,  driving  back  the  enemy  after  a  severe  fight  ; 
but  the  weight  of  the  battle  was  between  Hancock  and 
the  enemy's  forces  under  Longstreet  and  Hill. 

At  5  A.  M.  Hancock  pushed  forward  the  divisions  of 

Birney,  Mott  (Carr's  division),  Getty,  and  Wadsworth. 

Barlow's  division  guarded  the  left  flank.     Gibbon  next 

to  him  was  also  left  to  guard  against  an  expected  flank 

Desperate   attack   by  Longstreet.     Hancock  at  once    became   en- 

combat  be-  gaged.     The  contest  was  desperate  for    more  than  an 

tween  Han-  ° 

cock  and    hour,  but  finally  Hill's  line  was  broken  at  all  points,  and 

erate  forces  he  was  driven  back  about  a  mile,  the  Federals  capturing 

and^Long-1  ^s  position  with  many  prisoners.     But  Hancock's  troops 

Btreet       became  disordered  by  the  rapidity  of  the  pursuit  and 

the  obstacles  of  the  forest,  and  he  halted  to  reform  his 

line.     Stevenson's  division  now  joined  him. 

At  9  A.  M.  he  attempted  another  advance,  when  he 
was  suddenly  confronted  by  Longstreet's  whole  corps  as 
well  as  Hill's.  The  battle  again  became  furious  ;  the 
Federals  were  checked,  and  after  a  terrible  struggle  of 
more  than  two  hours  against  vastly  superior  forces, 


THE    CONQUEROR. 

Hancock  was  compelled  to  retire,  which  he  did  slowly  is 64. 
and  in  good  order,  until  he  reached  the  breastworks  he 
had  left  in  the  morning.  Meantime  Burnside  had  en- 
deavored to  reach  Hancock's  right,  as  directed,  with  the 
divisions  of  Potter  and  Willcox  ;  but  he  failed,  owing  to 
the  thickets  of  underbrush  and  dense  woods.  He  had 
become  engaged,  however,  and  fighting  continued  along 
his  front  during  the  afternoon  as  well  as  in  the  front  of 
Warren  and  Sedgwick,  which  was  generally  heavy 
skirmishing,  although  at  times  the  conflict  would  rise  to 
a  battle. 

Sheridan  was  also  having  a  severe  battle  with  Stu- 
art on  Hancock's  left,  at  Todd's  Tavern,  which  ended 
in  the  complete  defeat  of  Stuart.  During  Hancock's 
retreat,  the  brave  and  noble  General  Wadsworth,  while  General 
rallying  his  men,  was  shot  in  the  head,  and  expired  soon  un^ 
after  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  He  had  previously 
had  two  horses  shot  under  him.  Longstreet  was  victo- 
riously pressing  forward,  endeavoring  to  turn  the  Federal 
left  flank,  when  he  fell,  seriously  wounded,  and  was  Longntreet 
carried  from  the  field.  Lee  now  took  immediate  com- 
mand of  Longstreet's  troops,  but  halting  to  reform  them, 
he  gave  Hancock  opportunity  to  recover.  At  4  P.  M. 
Lee  made  a  desperate  assault  upon  Hancock's  position 
•with  the  troops  of  Longstreet  and  Hill,  and  it  seemed 
for  a  time  that  victory  would  be  with  him.  Nobly  did 
the  Federal  soldiers  stand  the  test.  They  were  terribly 
tried  by  a  fire  which  caught  in  their  breastworks  of  logs, 
the  wind  blowing  the  flames  upon  them ;  but  after  a 
fearful  struggle,  in  which  the  combatants  were  close 
upon  each  other,  the  enemy  was  repulsed.  Lee  now 
drew  off,  leaving  many  dead  and  wounded  within  the 
Federal  lines.  The  battle  was  over  on  the  left. 

Immediately  after  Ewell's  repulse  in  the  morning, 
Sedgwick  advanced,  making  determined  efforts  to  carry 


348  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1*64.  Ewell's  position;  but  the  enemy  was  strongly  posted, 
and  held  his  ground.  Just  before  dark  a  heavy  force 
9'  under  Gordon  moved  out  from  Ewell's  left,  and  suddenly 
struck  Sedg wick's  right,  enveloping  the  brigades  of 
Seymour  and  Shaler,  capturing  both  generals,  with  sev- 
eral hundred  men,  and  throwing  the  Federal  right  into 
considerable  confusion.  Order  was  soon  restored,  how- 
ever, and  the  enemy  driven  off.  It  was  now  dark,  and 
the  tired  troops  rested ;  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness 
was  over.  It  was  a  drawn  battle,  although  in  one  sense 
a  Federal  victory,  as  Lee  had  come  out  to  overthrow 
Grant,  and  had  been  driven  back  to  his  intrenchments 
on  Mine  Run.  The  Federal  loss  in  this  terrible  two 
days'  battle  as  reported  had  been  5,597  killed,  21,463 
wounded,  and  10,677  missing,  one  half  of  whom  no 
doubt  returned  soon  after  the  battle,  having  been  lost 
in  the  woods.  The  enemy's  loss,  as  reported,  was 
11,400,  but  was  undoubtedly  much  greater.  Among 
Generals  the  losses  of  the  enemy  was  General  John  M.  Jones 
JoneTand  killed  aild  General  L.  A.  Stafford  wounded.  The  latter 
Stafford,  died  Of  his  wounds  at  Richmond  on  the  llth  of  May. 
General  Jones  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point. 

Lee  lay  quiet  within  his  works  on  the  morning  of  the 
May  7.  7th,  while  Grant  made  preparations  to  get  out  of  the  Wil- 
derness, where  he  had  been  unable  to  use  his  artillery  of 
cavalry,  and  where  one  army  corps  was  isolated  from 
another  by  thickly  tangled  underbrush.  No  fighting 
occurred  with  infantry  on  the  7th,  except  skirmishing. 
Warren  advanced  about  noon,  reconnoitering,  but  there 
was  no  engagement  beyond  skirmish  firing.  Sheridan, 
however,  had  a  sharp  fight  with  Stuart  near  Todd's 
Tavern,  resulting  in  the  retreat  of  the  latter.  Orders 
Grant  or-  were  given  to  the  Federal  army  to  march  to  Spottsylva- 

ders  the  J  J 

army  to     ma,  about  fifteen  miles  distant.     This  movement  proved 
sufficient   for  flanking   Lee  out  of  his  strong  position. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  349 

The  troops  were  not  to  march  till  after  dark,  that  the  1864. 
movement  might  not  be  discovered  by  the  enemy,  but 
unfortunately  the  Federal  wagon  trains  were  started  in 
the  afternoon.  Lee,  learning  this,  supposed  Grant  to  be 
retreating  to  Fredericksburg,  and  ordered  Anderson, 
now  in  command  of  Longstreet's  corps,  to  march  to 
Spottsylvania.  On  account  of  fire  in  the  woods,  Ander-  T 

»  Lee,  by  ac- 

son  started  earlier  than  intended ;  thus  by  an  accident  cident,  gets 
Lee  stumbled  upon  Spottsylvania  first. 

At  9  P.  M.  Warren  started  in  the  Federal  advance, 
by  the  Brock  road,  Hancock  following,  Sedgwick  and 
Burnside  moving  to  the  left  by  way  of  Chancellors- 
ville  and  Piney  Branch  Church.  Sheridan's  cavalry 
cleared  the  way,  continually  skirmishing  and  fighting 
with  Stuart.  Warren  arrived  near  Spottsylvania  about 
9  A.  M.  on  the  8th,  to  find  Anderson  with  Longstreet's 
corps  strongly  intrenched.  Robinson's  and  Griffin's 
divisions  in  advance  received  a  terrific  fire,  which  was 
gallantly  returned,  when  the  Federals  fell  back.  Rob-  Generai 
inson  had  been  severely  wounded.  Warren  now  came  Robinson 

wounded. 

up  with  Crawford's  division,  and  Wadsworth's  under 
Cutler,  when  he  moved  his  whole  corps  forward,  and 
succeeded  in  intrenching  near  the  enemy's  line.  Sedg- 
wick arrived  in  the  afternoon,  assuming  command  in  the 
absence  of  Meade,  and  toward  night  made  a  movement 
forward,  but  without  result. 

Sheridan  had  placed  a  division  of  cavalry  at  the 
bridge  crossing  the  Po  River,  which  the  enemy  would 
have  to  cross  to  reach  Spottsylvania.  Meade  came 
along  afterward  and  ordered  this  division  upon  other 
duty,  thus  opening  the  way  for  Anderson;  otherwise 
Warren  would  have  reached  the  goal  first.  On  the 
morning  of  the  8th  Lee  still  thought  Grant  to  be  retreat- 
ing to  Fredericksburg,  no  doubt,  as  one  corps  (Hill's) 
under  Early  quietly  followed  along  after  Hancock  upon 


350  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1804.  the  same  road  until  near  Todd's  Tavern  before  he  dis- 
covered the  error,  and  withdrew  to  the  Catharpin  road. 
Night  found  Lee  with  his  whole  army  at  Spottsylvania, 
intrenched  on  a  ridge  between  the  Po  and  Ny  rivers. 
During  the  morning  Wilson's  cavalry  had  entered  Spott- 
sylvania, but  being  unsupported  was  compelled  to  retire 
on  the  approach  of  Anderson.  General  Miles,  with  a 
brigade  of  Hancock's  corps  and  Gregg's  cavalry,  also  had 
a  sharp  encounter  at  Corbyn's  bridge. 

The  morning  of  the  9th  found  the  opposing  armies 

spou^vl-  facing  eacn  other  at  Spottsylvania.     Hancock  had  the 

ma.          Federal  right,  Warren  joining  him,  Sedgwick  next,  and 

Burnside  on  the  extreme  left.     The  day  was  spent  in 

preparing   for  a  new    battle,  sharpshooting   continuing 

throughout  the  day.     Grant  met  with  a  sad  loss  during 

the  morning  of  this  day :  while  General  Sedgwick  was 

giving  directions  about  the  disposition  of  his  troops,  he 

General      was  killed  instantly  by  a  bullet  from  one  of  the  enemy's 

killed.10'     sharpshooters    piercing    his    brain.  .    General    Sedgwick 

was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  in  the 

Mexican  war  with  distinction.     General  H.  G.  Wright 

was  placed  in  command  of  the  6th  Corps. 

When  the  opposing  forces  were  making  all  haste  to 
reach  Spottsylvania,  Hancock's  corps  remained  on  the 
Brock  road,  between  Todd's  Tavern  and  Spottsylvania, 
his  left  touching  Warren.  Lee  had  also  left  Hill's  corps 
on  the  Catharpin  road.  These  forces  were  watching 
each  other  and  the  rear  of  their  respective  armies. 
During  the  forenoon  of  the  9th,  Hill's  corps  moved  rap- 
idly by  a  road  south  of  the  Brock  road,  and  took  position 
on  Lee's  right.  Hancock  at  once  moved  up  on  a  line  with 
the  rest  of  the  Federal  army,  crossing  to  the  southern 
side  of  the  Po  with  the  divisions  of  Birney,  Barlow,  and 
Gibbon,  Mott's  division  going  to  the  left  of  Wright  to 
fill  a  gap  between  him  and  Burnside.  Hancock  now 


THE    CONQUEROR.  351 


threatened  Lee's  left  flank,  which  had  the  effect  to  bring 
back  one  half  of  Hill's  corps,  commanded  by  Early,  from  Spot^yi- 
the  enemy's  rio;ht.  Tania'n 

»  May  10. 

On  the  morning  of  the  10th,  Grant  made  preparations 
to  assault,  believing  success  possible,  as  Lee  had  weak- 
ened his  right  to  oppose  Hancock,  who  threatened  his 
left.  Hancock  examined  the  enemy's  position  in  his 
front,  and  found  them  too  strong  to  be  attacked  with 
any  hope  of  success.  He  was  now  ordered  to  withdraw 
Gibbon  and  Birney,  and  join  the  5th  and  6th  Corps  in  a 
general  assault  on  Lee's  center.  Gibbon  withdrew  with- 
out difficulty  ;  but  the  enemy  perceiving  the  movement, 
immediately  pushed  forward  in  heavy  force  ;  Birney's 
rear  became  sharply  engaged  while  retiring.  Barlow 
was  now  alone  on  the  south  side  of  the  Po,  but  he  also 
was  ordered  to  cross  to  the  north  side.  It  was  about  2 
p.  M.  when  Barlow  began  to  retire.  The  movement  was 
one  of  great  difficulty,  as  the  troops  were  to  cross  a  deep  Barlow's 
and  rapid  stream  in  the  presence  of  a  superior  foe,  who  m  a  dan- 
now  attacked  furiously.  Three  separate,  desperate  ' 
charges  were  made  by  the  determined  enemy,  who 
seemed  to  expect  an  easy  victory  ;  but  Barlow's  men 
stood  firm,  delivering  a  fire  so  continuous  and  deadly 
that  the  enemy  broke  each  time,  and  retired  in  confusion, 
leaving  the  ground  covered  with  their  dead  and 
wounded.  Barlow  finally  succeeded  in  crossing,  but 
with  considerable  loss. 

At  11  A.  M.,  Gibbon  having  reached  the  right  of  the 
6th  Corps,  Warren  pushed  forward  two  brigades  of  his 
division  to  feel  the  enemy.  They  were  obstinately 
resisted,  and  soon  retired  with  loss.  During  Barlow's 
struggle,  Birney  was  returned  to  the  heights  north  of 
the  Po,  to  his  support,  and  at  3  p.  M.  Warren  assaulted 
the  enemy  on  his  front,  with  two  divisions,  also  for  Bar- 
low's relief.  Warren's  troops  retired  after  suffering 
severely. 


352  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.         At  4  p.  M.  the  general  assault  began,  the  5th  Corps 
s  otts~i      w^h  Gibbon's  division  attacking  in  Warren's  front,  Mott 
vania.       joining  the  6th  Corps  in  an  assault  upon  Wright's  front. 
assau'it™    The  assault  was  bravely  made  in  the  face  of  a  terrible 
fire.     Warren's  point  of  attack  was  a  densely  wooded 
hill  crowned  with  earthworks,  and  the  front  swept  by 
an  enfilading  fire  of  musketry  and  artillery.     The  gal- 
lant Federal  soldiers  reach  these  works,  but  cannot  stay 
there,  and  after  a  fearful  struggle  they  slowly  and  re- 
luctantly retire.     Wright's  troops  met  with  more  suc- 
cess.    A  storming  force  of  twelve  regiments,  under  Col- 
onel Emory  Upton,  121st  New  York,  led  the  assault, 
coionei  up- They  reach  the  enemy's  works,  and  with  a  cheer  they 
theenemy'e rus^  over  n^s  intrenchments,  capturing  a  whole  brigade 
works,  cap-  Of  infantry  and  a  battery  of  artillery,  and  turning  to 
whole  bri-  right  and  left  drive  the  disordered  enemy  a  quarter  of 
a  mile.     By  this  time  Warren  has  been  repulsed. 

It  was  now  necessary  to  sustain  the  6th  Corps  or 
withdraw  it ;  Lee  being  relieved  by  the  repulse  of  War- 
ren, would  overwhelm  Wright.  Hancock  having  arrived 
with  Birney's  division, —  Barlow  having  reached  a  se- 
cure position, —  he  was  ordered  to  join  the  5th  Corps, 
assume  command,  and  renew  the  assault.  Meantime  a 
furious  cannonade  had  been  kept  up.  He  moved  for- 
ward at  6  : 30  p.  M.  with  Warren's  troops  and  the  divis- 
ions of  Birney  and  Gibbon.  The  action  was  bloody 
and  the  losses  on  both  sides  dreadful.  The  enemy's 
works  were  again  reached ;  but  at  dark,  after  a  terrible 
struggle,  the  Federals  again  retire.  At  the  same  time 
the  6th  Corps  was  ordered  to  give  up  the  works  it  had 
so  bravely  held,  and  Wright  returned  to  his  former  line, 
bringing  along  the  prisoners  he  had  taken.  He  was 
obliged,  however,  to  leave  the  captured  battery  behind. 
General  Grant  made  Colonel  Upton,  who  had  been 
badly  wounded,  a  Brigadier-General  at  once  for  gallantry 
in  the  assault. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  353 

General   Rice,   commanding   a   brigade   in  the  5th   1864. 
Corps,  was  among  the  killed.     Burnside,  on  the  extreme  Spot"^i. 
left,  did  not  become  seriously  engaged.     General  Steven- vanla- 
son,  one  of  his  division  commanders,  was  killed  by  one 
of  the  enemy's  sharpshooters,  while  near  his  own  head- 
quarters.     This  had  been  a  terrible  day  for  the  2d,  5th, 
and  6th  Corps.     Count  Hermann  Hacke,  of  the  Prus- Count 

Hermann 

sian  army,  who  had  secured  a  furlough,  come  to  this  Hacke 
country,  and  volunteered  as  a  1st  Lieutenant  in  a  New 
York    regiment,    was    killed    while    leading    a    charge.  Death  of 
Among  the  enemy's  killed  were  Generals  Abner  Perrin  perrin  and 
and  Julius  Daniels.  Daniels- 

During  the  llth  there  was  no  severe  engagement,  May  11. 
the  day  being  spent  in  reconnoitering  and  preparing  for 
another  assault.  On  the  morning  of  this  day,  General 
Grant  wrote  the  government  at  Washington  encourag- 
ingly, giving  birth  in  his  dispatch  to  that  famous  sen- 
tence, "  I  propose  to  fight  it  out  on  this  line  if  it  takes  all 
summer."  Soon  after  dark,  Hancock  moved  by  the  rear 
of  the  5th  and  6th  Corps  during  a  heavy  rain  storm,  and 
at  midnight  was  in  position  between  Wright  and  Burn- 
side,  and  about  1,200  yards  from  the  enemy's  works. 
Grant  directed  that  the  2d  and  9th  Corps  should  assault 
at  daylight,  Warren  and  Wright  to  attack  vigorously,  and 
push  in  if  an  opportunity  offered. 

At  about  4 : 30  A.  M.  of  the  12th,  Hancock  moved  May  12. 
forward,    Birney   and    Barlow  in  advance,  Gibbon  and 
Mott  following.     The  troops  move  in   quick   time   for 
about  one  half  of  the  distance,  when  they  can  no  longer  ' 
be  restrained,  and  they  spring  forward  at  double-quick. 
With  a   tremendous  Cheer  they  go  over  the  intrench- 
ments,  carrying  the  works  at  all  points,  though  they  are 
desperately  defended.     A  fierce  and  bloody  conflict  fol- 
lows inside  the  works  with  bayonets  and  clubbed  mus- 
kets.    Johnson's  division,  which  guarded  this  point,  was 

23 


354  THE    CONQUEROR. 

i8(>4.  completely  taken  by  surpise,  and  after  a  short  struggle 
spottsyi-  was  routed,  with  the  capture  of  Generals  Johnson  and 
Geo.  II.  Stewart,  with  about  4,000  prisoners  and  twenty 
pieces  of  artillery.  These  were  sent  to  the  rear,  when 
Hancock  pushed  on,  pursuing  in  the  direction  of  Spott- 
sylvania  for  about  half  a  mile,  until  a  second  line  of 
works  was  reached,  when  he  sent  back  the  cheering 
words  to  Grant,  "  I  have  finished  up  Johnson,  and  am 
going  into  Early."  Here  Lee  had  rallied  Ewell's  men, 
also  hastily  bringing  reinforcements  from  Hill  and  Long- 
street.  The  2d  Corps  had  become  disordered  in  the  pur- 
suit, and  before  Hancock  could  restore  his  line  the  en- 
emy attacked  savagely,  forcing  the  Federals  back  step 
by  step  to  the  works  they  had  first  carried.  The  6th 
Corps,  having  been  previously  ordered  forward,  now 
reached  the  captured  works  on  the  right  of  the  2d  Corps. 
A  terrible  conflict  followed,  the  enemy  making  every 
effort  to  recapture  the  position ;  but  the  Federals  val- 
iantly repelled  assault  after  assault. 

Burnside,  on  the  left  of  the  army,  had  attacked  at 
daylight,  and  had  succeeded  in  capturing  a  part  of  the 
works  in  his  front,  but  was  soon  afterward  forced  back, 
one  of  the  The  fighting  was  severe,  and  the  9th  Corps  gained  some 
pcrate  bat-  ground,  but  it  could  not  dislodge  the  enemy.  Warren, 
war  °f  e  on  tne  righ^  ha.ol  also  attacked,  and  fighting  continued 
throughout  the  day.  The  5th  Corps,  however,  met  with 
no  better  success  than  the  9th  Corps.  Cutler's  and 
Griffin's  divisions  were  taken  from  Warren  and  sent 
to  Hancock  and  Wright;  Warren,  with  his  remaining 
two  divisions,  closed  up  to  the  left,  shortening  the  line. 
At  the  center  the  battle  raged  furiously  all  day  and  far 
into  the  night.  Forest  trees  were  blighted  by  the  rain 
of  shot;  a  tree  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  was  cut 
down  by  bullets.  At  the  close  of  the  battle  the  position 
of  the  combatants  remained  the  same ;  the  Federals  still 


THE    CONQUEROR.  355 

held  the  captured  works.     The  losses  in  this  battle,  on   ma 4. 
the  memorable  12th  day  of  May,  were  frightful,  proba-  Spo^. 
bly  10,000  on  each  side. 

On  the  night  of  the  13th,  the  5th  and  6th  Corps 
were  moved  to  the  left  of  Burnside,  Wright  having  the 
extreme  left.  This  formed  a  new  line  north  and  south, 
and  east  of  Spottsylvania.  In  this  movement  the  bri- 
gades of  Upton  and  Ay  res,  the  former  of  the  6th  Corps, 
the  latter  of  the  5th,  had  a  severe  engagement  with  the 
enemy,  whose  attack  was  gallantly  repulsed,  and  the 
6th  Corps  was  established  in  the  desired  position.  This 
move  compelled  Lee  to  bring  his  left  to  his  right.  From 
the  12th  to  the  18th  no  general  engagement  occurred, 
but  there  was  continued  fighting. 

On  the  18th,  the  6th  and  2d  Corps  advanced  against  M*y  18- 
the  enemy,  Wright  having  been  moved  to  Hancock's 
right  the  night  before.  The  battle  was  renewed  on  the 
ground  where  Hancock  had  been  so  successful  on  the 
12th,  but  after  desperate  fighting  the  Federals  were 
repulsed,  and  withdrew.  Mott's  division  had  been  re- 
duced to  a  brigade,  and  placed  in  Birney's  division.  A 
division  of  new  troops  under  General  Tyler  had  arrived 
from  Fredericksburg,  which  was  assigned  to  Hancock's 
corps.  On  the  afternoon  of  the  19th,  an  assault  was  May  19- 
made  by  Ewell  upon  the  Federal  right.  The  blow  fell 
heavily  upon  Tyler,  whose  new  recruits  fought  splen- 
didly, holding  the  enemy  at  bay  until  the  arrival  of  aid 
from  Hancock  and  Warren,  when  Ewell  was  repulsed 
with  heavy  loss.  Ferrero's  colored  division,  guarding 
trains  on  the  Fredericksburg  road,  was  also  attacked  by 
a  heavy  force ;  it  did  splendid  work,  repelling  the 
assault  with  great  gallantry. 

General  Grant  now  determined  to  flank  Lee  out  of 
his  stronghold,  and  on  the  21st  put  his  army  in  motion  M 
for  the  North  Anna  River,  twenty  miles  directly  south. 


the  North 
Anna. 


356  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.  Hancock  started  at  midnight  of  the  20th,  Warren  fol- 
lowing  during  the  forenoon  of  the  21st.  Burnside  mov- 
ing that  afternoon,  left  Wright  to  cover  the  rear.  Dur- 
ing the  day,  Lee  had  discovered  Grant's  movement, 
and  at  once  put  his  army  in  motion  to  shield  Richmond. 
Hill,  whose  corps  was  the  last  to  follow  Lee,  attacked 
Wright  after  Burnside's  departure,  but  was  repulsed  ; 
both  corps  then  followed  their  respective  armies.  When 
Grant  reached  the  North  Anna  on  the  23d,  he  found 
Lee  there  looking  at  him.  The  latter  had  just  been 
May  .'3-27.  reinforced  by  about  15,000  men  from  Richmond  and 

North  Anna  » 

River.        North  Carolina.     Warren  crossed  the  river  at  Jericho 
jencho      Ford  in  the  afternoon,  and  at  about  5  P.  M.,  while  in- 


and    trenching,  Hill  savagely  attacked  him,  throwing  a  divis- 

Taylor's         .  &'  °      J  ..... 

Bridge.  ion  under  General  Bro\vn  upon  Cutler,  while  his  division 
was  getting  into  line  on  Warren's  right.  Cutler  was 
thrown  into  some  confusion,  when  Griffin  came  to  his 
assistance,  and  the  enemy  was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss, 
the  Federals  taking  five  or  six  hundred  prisoners.  Han- 
cock was  at  Chesterfield  Bridge,  and  at  6  p.  M.  captured 
some  works  on  the  north  side  with  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  prisoners,  and  saved  the  bridge,  which  the  enemy 
was  trying  to  destroy. 

On  the  morning  of  the  24th,  Hancock  crossed  over, 
Wright  also  crossed  at  Jericho  Ford,  forming  on  "Barren's 
right.  Burnside  had  arrived  at  Ox  Ford  on  the  night 
of  the  23d,  where,  owing  to  the  darkness,  he  halted 
until  the  morning  of  the  24th,  when  he  found  Lee's 
forces  holding  the  ford.  Burnside  was  now  in  the  cen- 
ter, about  half  way  between  Hancock  and  Warren,  and 
three  miles  from  each,  but  unable  to  cross.  Lee's  army 
lay  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge,  with  the  point  at  Ox  Ford, 
interposed  between  Grant's  two  wings.  About  2  p.  M., 
Burnside  succeeded  in  crossing  one  division,  under  Gen- 
eral Crittenden,  at  a  point  half  way  between  Ox  Ford 


THE    CONQUEROR.  35T 

and  Jericho  Ford;  and  joining  Crawford's  division,  he  is e*. 
attacked  the  point  of  the  wedge,  which  was  defended  by 
Hill,  whose  troops  were  covered  by  strong  earthworks. 
After  a  severe  fight  the  Federals  were  repulsed,  having 
suffered  a  loss  of  six  or  seven  hundred  men.  Meantime 
Burnside  had  sent  Potter's  division  across  to  join  Han- 
cock, who  now  sent  Potter,  Gibbon,  and  Barlow  against 
the  enemy  from  that  side ;  but  Lee's  position  could  not 
be  shaken.  Thus  Grant  was  unable  to  connect  his  two 
wings,  and  he  quietly  recrossed  his  army  to  the  north 
side  on  the  26th.  On  the  24th,  General  Grant  issued 
an  order  uniting  Burnside's  command  to  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  (it  had  been  a  distinct  organization  up  to 
this  time),  Burnside  receiving  his  orders  direct  from  the 
General-in-Chief.  He  must  now  report  to  Meade,  his 
junior  in  rank,  who  had  been  a  division  commander  when 
Burnside  commanded  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Gen- 
eral Burnside  accepted  the  new  condition  with  the 
patriotism  of  a  true  soldier. 

Sheridan  had  just  returned  from  a  raid  upon  Lee's  Sheridan, 
communications.     When    Grant   came   out  of  the  Wil- 
derness, he  sent  Sheridan  to  cut  the  railroads  between 
Lee   and    Richmond.     On    the    9th    of  May,  Sheridan  May  9. 
arrived  at  Beaver   Dam    station,    where    he    destroyed  Dam^t*. 
ten    miles    of   railroad    track,  an   immense    amount   of1'011' 
supplies,  and   recaptured    400   prisoners    taken  by  the 
enemy  in    the    Wilderness.     Stuart's    cavalry  followed 
Sheridan,  his  advance    savagely  attacking  the  Federal 
rear  this   day  near   the    North  Anna.     After  a  severe 
fight  the  enemy  was  driven  off.     Stuart  did  not  annoy 
Sheridan  further  at  this  time,  but  put  his  horses  to  their 
mettle  to  get  between  the  Federal  cavalry  and  Richmond. 
At  Ashland  Depot,  on  the  llth,  Sheridan  also  destroyed  May  n. 
the  railroad  and  a  large  quantity  of  supplies ;  he  then  DepoT 
pushed  on  in  the  direction  of  Richmond.     Stuart  crossed 


358  THE    CONQUEROR. 

is 64.  his  track  at  Yellow  Tavern.  The  Federals  charged, 
Yeiiow~  routing  the  enemy  at  all  points.  Generals  Stuart  and 
Tavern.  Qor(jon  were  both  mortally  wounded,  which  was  a  severe 

Generals 

stuart  and  loss  to  the  enemy.     General  Stuart  died  in  Richmond 

mortally     on  the  llth  of  June.     He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point. 

wounded.    Qenera|  Gordon  also  died  of  his  wounds  soon  after  this. 

Sheridan,  now  approached  the  Richmond  fortifications. 

Ouster  charged,  taking  the  outer  works  and  capturing  100 

prisoners  ;  but  an  attack  upon  Richmond  formed  no  part 

of  Sheridan's  plans,  and  he  quickly  retired  to  Meadow 

May  12.     Bridge.     Here,  on  the  12th,  the  enemy  fiercely  attacked 

Meadow  "* 

Bridge.  both  front  and  rear,  but  was  routed  after  a  sharp 
engagement.  The  .Federals,  pressing  on,  reached  Hax- 
all's  Landing  on  the  14th  of  May,  where  they  obtained 
supplies  from  Butler.  Resting  his  troops  till  the  17th, 
Sheridan  resumed  his  march  to  rejoin  Grant.  He  was 
obliged  to  move  cautiously,  not  knowing  just  where  the 
contending  armies  were.  He  reached  White  House  on 
the  Pamunkey  on  the  19th,  and  rejoined  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  near  Chesterfield  on  the  24th.  He  had 
marched  about  200  miles ;  his  losses  had  been  about  400 
men  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

Immediately  after  recrossing  the  North  Anna,  Grant 

put   his   army  in  motion  for  the  Pamunkey,  Sheridan 

leading,  Wright,  Warren,  and  Burnside  following  in  the 

order  named,  Hancock  remaining  until  the  morning  of 

May  27.     the  27th,  bringing  up  the  rear.     The  army  now  came  to 

moves  to    a  country  difficult  to  march  over,  on  account  of  the  many 

the  left,     swamps  to  go  through,  and  the  sluggish  streams  with 

low  banks  to  cross.     On  the  28th  the  army  was  on  the 

south  side  of  the  Pamunkey,  having  crossed  at  and  near 

Hanovertown,  which  place  is  about  thirty  miles  south  of 

the  position  just  left  on  the  North  Anna,  and  within 

May  28.     twenty  miles  of  Richmond.     White  House  now  became 

•hop?"       Grant's  base  of  supplies.     On  the  afternoon  of  the  28th, 


THE    CONQUEROR.  359 

Sheridan  pushed  forward  to  Hawe's  shop,  where  he  had   ma  4. 
a  hard  fight  with  Hampton's  and  Fitzhugh  Lee's  cavalry. 
The  enemy  was  defeated  with  heavy  loss.     The  Federal  nam-vcr 
army  moved  forward,  skirmishing  on  the  29th,  Wright  \\m^. 
reaching  Hanover  Court  House.     Hancock  met  strong  May  28-31. 
opposition  on  the  30th  at  Tolopotomy  Creek,  and  War-  omy. 


ren's  march  was  checked  at  Bethesda  Church.  The 
latter  had  a  severe  engagement,  but  finally  repulsed  the 
assaults  of  the  enemy,  and  secured  a  good  position. 
Hancock  then  drove  the  enemy  before  him,  capturing  his 
rifle-pits. 

On  the  30th,  at  night,  Lee's  army,  which  had  con- 
stantly retired  so  as  to  keep  between  the  Federals  and 
Richmond,  lay  from  Atlee's  Station,  on  the  Virginia 
Central  Railroad,  to  near  Cold  Harbor.  Grant  confronted  ^ 
him,  the  lines  of  each  army  stretching  southeast  to  - 
northwest,  covering  about  ten  miles  of  ground.  The 
Federal  army  lay  from  right  to  left  in  the  following 
order  :  the  6th  Corps,  the  2d  Corps,  the  9th  Corps,  and 
the  5th  Corps,  with  Sheridan  on  the  extreme  left,  except 
Wilson's  cavalry,  which  was  operating  upon  the  railroads 
and  bridges  on  the  right,  completing  their  destruction  as 
far  as  possible.  Sheridan  pushed  his  pickets  out  toward 
Old  Cold  Harbor,  which  brought  on  a  sharp  fight,  result- 
ing in  the  withdrawal  of  the  enemy. 

On   the   31st,  Sheridan   again   advanced,  finding   a  May  31  to 
strong  force  of  the  enemy  at  Old  Cold  Harbor  behind  coid  iiar- 
breastworks    of  logs  and   rails.     The    Federal   cavahy 
charged,  and  after  a  stubborn  fight  succeeded  in  carrying 
the  position.     Grant  realized  the  importance  of  the  cap- 
ture, and    directed    Sheridan  to  hold  it  at  all  hazards 
until  the  6th  Corps  arrived,  which  he  at  once  ordered 
from  the  extreme  right.     The  conflict  then  ceased  for  . 

the  night.  At  daylight,  June  1,  the  enemy  assault 
Sheridan  in  heavy  force,  determined  to  regain  the  lost 


360  TILE    COJQUERUX. 

i*64.  position.  Again  and  again  the  Federal  cavalry  drive 
them  back.  For  four  hours  Sheridan's  men  hold  out 
against  greatly  superior  numbers,  causing  the  enemy 
fearful  loss.  At  about  9  A.  M.  the  6th  Corps  arrives, 
and  Old  Cold  Harbor  is  secured.  About  3  p.  M.  General 
W.  F.  Smith,  with  three  divisions  under  Generals  Devens, 
Martindale,  and  Brooks,  numbering  about  10,000  men. 
from  the  10th  and  18th  Corps  of  the  Army  of  the 
James,  joined  Meade's  army.  Smith  had  left  one 
division  at  White  House  to  guard  that  point.  His 
troops  were  placed  between  Wright  and  Warren.  Lee's 
right,  which  had  been  so  bravely  resisted  by  Sheridan's 
men,  had  fallen  back  a  short  distance,  and  fortified.  At 
about  5  P.  M.,  Wright  and  Smith  attacked  these  works. 
The  enemy  was  driven  out  and  forced  back  to  New  Cold 
Harbor,  with  a  loss  of  700  prisoners.  At  the  same  time 
the  enemy  on  Warren's  front  attacked  savagely,  and  was 
three  times  repulsed.  Hancock  and  Burnside  also  be- 
came engaged.  The  battle  raged  till  night  along  the 
whole  line,  and  long  after  dark  on  the  Federal  left,  Lee 
making  desperate  efforts  to  drive  Wright  and  Smith 
back,  for  Grant's  continual  movement  to  the  left  was 
forcing  Lee  into  Richmond. 

During  the  night  of  June  1,  the  2d  Corps  was  trans- 
ferred from  its  position  on  the  right  to  the  extreme  left, 
joining  its  right  to  the  6th  Corps.    Warren  and  Burnside 
were  moved  to  the  left  on  the  2d,  so  as  to  make  the  line 
more  compact.    During  the  movement  the  vigilant  enemy 
fiercely  attacked  both  corps,  but  were  repelled  after  a 
Gen^ai0'    severe  fight,  Burnside,  however,  losing  about  400  men 
Doles-        taken  prisoners.    Among  the  enemy's  killed  was  General 
George  E.  Doles. 

The  entire  Federal  army  was  now  south  of  the 
Tolopotomy,  and  Lee,  following  the  Federal  movement, 
transferred  his  troops  from  his  extreme  left  to  his  right. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  361 

Grant  now  made  preparations  for  a  general  assault,  and    isa4. 
at  about  4  A.  M.  the  Federals  began  the  attack.     Han- 

June    3. 

cock's,  Wright's,  and  Smith's  troops  charged  the  enemy's  Battle  of 
works,  while  Warren  and  Burnside  engaged  in  artillery  bor. 
firing  and  heavy  skirmishing,  capturing  the  enemy's 
rifle-pits  in  their  respective  fronts.  The  assa*ult  was 
twice  made  by  the  three  first-named  corps  with  great 
gallantry  and  determination,  and  the  enemy's  works 
were  momentarily  captured  at  many  points ;  but  Lee 
held  his  ground,  and  after  suffering  terrible  losses  the 
Federals  desisted  at  about  10  A.  M.  They  had  gained 
some  ground,  however,  along  the  whole  liney  and  in- 
trenched nearer  the  enemy.  Hancock  in  his  first  assault 
reached  the  works,  and  though  driven  back,  his  corps 
brought  out  several  hundred  prisoners.  This  was  a 
bloody  battle.  The  Federal  loss  was  about  7,000  during 
the  three  days'  fighting  around  Cold  Harbor;  that  of  the 
enemy  is  unknown.  At  this  time  the  Federal  army 
numbered  about  100,000  men ;  the  enemy's  about 
75,000. 

On  the  4th,  5th,  and  6th,  Grant  remained  on  the  de- 
fensive, or  rather  did  not  attack,  but  received  each  day 
an  assault  of  the  enemy  on  different  points  of  the  line, 
which  was  on  each  occasion  repulsed.  On  the  7th, 
Sheridan  was  sent  on  another  raid  upon  the  enemy's 
railroads.  He  destroyed  the  railroad  at  Chesterfield 
station,  then  crossing  the  North  Anna,  destroyed  the  June  n,  12. 
line  from  Trevilian's  station  to  Louisa  Court  House,  station!"1 
having  on  the  llth  a  severe  engagement  with  Hampton's 
and  Lee's  cavalry  at  the  former  place.  Sheridan,  Cus- 
ter,  Torbert,  and  Gregg  led  their  men  into  the  fight,  and 
each  soldier  was  a  host.  The  enemy  was  behind  breast- 
works, but  the  Federals  completely  routed  them,  taking 
500  prisoners.  On  the  morning  of  the  12th,  Sheridan 
destroyed  about  ten  miles  of  railroad,  then  returning 


362  THE    CONQUEROR. 

i8G4.  toward  the  army,  he  met  the  enemy  at  Mallory's  Ford 
on  the  North  Anna.  After  a  sharp  engagement,  he 
determined  that  the  resistance  was  too  strong,  and 
retired  northward  to  Spottsylvania,  thence  southward 
by  Bowling  Green  and  Dunkirk,  crossing  the  Mattapony 

wwte        on   ^ne  20th,  and    reached  White  House  on  the  21st. 

House.  Near  this  place  he  had  a  slight  engagement,  driving  the 
enemy  out  of  sight. 

General  Grant  now  made  James  River  his  base  of 
supplies,  and  ordered  Sheridan  to  break  up  the  depot  at 
White  House,  which  he  did,  bringing  the  garrison  and 
wagon  trains  with  him.  Leaving  White  House  on  the 

jane  26:    24th,  he  moved  toward  Meade's  army.     At  St.  Mary's 

st  Mary's  Church,  on  the  26th,  a  severe  battle  was  fought  between 

Church. 

Gregg  and  Hampton.  Gregg  was  outnumbered  two  to 
one,  but  resisted  until  Sheridan's  trains  were  safe  at 
Wilcox's  Landing,  when  he  slowly  retired.  Sheridan 
soon  afterward  rejoined  the  army. 

General  Grant  now  decided  to  move  the  army  across 

the  Chickahominy  and  to  the  south  side  of  the  James 

Grant        River,  and  then  against  Petersburg  and  Richmond.     He 

forces    Lee  _ 

into  Rich-  instructed  General  Butler  to  prepare  ferry  boats  and 
ponton  bridge  material  for  crossing  the  James  at  Wil- 
cox's Landing.  This  was  a  large  flank  movement,  it 
being  thirty-five  miles  to  the  James,  and  after  crossing 
to  Windmill  Point,  it  is  twenty  miles  to  Petersburg- 
Lee  was  but  six  miles  froin  Richmond  and  twenty-five 
miles  from  Petersburg. 

The  Federal  army  at  once  began  the  side  step  to  the 

June  4.      left.     On  the  4th,  the  9th  Corps  was  drawn  from  the 

the  cwck-  right  and  placed  between  Smith  and  Warren ;   on  the 

limy'     6th  Warren  was  moved  from  the  right  and  massed  in 

the  center  rear,  Burnside  again  becoming  the  right;  on 

the  7th  Warren's  corps  moved  to  the  left  of  Hancock, 

reaching  to  Bottom's  Bridge,  preparations  thus  continu- 


THE    CONQUEROR.  363 

ing  until  the  night  of  the  12th,  when  the  army  moved  i8  a  4. 
rapidly  for  the  James,  except  Smith's  troops,  which 
were  marched  to  White  House,  thence  to  go  by  boats 
around  to  City  Point  and  rejoin  Butler.  White  House, 
which  had  been  Meade's  base  of  supplies,  was  now  to  be 
abandoned  for  a  new  base  at  City  Point,  on  the  James. 
The  Federal  army  began  crossing  the  Chickahominy 
that  night;  Warren  was  over  by  7  A.  M.  of  the  13th,  June  13- 
Hancock  closely  following.  Burnside  marched  eastward 
to  Tunstall's  station,  then  directly  south  to  Jones's 
Bridge  on  the  Chickahominy,  where  his  corps  crossed, 
followed  by  the  6th  Corps.  Hancock  reached  Charles 
City  Court  House  that  night.  Warren,  with  Wilson's 
cavalry,  guarded  the  rear,  and  also  made  demonstrations 
as  if  to  move  against  Richmond  up  the  north  bank  of 
the  James,  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the  enemy. 
Warren  and  Wilson  soon  afterward  withdrew,  and  fol- 
lowed the  rest  of  the  army,  which  was  all  across  the  J«nc  16- 

The  army 

James  by  the  morning  of  the  16th.     Lee  now  retired  across  the 


into  the  Richmond  and  Petersburg  fortifications. 


James. 


CHAPTER    XXI. 

PETERSBURG    AND    RICHMOND. 

THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.  (^\N  the  4th  of  May,  General  33.  F.  Butler,  now  in 
V.^  command  of  a  newly  organized  army,  named  the 
Army  of  the  James,  moved  from  Yorktown  and  Glouces- 
ter Point 'by  boats  down  York  River  and  up  the  James, 

May  5.      landing  the  next  day  at  City  Point  and  Bermuda  Hun- 
Gen.  But-  •  » 

icratBer-  dred,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Appomattox,  which   points 

muda  Hun-  .  . 

dred.  were  a  distance  of  twenty  miles  from  Richmond,  and 
ten  from  Petersburg.  Here  Butler  strongly  intrenched. 
The  10th  Corps,  under  General  Gillmore,  had  been 
brought  from  South  Carolina,  and  now  formed  a  part 
of  this  army,  as  did  also  the  18th  Corps,  under  General 
W.  F.  Smith. 

On  the    7th  and  9th    Butler   made    demonstrations 

against  the  railroad  between  Petersburg  and  Richmond, 

destroying  portions  of  the   road.     Detachments  of  his 

May  c.      army  also  had  slight  engagements  with  the  enemy  at 

thaii.         Port  Walthall  on  the  6th,  and  at  Swift  Creek  on  the  9th. 

May  9.      Beauregard  now  arrived  to  oppose    Butler,  the  enemy 

creek.       having  hastened  troops  from  North  and  South  Carolina. 

Beauregard  had  about  20,000  men,  and  occupied  Fort 

May  12-ie.  Darling   and    the  adjoining  works,  about  half  way  be- 

Fort  Bar-    tween  Bermuda  Hundred  and  Richmond  on  the  James. 

ling  and 

proctor-s  Butler  moved  against  these  works  on  the  13th,  capturing 
a  portion  of  the  outer  intrenchments ;  but  the  interior 
works  were  very  strong,  and  here  he  hesitated.  On  the 
morning  of  the  16th,  before  daylight  and  during  a  thick 

(364 


THE    CONQUEROR.  365 

fog,  Beauregard  suddenly  attacked.  A  severe  battle  is  «  4. 
was  fought  on  Proctor's  Creek,  resulting  in  the  with- 
drawal of  the  Federals  to  Bermuda  Hundred,  after  hav- 
ing suffered  a  loss  of  about  2,000  men  in  killed  and 
wounded,  and  1,500  taken  prisoners.  The  loss  of  the 
enemy  was  about  3,000,  mostly  in  killed  and  wounded. 
Among  the  enemy's  killed  was  General  Watt  Ransom.  General 

About  this    time  General  Grant  ordered   Butler  to  Rl 
send  Smith's  corps  to  Meade's  army.     On  the  19th  and  May  19,20. 
20th  of  May,  Beauregard  attacked  Butler's  position,  but  ku 


was  repulsed  on  both  occasions.     On  May  12,  General 
Kautz  with  his  cavalry  started  on  an  expedition  against 
the    Danville    Railroad,  which  he  struck  at  ^Coalfield, 
Powhatan,  and  Chula  stations,  destroying  the  road  and 
rolling  stock  at  these  points  ;  then  moving  to  the  South 
Side  Railroad,  he  caused  the  same  destruction  at  Wilson's 
Wharf,  Wellsville,  and  other  stations,  returning  to  City 
Point  on  the  18th.     On  the  24th  of  May,  Fitzhugh  Lee  May  24. 
attacked  two  regiments  of  colored  troops  under  General  wharf!  * 
Wilde,  at  Wilson's  Wharf,  but  was  handsomely  repulsed. 
Butler  sent  a  force  of  about  3,500  men,  infantry  and 
cavalry,  under  Gillmore  and  Kautz,  to  attempt  the  cap-  junc  10. 
ture  of  Petersburg,  but,  they  failed  to  accomplish  their  p< 
object.     Kautz's  troopers    entered  the  town,  but  were 
soon  forced  to  retire.     Again  urged  forward  by  General 
Grant,  Butler  made  another  attempt  on  the  15th,  on  the  JJJi*JJ 
northeast   side,  between    City  Point   and    the    Norfolk  Peter8bnrg- 
Railroad.     This  time  he  nearly  succeeded;    the    outer 
works  were    carried  by  Smith's  troops,  which   had  re- 
joined   Butler.     But  it  was   now  night,  and  Smith,  in 
command  of  the  attacking  forces,  determined  to  defer 
further  advance    until    morning  —  a  fatal   delay!     Lee 
was  hastening  his  army  to  the  defenses  of  Richmond 
and  Petersburg,  and  at  daylight  of  the  16th  Smith  found 
the  works  in  his  front  strongly  garrisoned  by  the  veteran 


366  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.  troops  of  Lee's  army.  Meantime  Meade's  army  had 
Petersburg,  been  hastening  forward.  Hancock  arrived  on  the  night 
of  the  15th,  and  took  position  on  Smith's  left,  Burnside 
came  up  the  following  morning  with  the  9th  Corps,  join- 
ing Hancock's  left,  and  Warren  arrived  on  the  morning 
of  the  17th  and  was  placed  on  Burnside's  left.  The 
same  day  Wright  was  directed  to  take  two  divisions  of 
the  6th  Corps  to  Bermuda  Hundred  to  aid  Butler,  who 
was  resisting  a  determined  attack  of  the  enemy  under 
Pickett.  The  other  division  of  the  6th  Corps  relieved 
Brooks's  division  of  the  18th  Corps,  which,  under  Smith, 
also  went  to  Bermuda  Hundred. 

Although  Petersburg  was  not  taken,  yet  Grant  had 
made  a  magnificent  and  successful  movement.  His 
army  had  marched  fifty-five  miles,  crossed  two  large 
rivers,  and  brought  along  his  immense  trains  without 
loss,  in  the  presence  of  a  powerful  and  vigilant  enemy. 
The  Federal  army  had  been  marching  and  fighting,  and 
fighting  and  marching,  for  six  weeks  through  the  enemy's 
country,  over  difficult  roads,  fording  rivers  and  swamps. 
The  last  inarch  was  extremely  severe,  and  the  soldiers 
must  have  been  nearly  exhausted  with  fatigue  when  the 
first  assault  upon  Petersburg  was  made ;  and  before  the 
second  one  could  be  made,  Lee,  who  had  taken  a  much 
shorter  route,  was  there  with  his  army.  It  should  not, 
therefore,  be  surprising  that  Petersburg  was  not  taken. 

At  this  time,  the  strength  of  the  Federal  army  was 
about  115,000,  that  of  the  enemy  about  80,000.  The 
Federal  losses  had  been,  as  given  by  General  Badeau 
in  his  valuable  military  history  of  General  Grant, in  the 
Wilderness,  13,948 ;  at  Spottsylvania,  13,601 ;  at  the 
North  Anna,  1,143 ;  and  at  Cold  Harbor  (May  31  to 
June  12),  10,058.  This  includes  the  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing  during  the  several  engagements  at  the  re- 
spective places. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  367 

On  the  16th,  17th,  and    18th,  the   Federals    made   is  a  4. 
determined  attempts  to  capture  Petersburg,  and  although  Petersburg. 
gallant  charges  were  made,  the  fortifications  at  several  June  15-13. 
points  carried  and  held,  and  over  1,000  prisoners  taken,  Js^. 
yet  Lee  still  firmly  held  Petersburg.     The  Federals  had 
suffered  a  loss  of  about  6,000  men  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing  during  these  three  terrible  days.     General 
Grant  was  greatly  disappointed  at  the  failure  to  capture 
Petersburg,  but  he  had  a  good  hold,  and  would  not  let  go. 
Quietly  accepting  the    situation,  he  determined  to  lay 
siege,  and  the  spade  became  busy.     The  Federals  now 
had  possession  of  the  works  which  originally  defended 
the  town  on  the  south  and  east,  but  the  enemy  had  con- 
structed strong  works  in  the  rear,  which  were  begun  on 
the  night  of  the  15th. 

General  Grant  now  began  his  dispositions  to  envelop 
Petersburg  and  strike  the  southern  railroads.  The  bal- 
ance of  the  18th  Corps  was  restored  to  Butler,  and 
Wright  rejoined  Meade.  General  Gillmore  had  been 
relieved  of  his  command,  and  Brooks  given  the  10th 
Corps.  General  Ledlie  superseded  Crittenden  in  the 
command  of  a  division  of  the  9th  Corps.  Hancock  was 
compelled  to  relinquish  active  duty  in  consequence  of 
the  reopening  of  an  old  wound,  Birney  assuming  com- 
mand of  the  2d  Corps.  On  the  21st  Grant  again  began 
his  side  step  to  the  left;  Butler  extended  his  left  so  as 
to  reach  Burnside's  right,  the  2d  Corps  having  been 
drawn  out  and  moved  to  Warren's  left,  and  the  6th 
Corps  to  Birney's  left.  The  siege  was  already  begun, 
the  Federals  throwing  up  a  line  of  fortifications  parallel 
to  that  of  the  enemy.  On  the  22d  Wright  and  Birney  Jnne  22- 

J  ^    The  enemy 

were  pushed  westward  for  the  purpose  of  seizing  the  make  a 
Weld  on  Railroad.     During  this  movement  a  gap  occurred  weidon 
between  the  two  corps,  of  which  Hill,  who  held  Lee's  Railroad- 
right,  took  advantage,  attacking  Birney  fiercely.     Bar- 


368  THE    CONQUEROR. 

is64.  low's  division,  on  the  left,  received  the  onset,  and  for  a 
Petersburg,  time  there  was  considerable  confusion,  the  2d  Corps  los- 
ing  about  1,400  taken  prisoners ;  but  order  was  soon 
restored  and  the  enemy  checked,  then  driven  back,  when 
Wright  was  brought  back  to  connect  with  Birney.     On 
the  23d  these  two  corps  again  advanced,  driving  back 
the  enemy's  skirmishers,  Wright  sending  working  par- 
ties to  tear  up  the  Weldon  Railroad  ;  but  the  enemy  soon 
appeared  in  strong  force,  and  the  work  upon  the  railroad 
stopped.     Wright  was  withdrawn  to  the  rear  of  Birney. 
On  the  22d  of  June,  Wilson,  with  his  division  of  cav- 
alry and  Kautz's  cavalry  of  the  Army  of  the  James,  al- 
together  numbering  about  6,000  men,  started  upon  a 
1  raid  on  the  enemy's  railroads  south  of  Petersburg  and 
station.      Richmond.     At  Ream's  Station  on  the  Weldon  Railroad 
that  day  he  destroyed  the  depot  and  several  miles  of 
railroad,  then  moved  west  to  the  South  Side  Railroad,  his 
rear  guard  having  a  slight  engagement  just  as  it  was 
leaving  Ream's  Station.     Between  Nottoway  Station  and 
Ford's  Depot,  several  miles  of  railroad  were  destroyed. 
June  23.     ^  2  A.  M.  on  the  i43d,  Kautz  pushed  on  to  Burkeville 

Is  ottoway 

court  station,  and  that  afternoon  destroyed  the  road  at  that 
point,  while  Wilson  operated  about  Nottoway.  Here  on 
the  23d  Wilson  was  savagely  attacked  by  W.  H.  F.  Lee's 
cavalry.  The  enemy  was  repulsed  after  a  severe  en- 
gagement, and  Wilson  pressed  forward  to  the  Danville 
road,  where  he  rejoined  Kautz  not  far  from  Burkeville 
junction.  Together  they  destroyed  the  track  pretty 
thoroughly  to  Roanoke  Station,  a  distance  of  about 
eighteen  miles.  This  point  was  reached  on  the  25th. 

The  enemy  had  by  this  time  collected  a  strong  force, 
and  was  in  close  pursuit.  Wilson  was  now  at  a  point 
about  seventy-five  miles  southwest  of  Petersburg,  and 
felt  that  he  .must  return  rapidly  eastward  fo  escape  the 
enemy's  superior  forces  concentrating  about  him.  On 


THE    CONQUEROR.  360 


28- 


n 


the  25th,  near  Roanoke  Bridge  on  Staunton  River,  about 
6  P.  M.,  a  severe  fight  took  place,  in  which  the  attack  of  PetJ^burg. 
the  enemy  »was  repulsed.  During  the  night  the  Feder-  june  25. 
als  moved  eastward,  marching  all  day  the  26th  and  27th,  J 
reaching  Nottoway  River  by  noon  of  the  28th.  Near 
here,  at  the  Weldon  railroad  crossing  of  Stony  Creek,  a 
severe  conflict  took  place  between  Wilson  and  Hamp-  Creek- 
ton's  and  Lee's  cavalry.  Hampton  had  come  in  hot 
haste  direct  from  his  fight  with  Sheridan,  and  had  just 
arrived.  Learning  this  fact,  Wilson  fell  back,  and  en- 
deavored to  escape  by  way  of  Ream's  Station.  Arriv- 
ing at  the  latter  point  on  the  morning  of  the  29th,  he  June  29- 
found  a  heavy  force  of  infantry  in  his  front,  instead  of,  station. 
as  he  had  expected,  Meade's  left,  which  he  supposed  ex- 
tended to  the  Weldon  road.  He  at  once  prepared  to  re- 
turn southward.  Scarcely  had  the  retreat  begun  when 
the  enemy  attacked  heavily.  After  a  short  struggle,  the 
Federals  abandoned  their  artillery,  having  previously 
destroyed  their  trains.  Wilson  and  Kautz  became  sep- 
arated. Wilson  succeeded  in  crossing  the  Nottoway  at 
Double  Bridge,  and  on  the  30th  he  escaped  across  the 
Blackwater  River,  reaching  Meade's  army  in  a  most 
wretched  plight.  Kautz  also  succeeded  on  July  2,  in 
reaching  the  Federal  lines.  Wilson's  loss  had  been 
about  1,000  men,  besides  his  trains  and  artillery;  but 
he  had  inflicted  immense  damage  upon  the  enemy. 
Meade  had  sent  the  6th  Corps  to  Ream's  Station  on  the 
29th,  where  it  arrived  in  the  evening  to  find  that  the 
contending  forces  had  gone  south.  Wright's  orders  were 
to  remain  at  that  point  until  Sheridan  arrived  there. 
Meantime  Kautz  came  in  to  Wright's  lines,  and  reported 
the  direction  Wilson  had  taken.  Sheridan  came  up  on 
the  morning  of  the  30th,  when  it  being  ascertained  that 
Wilson  had  escaped,  Sheridan  and  Wright  returned  to 

the  army. 

24 


370  THE    CONQUEROR. 

mo 4.         Grant  sent  Wright  with  the  6th  Corps  to  Washington 

Petersburg  on  ^e  ^^  °^  ^U^Y-     The  capital  was  threatened  by  a 
juiy  9.      force    of  the  enemy  under  Early,  who  had   been  sent 

V  *i      ' 

corps  sent  northward  by  Lee,  in  hopes  he  could  succeed  hi  his  old 
trick  of  frightening  the  Federal  army  before  him  back  to 
the  defense  of  the  nation's  heart.  But  not  so ;  Grant 
had  a  good  hold,  and  would  not  let  go.  (An  account  of 
Early's  raid  will  be  found  under  the  head,  "Virginia 
outside  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.")  Grant  now 
contracted  his  lines  for  awhile.  General  W.  F.  Smith 
asked  for  a  leave  of  absence,  which  was  granted,  and 
General  Ord  was  placed  in  command  of  the  18th  Corps. 
The  army  now  extended  only  to  the  Jerusalem  plank 
road,  with  Warren  on  the  left,  Burnside  in  the  center, 
and  Ord  on  the  right.  Hancock,  again  in  command  of 
the  2d  Corps,  lay  in  the  rear  of  Warren ;  Butler,  with 
the  10th  Corps,  held  the  right  at  Bermuda  Hundred 
and  Deep  Bottom.  General  D.  B.  Birney  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  10th  Corps  by  order  of  General  Grant 
on  July  23.  This  brave  officer  was  attacked  by  fever 
about  two  months  afterward,  and  taken  to  Philadelphia, 

Death  of    where    he    died    Oct.   18,   1864.     His   father,  Hon.  J. 

General 

Birney.  G.  Birney,  was  at  one  time  an  Alabama  planter;  but 
becoming  satisfied  of  the  injustice  of  slavery,  he  set  his 
slaves  free,  and  came  north. 

On  the  26th  of  July,  Grant  ordered  a  demonstration 
north  of  the  James,  via  Deep  Bottom,  by  Hancock's 
corps  and  Sheridan's  cavalry.  The  expedition  started 

juiy  27,88.  at  4  p  M  Of  the  26th,  and  by  the  morning  of  the  27th 

Deep  Bot-  *  ° 

toni.  had  crossed  the  James  at  Deep  Bottom.  The  enemy's 
advance  posts  were  driven  back,  with  the  capture  of  a 
small  work  and  four  pieces  of  artillery.  Nothing  further 
was  accomplished  this  day.  The  Federals  formed  line 
on  Bailey's  Creek.  The  object  of  this  move  was  to  draw 
off  a  part  of  Lee's  army  to  the  defense  of  Richmond; 


THE    CONQUEROR.  371 


that  accomplished,  Hancock  was  to  hasten  back  and  join 
in  an  assault  upon  Petersburg.  On  the  morning  of  the  Petersburg. 
28th,  Sheridan  on  Hancock's  right  was  fiercely  attacked 
by  a  superior  force  of  infantry,  but  the  Federal  repeating 
carbines  drove  them  back  in  confusion,  with  a  loss  of 
250  taken  prisoners.  During  the  night  of  the  29th,  the 
expedition  quietly  withdrew,  and  returned  to  Meade's 
front. 

The  movement  of  Hancock  and  Sheridan  had  greatly 
alarmed  the  Richmond  authorities,  and  by  the  28th  a 
large  part  of  the  defenders  of  Petersburg  had  been  with- 
drawn to  oppose  them.  On  Burnside's  front  a  mine  had 
been  dug  under  the  enemy's  works,  the  main  gallery  of 
which  was  about  five  hundred  feet  in  length.  This 
work  had  been  accomplished  by  the  48th  Pennsylvania, 
composed  of  miners.  Eight  tons  of  powder  had  been 
placed  under  the  enemy's  works,  and  on  the  30th,  at  Jllly  30 
4  :  30  A.  M.,  the  mine  was  exploded.  The  shock  was  The,  minc 

explosion. 

like  that  of  an  earthquake  ;  the  enemy's  works  were 
torn  to  pieces  ;  guns,  caissons,  and  men  went  up  two 
hundred  feet  in  the  air.  Burnside  was  ordered  to 
charge  ;  Ledlie's  division  entered  the  crater.  Every 
order  had  been  given  by  Grant  and  Meade  to  warrant 
success.  Ord  was  to  support  the  9th  Corps,  and  also 
Hancock's  corps,  which  had  returned  from  Deep  Bottom. 
Sheridan  had  also  been  directed  to  engage  the  enemy's 
left  ;  but  without  attempting  to  judge  any  one,  we  will 
only  say  that  the  assault  ended  in  a  miserable  failure. 
The  divisions  of  Potter  arid  Wilcox  followed  Ledlie  ;  the 
troops  became  mixed  up,  orders  were  misunderstood, 
and  confusion  reigned  supreme.  Ferrero's  colored  divis- 
ion was  sent  in  when  it  was  found  that  Ledlie's  would 
not  reach  and  scale  the  farther  side  of  the  crater,  which 
was  two  hundred  feet  long,  sixty  feet  wide,  and  thirty 
feet  deep.  The  colored  troops  passed  the  white  ones, 


372  THE    CONQUtiRQR. 

1864.    and  dashed  up  the  slope;  but  the  enemy  had  now  re- 
covered, and  soon  drove  them  back. 

Petersburg. 

Meantime  a  fearful  conflict  was  going  on  between 
the  white  troops  and  the  enemy,  who  had  planted  batter- 
ies on  both  sides  of  the  crater,  and  was  pouring  death 
and  destruction  into  the  Federal  ranks  within  this 
wretched  trap.  Ord  now  attempted  to  advance,  but 
found  the  way  blocked  by  the  disordered  troops  of  the 
9th  Corps.  He  then  sent  Turner's  division  against  the 
parapet  at  the  right  of  the  crater.  A  gallant  charge 
was  made  by  Turner's  troops,  but  nothing  was  accom- 
plished. Grant,  seeing  that  every  chance  of  success 
was  lost,  ordered  Meade  to  withdraw  his  troops.  This 
was  a  difficult  thing  to  do ;  the  enemy's  musketry  and 
artillery  covered  the  ground  over  which  they  must  pass  ; 
but  by  2  P.  M.,  after  a  distressing  time,  all  the  troops ' 
were  brought  out,  though  with  severe  loss.  The  Federal 
loss  in  this  affair  was  about  4,000  men,  about  1,800  of 
whom  were  taken  prisoners ;  the  loss  of  the  enemy  was 
about  1,000.  Warren  and  Hancock  had  engaged  only 
in  artillery  firing  during  the  assault. 

On    the    1st   of  August,    Grant    sent    Sheridan    to 

Grant  sends 

Sheridan  to  Washington.     He  had  lost  patience  with  the  officers  in 

to  look0'    command  of  what  he  considered  enough  troops  to  crush 

after  Eariy.  -g^      gfceridan  pr0ved  to  be  the  right  man,  and  well 

did  he  accomplish  the  work  before  him.     (See  "  Virginia 

outside  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.")     But  on  the  4th, 

Aug- 4-      at  the  request  of  the  President,  Grant  himself  proceeded 

Grant  goes 

himself,  to  Washington,  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  matters  for 
a  new  move  in  that  Department.  He  reached  General 
Hunter's  headquarters  at  Monocacy  Station  on  the 
evening  of  the  5th.  Sheridan  was  in  Washington 
awaiting  orders.  Grant  gave  Hunter  instructions  to  put 
Sheridan  in  command  of  the  troops  which  were  to  take 
the  field,  himself  establishing  his  headquarters  where  be 


THE    COXQUEROK. 

chose    within    his    Department.     Hunter   asked   to    be 
relieved ;  this  was  granted  on  the  6th,  and  Sheridan  ar-  PcU^urf, 
riving  that  day  assumed  command  of  the  Department.  Aug.  e. 
Grant   gave    Sheridan    his  instructions,  telling   him   to  relieves 
"  find  the  enemy  and  pursue  him  to  the  death,"  returning  Hunter- 
at  once  to  Washington,  where  he  remained  one  day,  pro- 
ceeding to  City  Point  on  the  8th. 

August  the  13th,  General  Burnside  was  granted  a 
leave  of  absence  and  General  Parke  placed  in  command 
of  the  9th  Corps.  On  General  Grant's  return  he  learned 
that  Lee  had  sent  reinforcements  from  his  army  to 
Early.  On  August  12,  Hancock  with  his  own  corps, 
and  Birney  with  the  10th  Corps  and  Gregg's  cavalry, 
again  proceeded  to  Deep  Bottom,  to  make  a  diversion  in  Aug-  14~19- 
favor  of  Sheridan.  On  the  14th  a  severe  engagement  tom. 
took  place,  the  Federals  attacking  the  enemy's  works 
near  Bailey's  Creek.  A  small  portion  of  the  works  was 
captured,  with  four  pieces  of  artillery,  but  no  great 
result  was  attained,  except  to  detain  a  division  of  Long- 
street's  corps  intended  for  Early.  The  15th  was  con- 
sumed in  reconnoitering,  and  no  attack  was  made.  Dur- 
ing the  16th,  considerable  fighting  occurred,  but  at  night 
each  side  remained  on  its  ground ;  the  Federals  had, 
however,  taken  about  500  prisoners.  On  the  18th  the 
enemy  assaulted  Hancock's  lines,  but  was  severely 
repulsed. 

Ord  and  Parke  were  now  stretched  out  so  as  to  hold 
the  line  from  the  Appomattox  to  the  Jerusalem  plank 
road.     Warren  had  been  drawn    out,  and  was  held  in  Aug.  is-si. 
readiness  to  move  to  the  left  against  the  Weldon  Rail-  Railroad, 
road.     Warren  moved  on  the  18th  at  4  A.  M.  and  after  a 
severe  battle  obtained  possession  of  the  Weldon  Railroad, 
having  suffered  a  loss  of  about  1,000  men  in  the  action ; 
but  the  enemy  had  suffered  fully  as  much.     Lee  was 
now  alarmed  at  the  loss  of  this  road,  and  hastened  Hill 


374  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.  to  recapture  it.  Hill  attacked  on  the  morning  of  the 
19th.  Through  a  misunderstanding  of  orders,  a  gap  had 
'  been  left  between  Warren  and  the  9th  Corps.  Hill 
quickly  pushed  a  heavy  column  through  this,  and  turn- 
ing to  the  right  took  Crawford  in  the  flank  and  rear. 
Crawford's  men  were  thrown  into  disorder,  and  compelled 
to  give  way  with  a  loss  of  about  1,500  who  were  taken 
prisoners.  Ayres's  division  also  became  hotly  engaged. 
At  this  juncture  two  divisions  of  the  9th  Corps  arrived. 
Joining  Crawford  and  Ayres,  they  soon  changed  the 
feature  of  the  battle,  driving  the  enemy  back  to  their 
intrenchments,  Warren  regaining  his  lost  ground. 

On  the  night  of  the  20th,  Hancock  and  Gregg  were 
brought  back  to  the  Petersburg  front,  Birney  rejoining 
Butler.  On  the  morning  of  the  21st,  Lee  made  another 
desperate  attempt  to  dislodge  Warren.  The  latter  was 
now  well  intrenched,  and  after  a  severe  struggle  the 
enemy  was  completely  repulsed,  with  a  loss  of  500  in 
prisoners.  Barlow's  division  of  the  2d  Corps,  with 
Gregg's  cavalry,  was  set  to  destroying  the  Weldon  Rail- 
road southward.  On  the  23d,  Barlow  reached  Ream's 
Station,  where  Gibbon's  division  joined  him  on  the  24th, 
and  the  work  of  destruction  continued,  the  cavalry 
meantime  skirmishing  heavily  to  the  southwest.  Han- 
cock had  constructed  an  imperfect  line  of  breastworks 

Aug.  25.     at  Ream's  Station.     On  the  25th,  Hill  appeared  at  the 

Ream's 

station.  west  in  heavy  force  ;  Hancock  at  once  called  his  forces 
to  these  works.  General  Miles  was  temporarily  in  com- 
mand of  Barlow's  division.  At  about  2  p.  M.  Hill  made 
a  vigorous  attack,  which  was  repulsed ;  this  was  at  once 
followed  by  another,  but  was  also  repelled.  At  5  P.  M. 
the  enemy  made  a  new  and  more  determined  assault, 
before  which  the  Federal  right  gave  way.  A  desperate 
conflict  followed ;  the  Federals  were  greatly  outnum- 
bered, and  were  finally  forced  from  their  intrenchments. 


COXQL'EliOli.  375 

A  new  line  was  formed  in  their  rear,  which  was  held    1864. 
against  every  attempt  of  the  enemy  until  dark,  when  Pet^burg. 
each   side    concluded    itself  vanquished,  and  retreated, 
each  its  own  way.     Hancock's  loss  was  about  2,200  in 
killed,  wounded,  and  captured ;  Hill's  loss  is  unknown. 
Hancock    returned    to    the    rear    of  Warren;    Hill,    to 
Petersburg.     Mott's    division   of  Hancock's    corps   and 
Willcox's  division  of  the  9th  Corps  had  been  hastened 
to  aid  Hancock,  but  arrived  too  late. 

During  this  desperate  battle  the  enemy  gallantly 
charged,  capturing  three  batteries ;  but  the  Federals  as 
gallantly  returned  the  charge,  and  retook  most  of  their 
guns.  Several  weeks  of  comparative  quiet  now  followed; 
both  armies  sadly  needed  the  rest.  On  Sept.  16,  Hamp- Sept  16- 

»  t  r    Coggins 

ton  made  a  successful  sortie  to  Coggins  Point,  capturing  Point 
2,500  head  of  cattle  and  the  guard  of  300  men.  The  Fed- 
eral lines  now  reached  from  the  James  to  the  Vaughan 
road, —  a  wagon  road  about  two  miles  to  the  west  of  the 
Weldon  Railroad, —  and  to  provide  against  further  attacks 
on  the  left  flank  and  rear,  the  Federals  fortified  by  a 
line  of  works  along  their  left  flank,  a  mile  or  more  to 
the  southward,  then  turning  to  the  eastward,  covering 
the  rear  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

On  the  night  of  Sept.  28,  with  a  view  to  preventing 
Lee  from  sending  reinforcements  to  Early  in  the  Shen- 
andoah,    General   Butler,  by  order  of  General    Grant, 
crossed  the  James  with  the  18th  Corps  under  Ord,  the 
10th  Corps  under  Birney,  and  Kautz's  cavalry ;  and  on 
the  morning  of  the  29th  he  moved  out  from  Deep  Bot- 
tom, Ord  on  the  left,  Birney  on  the  right,  with  Kautz  on  sept.  29,  so. 
the  extreme  right,  against  the  defenses  of  Richmond.  ^^^  ^ 
Ord  stormed  and  captured  Fort  Harrison  and  a  long  line  chaPin's 

Farm. 

of  breastworks  near  Chapin's   Farm,  after  a  desperate 
struggle,  in  which  he  lost  about  700  men  in  killed  and  General 

Burnham 

wounded.     Among   his    killed   was    General    Burnham,  k-iiied. 


376  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1864.  who  commanded  a  brigade.  General  Stannard  lost  an 
peteT^burg.  arm,  and  Ord  himself  was  wounded  in  the  leg  and  obliged 
to  leave  the  field.  Fifteen  guns  and  many  prisoners  were 
iaken  with  the  fort.  General  Weitzel  assumed  command 
Funnier,  of  the  18th  Corps,  and  attempted  to  take  Fort  Gilmer, 
but  was  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  300  men.  Birney  had 
attacked  the  enemy's  works  on  Spring  Hill,  and  carried 
them.  Kautz  had  advanced  to  within  six  miles  of  Rich- 
mond ;  but  the  enemy  was  found  in  strong  force  behind 
powerful  works,  and  the  expedition  accomplished  no 
more  than  to  secure  Fort  Harrison,  and  to  cause  Lee  to 
keep  a  stronger  force  in  that  part  of  the  Richmond 
defenses. 

September   30,  -  Lee   attempted  in  three    desperate 

sept,  so.     assaults  to  retake  Fort  Harrison,  but  was  each  time  re- 
Fort  Harri- 
son,         pulsed  with  fearful  loss.     Butler's  loss  in  these  two  days 

was  about  2,000  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing.     On 

the  1st  and  2d  of  October,  the  Federals  pushed  farther 

to  the  left    of  Petersburg,   gradually    gaining   ground. 

The  enemy  disputed  the  advance  desperately,  but  was 

oct,  7.       driven  back  to  the  Boydton  road.     October  7,  General 

city  cross  Kautz's  cavalry  was  attacked  on  the  Charles  City  road 

near  Richmond,  and  driven  back  with  considerable  loss. 

The  enemy,  following  up  their  success,  attacked  the  10th 

Corps,  but  were  repulsed  by  Birney,  causing  them  a  loss 

of  about  1,000  men. 

oct.  27, 28.        On  the  27th  of  October,  the  2d,  9th,  and  5th  Corps, 

Hatcher's  .  '  / 

Run  and  under  the  direction  of  General  Meade,  in  attempting  to 
road/0  extend  the  Federal  left,  and  if  possible  cut  off  Lee's 
communication  at  the  west,  had  a  severe  battle  with  the 
enemy  at  the  Boydton  plank  road  and  Hatcher's  Run. 
In  consequence  of  impenetrable  swamps  and  tangled 
woods,  only  a  part  of  this  force  became  engaged.  The 
9th  Corps  attacked  the  enemy's  intrenchments  at  Hatch- 
er's Run,  while  Hancock's  corps,  with  Gregg's  cavalry, 


TUB    CONQUEROR.  377 

moved  around  to  the  west  for  the  purpose  of  seizing  the  mo 4. 
South  Side  Railway.  The  9th  Corps  was  repulsed.  Petc^urg 
Warren  with  the  5th  Corps,  in  moving  between  Parke 
and  Hancock,  became  entangled  in  the  swamp,  and  was 
unable  to  unite  his  left  with  Hancock's  right.  His 
troops,  however,  had  become  engaged,  driving  the  ene- 
my's skirmishers  back  into  their  works.  Hancock  thus 
isolated  was  savagely  attacked  during  the  afternoon  by 
a  superior  force  sent  out  by  Hill.  A  hot  battle  followed, 
the  enemy  gaining  ground  in  the  first  assault ;  but  the 
Federals  quickly  recover,  and  repay  the  enemy  with 

interest,    driving    them   back    in  confusion  to  their  in- 

• 

trenchments,  with  the  loss  of  more  than  1,000  taken 
prisoners.  The  fighting  lasted  from  about  4  P.  M.  until 
dark.  The  Federals  gave  up  the  attempt  for  the  pres- 
ent, and  returned  next  day  to  the  position  occupied  on 
the  26th. 

General  Grant  had  ordered  Butler  to  make  a  demon- 
stration in  strong  force  on  the  north  side  of  the  James, 
in  co-operation  with  the  movement  on  the  extreme  left. 
Moving  toward  the  York  Railroad,  Butler's  right  became  Oct.  ss,  20. 
engaged,  and  suffered  a  severe  repulse,  with  the  loss  of  attacks  the 
about    1,000    men    in    killed,    wounded,  and  prisoners.  fich'nond 

fortifica- 

His  operations  ceased  with  those  on  the  extreme  left. tion8- 
General  Wright,  with  the  6th  Corps,  returned  to  Meade's 
army  about  the  first  of  December,  and  the  Federals 
about  Petersburg  practically  went  into  winter  quarters. 
In  the  latter  part  of  November,  General  Hancock 
was  ordered  north  to  organize  a  corps  of  veteran  troops 
to  be  ready  to  enter  the  field  in  the  early  spring.  Han- 
cock was  also  placed  in  command  of  what  was  then  des- 
ignated the  Middle  Department  when  Sheridan  started 
on  his  raid  to  the  north  of  Richmond.  General  A.  A. 
Humphreys  succeeded  General  Hancock  in  command  of 
the  2d  Corps. 


373  THE    CONQUEROR. 

is 64.  In  December,  General  Weitzel,  of  Butler's  command, 
Petersburg.  was  sent  with  an  expedition  against  Fort  Fisher,  which 
commanded  the  entrance  of  Wilmington  Harbor,  one  of 
the  chief  rendezvous  of  the  enemy's  blockade-runners. 
(See  Chapter  entitled,  "  North  Carolina  Coast.")  Gen- 
eral Butler  accompanied  the  expedition,  and  contrary 
to  Grant's  intentions,  assumed  command  of  it.  Failing 
to  accomplish  the  capture  of  the  fort,  Butler  returned  to- 
ward the  end  of  the  month.  In  January  he  was  relieved 
of  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  James,  and  General 
1865  Ord  was  given  his  place. 

Feb.  fr--.  On  the  5th,  6th,  and  7th  of  February,  1865,  in  ex- 

Mm",^      tending  the  Federal  left  to  Hatcher's  Run,  the  2d  and 
iiatcher-9    f^n  QorpS  an(j  Qregsfs  cavalry  had  some  hard  fighting 

Run,  Row-  <f 

anty  creek,  at  Hatcher's  Run  and  Dabney's  Mills.  The  enemy  was 
vaughan  again  driven  back  to  his  intrenchments,  and  the  Federals 
succeeded  in  extending  their  lines  somewhat  to  the  west- 
General  ward.  Among  the  enemy's  killed  on  the  6th  was  Gen- 
kiiled.  eral  John  Pegram.  He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point. 


CHAPTER    XXII. 


THE    CONQUEROR. 

r  I  ^HE  opposing  armies  had  been  continually  recruited, 
-1-    and    in   March,  1865,  each   numbered    about  the  pet)^ 
same  as  in  May,  1864,  Grant   having   about    115,000  March 
men,  and  Lee  about  75,000. 

On  the  25th  of  March,  1865,  at  4  A.  M.,  Lee — as  is 
asserted  by  some  authorities  and  disputed  by  others —  ma 
endeavored  to  break  out,  pushing  a  heavy  force  upon 
Meade's  right  and  against  the  9th  Corps.  The  opposing 
lines  were  not  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
apart  at  this  point.  It  is  argued  that  Lee  hoped  that 
this  attack  would  compel  Grant  to  weaken  his  left,  and 
in  the  confusion  he  would  move  his  main  body  rapidly 
to  the  west,  the  assaulting  column  to  turn  and  follow  at 
the  right  time.  True  or  not,  Grant  did  not  weaken  his 
left,  and  Lee  did  not  go  westward.  The  assault  was 
made  before  daylight,  and  the  enemy  succeeded  in  cap- 
turing Fort  Stedman  and  several  adjoining  batteries. 
These  works  were  among  the  first  ones  taken  by  the 
Federals  in  their  first  assault  upon  Petersburg.  But 
General  Parke  soon  brought  his  troops  into  action,  and 
put  a  stop  to  the  progress  of  the  enemy,  and  after  a 
severe  conflict  forced  the  Confederates  back  to  their  own 
lines,  with  a  loss  of  about  2,000  men  taken  prisoners. 
The  fort  and  batteries  were  recovered,  and  the  former 
line  re-established. 

During  the  battle,  Meade  saw  the  opportunity,  and 

(379) 


380  T11J2    CONQUEROlt. 

is  (is.    ordered  the  2d  and  6th  Corps  forward  against  the  works 
peteT^burg.  ™   their   respective   fronts.      Humphreys   had   already 
March.       advanced  the  2d  Corps  to  the  attack.     Wright  at  once 
moved    up,  and    the    enemy's  advanced   intrenchments 
were  carried  and  held  against  several  desperate  efforts 
of  the  Confederates  to  retake  them.     The  Federal  loss 
in  the  three  corps  engaged  was  about  2,000  in  killed 
and  wounded.     The  2d  and  6th  Corps  captured  about 
Genlmf    ^50  prisoners.     General  William  R.  Terry  was  among 
Terry.       the  enemy's  killed.     He  was  a  native  of  Virginia.    Gen- 
era^    ^ran^   n'gnly  complimented   Generals    Parke  and 


Grant  com-  Humphreys,  also  General  Hartranft,  who  commanded  a 
Generals  division  in  the  9th  Corps,  for  quick  action  without  wait- 
mimphreys  *n&  ^or  orders,  and  good  generalship  displayed  at  a  time 
and  Ear-  wiien  hesitation  would  have  been  disastrous. 

tnmft. 

The  following  extract  from  General  Grant's  Report, 
dated  July  22,  1865,  will  be  found  interesting  at  this 
point. 

On  the  24th  of  March,  the  following  instructions  for  a 
general  movement  of  the  armies  operating  against  Richmond 
were  issued:  — 

CITY  POINT,  VIRGINIA,  March  24,  18tir>. 
GENERALS  :— 

On  the  29th  instant  the  armies  operating  against  Richmond 
will  be  moved  by  our  left,  for  the  double  purpose  of  turning 
the  enemy  out  of  his  present  position  around  Petersburg,  and 
to  insure  the  success  of  the  cavalry  under  General  Sheridan, 
which  will  start  at  the  same  time,  in  its  efforts  to  reach  and  de- 
stroy the  South  Side  and  Danville  railroads.  Two  corps  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  will  be  moved  at  first  in  two  columns, 
taking  the  two  roads  crossing  Hatcher's  Run,  nearest  where 
the  present  line  held  by  us  strikes  that  stream,  both  moving 
toward  Dinwiddie  Court  House. 

The  cavalry  under  General  Sheridan,  joined  by  the  division 
now  under  General  Davies,  will  move  at  the  same  time  by  the 
Wei  don  road  and  the  Jerusalem  plank  road,  turning  west  from 


THE    CONQUEROR.  381 

the   latter   before  crossing  the  Nottoway,  and  west  with  the    ises. 
whole  column  before  reaching  Stony  Creek.     General  Sheridan 


Petersburg. 


will  then  move  independently,  under  other  instructions  which 
will  be  given  him.  All  dismounted  cavalry  belonging  to  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  the  dismounted  cavalry  from  the 
Middle  Military  Division  not  required  for  guarding  property 
belonging  to  their  arm  of  service,  will  report  to  Brigadier- 
General  Benharn,  to  be  added  to  the  defenses  of  (Jity  Point. 
Major-General  Parke  will  be  left  in  command  of  all  the  army 
left  for  holding  the  lines  about  Petersburg  and  City  Point,  sub- 
ject of  course  to  orders  from  the  commander  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac.  The  9th  army  corps  will  be  left  intact,  to  hold 
the  present  line  of  works,  so  long  as  the  whole  line  now  occu- 
pied by  us  is  held.  If,  however,  the  troops  to  the  left  of  the 
9th  Corps  are  withdrawn,  then  the  left  of  the  corps  may  be 
thrown  back  so  as  to  occupy  the  position  held  by  the  army 
prior  to  the  capture  of  the  Weldon  road.  All  troops  to  the  left 
of  the  9th  Corps  will  be  held  in  readiness  to  move  at  the  short- 
est notice,  by  such  route  as  may  be  designated  when  the  order 
is  given. 

General  Ord  will  detach  three  divisions,  two  white  and  one 
colored,  or  so  much  of  them  as  he  can  and  hold  his  present  lines, 
and  march  for  the  present  left  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  In 
the  absence  of  further  orders,  or  until  further  orders  are  given, 
the  white  divisions  will  follow  the  left  column  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  and  the  colored  division  the  right  column.  Dur- 
iffg  the  movement,  Major-General  Weitzel  will  be  left  in  com- 
mand of  all  the  forces  remaining  behind  from  the  Army  of  the 
James. 

The  movement  of  troops  from  the  Army  of  the  James  will 
commence  on  the  night  of  the  27th  instant.  General  Ord  will 
leave  behind  the  minimum  number  of  cavalry  necessary  for 
picket  duty  in  the  absence  of  the  main  army.  A  cavalry  ex- 
pedition, from  General  Ord's  command,  will  also  be  started 
from  Suffolk,  to  leave  there  on  Saturday,  the  1st  of  April, 
under  Colonel  Sumner,  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  the  railroad 
about  Hicksford.  This,  if  accomplished,  will  have  to  be  a  sur- 
prise, and  therefore  from  three  to  five  hundred  men  will  be  suf- 
ficient. They  should,  however,  be  supported  by  all  the  infantry 


382  THE    CONQUEWR. 

i  a  «  5 .    that  can  be  spared  from  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth,  as  far  out  as 
to  where  the  cavalry    crosses  the  Blackwater.     The   crossing 

Petersburg. 

March  should  probably  be  at  Uniten.  Should  Colonel  Sumner  succeed 
in  reaching  the  Weldon  road,  he  will  be  instructed  to  do  all  the 
damage  possible  to  the  triangle  of  roads  between  Hicksford, 
Weldon,  and  Gaston.  The  railroad  bridge  at  Weldon  being 
fitted  up  for  the  passage  of  carriages,  it  might  be  practicable  to 
destroy  any  accumulation  of  supplies  the  enemy  may  have  col- 
lected south  of  the  Roanoke.  All  the  troops  will  move  with 
four  days'  rations  in  haversacks  and  eight  days'  in  wagons. 
To  avoid  as  much  hauling  as  possible,  and  to  give  the  Army  of 
the  James  the  same  number  of  days'  supplies  with  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  General  Ord  will  direct  his  commissary  and 
quartermaster  to  have  sufficient  supplies  delivered  at  the  ter- 
minus of  the  road  to  fill  up  in  passing.  Sixty  rounds  of  ammu- 
nition per  man  will  be  taken  in  wagons,  and  as  much  grain  as 
the  transportation  on  hand  will  carry,  after  taking  the  specified 
amount  of  other  supplies.  The  densely  wooded  country  in 
which  the  army  has  to  operate  making  the  use  of  much  artillery 
impracticable,  the  amount  taken  with  the  army  will  be  reduced 
to  six  or  eight  guns  to  each  division,  at  the  option  of  the  army 
commanders. 

All  necessary  preparations  for  carrying  these  directions  into 
operation  may  be  commenced  at  once-  The  reserves  of  the  9th 
Corps  should  be  massed  as  much  as  possible.  While  I  would 
not  now  order  an  unconditional  attack  on  the  enemy's  line  by 
them,  they  should  be  ready,  and  should  make  the  attack  if  tbe 
enemy  weakens  his  line  in  their  front,  without  waiting  for 
orders.  In  case  they  carry  the  line,  then  the  whole  of  the  9th 
Corps  could  follow  up  so  as  to  join  or  co-operate  with  the 
balance  of  the  army.  To  prepare  for  this,  the  9th  Corps  will 
have  rations  issued  to  them,  same  as  the  balance  of  the  army. 
General  Weitzel  will  keep  vigilant  watch  upon  his  front,  and 
if  found  at  all  practicable  to  break  through  at  any  point,  he 
will  do  so.  A  success  north  of  the  James  should  be  followed 
up  with  great  promptness.  An  attack  will  not  be  feasible  un- 
less it  is  found  that  the  enemy  has  detached  largely.  In  that 
case  it  may  be  regarded  as  evident  that  the  enemy  are  relying 
upon  their  local  reserves  principally  for  the  defense  of  Richmond. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  383 


Preparations  may  be  made  for  abandoning  all  the  line  north  of 

the  James,  except  inclosed  works  —  only  to  be  abandoned,  how-      — 

J  Petersburg. 

ever,  after  a  break  is  made  in  the  lines  of  the  enemy.  March 

By  these  instructions  a  large  part  of  the  armies  operating 
against  Richmond  is  left  behind.  The  enemy,  knowing  this, 
may,  as  an  only  chance,  strip  their  lines  to  the  merest  skeleton, 
in  the  hope  of  advantage  not  being  taken  of  it,  while  they  hurl 
everything  against  the  moving  column,  and  return.  It  cannot 
be  impressed  too  strongly  upon  commanders  of  troops  left  in  the 
trenches  not  to  allow  this  to  occur  without  taking  advantage 
of  it.  The  very  fact  of  the  enemy's  coming  out  to  attack,  if  he 
does  so,  might  be  regarded  as  almost  conclusive  evidence  of 
such  a  weakening  of  his  lines.  I  would'  have  it  particularly 
enjoined  upon  corps  commanders  that,  in  case  of  an  attack 
from  the  enemy,  those  not  attacked  are  not  to  wait  for  orders 
from  the  commanding  officer  of  the  army  to  which  they  belong, 
but  that  they  will  move  promptly,  and  notify  the  commander 
of  their  action.  I  would  also  enjoin  the  same  action  on  the 
part  of  division  commanders  when  other  parts  of  their  corps 
are  engaged.  In  like  manner  I  would  urge  the  importance  of 
following  up  a  repulse  of  the  enemy. 

U.  S.  GRANT, 

Lieutenant-  Gene  »  'al. 
MAJOR-GENERALS  MEADE,  ORD,  and  SHERIDAN. 

General  Grant  now  considered  matters  ripe  for  a 
decisive  movement  against  Lee,  and  made  preparations 
to  move  in  heavy  force  to  the  left,  for  the  purpose  of 
flanking  Petersburg  and  cutting  off  Lee's  remaining 
source  of  supplies.  Orders  had  already  been  given,  on 
the  24th,  for  this  movement  to  begin  on  the  29th. 
Sheridan  had  arrived  at  White  House  on  the  19th  from 
a  long  and  successful  raid,  "  all  the  way  from  Winches- 
ter," an  account  of  which  is  given  in  another  chapter, 
and  at  once  began  to  shoe  up  his  horses  for  another  trip. 

Before  daylight  of  the  29th    the  movement  began.  March  2~ 
J     5  ...       The  last 

The  President  and  General  Sherman  had  just  visited  strokes  or 

Grant.     Sherman's  marching  veterans  had  reached  North  mer.  "' 


384-  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1865.  Carolina.  Sheridan  had  rested  his  men  and  recruited 
Petersburg,  his  horses.  He  had  about  10,000  troopers  under  Gen- 
March.  erals  Merritt,  Devin,  Custer,  and  Crook.  The  6th  and 
9th  Corps  were  to  occupy  the  works  in  front  of  Peters- 
burg. Ord  had  been  brought  over  with  three  divisions 
of  the  Army  of  the  James,  and  placed  on  Wright's  left, 
his  own  left  reaching  the  junction  of  the  Vaughan  road 
and  Hatcher's  Run.  Humphreys  moved  to  the  left  of 
Ord,  and  Warren  to  the  left  of  Humphreys.  Sheridan 
proceeded  to  Dinwiddie  Court  House,  where  he  rested 
that  night.  In  advancing  to  its  position,  the  5th  Corps 
came  upon  the  enemy's  advance  line  at  White  Oak  road, 
near  Gravelly  Run;  after  a  short  but  sharp  engage- 


Quaker  ment  the  enemy  was  driven  into  his  intrenchments.  On 
the  30th  of  March  it  rained  torrents,  and  the  oppos- 
ing forces  remained  comparatively  quiet,  except  that 

March  so.    Sheridan  sent  a  division  of  his   cavalry  to  reconnoitre 

B-  Five  Forks.     A  strong  force  of  the  enemy  was  found 

there.     The  men  were    soaked  with   rain,  and  after  a 

slight  engagement  the  division  returned  to  Dinwiddie. 

alTd  April  1.  The    31st    °f   Mal'ch    alld    th<3    lst   °f    APril    W6re    glQ- 

oiorious     Hous  days  for  the  Federals  and  for  the  Union,  and  also 

day^  for 

the  union,  days  of  great  achievements  for  Phil  Sheridan  and  his 
men.  The  end  was  near.  During  the  rainy  30th,  all 
but  Grant  and  Sheridan  were  discouraged.  For  nearly 
a  whole  year  there  had  been  a  continuous  battle  between 
Grant's  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  the  enemy's  forces 
under  Lee.  The  enemy  had  always  been  covered  by 
intrenchments,  thus  compelling  the  Union  soldiers  to 
attack  at  a  great  disadvantage.'  The  whole  country  had 
become  despondent.  It  was  "  darkest  just  before  day." 
But  now  Grant's  grip  upon  Lee's  throat  was  tightening. 
The  enemy  was  nearly  surrounded,  and  his  supplies 
would  soon  be  cut  off.  Lee  fully  understood  what  the 
movement  of  Humphreys,  Warren,  and  Sheridan  meant, 


THE    CONQUEROR.  3S5 

and  he  determined  if  possible  to  break  the  Federal  left.   1*6.5. 
On  the  31st  of  March  he  pushed  all  the   troops   that  Pete^"urg 
could  be  spared  from  the  intrenchments  against  Warren  March, 
and    Sheridan.     Warren's   three    divisions   were   badly 
posted  in  echelon,  although  he  expected  an  attack.     The 
enemy  fell  in  heavy  force  upon  Warren's  corps  at  White  ^BO^ 
Oak  road  about  10  A.  M.     Ayres's  division  was  forced  ton  roacls- 
back   upon    Crawford's,  then   both   back  upon    Griffin. 
Humphreys  sent  Miles's  division  to  aid  Warren,  and  the 
enemy's  advance  was  checked.     During  the  afternoon, 
Warren,  with  the  aid  of  Miles,  drove  the  enemy  back  to 
his  intrenchments,  regaining  all  the  ground  lost  in  the 
morning,  and  a  lodgment  on  the  White  Oak  road. 

At  the  same  time  Sheridan  was  having  a  hot  engage- 
ment at  Warren's  left  with  a  heavy  force  under  General 
Pickett,  which  numbered  nearly  double  Sheridan's  force. 
A  terrible  battle  was  fought.  Sheridan  had  begun  an 
advance  toward  Five  Forks  when  he  was  attacked.  He 
fell  back  slowly  to  Dinwiddie,  where  he  held  his  ground  Dinwiddie. 
against  the  desperate  attempts  of  Pickett's  superior  force 
to  dislodge  him.  The  fighting  lasted  until  dark,  when 
both  sides  rested  on  their  arms,  the  Federals  at  Din- 
widdie, the  enemy  at  Chamberlain's  Creek.  Sheridan 
had  saved  the  left.  Grant  was  at  Dabney's  saw  mill, 
where  he  was  kept  busy  during  the  night  receiving  re- 
ports and  issuing  orders. 

At   daylight,  on  April  1,  Sheridan  moved  forward  APHI  i. 
against  the  enemy  that  had  driven  him  the  day  before.  F 
Grant  had  ordered  General  Warren  to  report  to  Sheridan 
with   his  whole   corps.     Expecting  Warren's  troops  to 
be  near  at  hand,  Sheridan  pressed  forward.     Pickett, 
seeing  the  approach  of  infantry,  fell  back  before  the  cav- 
alry  skirmish   lines  of  Devin  and  Custer.     Crook   re- 
mained at  Dinwiddie  to  hold  that  point  and  the  roads  in 
the  Federal  rear.     Devin  and  Custer  have  hot  work,  but 

25 


386  THE    CONQUEROR. 

inas.    continually  drive  the  enemy.     Warren  does  not  get  his 

Petersburg,  troops  up  in  time,  and  the  cavalry  alone  drive  Pickett 

Al1lil  '•     back  to  his  works  on  White  Oak  road,  covering  Five 

Forks.     It  is  now  noon;  Warren  has  at  last  reported  to 

Sheridan  in  person. 

Mackenzie's  cavalry  division  of  the  Army  of  the 
James,  numbering  about  1,600  men,  joined  Sheridan  at 
this  time,  who  now  makes  preparations  to  assault  the 
enemy's  works,  his  own  cavalry  on  the  left,  the  5th 
Corps  on  his  right,  and  Mackenzie  on  the  right  of  War- 
ren. It  is  5  P.  M.  before  all  can  be  made  ready.  Ayres's 
division  opened  the  attack ;  Merritt,  hearing  his  guns,  im- 
mediately pushed  forward  Devin  and  Ouster  to  the  as- 
sault. Lee  had  directed  Pickett  to  hold  the  works  at 
any  cost,  and  the  enemy  resist  with  great  determination. 
Five  Forks  rpj^  ^\^\Q  becomes  fierce  and  bloody,  but  the  enemy 

stormed.  » 

cannot  long  resist  the  valor  of  the  Union  soldiers,  led  by 
Sheridan,  Merritt,  Devin,  Ouster,  and  Ayres.  Sheridan 
remains  with  Ayres,  and  seeing  a  brigade  falter  before  a 
terrible  fire,  he  seizes  a  battle-flag,  and  with  his  sword 
in  the  air  he  leads  them  to  the  charge.  The  fiery  en- 
thusiasm of  the  leader  at  once  becomes  contagious ; 
Devin,  Ouster,  and  Ayres  go  over  the  works  at  the  same 
time.  Warren  had  led  Griffin  and  Crawford  too  far  to 
the  right,  and  thus  Mackenzie  was  crowded  far  away. 
Sheridan  sent  word  to  Warren,  who  was  with  Crawford, 
to  close'  to  the  left ;  but  Griffin  had  already  discovered 
the  error,  and  taking  the  double-quick,  arrived  on 
Ayres's  right  in  good  time.  Crawford  soon  afterward 
entered  the  fight.  The  enemy  was  completely  routed, 
and  flew  to  the  westward,  the  Federals  pursuing  until 
dark.  The  Federal  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was 
about  1,300 ;  they  had  taken  about  6,000  prisoners. 
General  Warren  being  too  slow  and  cautious  for  the 
work  in  hand,  Sheridan  relieved  him  near  the  close  of 
the  battle,  placing  Griffin  in  command  of  the  5th  Corps. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  387 


As  soon  as  he  became  aware  of  Sheridan's  success, 
Grant  ordered  a  general  bombardment  all  along  the  line, 
and  the  Federal  cannon  roared  and  thundered  until  4  A.  M.,  April  2. 
April  2,  when  a  general  assault  was  made  from  right 

°         Final 

to  left  in  succession,  by  Parke,  Wright,  Ord,  and  Hum-  assault. 
phreys.  The  first  two  attack  at  about  the  same  time. 
The  battle  at  once  becomes  terrific,  the  enemy  resisting 
with  great  heroism  ;  but  the  outer  works  are  soon  car- 
ried. Soon  afterward,  Ord  with  parts  of  the  24th  and 
25th  Corps,  and  Humphreys  with  the  2d  Corps,  join  in 
the  assault.  Sheridan  with  his  cavalry  is  again  engaged, 
and  the  battle  becomes  a  continuous  roar  from  Peters- 
burg to  Five  Forks.  All  of  the  exterior  works  of  the 
enemy  are  wrested  from  him,  and  he  is  confined  to  his 
interior  fortifications,  close  around  Petersburg.  Sher- 
idan had  driven  the  forces  of  the  enemy  opposed  to  him 
across  the  Appornattox  River,  and  the  long-coveted 
South  Side  Railroad  was  at  last  in  Federal  possession. 
The  Danville  Railroad  was  now  the  only  outlet  for  the 
escape  of  Jefferson  Davis  and  his  government. 

In  the  account  of  this  day's  battle  it  would  be  injus- 
tice to  particularize  as  to  individual  valor.     From  the 
private  to  the  Lieutenant-General  all  seemed  to  feel  that 
the  end  was  near.     Victory,  victory,  for  the  Union  at  victory  r<>r 
last  !     Every  man  did  his  duty.     During  the  hottest  of 
the  battle,  Lee  made  a  desperate  effort  to  dislodge  the 
Oth  Corps  from  the  works  it  had  captured,  sending  a 
strong  force  under  Heth  from  his  left.     The  attack  was 
fierce  and  determined.     Grant  ordered  troops  from  City 
Point  to  the  aid  of  the  9th  Corps,  and  Parke  held  his 
ground.     General  A.  P.  Hill,  one  of  the  enemy's  best  Death  of 
generals  and  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  was  killed  while  J^™" 
rallying  his  troops  to  repel  the  assaults  of  the  6th  and 
Oth  Corps. 

At  about  10  A.  M.,  Lee  had  become  convinced  that 


388  THE    CONQUEROR. 

1865.  Richmond  and  Petersburg  could  be  held  but  a  few  hours 
Petersburg,  longer,  and  so  advised  Jefferson  Davis  at  that  hour. 
April  2.  Lee's  dispatch  found  Davis  at  church,  the  day  being 

Lee  advises  <-,         ,  TT 

jefferson     Sunday.     He  at  once  left  the  church  and  began  prepa- 

e£™        rations  for  leaving  his  capital.     During  the  night,  Lee 

withdrew  his  forces.     Silently  they  stole  away,  sad  and 

Petersburg  disheartened,  blowing  up  their  magazines  and  burning 

and  Rich- 

mond evac-  the  bridges  across  the  James  behind  them.  A  ram  and 
two  iron-clads  were  also  destroyed  by  them.  On  leav- 
ing Richmond,  the  enemy's  rear  guard  set  fire  to  some 
storehouses  and  tobacco  warehouses.  A  stiff  breeze 
blowing,  soon  spread  the  flames  to  the  business  portion 
of  the  city,  where  the  conflagration  was  great;  many 
houses,  churches,  and  public  buildings  were  also  con- 
sumed. Meantime  the  hard  characters  of  the  town  were 
pillaging  the  stores.  All  of  the  better  class  were  leav- 
ing or  endeavoring  to  get  away,  that  they  might  still 
live  under  the  wings  of  their  portable  government. 
Conveyances  of  all  sorts  were  busy,  at  big  prices,  and 
great  was  the  uproar. 

April  3.  At  3  A.  M.,  April  3,  an  explosion  was  heard  in 

Petersburg.  Suspecting  that  Lee  would  soon  evacuate 
his  works  and  attempt  to  unite  with  Johnston,  whose 
army  was  now  at  Smithfield,  N.  C.,  Grant  had  given 
orders  that  a  close  watch  be  kept  on  all  movements. 
General  Parke,  hearing  the  explosion,  moved  forward  a 
line  of  skirmishers,  and  found  the  enemy's  skirmish  line 
weak  ;  and  at  4  A.  M.  he  advanced  in  force,  capturing 


Petersburg  ^e  few  remaining  pickets,  and  Petersburg  was  in  the 

occupied  by  /-»  > 

the  Fed-  hands  of  the  Federals.  General  Ralph  Ely  s  brigade  of 
Willcox's  division,  9th  Corps,  was  the  first  to  enter  the 
town,  the  authorities  surrendering  to  Ely  at  4  :  30  A.  M., 
and  the  flag  of  the  1st  Michigan  sharpshooters  was 
raised  on  the  Court  House  by  Colonel  Buckbee  of  that 
regiment;  at  the  same  time  the  flag  of  the  2d  Michigan 
infantry  was  raised  upon  the  Custom  House. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  389 

Grant  at  once    ordered    Meude   in  pursuit  of  Lee.   is  as. 
The  10th  and  18th  Corps  had  been  broken  up  early  in 
December,  1864,  and  the  24th  and  25th  Corps  organized, 
the  first  under  General  Gibbon,  the  latter  under  General 
Weitzel.     Gibbon  accompanied  Ord,  leaving  Weitzel  on 
the  north  side  of  the  James  with  one   division  of  the 
24th    Corps   and    two    divisions    of  the    25th.     About 
3  A.  M.  of  the  3d,  General  Weitzel  gave  orders  for  a  for- 
ward   movement  at  daylight,  having   become    satisfied 
that  the  enemy  was  leaving  Richmond.     At  5  A.  M.  the 
picket  line  of  Devens's  division  of  the  24th  Corps  took 
possession  of  the  enemy's   works.     At  8  A.  M.,  General 
Weitzel  entered  the  city,  and  received  the  surrender  of 
Richmond.     The  United  States  flag  again  waved  over  occupied  by 
the  capitol  of  Virginia,  and  again  the  American  Eagle  erahf" 
screamed  for  joy.     General   Weitzel,   by  direction  o£ 
General  Grant,  assumed  control  of  matters  in  Richmond, 
and  at  once  began  the  work  of  restoring  order  and  sub- 

0  President 

duing  the  conflagration.     President  Lincoln  was  at  City  Lincoln 
Point  when  Grant  telegraphed  him  the  good  news,  and  conqueror, 
he  came  up  at  once,  holding  an  interview  with  General 
Grant  in  Petersburg.     His  heart  was  full  of  forgiveness 
for  the  erring  brothers. 

General  Lee  having  concentrated  his  broken  army 
at  Chesterfield  Court  House,  about  half  way  between 
Richmond  and  Petersburg,  move'd  directly  to  Amelia 
Court  House,  where  he  was  compelled  to  halt  for  sup- 
plies. His  men  were  without  rations,  and  his  horses 
without  forage,  obliging  him  to  send  foraging  parties  in 
every  direction  for  food.  Sheridan  with  his  cavalry  led 
the  pursuit,  followed  closely  by  the  5th  Corps,  under 
Griffin.  Meade,  with  the  2d,  6th,  and  9th  Corps,  was 
not  far  behind  ;  also  Ord's  troops,  accompanied  by  Gen- 
eral Grant  himself,  were  in  hot  pursuit.  Sheridan 
arrived  at  Jetersville,  about  six  miles  southwest  of 


390  THE    CONQUEROR. 

/.->•«£.    Amelia.  Court   House,  at  5  P.  M.  on  the  4th.     He  had  an 
engagement  with  the  enemy  the  day  before  at  Namozine 
Namozine    Creek,  Namozine  Church,  and  Deep  Creek,  capturing  a 
rch'      large  number  of  prisoners.     Meade  arrived  at  Jetersville 
on  the  evening  of  the  5th  with  the  2d  and  6th  Corps. 
Ord  had  reached  Burkeville  at  the  same  time. 
pane's  Toward  evening  of  this  day,  Sheridan  sent  a  brigade 

to  the  left  to  reconnoitre  about  Fame's  cross 


or  Amelia  roads,  some  five  miles  northwest  of  Jetersville.  The 
brigade  came  upon  Lee's  advance  cavalry,  moving  west- 
ward with  a  train  of  200  wagons,  and  at  once  attacked, 
repelling  the  enemy  and  destroying  the  train.  Lee 
pushed  forward  infantry,  and  Sheridan  sent  tw^  more 
brigades  of  cavalry  to  the  support  of  the  first.  A  severe 
battle  followed,  without  result,  the  Federal  cavalry 
returning  to  the  main  body.  Mackenzie's  cavalry  had 
been  returned  to  the  Army  of  the  James. 

During   the   night   of  the    5th,  Lee    continued   his 
retreat,  moving  westward,  the  Federals  resuming  pur- 

A  ril  6      suit  at  daylight  on  the  6th.     Ord  hastened  a  brigade, 

K         led  by  his  Chief-of-Staff,  Colonel  Theo.  Read,  to  Farm- 
Bridge.  J 

•ville,  for  the  purpose  of  burning  High  Bridge  which 
spanned  the  Appornattox,  and  which  Lee  must  cross.  A 
heavy  force  of  the  enemy  was  met  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  the  bridge,  and  a  severe  conflict  ensued.  This 

coionei      proved  to  be  Lee's  advance,  which  largely  outnumbered 

Read  Read's  force.  Colonel  Read  was  killed,  and  his  force 
repulsed  with  heavy  loss.  Crook's  division  of  cavalry 

Deatons-  became  engaged  at  Deatonsville,  in  endeavoring  to  im- 
pede the  march  of  the  fleeing  foe.  Time  was  thus 
gained,  and  Custer  was  soon  after  enabled  to  overtake 

saiior-s      the    retreating   enemy  at    Sailor's    Creek.     Crook   and 

Creek. 

Devin  soon  came  up,  and  together  they  pierced  the 
enemy's  column,  capturing  a  train  of  nearly  400  wagons. 
By  this  movement  Sheridan  had  cut  off  E  well's  corps 


THE    CONQUEROR.  391 

which  formed  Lee's  rearguard.     Sheridan's  troops  now    /««5. 
fought  hard  to  detain  Ewell  until  the  6th  Corps  should 
arrive,  in  which  Colonel  Stagg,  with  his  brigade,  made  a 
gallant   charge.     Seymour's  division  of  the  6th  Corps 
arrived  at  this  juncture,  when  Ewell  recoiled,  fighting 
desperately.     Wheaton's   division  of  the  6th  Corps  soon 
came    up,  and    after  a  fearful   struggle,  Ewell,  finding 
himself  surrounded,  surrendered  with  about  7,000  men  ;  EWCH  sur- 
five    general    officers    were   included    in    the    capture.  Harper's 
Humphreys,  with  the  2d  Corps,  had  pursued  the  enemy  fa 
in  a  running  fight  for  fourteen  miles  this  day,  capturing 
over  1,500  prisoners.     On  the  night  of  April  6,  Ord  was 
in  front  of  the  flying  enemy,  Sheridan  and  the  6th  Corps 
on  his  left  flank,  and  the  2d  and  5th  Corps  on  his  right 
and  rear.     The  heart  of  the  rebellion  was  nearly  sur- 
rounded. 

Lee,  with  what  there  was  left  of  his  army,  crossed 
to  the  north  bank  of  the  Appomattox,  near  Farmville, 
during  the  night  of  April  6,  partially  destroying  the 
bridges  behind  him.  Humphreys  started  the  2d  Corps 
at  daylight  on  the  7th  ;  Barlow's  division  came  up  in  Apni  i. 


time  to  save  a  wagon  road  bridge,  near  the  High  railroad 
bridge,  some  five  miles  east  of  Farmville.  The  enemy 
had  set  fire  to  the  bridge,  and  his  rear  guard  endeavored 
to  keep  the  Federals  off  until  it  should  be  destroyed  ; 
but  Barlow's  men  drove  the  enemy  back,  and  saved  the 
bridge.  The  2d  Corps  at  once  passed  over,  and  came 
upon  Lee,  intrenched  a  few  miles  north  of  Farmville. 
Miles's  division  attacked,  but  was  repulsed  with  severe 
loss.  On  Humphreys'  left,  Crook's  division  of  cavalry 
attacked  a  strong  detachment  of  the  enemy  which  was 
guarding  a  train,  and  was  also  repulsed.  Soon  after 
Miles's  repulse,  Barlow  joined  him,  but  it  being  now 
dark,  no  further  attack  was  made. 

At  this  time  Sheridan,  Griffin,  and    Ord    were   all 


392  THE    CONQUEROR. 


south  of  the  Appomattox,  at  Prospect  station  and  Prince 
Edward  Court  House.  Wright  and  Humphreys  were 
north  of  the  river,  and  near  the  enemy,  who  was 
intrenched.  General  Parke  had  left  one  division  of  the 
9th  Corps  in  Petersburg,  the  balance  of  that  corps  being 
stretched  along  the  route  of  the  army,  guarding  the  rear 
and  trains.  General  Grant's  headquarters  for  the  night 
were  at  Farmville.  In  the  evening  of  this  day,  General 
Grant  sent  a  note  to  Lee,  in  which  he  asked  Lee  to  sur- 
render, and  stop  further  shedding  of  blood,  as  further 
resistance  on  the  part  of  the  forces  under  his  command 
was  useless.  Lee  replied  by  asking  terms,  and  soon 
afterward  put  his  army  in  motion,  moving  rapidly 
toward  Lynchburg.  But  Sheridan  was  too  quick  for 
him,  and  stood  in  his  way  at  Appomattox  Station.  On 
April  s.  the  evening  of  the  8th,  Custer  had  reached  that  point 
tox!>station.  first,  capturing  four  trains  of  cars  loaded  with  supplies 
for  Lee's  starving  army.  Devin  came  up  soon  afterward, 
and  together  they  drive  back  the  advance  of  the  enemy 
to  Appomattox  Court  House,  four  miles  north,  the  fight- 
ing (Continuing  till  dark.  At  daylight  of  this  day  Hum- 
phreys and  Wright  started  again  in  pursuit  ;  but  the 
enemy  moved  rapidly,  and  was  not  again  overtaken 
until  about  noon  of  the  9th,  when,  being  within  about 
three  miles  of  Appomattox  Court  House,  Lee  stopped 
them  with  a  flag  of  truce. 

On  the  morning  of  April  9,  Lee   endeavored  to  cut 
April  9.      through   Sheridan's  troopers.     The  Army  of  the  James 
Deen  hastened  up  on  the  call  of  Sheridan,  although 


r.ee  surren-  foe  soi(jiers  were  foot-sore  and  worn  out.     The  enemv 

dera.  •* 

move  away  from  Humphreys  and  Wright,  and  charge 
Sheridan's  line  in  desperation,  forcing  it  back  slowly, 
but  are  held  in  check  until  Ord  and  Griffin  can  get  up 
and  into  position  ;  then  suddenly  the  cavalry  move  rap- 
idly to  the  right,  discovering  to  the  asto-nished  Confed- 


THE    CONQUEROR.  393 

erates  a  long  line  of  Federal  infantry  across  their  path.  18GS- 
They  recoil ;  they  are  cut  off  at  last.  Sheridan  makes 
ready  for  a  charge.  Ouster  in  advance  is  ready  to  spring 
upon  them.  Lee  is  now  convinced  that  all  hope  of 
escape  is  gone,  and  he  hastens  forward  a  messenger  with 
a  white  flag,  asking  a  suspension  of  hostilities.  Sheridan 
halts,  his  troopers  drop  rein  and  rest.  General  Gordon, 
one  of  Lee's  officers,  comes  forward,  and  advises  General 
Sheridan  that  Lee  at  that  moment  is  endeavoring  to 
make  arrangements  with  General  Grant  for  surrender. 

At  about  3  P.  M.,  April  9,  1865,  General  Grant  met  April  9. 
General  Lee  at  the  house  of  Wilrner  McLean,  at  Appo-  an 
mattox  Court  House,  where  the  articles  of  surrender meet- 
were  drawn  up  and  signed.  The  surrender  was  com- 
pleted on  the  12th.  There  were  28,356  rebels  paroled ; 
many  thousands  had  slipped  away  to  their  homes  on 
this  last  march.  Grant's  armies  under  Meade  and  Ord 
had  captured,  altogether,  since  the  29th  of  March, 
74,000  prisoners.  The  Federal  losses  sustained  by  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  and  the  Arrny  of  the  James  since 
May  5,  1864,  had  been  82,720  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing;  in  killed,  696  officers  and  11,967  enlisted 
men ;  in  wounded,  2,324  officers  and  47,235  men ;  in 
missing,  587  officers  arid  19,911  enlisted  men.  This 
statement  of  losses  is  taken  from  Badeau's  History,  and 
was  compiled  in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General 
United  States  army.  There  are  no  reports  from  which 
a  reliable  statement  can  be  made  as  to  the  losses  of  the 
rebels  for  the  same  period.  Among  their  dead  were 
Generals  J.  R.  Chambliss,  killed  near  Richmond,  Aug. 
16, 1864 ;  -J.  C.  Saunders,  at  Petersburg,  Aug.  21, 1864 ; 
A.  Gracie,  at  Petersburg,  Dec.  2,  1864 ;  and  John  Pe- 
gram,  at  Hatcher's  Run,  Feb.  5,  1865. 

The  following  extract  is  taken  from  General  Grant's 
Report,  giving  the  correspondence  between  Grant  and 
Lee,  leading  to  Lee's  surrender  : — 


394  THE    CONQUEROR. 

is  us.          Feeling  now  that  General  Lee's  chance  of  escape  was  ut- 
terly hopeless,  I  addressed  him  the   following   communication 
April.         from  Farmville:— 

Corre- 
spondence A         .-,  ry      -to&r 

between  APrtl  7>  186^ 

Grant  and  GENERAL:  The  result  of  the  last  week  must  convince  you  of 
the  hopelessness  of  further  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia  in  this  struggle.  I  feel  that  it  is  so,  and 
regard  it  as  my  duty  to  shift  from  myself  the  responsibility  of 
any  further  effusion  of  blood,  by  asking  of  you  the  surrender  of 
that  portion  of  the  Confederate  States'  army  known  as  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia. 

U.  S.  GRANT, 

Lieutenant-  General. 
GENERAL  R  E.  LEE. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  8th,  before  leaving,  I  received 
at  Farmville  the  following: — 

April  7,  1865. 

GENERAL:  I  have  received  your  note  of  this  date.  Though 
not  entertaining  the  opinion  you  express  on  the  hopelessness  of 
further  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia, 
I  reciprocate  your  desire  to  avoid  useless  effusion  of  blood,  and 
therefore,  before  considering  your  proposition,  ask  the  terms  you 
will  offer  on  condition  of  its  surrender. 

R  E.  LEE, 

(jleneral. 
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  U.  S.  GRANT. 

To  this  I  immediately  replied : — 

April  8,  1865. 

GENERAL:  Your  note  of  last  evening,  in  reply  to  mine  of  same 
date,  asking  the  condition  on  which  I  will  accept  the  surrender 
of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  is  just  received.  In  reply  I 
would  say  that  peace  being  my  great  desire,  there  is  but  one 
condition  I  would  insist  upon;  namely,  That  the  men  and  offi- 
cers sui'rendered  shall  be  disqualified  for  taking  up  arms  again 
against  the  Government  of  the  United  States  until  properly  ex- 
changed. I  will  meet  you,  or  will  designate  officers  to  meet  any 
officers  you  may  name  for  the  same  purpose,  at  any  point  agree- 


THE    CONQUEROR.  395 

able  to  3'ou,  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  definitely  the  terms    inns. 
upon  which  the  surrender  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia 
will  be  received.  ££ 

U.  S.  GRANT,  spondence 

Lieutenant- General      ^etwfn 

,-,  ,,    f,    T  Grant  and 

GENERAL  R.  E.  LEE.  Lee 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  8th  the  pursuit  was  resumed. 
General  Meade  followed  north  of  the  Appomattox,  and  General 
Sheridan,  with  all  the  cavalry,  pushed  straight  for  Appomattox 
Station,  followed  by  General  Ord's  command  and  the  5th 
Corps.  During  the  day  General  Meade's  advance  had  consid- 
erable fighting  with  the  enemy's  rear  guard,  but  was  unable  to 
bring  on  a  general  engagement.  Late  in  the  evening  General 
Sheridan  struck  the  railroad  at  Appomattox  Station,  drove  the 
enemy  from  there,  and  captured  twenty-five  pieces  of  artillery, 
a  hospital  train,  and  four  trains  of  cars  loaded  with  supplies  for 
Lee's  army.  During  this  day  I  accompanied  General  Meade's 
column,  and  about  midnight  received  the  following  communi- 
cation from  General  Lee: — 

April  8,  1865. 

GENERAL:  I  received  at  a  late  hour  your  note  of  to-day.  In 
mine  of  yesterday  I  did  not  intend  to  propose  the  surrender  ot 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  but  to  ask  the  terms  of  your 
proposition.  To  be  frank,  I  do  not  thitrk  the  emergency  has 
arisen  to  call  for  the  surrender  of  this  army  ;  but  as  the  restora- 
tion of  peace  should  be  the  sole  object  of  all,  I  desired  to  know 
whether  your  proposals  would  lead  to  that  end.  I  cannot,  there- 
fore, meet  you  with  a  view  to  surrender  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia;  but  as  far  as  your  proposal  may  affect  the  Confederate 
States  forces  under  my  command  and  tend  to  the  restoration  ot 
peace,  I  should  be  pleased  to  meet  you  at  10  A.  M.  to-morrow  on 
the  old  stage-road  to  Richmond,  between  the  picket-lines  of  the 

two  armies. 

R.  E.  LEE, 

General. 
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  U.  S.  GRANT. 


396  THE    CONQUEROR. 

is  a  s.          Early  on  the  morning  of  the  9th,  I  returned  him  an  an- 
swer as  follows,  and  immediately  started  to  join  the  column 
corrc-        south  of  the  Appomattox : — 

spoudence 

bctween  A  April  9,  1865. 

Grunt  and  4 

Lee.  (JENERAL:  Your  note  of  yesterday  is  received.     I  have  no  au- 

thority to  treat  on  the  subject  of  peace;  the  meeting  proposed 
for  10  A.  M.  to-day  could  lead  to  no  good.  I  will  state,  however, 
General,  that  I  am  equally  anxious  for  peace  with  yourself,  and 
the  whole  North  entertains  the  same  feeling.  The  terms  upon 
which  peace  can  be  had  are  well  understood.  By  the  South 
laying  down  their  arms  they  will  hasten  that  most  desirable 
event,  save  thousands  of  human  lives,  and  hundreds  of  millions 
Of  property  not  yet  destroyed.  Seriously  hoping  that  all  our 
difficulties  may  be  settled  without  the  loss  of  another  life,  I  sub- 
scribe myself,  etc., 

U.  S.  GRANT, 

Lieutenant-  General. 
GENERAL  E.  E.  LEE. 


On  the  morning  of  the  9th,  General  Ord's  command  and 
the  5th  Corps  reached  Appomattox  Station  just  as  the  enemy 
was  making  a  desperate  effort  to  break  through  our  cavalry. 
The  infantry  was  at  once  thrown  in.  Soon  after  a  white  flag 
was  received,  requesting  a  suspension  of  hostilities  pending  ne- 
gotiations for  a  surrender. 

Before  reaching  General  Sheridan's  headquarters,  I  re- 
ceived the  following  from  General  Lee: — 

April  9,  1865. 

GENERAL:  I  received  your  note  of  this  morning  on  the  picket- 
line,  whither  I  had  come  to  meet  you,  and  ascertain  definitely 
what  terms  were  embraced  in  your  proposal  of  yesterday  with 
reference  to  the  surrender  of  this  army.  I  now  ask  an  inter- 
view, in  accordance  with  the  offer  contained  in  your  letter  of 
yesterday,  for  that  purpose. 

E.  E.  LEE, 

General. 
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  U.  S.  GRANT. 


THE    CONQUEROR.  307 

The  interview  was  held  at  Appomattox  Court  House,  the    ises. 
result  of  which  is  set  forth  in  the  following  correspondence : — 

April. 

APPOMATTOX  COURT  HOUSE,  VIRGINIA,      spondence 

April  9,  1865.  between 

Grant  and 

GENERAL:  In  accordance  with  the  substance  of  my  letter  to  Lee. 
you  of  the  8th  hist.,  I  propose  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia  on  the  following  terms;  to  wit, 
Rolls  of  all  the  officers  and  men  to  be  made  in  duplicate,  one 
copy  to  be  given  to  an  officer  to  be  designated  by  me,  the  other 
to  be  retained  by  such  officer  or  officers  as  you  may  designate. 
The  officers  to  give  their  individual  paroles  not  to  take  up  arms 
against  the  Government  of  the  United  States  until  properly  ex- 
changed; and  each  company  or  regimental  commander  to  sign  a 
like  parole  for  the  men  of  their  commands.  The  arms,  artillery, 
and  public  property  to  be  parked  and  stacked  and  turned  over 
to  the  officers  appointed  by  me  to  receive  them.  This  will  not 
embrace  the  side-arms  of  the  officers,  nor  their  private  horses  or 
baggage.  This  done,  each  officer  and  man  will  be  allowed  to 
return  to  his  home,  not  to  be  disturbed  by  United  States 
authority  so  long  as  they  observe  their  paroles,  and  the  laws  in 
force  where  they  may  reside. 

"  U.  S.  GRANT, 

Lieutenant-  General. 
GENERAL  R.  E.  LEE. 

HEADQUARTERS,  ARMY  OP  NORTHERN  VIRGINIA, 

April  9,  1865. 

GENERAL:  I  have  received  your  letter  of  this  date  containing 
the  terms  of  surrender  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  as  pro- 
posed by  you.  As  they  are  substantial ly  the  same  as  those  ex- 
pressed in  your  letter  of  the  8th  inst.,  they  are  accepted.  I 
will  proceed  to  designate  the  proper  officers  to  carry  the  stipu- 
lations into  effect. 

R  E.  LEE, 

General. 
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  U.  S.  GRANT. 


After  the  surrender  of  Lee,  General  Grant  proceeded  A  ril  ]g 
to  Washington,  arriving  there  April  13,  and  spent  the  Grant  at 

.  .  .  Washing- 

Clay  in  consultation  with  the  President  and  the  Secretary  ton. 


398  THE    CONQUEROR. 

nt es.  of  War  regarding  future  military  action.  On  the  14th 
it  was  announced  that  General  Grant  would  accompany 
the  President  to  the  theater  that  evening.  But  the 
General  was  called  away  to  Burlington,  N.  J.,  where  his 
children  were  at  school. 

President  Lincoln  visited  Richmond  on  the  4th  of 

April  4,  5.  April.     He  was  overjoyed  at  the  close  of  the  war.     He 

Lincoln"     again  visited  Richmond  on  the  6th  with  Mrs.  Lincoln, 

^  Rlch"  accompanied  by  a  number  of  gentlemen  from  the  North. 

But  our  noble  President  was  not  long  to  enjoy  the  glory 

of  the  hour.    He  was  shot  by  an  assassin  on  the  evening 

of  April  14,  at  Ford's  Theater,  and  expired  at  7  A.  M., 

April  15.     (See  closing  chapter.) 

The  Federal  cavalry  under  General  Wilson  was  at 
Macon,  Ga.,  when  Jefferson  Davis  was  endeavoring  to 
May  11.  escape.  Wilson  sent  Colonel  Pritchard  with  the  4th 
Michigan  cavalry,  and  Colonel  Hardin  with  the  1st 
Wisconsin  cavalry,  in  pursuit.  Pritchard  captured  the 
rascai  near  Irwinville,  Ga.,  May  11,  and  he  lives  to-day 

ry  captures  » 

Jeff  Davig.  to  enjoy  the  blessings  of  a  free  and  united  country. 

May  22. 23.        On  the  22d  and  23d  of  May  200,000  Union  veterans 

Grand  re-   were  in  Washington,  where  they  rested  and  feasted  and 

view  of  '  * 

troops  in    passed  in  review.     On  the  walls  of  the  capitol  was  sus- 

ton.8"        pended  a  banner   bearing   the   inscription,    "The  only 

national  debt  that  we  can  never  pay  is  the  debt  we  owe 

to  the  victorious  Union  soldiers."     (The  new  Pharaoh 

knew  not  Joseph.     It  is  hoped  that  the  people  of  to-day 

June  2.      will  not,  Pharaoh-like,  forget  this  banner.) 

General  Grant  issued  a  congratulatory  address  to  the 
troops  armies  on  the  2d  of  June,  and  the  muster  out  began. 
AII  haii  to    ne  war  was  over-    Our  conqueror  had  marched  steadily 
the  con-     onward  from    clerkship   in    the    Illinois   Adjutant-Gen- 
eral's   office,  through   the  triumphs  at  Cairo,  Paducah, 
Belmont,  Fort  Henry,  Donelson,  Shiloh,  luka,  Corinth, 
Vieksburg,  and  Chattanooga,  to  the  greatest  victory  of 


THE    CONQUEROR.  301) 

all — the  surrender  of  the  enemy  in  Virginia.  He  had 
laid  seige  to  Donelson  and  Vicksburg  when  out-num- 
bered by  the  beseiged,  and  he  had  never  been  driven 
from  a  battle  field. 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 

DEATH    OF    GENERAL    GRANT. 

EULOGY. 

1885.  (^INCE  the  completion  of  the  manuscript  for  this 
^-)  work,  our  Conqueror  has  died,  and  we  can  give 

AT  REST.  no  fij^gj.  WOTds  to  his  memory  than  the  following  Eulogy, 
given  by  the  Honorable  D.  Bethune  Duffield  before  the 
people  of  Detroit  on  the  burial  day  of  the  nation's  hero, 
Aug.  8,  1885. 


Officers  and  Men  of  the  United  States  Army  and  Navy  ;  Soldiers  of  ad- 
jacent States  ;  Soldiers  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  ; 
Neighbors  and  Guests  from  the  Dominion  of  her  Majesty,  the 
Queen  ;  and  Fellow-Citizens  :  — 

We  do  well,  in  this  hour  of  the  nation's  sorrow,  to  gather 

A  FITTING  in  the  shadow  of  this  shrouded  monument.     It  is  holy  ground, 

TRIBUTE.    an(j  ma(^e  holier  still  in  memory  of  him  whom  to-day  the  great 

Republic  buries.     Since  the  world  began,  no  grander  march  to 

the  grave  was  ever  made.     The  great  flag  of  the  Union,  with 

its  border  of  crape,  floats  everywhere  half-mast  to  the  breeze  ! 

From  the  dome  of  the  national  capitol,  and  of  all  the  capitols 

of  all  the  States,  from  every  national  fort   and  man-of-war, 

from   every  mountain   peak  and  every  wandering  American 

•    ship,  even  in  the  most  distant  seas,  the  national  colors  droop 

to-day   in   silent  grief.      Bunker    Hill,    from    Revolutionary 

heights,    bows   his   bandered   head;   and   soldier    monuments, 

through  all  the  land,  stand  draped  in  gloomy  garb  for  some  one 

dead. 

In  Westminster  Abbey,  where  we  are  told  every  attendant 
comes  attired  in  full  mourning;  in  Notre  Dame  ;  in  the  grand 
(400) 


EULOGY.  401 

cathedrals  of  Germany,  Austria,  and  Home ;  in  the  little  chapels 
of  the  Swiss  republic;  in  heathen  temples  of  the  Hindoo  and 
Asiatic  empires,  and  in  all  the  churches,  chapels,  and  syna- 
gogues of  the  Western  world,  men  are  gathered,  offering  fare- 
well tribute  to  some  mortal  who  has  passed  from  earth ! 

Who  is  it  that  is  dead?  and  for  whom  is  poured  this  tidal 
wave  of  grief? 

Is  it  the  President  of  the  United  States? — No;  he  walks 
chief  mourner  behind  the  bier.  Is  it  some  one  or  more  of  the 
distinguished  senators,  or  statesmen,  or  secretaries  high  in  office 
in  the  land  ? — No ;  they,  too,  are  in  the  line  of  march,  and  keep 
step  to  the  plaintive  music  of  mellow  horn  and  muffled  drum. 
Is  it  some  great  soldier,  or  national  benefactor,  who  has  fallen 
before  the  one  invincible  conqueror  of  us  all? — Yes,  'tis  even  so! 
The  General  of  all  generals,  the  leader  of  the  Union's  millioned 
army,  the  soldier  of  the  age,  the  greatest  soldier  perhaps 
of  all  ages  recorded  in  history,  has  himself  fallen  and  is  no  more! 
Ulysses  S.  Grant,  who,  when  he  led  an  army,  led  always  to 
victory,  to-day  lies  buried,  and  beneath  a  greater  wealth  of  love 
than  mortal  grave  has  ever  known ! 

Does  some  one  ask:  But  who  is  this  man?  and  why  is  he 
to-day  so  widely  honored  through  all  the  earth?  The  answer 
com£S,  He  was  a  soldier,  but  by  all  soldiers  conceded  the  fore- 
most of  his  time.  He  was  an  American  citizen,  bred  to  arms 
in  the  military  school  of  the  Republic,  and  he  never  forgot  his 
country's  claims  upon  him.  The  vow  of  the  soldier  to  stand, 
and  if  need  be  die,  for  her  righteous  laws,  her  endangered  honor, 
and  her  domestic  peace,  was  by  him  sacredly  taken,  and  still 
more  sacredly  kept. 

When  a  nation  falls  into  grave  perils,  especially  those  of 
civil  war,  there  comes  an  hour  when  its  soldiers,^  by  force  of 
intellect  more  than  by  the  sword,  become  either  its  rulers  or  its 
saviours.  And  need  I  here  recall  the  fact  that  a  score  and 
more  of  years  since,  there  carne  a  time  when  the  United  States 
Government  needed  good  captains  as  well  as  rulers,  and  cap- 
tains who  combined  the  qualifications  of  both, — men  who 
should  not  only  be  in  front  of  her  battles,  but  also  in  front  of 
her  people's  thoughts, — men,  not  only  of  courage  and  personal 
greatness,  but  of  supreme  devotion  to  duty  and  to  the  national 
26 


402  EULOGY. 

1885.  Constitution?  Such  a  man  in  full  measure  was  this  dead  sol- 
—  dier,  for  whom  to-day  the  nation  mourns.  He  was  not  only 
the  bold  and  skillful  strategist,  the  persistent  and  successful 
fighter,  but  he  was  more,  vastly  more.  He  knew  and  under- 
stood the  theory  of  the  national  government,  and  the  fatal 
error  and  mistake  of  those  who  sought  its  overthrow.  He  had 
fully  grasped  and  accepted  the  interpretation  of  the  national 
Constitution  by  Webster,  its  great  expounder,  given  to  the  peo- 
ple over  half  a  century  ago,  that  the  government  of  the  United 
States  under  its  Constitution,  was  not  a  mere  compact  or  agree- 
ment, dissolvable  at  will  by  the  States,  but  as  the  result  of  a 
contract  it  became  the  people's  government, —  a  body  politic, 
with  a  will  of  its  own,  possessing  all  needful  powers  and  facul- 
ties to  execute  that  will  to  its  own  purpose,  and  especially  to 
protect  and  defend  itself  against  all  foes,  either  inside  or  outside 
of  the  national  Union.  And  these  powers  were  lodged  in  its 
own  supreme  authority,  and  expressed  themselves  whenever  and 
however  necessary  under  the  laws,  through  its  army  and  navy. 
This  was  General  Grant's  idea  and  theory  of  our  national  gov- 
ernment, this  his  political  creed ;  and  he  had  taken  his  oath  as 
a  soldier  to  maintain  it.  He  believed  in  the  Union,  as  the  very 
ark  of  American  liberty ;  and  his  whole  nature  revolted  against 
its  destruction — with  "  States  dissevered,  discordant,  bellfger- 
ent,"  and  "  a  land  rent  with  civil  feuds,  and  drenched  in  frater- 
nal blood."  He  believed  also,  when  the  storm  broke  upon  it, 
that  the  Union  could  be  saved.  In  this  quiet  and  fearless  heart 
lay  the  patriot's  hope,  that  stretched  far,  far  beyond  the  sway 
of  the  tempest,  or  the  furious  sweep  of  war's  desolation;  and 
he  was  determined,  so  far  as  he  could,  to  help  achieve  its  full 
fruition.  He  realized  and  appreciated,  also,  what  it  was  to  be 
a  citizen  of  a  republic  as  yet  unequa'ed  in  the  annals  of  the 
world,  with  its  free  institutions,  its  high  prosperit}^  and  the 
wonderful  prospect  of  good  that  lay  before  it.  Thus  believing, 
he  accepted  the  issue  made  with  the  Government,  and  belted 
himself  for  the  struggle.  He  dealt  not  in  fine  phrases,  apolo- 
gies, or  palliations.  lie  called  things  by  their  right  names,  and 
continued  to  do  so  until  the  last  gun  was  fired. 

There  was  in  him  no  barbaric   thirst  or  lust   for   bloody 
triumphs,  by  which  he  might  be  personally  exalted  as   the 


EULOGY.  403 

laureled  warrior.  Other  and  far  higher  aspirations  were  his. 
If  Washington's  soul  yearned  to  establish  our  free  government, 
the  soul  of  Grant  yearned  to  rescue  and  confirm  it,  as  the 
father  of  our  country  had  given  and  bequeathed  it  to  us. 

His  course,  therefore,  was  onward,  straight  onward  and 
upward,  and  his  pathway  clear  and  well-defined  as  the  milky 
way  across  the  heavens. 

"Although  a  soldier  by  profession,"  he  says,  "I  have  never 
felt  any  fondness  for  war,  nor  have  I  ever  advocated  it,  except 
as  a  means  of  peace." 

11  The  stability  of  the  Government  and  the  unity  of  the  na- 
tion depend  solely  on  the  cordial  support  and  earnest  loyalty  of 
the  people." 

And  in  this  hope  and  this  faith  in  the  people,  he  accepted 
their  commission,  and  gave  himself  to  the  work  allotted  him. 

The  heroic  story  of  his  struggles,  and  his  march  from 
Quincy  to  Appomattox,  by  way  of  Donelson,  Shiloh,  Vicks- 
burg,  and  the  red-streaming  Wilderness,  need  not  here  be  re- 
hearsed. It  is  known  to  every  citizen,  and  is  eagerly  inquired 
into  by  every  child  in  the  land.  Nothing  could  dissuade  him 
from  his  one  purpose,  nothing  deter  him  from  his  fixed  deter- 
mination to  aid  the  soldiers  and  the  people  by  the  early  over- 
throw of  the  rebellion. 

And  when,  in  the  spring-time  of  his  marvelous  victory,  he 
found  the  great  work  done,  he  formally  disbanded  his  legions, 
remitted  the  soldiers  of  both  armies  to  the  delights  of  home, 
and  straightway  gave  himself  to  deeds  of  reparation  and  peace. 

And  in  all  his  great  career,  few  things  will  be  more  kindly 
remembered  of  him  than  the  thoughtful  reason  he  gave  at 
Appomattox  for  permitting  the  Confederate  cavalry  to  go  off 
with  their  horses:  "Let  them  have  them,"  he  said,  "  they  will 
need  them  for  the  spring  plowing."  Twenty  years  have  not 
effaced  that  generous  courtesy  from  the  memory  of  the  South; 
nor  will  twenty  more  dim  the  beauty  of  that  simple  sympa- 
thetic act  on  the  page  of  American  history. 

This  was  the  sort  of  soldier  he  was, — a  soldier  whose  zeal 
was  limitless  and  untiring,  and  whose  patriotism  was  of  the 
highest,  broadest,  and  purest  order;  not  that  kind  we  some- 
times hear  of,  in  men  who  call  loudly  for  liberty  while  they  do 


404  EULOGY. 

1885.  nothing  to  deserve  it;  but  a  patriotism  based  on  "honesty, 
truthfulness,  generosity,  self-sacrifice,  and  a  genuine  love  of 
freedom," — a  soldier,  too,  whose  sword  flashed  not  for  glory, 
but  for  the  divine  conquest  of  peace.  "Let  us  have  peace," 
were  his  noble  words,  inviting  hearty  and  universal  reconcilia- 
tion after  the  bitter  struggle  was  ended,  and  the  Government 
restored  to  its  Constitutional  authority.  "  Let  us  have  peace! " 
— words  worthy  of  the  hour  that  closed  the  fratricidal  strife ! 
And  but  yesterday,  behold  them  fulfilled  on  the  mount  of  what 
might  almost  be  called  his  transfiguration,  as  former  chivalric 
foes,  bringing  their  magnolia  wreaths,  clasp  hands  over  his 
casket,  and  echo  from  the  heart  of  the  New  South,  "Yes,  let 
us  have  peace ! "  while  Imagination  seems  to  hear  the  genius  of 
American  liberty  in  the  words  of  Holy  Writ  proclaim,  "  How 
beautiful  upon  the  mountains,  are  the  feet  of  thorn  who  bring 
glad  tidings  of  good  things,  and  who  preach  the  gospel  of 
peace ! " 

But  great  as  he  was  as  soldier  and  patriot,  he  was  also 
great  as  a  citizen.  Indeed,  if  on  his  monument,  wherever 
reared,  only  three  words,  "Grant,  Our  Hero-Citizen,"  were 
carved,  the  grand  outline  of  the  man  would  be  drawn. 

As  President  of  the  United  States,  twice  elected,  he  dis- 
played equal  loyalty  to  the  people's  government  as  when  serv- 
ing them  in  the  field.  He  suffered  no  theory  of  his  own  to 
stand  in  the  way  of  his  executing  in  good  faith  any  and  all 
orders  he  received  from  those  in  authority  over  him.  "  This  is 
a  republic,"  he  was  wont  to  say,  "  where  the  will  of  the  people 
is  the  law  of  the  land.  I  beg  that  their  voice  may  be  heard." 
And  in  his  record  of  eight  long  years,  no  man  can  put  his  fin- 
ger on  a  single  instance  where  he  was  untrue  to  this  declaration. 

And  after  having  won  and  worn  the  highest  military  and 
civic  honoi-s  the  Republic  could  bestow,  he  stepped  quietly  down 
from  his  lofty  elevation,  and  became  again  as  one  of  us,  the 
simple,  unostentatious,  private  citizen. 

"  We  are  a  republic ! "  (these  are  his  words,  not  mine) — 
"  We  are  a  republic,  whereof  one  man  is  as  good  as  another 
before  the  law.  Under  such  a  form  of  government  it  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  that  all  should  be  possessed  of  education 
and  intelligence  to  cast  a  vote  with  a  right  understanding  of 


EULOGY.  405 

its  meaning.  Let  us  all  labor  to  add  all  needful  guarantees  for  is  as. 
the  more  perfect  security  of  free  thought,  free  speech,  and  free 
press;  pure  morals,  unfettered  religious  sentiments  of  equal 
rights  and  privileges  to  all  men,  irrespective  of  nativity,  color, 
or  religion."  What  noble  precepts!  Who  can  add  to,  or  im- 
prove upon  them? 

The  father  of  his  country  left  to  us,  his  children,  a  "  fare- 
well address,"  which  is  still  annually  read  with  reverence  and 
affection.  These  sentiments  just  quoted,  and  other  like  pre- 
cepts, are  among  those  dropped  from  the  pen  of  General  Grant; 
and  it  will  not  be  long  before  he  will  be  awarded  by  the  Amer- 
ican people,  a  common  pedestal  with  him  who,  in  the  early 
days  of  the  Republic,  was  pronounced  "first  in  war,  first  in 
peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen." 

Nor  could  the  praises  of  his  own  country,  or  the  adulation 
of  the  various  nations  that  gird  the  earth,  awake  any  vanity  or 
pride  of  heart  in  him.  To  him  kings  and  emperors,  as  he  en- 
countered them,  were  more  matters  of  study  than  admiration. 
Their  pomp  and  parade  were  but  glittering  vanities  in  his  eye. 
Back  of  them  he  was  investigating  the  condition  and  welfare  of 
their  subjects.  It  was  that  that  he  was  seeking  to  fathom  and 
understand.  He  knew  a  far  better  form  of  government  than 
any  he  had  ever  seen  of  imperial  birth,  and  for  that  he  spoke  as 
he  stood  before  kings,  or  was  feted  at  royal  banquets.  In  his  pri- 
vate life  and  personal  habits  he  studied  ever  to  illustrate  the 
democratic  simplicity  of  republican  institutions.  His  two  great 
and  peculiar  virtues  were  courage  and  modesty;  courage  in  time 
of  war,  modesty  in  time  of  peace, — virtues  which  hypocrisy  can 
never  imitate,  but  which  in  him  were  pure  gold. 

And  these  qualities  of  themselves  seemed  to  endow  him 
with  a  marvelous  power  of  drawing  and  holding  men  to  him- 
self, and  so  enabling  him  to  breast  successfully  all  adverse 
forces.  Like  the  waves  before  a  ship  in  full  sail,  all  opposition 
fell  obedient  before  his  advancing  prow. 

His  bloody  march  through  the  Wilderness  strikingly  illus- 
trated this  feature  in  his  character,  and  obtained  for  him 
abroad  the  name  of  "  America's  Iron  Duke." 

How  charmingly  he  carried  this  simplicity  of  demeanor  into 
his  family  life,  we  have  all  been  lately  told.  The  private  life 


406  EULOGY. 

1885.  of  very  few  men  has  been  so  rashly  and  ruthlessly  exposed  as 
has  been  his.  The  curtain  of  his  innermost  chamber  has  been 
daily  and  most  pitilessly  drawn  aside  during  the  last  two 
months,  and  the  public  invited  to  look,  not  only  upon  his 
hearthstone,  but  also  upon  his  sick  and  dying  bed.  But  he  has 
stood  the  test,  and  the  beholder  has  seen  only  the  purest  flame 
burning  upon  the  domestic  altar.  No  holier  scenes  of  parental 
and  conjugal  love,  were  ever  before  disclosed,  lingering  in  ten- 
der beauty  to  the  very  last;  for  we  are  told  that  after  death 
there  was  found  hidden  upon  his  person  a  farewell  message  to 
wife  and  children,  to  be  read  after  the  spirit  had  taken  its  flight. 

What  General  Grant  has  done  for  his  countrymen  in  the 
field,  in  public,  and  in  private  life,  he  has  also  done,  though  in 
a  different  way,  in  the  home  thus  opened  and  disclosed  to  the 
people.  Henceforth  the  shrine  of  married  life  will  be  made  and 
kept  purer  and  holier,  because  of  his  example.  For  whatever 
may  be  said  of  men  who  shamelessly  fastened  themselves  like 
vampires  upon  his  great  name,  to  rob  confiding  friends,  his 
personal  integrity  was  above  reproach.  He  was  honest  and 
generous  in  all  his  intercourse  with  his  fellow-men. 

Menander,  an  old  Greek  poet  of  two  thousand  years  ago, 
very  truly  said: — 

"  In  our  own  breast  we  have  a  god — our  conscience.  To 
live  for  self  alone  is  not  to  live.  Whenever  you  do  that  which 
is  high  and  holy,  be  of  good  cheer,  knowing  that  God  himself 
takes  part  with  rightful  courage.  The  rich  heart  is  the  great 
thing  that  man  wants." 

This  "  rich  heart"  was  found  in  the  breast  of  General  Grant, 
— rich  in  all  its  throbbings  for  country,  for  family,  and  for 
fellow-men.  And  that  same  heart,  acting  with  the  strong 
mind  that  ruled  it,  has  left  a  type  of  character  that  will  endure 
and  bless  the  generations  yet  to  be.  Like  those  clear-cut  col- 
umns that  in  their  ruins  stand  out  against  the  soft  Egyptian 
sky,  still  gracing  the  cataracts  of  the  upper  Nile,  though  thou- 
sands of  years  have  rolled  away  since  first  they  rose  in  their 
beauty,  so  the  example  of  this  bright  life  shall  stand  and  her- 
ald down  its  lessons  for  generations  yet  to  come.  If  Joan  of 
Arc,  who  lived  four  hundred  years  ago,  is  still  remembered  by 
the  French  soldiers  who  to  this  day  "  present  arms  "  whenever 


EULOGY.  407 

they  enter  her  native  town,  how  much  more  will  he  be  remem-  is  so. 
berud  who  has  left  us  tills  glorious  record !  Though  dead,  his 
work  is  not  done ;  not  half,  no,  not  a  thousandth  part  done.  So, 
be  assured,  if  another  such  day  of  darkness  should  fall  upon  our 
country,  and  the  cannonades  of  fratricidal  war  again  shake  our 
hills,  another  Grant  will  arise  to  protect  and  preserve  the  flag  of 
the  American  Union.  History  will  preserve  the  nobility  of  his 
record  and  hearts  yet  unborn  will  be  kindled  by  the  fire  of 
his  patriotism,  and  inspired  to  repeat  his  deeds  and  renew  in 
themselves  his  primal  glory. 

This,  then,  but  alas  how  briefly  told,  is  the  record  and  the 
character  of  the  man  who  has  gone  from  us,  but  not  wholly  to 
disappear.  His  sun,  apparently,  has  gone  down  in  clouds, 
amid  the  muttering  thunders  of  financial  disaster  and  bodily 
distress ;  but  its  last  rays  have  fringed  them  all  with  the  pur- 
ple and  gold  of  a  king  passing  to  his  coronation ;  while  its  after- 
glow will  be  transcend  en  tly  glorious,  touching  as  it  will  with 
heavenly  splendor  every  mountain-top  in  the  land.  And  when 
its  rays  shall  have  faded  into  the  silent  night,  and  men's 
thoughts  follow  him  into  the  skies  through  which  he  has  passed, 
and  their  eyes  discern  in  Orion's  belt  three  shining  stars  of  sur- 
passing glory,  they  will  say:  "Behold  there  the  trinity  of 
America's  heroes! — Washington,  Lincoln,  and  Grant." 

Then  with  your  parting  salute,  let  us  hear  the  soul-stirring 
strains  to  which  the  soldiers'  always  march  from  the  grave  of  a 
buried  comrade:  for  our  Hero  has  done  great  things  for  us  and 
our  country,  "  whereof  we  are  glad."  We  thank  God  for  his 
life  and  his  great  career;  and  to-day  we  rejoice  with  his  as- 
cended spirit  for  all  he  was  permitted  to  do  for  our  reunited 
and  happy  country. 

Honorable  men  have  already  buried  his  body  in  the  soil  of 
the  great  State  in  which  he  died ;  but  the  people  through  all 
our  broad  and  ocean-girt  land,  have  buried  him  in  their  heart 
of  hearts;  and  in  their  imperishable  love  and  that  of  their  chil- 
dren and  their  children's  children,  he  will  live  forever. 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

OPERATIONS     IN     VIRGINIA     OUTSIDE     OF 
THE     ARMY     OF     THE     POTOMAC. 

MCCLELIA  N—PA  TTERSON. 

i86i.  T  ^  7"HEN  the  Richmond  Convention  declared  Vir- 
V  V      ginia  out  of  the  Union,  its  northwestern  coun- 
west  vir-  ties  repudiated  the  Secession  Act,  in  a  convention  held 
at  Wheeling,  May  13,  1861.     The  State  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, containing  fifty-four  counties,  was  afterward  formed 
out  of  this  section,  thus  dividing  the  territory  of  Virginia 
into  two  States.     The  operations  in  West  Virginia,  how- 
ever, will  be  given  under  this  head. 

On  the  22d  of  April,  1861,  the  command  of  all  the 
enemy's  forces  in  Virginia  was  conferred  upon  Colonel 
Robert  E.  Lee.  On  the  same  day  the  people  of  the 
territory  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  which  region  had  been 
settled  mostly  from  the  free  States,  held  a  meeting  at 
Clarksburg,  for  the  purpose  of  sustaining  the  Federal 
government. 

Virginia  outside  of  this  section  proceeded  in  hot 
haste  with  the  rebellion.  She  erected  and  armed  bat- 
teries along  her  coast.  On  the  right  bank  of  the  Poto- 
mac her  batteries  threatened  to  blockade  the  navigation 
of  that  river.  In  the  latter  part  of  May,  her  militia 
were  assembling  at  Harper's  Ferry  under  the  command 
of  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  At  the  same  time 
troops  were  being  massed  at  Manassas  Junction,  thus 
menacing  Washington  and  Maryland.  On  the  Virginia 


side  of  the  Potomac  is  a  range  of  hills  from  Georgetown 


(408) 


MCCLELLAN.  409 

to  Alexandria,  which  command  the  national  capital,  moi. 
They  were  connected  with  the  Washington  side  by  a 
bridge  at,  and  one  above,  Georgetown,  and  by  Long 
Bridge  opposite  the  capital  city.  The  Federals  occupied 
these  heights  on  May  24,  and  strongly  fortified  them ; 
they  also  strongly  fortified  on  the  Maryland  side.  These 
operations  secured  the  national  capital  against  its  con- 
templated seizure  by  the  enemy.  General  Scott  placed 
General  McDowell  in  command  of  the  Federal  forces 
about  Washington.  On  the  1st  of  June  the  first  shots 
were  exchanged  between  the  opposing  forces  in  Virginia. 
A  detachment  of  regular  cavalry  had  moved  out  to  Fair- 
fax Court  House,  and  dislodged  a  post  of  the  enemy; 
and  on  the  same  day  the  enemy's  batteries  drove  a 
Federal  vessel  from  Acquia  Creek. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  General  McClellan  was  General 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio, 
which  included  West  Virginia.  Soon  after  the  secession 
of  Virginia,  McClellan,  with  about  5,000  men,  was 
ordered  to  cross  the  Ohio,  and  advance  along  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad  toward  Harper's  Ferry.  He 
crossed  at  Parkersburg  shortly  after,  driving  a  force  of 
the  enemy,  numbering  about  1,500,  under  Colonel  Por- 
terfield,  from  Grafton  to  Philippi ;  the  latter  had  been 
sent  by  Lee  to  take  possession  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  at  Grafton.  The  Federals  followed,  and 
on  June  3  defeated  the  enemy  at  Philippi,  after  a  brief June  a 

J  Plnlippi. 

engagement,  Porterfield  retreating  to  Huttonsville.  For 
a  time  this  move  of  McClellan's  cleared  the  enemy  from 
the  greater  part  of  West  Virginia,  and  secured  the  rail- 
road ;  but  the  Confederates,  determined  to  destroy  this 
railroad,  returned  again  and  again,  and  were  as  often 
driven  away.  Many  sharp  engagements  took  place  be- 
tween the  opposing  forces  for  the  possession  of  this 
road. 


410  MVCLELLAN. 


At  this  time  General  Robert  Patterson  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  Pennsylvania,  with  head- 
quarters at  Chambersburg,  making  preparations  to  attack 
General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who  had  a  force  of  about 
12,000  men  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  had  sent  a  detach- 
ment across  the  Potomac,  which  now  occupied  Maryland 

coioD»i      Heights.     Colonel  Lewis   Wallace,  in  command   of  an 

Jlcl  Wal  Indiana  regiment,  moving  to  co-operate  with  Patterson, 
came  upon  a  force  of  the  enemy  numbering  about  1,000 

June  11.  men  at  Romney,  June  11,  which  force  was  menacing  the 
Ohio  Railroad.  Wallace  at  once  attacked,  and  routed 
the  enemy  after  a  sharp  fight. 

On  the  13th  of  June,  General  Johnston  withdrew 
his  forces  from  Maryland  Heights,  and  evacuated  Har- 
per's Ferry,  retiring  to  Charlestown,  after  destroying 
the  railway  bridge  and  the  arsenal.  He  had  become 
satisfied  that  he  could  not  resist  the  .approaching  Feder- 
als under  Patterson.  The  latter  crossed  and  occupied 
Harper's  Ferry  on  the  16th,  but  was  obliged  to  return 
to  Maryland  on  the  18th,  as  General  Scott  called  a  part 
of  his  force  to  Washington.  The  enemy  again  occupied 
Romney  in  strong  force,  and  destroyed  the  bridge  of  the 
railroad  at  New  Creek. 

June  IB.          On  the  16th  of  j         Colonel  McCook,  with  an  Ohio 

\  icnna. 

regiment,  defeated  a  regiment  of  the  enemy  at  Vienna, 
Va.,  under  Colonel  Gregg. 

General  B.  F.  Butler  was  placed  in  command  of 
some  4,000  men  about  Fortress  Monroe  and  Newport 
News  on  May  22.  General  Magruder  was  in  command 
of  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  at  Yorktown,  which  is 
located  on  the  right  bank  of  the  York  River,  ten  miles 
from  its  mouth,  with  outposts  at  Big  and  Little  Bethel. 
Butler  sent  General  Pierce  with  about  2,500  men  to 
drive  the  enemy  from  the  Bethels,  who  retreated  from 
Little  Bethel  on  Federal  approach.  Pierce  attacked 


PATTERSON—  M^CLELLAN.  411 

Big  Bethel  June  10.     At  this  point,  which  is  about  ten  i*«i. 
miles  from  Fortress  Monroe,  the  enemy  had  thrown  up  Jun~0 
breastworks    behind    a   deep,  marshy   creek.     After   a  i»g  Bethel 
severe  engagement,  Pierce  was  defeated,  with  a  loss  of 
16  killed  and  40   wounded.     Among  the  killed   were  Death  of 
Major  Theodore  Winthrop  and  Lieutenant  Greble  of  the  thropr  andn 
regular  army.     Lieutenant  Kilpatrick  (afterward   a  fa-  ^eel^nant 
vorite  and  dashing  general  of  cavalry)   was  among   the 
wounded. 

On  the  7th  of  August,  General  Magruder  sent  a  Aug.  7. 
force  against  General  Butler's  outposts  at  Hampton,  not 
far  from  Fortress  Monroe.  The  enemy  attacked  the 
bridge  spanning  Hampton  River,  but  were  defeated  by 
the  Federals  guarding  it,  after  a  sharp  engagement. 
The  enemy  then  burned  the  village  of  Hampton,  and  re- 
turned to  Yorktown. 

On  the  2d  of  July,  at  Falling  Waters,  Patterson  en-  J«iy  2. 
countered  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  under  Jackson  waters,1 
(afterward  called  "  Stonewall"),  which  was  a  portion  of  W-  y 
Johnston's    force.      The    enemy    was    defeated   after   a 
sharp  engagement,  when  Jackson  retreated  to  Winches- 
ter, where  he  rejoined   Johnston.     Patterson  occupied 
Bunker  Hill  on  the   15th,  but  on  the   17th  he  turned  Julr  17- 

Bunker 

away  from  his  enemy,  moving  to  the  left  in  the  direction  pm,  va. 
of  Chariest-own.  This  was  the  time  that  Johnston  sud- 
denly rushed  to  the  rescue  of  Beauregard  at  Bull  Run.; 
Undoubtedly,  if  Patterson  had  kept  Johnston  in  sight, 
the  Federals  would  have  won  a  decisive  victory  at  Bull- 
Run.  General  Patterson  claimed  that  he  followed  his 
instructions.  He  was  soon  afterward  relieved  by  Gen- 
eral Banks. 

General  McClellan,  remaining  at  Grafton  some  days, 
had  by  the  4th  of  July  about  20,000  men.  General 
Garnett,  formerly  of  the  United  States  army,  and  a  dis- In  West 

J  *m  '  Virginia. 

tinguished  veteran  of  the  Mexican  war,  was  in  command 


412  COX. 


.   of  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  at  Laurel  Hill,  having  a 
detachment   under  Colonel  Pegram  at  Rich  Mountain. 
juiy  a      McClellan  moved  against  these  forces  with  about  10,000 
or^Belnng!  men?  an'd  on  July  .  8  and  11  completely  routed    them, 
ton-  Colonel  Rosecrans  with  a  small  brigade  having  defeated 

Rich  Moim-  Pegram  on  the  llth.  The  Federals  pressing  close  upon 
the  retreating  enemy,  Pegram  surrendered  at  Beverly 
Be/eriy.  on  the  12th,  with  about  500  men.  Garnett  was  over- 
July  14.  taken  at  Carrick  Ford  on  Cheat  River  on  the  13th, 
For™  and  on  the  following  day  his  troops,  after  a  severe 
General  encounter,  were  again  routed,  and  dispersed  to  the 
wiled.  mountains,  General  Garnett  being  among  the  killed. 

Numerous  unimportant  skirmishes  and  small  fights 
took  place  during  these  early  days  of  the  war  while 
large  armies  were  being  organized  for  more  serious 
work,  details  of  which  cannot  be  presented  here,  and  at 
the  same  time  secure  the  brevity  desired  in  this  work. 
In  West  Virginia  many  such  engagements  occurred, 
which  will  be  found  in  the  list1  of  battles  and  skirmishes 
given  by  States  at  the  close  of  this  volume. 

For  convenience,  West  Virginia  may  be  divided  into 
two  parts  :  one,  the  region  of  the  Alleghanies  ;  the 
other,  all  that  lies  between  the  mountains  and  the  Ohio 
River.  Through  the  northern  part  of  this  State  runs 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  ;  through  the  southern 
part,  the  Great  Kanawha  River,  which  flows  from  the 
east  into  the  Ohio. 

Soon  after  Garnett's  defeat  by  McClellan,  a  force  of 
the  enemy,  under  Wise,  appeared  on  the  Kanawha,  but 
it  was  soon  forced  back  across  Gauley  River  by  a  brigade 
of  Federals  under  General  Cox.  Wise  retired  to  Lewis- 
burg,  on  the  Greenbriar  River,  to  the  east  of  Se  well's 
Mountain.  Early  in  August,  Floyd,  Ex-United  States 
Secretary  of  War,  was  sent  from  Richmond  with  a  few 
troops  to  reinforce  Wise.  Assuming  command,  Floyd 


COX  413 

drove  Cox  from  Sewell's  Mountain  back  to  the  south--  isei. 
west,  upon  New  River.     Leaving  Wise  to  watch  Cox, 
he  proceeded,  with  about  2,000  men,  to  Carnifex  Ferry  carmfex 
on  Gauley  River.     Before  reaching  that  point,  he  came  y^"y'  w' 
upon  a  Federal   regiment   at   Cross    Lanes,    which   he 
attacked  and  routed.     He  then  took  a  strong  position  at 
the  ferry,  intrenching. 

On  the  3d  of  September,  Rosecrans  started  from 
Clarksburg  with  three  brigades,  under  Benham,  McCook, 
and  Scammon,  to  go  in  search  of  Floyd.  After  a  tedious 
march,  passing  through  Weston  and  Suttonsville,  the 
Federals  reached  Summersville,  where  the  tired  soldiers 
obtained  a  little  rest.  On  the  evening  of  the  9th  they 
encamped  at  the  foot  of  Gauley  Mountain,  about  eight- 
een miles  from  Floyd's  position.  Becoming  informed  of 
the  location  of  the  enemy,  Rosecrans  put  his  army  in 
motion  at  daylight  on  the  10th,  reaching  the  vicinity  of 
Floyd's  position  toward  night,  and  at  once  attacked  with 
Benham's  brigade,  which  was  in  advance.  But  it  be- 
came dark  before  the  other  troops  could  get  up,  and 
after  a  severe  conflict  Benham  withdrew  at  the  order  of 
his  chief,  who  now  made  dispositions  for  an  attack  with 
his  whole  force  on  the  following  morning;  but  Floyd 
was  an  adept  at  slipping  out  of  his  jacket,  and  during 
the  night  he  "  skipped  by  the  light  of  the  moon."  Rose- 
crans had  accomplished  his  object,  however;  he  had 
driven  the  enemy  back  into  the  mountains. 

September  the  12th,  General  Robert  E.  Lee,  in  com-  sept.  12, 13 
mand  of  about  9,000  men,  attacked  General  Reynolds,  Mountain, 
who  was  posted  with  about  2,000  men  at  Cheat  Mountain.  w'  Va' 
Lee  was  repulsed,  and  retired  to  Huntersville.    He  soon 
afterward  moved  to  Sewell's  Mountain,  where  he  assumed 
command  of  the  troops  under  Floyd  and  Wise,  which, 
with  his  own,  made  an  army  of  20,000  men ;  but  before 
any  movement  of  consequence  could  be  made,  Lee  was 


ROSECRANS. 

ordered  to  South  Carolina  and  Wise  to  Richmond,  a  por- 
tion of  his  troops  going  to  join  Stonewall  Jackson, 
sept.  25.          On  September  25,  at  Chapmansville,  near  the  Ka- 
vu?epm    '  nawha,  a  Federal  regiment  routed  a  regiment  of  Lee's 
troops,  causing  it  a  loss  of  35  men. 

When  Lee  moved  to  join  Floyd,  he  left  a  brigade  at 
Buffalo  Hill  to  guard  the  passes  through  the  mountains 
Buffait      *n^°  Eastern  Virginia.    On  October  4,  General  Reynolds 
Hiii.          attacked  this  force,  whose  position  was  naturally  very 
strong,  and  after  a  severe  engagement  he  was  repulsed 
and  withdrew,  returning  to  Cheat  Mountain, 
oct.  26.  On  the  26-th  of  October,  General  Kelley,  who,  with 

a  brigade  of  infantry  and  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  was 
guarding  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  on  the  upper 
Potomac,  moved  against  a  brigade  of  the  enemy  that  had 
reached  Romney,  threatening  the  line  of  railroad.  The 
Federals  attacked  vigorously,  and  after  a  severe  engage- 
ment the  enemy  was  routed  with  heavy  loss,  retreating 
toward  Winchester. 

After  Lee  and  Wise  left  Floyd,  he  still  felt  strong 

enough   to   attack  Rosecrans,  who  was  now  encamped 

near  the  Gauley  River.     Floyd  left  Sewell's  Mountain 

on  Oct.  30,  and  attempted  to  obstruct  Rosecrans'  com- 

Nov   10     munications  at  Gauley  Bridge ;  but  the  Federals  soon 

Gauiey       forced  him  to  withdraw.     Rosecrans  took  his  turn  next, 

Bridge. 

and  moving  out  with  his  whole  force  on  the  llth  of 
Nov.,  attacked  Floyd  on  the  12th  at  Laurel  Creek.  The 
enemy  made  feeble  resistance,  retreating'through  Fayette- 
ville  back  to  the  mountains.  The  soldiers  had  little 
fighting,  but  the  march  was  long  and  tedious. 

On  the  20th  of  October,  General  Stone,  who  was  in 
command  of  a  Federal  force  at  Poolesville,  Md.,  directed 
Colonel  Devens,  15th  Massachusetts,  posted  on  Har- 
rison's Island,  to  cross  the  Potomac  and  make  a  recon- 
naissance about  Leesburg;  this  was  in  co-operation  with 


ROSECRANS—  QKD— SHIELDS.  415 

a  general  movement  in  reconnaissance  ordered  by  Me- 
Clellan.  Colonel  Devens  landed  at  Ball's  Bluff,  with 
about  600  men,  at  daylight  on  the  21st.  Advancing 
about  one  mile  in  the  direction  of  Leesburg,  Devens  was 
attacked  by  a  largely  superior  force  of  the  enemy,  when 
he  retired  toward  Ball's  Bluff.  Stone  sent  him  word  to 
stand,  and  hastened  Colonel  Baker  with  about  1,200 
men  to  his  aid.  When  Baker  arrived  in  the  afternoon, 
he  found  Devens  hemmed  in  on  three  sides,  his  only 
retreat  over  the  Bluff.  But  it  was  too  late  to  retreat. 
The  enemy,  numbering  about  3,200  under  General 
Evans,  was  well  covered  by  woods,  while  the  Federals 
were  in  an  open  field.  Evans  attacked  savagely  about 
2  p.  M.,  and  the  battle  at  once  became  furious.  General 
Stone  had  miscalculated  the  force  of  the  enemv.  The 

v 

Federals  defended  their  ground  with  great  bravery  until 
about  5  P.  M.  Colonel  Baker  had  been  killed  about  4  De,ath  ,of 

Colonel 

p.  M.,  while  encouraging  his  troops.     The  Federals  were  Baker,  of 
finally  driven  from  their  position,  and  pushed  over  the  veteran  of 
Bluff  with  great   loss,  scarcely  800  escaping.     Of  the  ^enMweax; 
1,000   lost,   225    were   killed   and    250  wounded;    the  ^ 
balance  were  made  prisoners,  including  about  100  of  the 
wounded.     The  loss  of  the  enemy  was  about  350. 

On  December  13,  1861,  General  Milroy,  who  had 
succeeded  Reynolds  at  Cheat  Mountain,  attacked  the 
enemy  at  Buffalo  Mountain.  The  engagement  was 
quite  severe,  resulting  in  the  repulse  of  the  Federals, 
who  returned  again  to  Cheat  Mountain. 

On  the  20th  of  December,  a  brigade  under  General  Dec-  20- 

Dranes- 

Ord  defeated  a  brigade   of  the    enemy  under  General  vine. 
Stuart  at  Dranesville,  each  force  numbering  about  2,500. 
Both   were    on   a   foraging   expedition — Ord    got   the 
forage. 

On  the  llth  of  March,  1862,  Stonewall   Jackson,     isea, 
who  was   in    command    of  tlje    enemy's  forces   in   the 


416  BQStiCRA  NS—ORD—S11IEL  DS. 

is  ay.  Shenandoah  Valley  since  Lee  had  been  called  to  another 
field,  evacuated  Winchester  in  consequence  of  the  prox- 
imity of  Banks's  troops  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  the 
retreat  of  Johnston  from  Manassas,  before  McClellan. 
General  Shields,  of  Banks's  corps,  followed  Jackson  as 
far  as  Strasburg,  when  Williams's  division  having  been 
drawn  from  the  valley  to  Manassas,  Shields  was  com- 
pelled to  return  to  Winchester.  Jackson,  thinking  to 
crush  Shields  before  he  could  get  assistance,  turned 

March  33.  upon  him,  overtaking  him  near  Winchester,  March  23. 

ter.  Shields  feigned  modesty  for  a  time,  retiring  slowly  until 

he  had  secured  a  good  position,  when  Jackson's  advance 
was  checked,  and  after  a  hard-fought  battle  of  about 
three  hours  the  enemy  was  routed  with  a  loss  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisoners  of  about  1,000 ;  the  Federal  loss 
was  560.  Each  side  had  three  brigades  of  infantry 
engaged.  General  Shields,  who  had  been  a  Brigadier- 
General  in  the  Mexican  war,  arid  had  been  twice 
wounded,  was  severely  wounded  on  the  evening  of  the 
22d,  while  posting  his  troops  to  resist  Jackson's  advance. 
Notwithstanding  his  wounds,  he  directed  the  movements 
of  the  battle  of  the  23d. 

Previous  to  this,  and  during  January  and  February, 
there  had  been  several  small  engagements  for  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  between  Han- 
cock and  Harper's  Ferry.  Jackson  had  made  a  long 
and  tedious  march  in  a  snow-storm  from  Winchester  to 
Bath,  a  town  near  the  Potomac,  driving  a  Federal 
regiment  across  the  river.  Destroying  the  railroad  at 
that  point,  he  marched  to  Romney,  which  place  the 
Federal  General  Kelley  evacuated  on  his  approach. 
Jackson  then  returned  to  Winchester.  A  small  force  of 
the  enemy  being  yet  at  Blooming  Gap.  McClellan 
directed  General  Lander  to  drive  it  back  and  protect  the 
road.  On  Feb.  13,  Lander  attacked  with  great  determi- 
nation, defeating  the  enemy,  who  retired  to  Winchester. 


MCDO  WELL—  BANKS—  FREMONT.  41T 


Soon  after  McClellan  had  departed  for  Yorktown, 
McDowell's  corps,  in  three  divisions,  under  Ord,  McCall, 
and  King,  was  sent  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Rappahannock. 
Shields's  division  was  taken  from  Banks  and  placed 
under  McDowell,  to  replace  Franklin's  division,  which 
had  been  given  McClellan.  Geary,  with  a  small  division, 
was  at  Manassas  ;  Banks,  with  about  6,000  men,  was 
looking  after  Stonewall  Jackson;  while  Fremont,  who 
had  been  transferred  from  the  Department  of  Missouri, 
had  an  army  of  about  13,000  men,  and  was  operating  in 
West  Virginia. 

Stonewall  Jackson,  at  Staunton,  was  reinforced  in 
May  by  Ewell's  division  and  the  brigade  of  General  Ed- 
ward Johnson  from  the  mountains,  giving  him  a  force  of 
about  20,000  men.  With  the  intention  of  defeating 
Fremont  and  Banks  in  detail,  he  sent  Ewell  with  a 
division  to  hold  Banks's  attention,  while  he-  moved 
against  Fremont  with  about  10,000  men.  The  latter 
was  at  Franklin.  He  had  posted  Milroy's  brigade  at 
the  village  of  McDowell,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
western  slope  of  Bull  Pasture  Mountain,  where  on 
May  7  Jackson  attacked  him.  General  Schenck,  with  a  May  7-  8- 

*  McDowell, 

brigade  sent  by  Fremont,  soon  afterward  joined  Milroy,  or  Bnii 
and  assumed  command  ;  but  this  combined  force,  num-  Mountains, 
bering  less  than  4,000  men,  was  not  sufficient  to  resist  Va< 
Jackson,  and    on   the  night  of  the  8th,  after  a  severe 
engagement,  Schenck  retreated  to  Franklin.    The  Federal 
loss  in  this  encounter  was  246  ;  the  loss  of  the  enemy 
was  461. 

Jackson  returned  swiftly  to  join  Ewell,  and  on  the 
20th   left   New  Market  with   20,000   men.     Marching 
rapidly,  he  surprised  the  Federal  garrison  of  850  men  at 
Front  Royal  on  the  23d,  and  after  a  desperate  struggle  May  <&. 
nearly  all  the  Federals  who  had  not  been  killed  were  ^01^ 
taken  prisoners.    The  same  day  a  brigade  under  General 

27 


418  FREMONT—  BANKS—  SHIELDS. 


Heth,  detached  from  Jackson's  command,  attacked  a 
Federal  brigade  under  Colonel  Crook,  of  Fremont's 
command,  at  Lewisburg.  Crook  handsomely  defeated 
Heth,  taking  400  prisoners. 

Immediately  after  Jackson's  success  at  Front  Royal, 
he  started  to  get  in  the  rear  of  Banks,  who  was  at 
Strasburg.  He  had  reached  a  point  nearer  to  Winches- 
ter than  Banks,  when,  during  the  night  of  the  23d,  the 
latter  learned  of  the  Front  Royal  disaster.  At  2  A.  M. 
of  the  24th,  Banks  started  his  little  army  on  a  race  for 
Winchester,  where  he  arrived  at  midnight.  Jackson 
May  35.  was  close  upon  him,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  25th  the 
ter"0  Federals  were  compelled  to  fight  four  times  their  num- 
ber. A  severe  battle  followed.  Banks  succeeded  in 
breaking  the  grapple  of  his  antagonist,  with  a  loss  of  38 
killed,  155  wounded,  and  711  prisoners,  losing  but  55 
out  of  500  wagons,  and  saving  all  his  artillery.  He 
reached  Williamsport  that  evening,  and  crossed  the  Po- 
tomac —  and  the  people  of  Washington  were  scared. 

Efforts  were  now  made  by  the  Federal  authorities  to 
entrap  Jackson,  who,  after  leaving  Banks,  threatened 
Harper's  Ferry.  Fremont  was  started  for  Strasburg, 
McDowell  put  Shields's  division  in  motion  for  Front 
Royal,  while  Banks  was  to  follow  Jackson  as  he  retired. 
The  race  began  May  30,  Jackson  having  learned  of  the 
movement  to  cut  off  his  retreat.  He  reached  Harrison- 

June  6. 

Hamson-  burg  on  the  5th  of  June,  where  on  the  6th,  being  closely 
pressed  by  Fremont,  he  left  his  cavalry  to  atta'ck  and 
delay  the  Federal  advance,  while  he  hastened  on  with 
his  infantry.  His  cavalry  commander,  General  Ashby, 
was  killed  in  a  fight  with  Bayard's  cavalry  on  the  7th, 
while  endeavoring  to  check  the  pursuing  column.  Leav- 
ing Ewell  with  his  division  to  detain  Fremont,  he  pushed 
forward,  reaching  the  west  bank  of  the  Shennndoah 
opposite  Port  Republic  on  the  7th,  Colonel  Carroll, 


FREMONT—  BA  FKS—  SHIELDS.  419 


with  a  brigade  of  Shields's  division,  had  reached  that 
town,  and  was  posted  to  defend  the  bridge  ;  but  Jackson 
attacked  with  a  dash,  and  securing  the  bridge  he  crossed, 
and  took  possession  of  the  town.  Meantime  Fremont 
had  forced  Ewell  back  to  Cross  Keys,  where  on  the  f""6  ®- 

•^  v.roi'js  Ivcys. 

8th  a  severe  engagement  took  place,  but  without  re- 
sult, Ewell  holding  his  ground.  Carroll  had  retired  a 
short  distance,  where  he  was  joined  by  General  Tyler's 
brigade  of  Shields's  division.  The  latter  taking  com- 
mand, drew  up  his  little  army  of  3,000  men,  determined 
to  resist  a  foe  numbering  15,000,  Jackson  having  called 
Ewell  to  his  assistance.  The  latter  had  left  a  small  bri- 
gade deployed  in  heavy  skirmish  line,  which  succeeded 
in  deceiving  Fremont.  On  the  9th  the  enemy  assaulted  J""tc£c. 
Tyler's  position  with  one  half  of  his  force,  and  received  Public- 
a  severe  repulse,  after  a  sharp  battle.  Jackson  then 
hastily  called  the  brigade  left  at  Cross  Keys,  and  burned 
the  bridge.  The  battle  was  renewed,  the  enemy  as- 
saulting in  heavy  force.  The  Federal  soldiers  were  ob- 
stinate, fighting  with  great  determination,  but  were 
finally  forced  from  their  position,  when  they  retreated 
in  good  order  to  Conrad's  store,  where  the  remainder  of 
Shields's  division  was  stationed.  The  Federal  loss  at 
Port  Republic  and  Cross  Keys  was  about  1,000  ;  Jack- 
son's loss,  1,150.  This  ended  the  pursuit.  Fremont 
returned  to  his  mountain  department,  Banks  to  Stras- 
burg,  and  Shields  to  Fredericksburg.  Stonewall  Jack- 
son was  now  called  hastily  to  Richmond,  where  on  June 
27  we  find  him  aiding  Lee  in  his  attack  upon  McClellan's 
army  at  Gaines's  Mill. 

In  West  Virginia,  on  Jan.  3,  1863,  a  brigade  of  the      1863- 
enemy's  cavalry  under  General  Jones  captured  a  detach-  J0nort3fioU1 
ment  of  sixty  Federals   at   Moorefield.     On    Feb.   26, 
Jones  came  upon  two  regiments  of  Federal  cavalry  near  strasburg 
Strasburg,  which   he    defeated  in  a  brief  engagement,  road- 


420  KEYtiS—  PECK—  GETTY. 


capturing  200  of  their  number.     Sending  a  detachment 
across  the  Potomac,  a  small  force  of  Federals  were  also 
March  30.    captured  near  Poolesville,  Md.     Jones  did  not  fare  so 
point        wejj  a£  p0int  Pleasant,  where  on  March  30  he  was  se- 

Pleat-ant. 

April  28.    verely  repulsed  ;  also  at  Greenland  Gap,  in  the  Allegha- 
creeniand  njes  April  28,  where  he  tried  in  vain  to  force  the  defile. 

Gap. 

April  29.     The   following  day,  near  Fairmont,  he  captured  about 
Fairmont.    ^QO  Federals  and  destroyed  a  magnificent  iron  railroad 
bridge  over  the  Monongahela  River. 

Suffolk,  Va.,  situated  on  the  Nansemond  River,  was 
occupied  by  General  Peck  with  about  9,000  men  in 
September,  1862.  This  force  was  a  part  of  the  4th 
Corps,  which  corps,  under  General  Keyes,  was  stationed 
at  Fortress  Monroe,  Yorktown,  Fort  Magruder  near 
Williamsburg,  Norfolk,  and  Suffolk.  We  have  seen  that 
in  McClellan's  campaign,  Yorktown  and  Norfolk  then 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals.  Peck  was  strongly 
fortifying  at  Suffolk  when,  in  January,  1863,  a  brigade 
of  the  enemy  under  General  Pryor  approached  near 
enough  to  become  an  annoyance.  Peck  sent  the  Corcoran 
30.  brigade  against  him,  which  attacked  Pryor  at  Kelly's 
store,  on  January  30.  After  a  brief  engagement  the 
enemy  retired.  Peck  was  not  again  menaced  until  the 

April  12. 

Longstreet  12th    of  April.     It   has    been    stated    that  one  of  the 
Suffolk^  "8  causes   of  Hooker's  Chancellorsville  movement  against 
Lee  was  Longstreet's  departure  with  three  divisions  of 
Lee's  army  in  the  direction  of  Suffolk,  thus  weakening 
May  4.       Lee's  army.    On  April  12,  Longstreet  approached  Suffolk 
with  four  divisions,  under  Hood,  Anderson,  Pickett,  and 
French,  the  latter  being  a  newly  formed  division.     Peck 
had  been  reinforced  by  a  division  under  General  Getty. 
Peck's  outposts  were  driven  in,  and  on  the  13th,  at  noon, 
the  enemy  appeared  in  force  before  the  Federal  position. 
Longstreet   turned    his    first   attention    to    building 
batteries  for  the  purpose  of  driving  away  the  Federal 


PECK— GETTY.  421 

gun-boats,  several  of  these  war  vessels,  which  were  a 
terror  to  land  troops,  being  present  to  aid  in  the  Federal 
defense.  Strong  demonstrations  against  the  fortifications 
were  made  while  the  enemy's  batteries  were  being 
erected  at  Hill's  Point.  On  the  14th  an  artillery  battle 
took  place  between  these  batteries  and  the  Federal 
vessels,  lasting  four  hours.  Lieutenant  Gushing,  in 
command  of  the  vessels,  succeeded  in  silencing  the 
batteries ;  but  the  vessels  were  considerably  damaged. 
Longstreet  continued  to  build  batteries,  while  sharp 
skirmishing  was  kept  up  between  the  opposing  forces. 

On  the  evening  of  the  19th,  General  Getty,  with 
300  picked  men,  accompanied  and  aided  by  Lieutenant 
Lamson,  of  the  navy,  embarked  on  a  small  steamer  with 
the  intention  of  capturing  two  of  the  most  troublesome 
of  these  batteries,  which  had  become  greatly  annoying 
to  the  passing  Federal  vessels.  The  Federal  batteries 
opened  fiercely,  the  fleet  also  engaging  in  the  cannonade. 
When  Getty  arrived  near  the  enemy's  batteries,  the 
Federal  guns  suddenly  ceased.  Lamson  then  ran  the 
vessels  aground,  when  the  soldiers  leaped  ashore  with 
Getty  in  the  lead.  Within  a  few  minutes  both  batteries 
were  captured,  with  160  prisoners  and  five  pieces  of 
artillery.  The  Federal  loss  was  only  four  killed  and  ten 
wounded. 

Longstreet  now  began  a  regular  siege,  bringing  heavy 
guns  from  Richmond.  A  division  of  infantry  under 
General  D.  H.  Hill  operating  in  North  Carolina  was 
ordered  to  join  Longstreet,  which  arrived  on  May  2 ; 
but  Longstreet  was  soon  called  away.  Hooker,  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  had  frightened  the  enemy's  government,  and 
on  May  3  Longstreet  raised  the  siege  and  marched  his 
army  to  Richmond.  Peck  sent  Getty  with  about  7,000 
men  to  harass  his  rear,  and  they  had  sharp  fighting 
from  noon  till  dark  with  Hill's  division,  which  formed  the 


422  STEVENS— SMITH. 

lues,   rear  guard.     On  the  morning  of  the  4th,  Getty  became 
satisfied  that  the  enemy  were  departing  for  Richmond, 
and  gave  up  the  chase,  returning  to  Suffolk. 
sept.  6,  11.        On  the  6th  of  September,  1863,  a  force  of  the  enemy 

Moorefield,  .  t    -i    r  r\r\  ITI/T  r>  • 

w.  va.  numbering  about  l,5Uu  men  attack  Moorefield,  occupied 
by  250  Federal  troops  under  Major  Stevens ;  and  al- 
though a  determined  assault  is  made,  it  is  repulsed  ;  but 
on  the  night  of  the  llth  the  enemy  return,  and  surprise 
the  garrison.  After  a  brief  encounter,  the  Federals  are 
overpowered.  Stevens  escapes  with  about  one  half  of 
his  force.  I 

Oct.  is.  •         On  the  18th  of  October,  1863,  a  superior  force  of 
town,08      the  enemy  surprise  the  9th  Maryland  infantry  and  a 
W-  Va-    .  small  cavalry  force  at  Charlestown,  near  Harper's  Ferry. 
The  Federals  heroically  resist,  but  are  compelled  to  re- 
tire, and  soon  after,  coming  upon  another  force  that  has 
succeeded  in  getting  in  their  rear,  they  charge,  cutting 
a  passage  through,  and  escape  to  Harper's  Ferry,  leaving 
a   considerable   number   of  prisoners,  however,  in  the 
hands  of  the  Confederates. 

On  the  21st  of  December,  Colonel  Smith,  with  four 

Dec.  22.     regiments  of  Gregg's  cavalry,  leaving  Bealeton,  arrives 

Gap™       at  Thornton  Gap  next  day,  where  he  puts  to  flight  a 

detachment  of  the  enemy  stationed  there ;  and  on  the 

Dec.  23,     23d,  at  Luray,  he  scatters  another  detachment ;  then, 

vaiiey.       crossing   the    Shenandoah,  he   reaches    Fort   Valley,  a 

mountain  pass,  where  he  drives  off  the  enemy's  guard 

and    destroys    their   stores.     Returning   through  Little 

Washington,  he  arrives  within  the  Union  lines  on  the 

25th. 

In  July,  1863,  two  Federal  regiments,  the  2d  Vir- 
ginia and  the  34th  Ohio,  both  mounted,  under  Colonel 
Toland,  experience  a  terrible  time  in  South-western  Vir- 
juiy  17.     ginia.     This  force  left  Brownstown,  and  pushing  south- 
vine,         ward,  arrived  at  Jefferson ville  on  the  17th,  where  they 


TOLAND—A  VERILL.  423 


captured  35  prisoners.    Pushing  on  they  reached  Wy  the- 
ville  the  following  day.     A  heavy  force  of  the  enemy  Jnly~^ 
was  there  ready  to  receive  them  ;  they  bravely  charge  w.vtlievill°- 
through  the  town,  but  are  nearly  surrounded,  and  driven 
back  with  severe  loss,  Colonel  Toland  being  among  the  Voiand 
killed.     The  Federals  retreat  to  Fayetteville,  after  hav-  killed- 
ing  another  hard  fight  at  East  Mountain,  where  they  Ea*t 
arrive  completely  exhausted  and  nearly  starved.     For  M 
four  days  they  have  been  without  provisions,  except  the 
little  they  are  enabled  to  pick  up  in  a  deserted  country. 
Many  of  their   horses   have  died    of  starvation.     The 
object  of  the  expedition  was  to  cut  the  Tennessee  Rail- 
road, but  it  proved  a  failure,  the  force  being  too  small. 
In  August  an  attempt  was  again  made   upon    the 
Tennessee  Railroad  by  General  Averill,  with  a  brigade  Avenirs 
of  cavalry.     This  officer  was  at  this  time  serving  under 
General    Kelley   in   West   Virginia.     General   Averill, 
proceeding  southward  from  Traveler's  Repose,  arrived  at 
White  Sulphur  Springs  on  the  26th,  where  he  met  a  Aug-  26- 

White  Snl- 

brigade  of  the  enemy's  cavalry  under    General   Jones,  pi>»r 
strongly  posted.     The  Federals  at  once  attacked,  but/ 
failed  to  dislodge  the  enemy.     They  resumed  the  attack 
the  following  morning,  in  hopes  of  receiving  aid  from  an 
expected   Federal  force  under  General  Scammon  from 
Lewisburg.      Disappointed   in   this,   Averill    gradually 
withdrew,  and  retired  northward  to  Huttonsville.     In 
the  affair  at  White  Sulphur  Springs,  each  side  suffered 
a  loss  of  about  150  in  killed  and  wounded. 

On  the  1st   of  November,    1863,    General   Averill, 
with  his  brigade,  accompanied  by  two  regiments  of  in- 
fantry,  leaves    Beverly  for  a  raid  southward.     On  the  Nov   6 
6th,  four  miles  south  of  Hillsboro,  he  finds  the  troops  ofDro°p 

7  Mountain. 

his  old  antagonist,  Jones,  awaiting  him  on  Droop  Mount-  . 
ain,  in  a  well-selected  position.     Averill  opens  at  once 
with   his   artillery,  followed    soon   after  by  a  brilliant 


424  A  VEUILL. 

is 63.  charge  with  his  whole  force.  After  a  short  but  fierce 
engagement,  the  enemy  is  put  to  flight  and  pursued  for 
ten  miles,  completely  routed.  Averill  now  proceeds  to 
destroy  several  supply  depots  and  saltpetre  manufacto- 
ries, when  he  returns  northward,  reaching  New  Creek  on 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  on  the  17th ;  but  he  had 
not  cut  the  Tennessee  Railroad,  which  was  the  object  of 
the  expedition. 

Again,  on  Dec.  8,  General  Averill  starts  in  another 
attempt  against  this  railroad.  He  will  be  aided  this 
time  by  three  other  expeditions,  organized  and  sent  out 
by  General  Kelley  in  different  directions,  to  divert  the 
attention  of  the  enemy.  Averill  reaches  Salem  on  that 
railroad  on  the  16th.  Here  the  enemy  have  a  large 
supply  depot ;  this  is  destroyed,  and  at  last  the  railroad 
is  cut.  The  Federals  tear  up  the  road  for  twenty  miles, 
also  burning  several  of  its  bridges ;  but  now  comes  the 
most  difficult  part  of  the  task,  and  that  is  to  return  to 
friendly  territory.  Early,  who  now  commands  the  ene- 
my's troops  in  this  section,  is  endeavoring  to  weave  a, 
net  from  which  they  will  be  unable  to  escape.  They 
march  some  ten  miles  northward  that  evening,  when 
they  halt  for  the  night.  Early  the  following  morning 
they  push  on,  arriving  on  the  evening  of  the  17th  at 
New  Castle,  and  secure  food  for  tired  and  hungry  men 
and  horses.  The  Federals  are  now  in  a  critical  position ; 
escape  seems  almost  impossible.  But  fortune  smiles 
upon  them ;  they  capture  a  courier  bearing  a  dispatch 
from  Jones  to  Early,  discovering  the  position  and  move- 
ments of  the  pursuers.  Knowing  these,  Averill  now 
dodges  between  the  concentrating  detachments  of  the 
enemy,  and  saves  his  three  regiments  and  battery ;  but 
the  sufferings  of  the  soldiers  have  been  terrible.  A  cold, 
freezing  rain  set  in  on  the  17th,  covering  everything 
with  ice.  Fires  could  not  be  built  without  exposing 


AVERILL—  KIG  EL. 

their  location  to  the  enemy,  and  they  were  compelled  to  ma  4. 
abandon  their  train,  which  they  destroyed.  Nearly 
frozen,  famished  with  hunger,  and  exhausted  by  long 
marches  and  little  sleep,  their  distress  became  dreadful. 
They  reached  home  again  on  January  1,  1864.  Averill 
had  lost  about  100  men,  and  had  brought  back  about 
125  prisoners. 

On  the  30th  of  January,  1864,  a  force  of  the  enemy's        30- 


cavalry  under  General  Rosser,  captured  in  Hardy  County,  county, 
W.  Va.,  a  Federal  train   loaded   with   supplies.      The 
guard  of  250  men,  with  1,000  head  of  cattle,  was  also 
captured.     On  February  3,  at  Patterson  Creek  station,  p^'J^ 
Rosser  also  captured  a  company  of  Federal  soldiers  ;  but  Creek- 
he  was  soon  overtaken  by  General  Averill  near  Romney, 
and  after  a  short  engagement  was  defeated,  with  the  loss 
of  all  the  prisoners  he  had  taken,  besides  many  of  his 
own  men  taken  prisoners. 

On  the  15th  of  May,  General  Breckenridge  defeated 
General  Sigel  near  New  Market,  Va.  The  opposing  New  Mar- 
forces  were  of  equal  strength,  about  6,000  men  each.  k( 
Sigel's  loss  was  about  600  men.  His  destination  was 
Lynchburg,  having  left  Winchester  on  the  1st  of  May. 
He  had  now  received  a  severe  check,  and  fell  back  to 
Cedar  Creek,  near  Strasburg.  Sigel  and  Crook  had 
been  ordered  by  Grant  to  move  simultaneously  with  all 
the  armies  on  May  1,  the  former  up  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  the  latter  with  10,000  men  up  the  Kanawha. 
Crook  sent  Averill  with  about  2,000  to  destroy  the  lead- 
works  at  Wytheville. 

On    May    10,  Averill  met  a  superior   force  of  the  JjJjJJ^ 
enemy  at  that  place,  and  after  a  brief  encounter  he  re- 
tired with  his  object  unaccomplished.     Crook,  pushing 
forward,  destroyed  a  portion  of  the  Virginia  and  Tennes- 
see Railroad  near  Dublin  station.     Here  he  was  attacked  ^ublin  "ta" 

tion. 

hy  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  ;  the  latter  was  defeated 


426  HUNTER. 

m<>4.  with  severe  loss.     Crook  then  retired  to  Meadow  Bin  II; 

Meacunv  after  having  destroyed  the  railroad  for  several  miles  and 

Blllfl-  an  important  bridge  over  New  River.     General  Grant 
was  disappointed  in  Sigel's  operations,  and  on  the  21st 

June  5.  General  Hunter  superseded  him.     On  the  5th  of  June, 

or  Mount  Hunter,  with  about  8,500  men,  met  the  enemy,  number- 


ing  ^^  6j00()?  under  Vaughan,  at  Piedmont.     Vaughan 
was   utterly   routed,    after  a  hard-fought  battle  of  ten 
Death  of    hours'    duration,    with    the   loss   of  1,000  in  prisoners. 

General  '  r 

Jones.       General  W.  E.  Jones  was  among  the  enemy's  killed. 

Having  been  joined  by  Crook  and  Averill  on  the  8th, 

Lynchbn'rg.  Hunter  pushed  forward  for  Lynchburg,  appearing  before 
that  place  with  about  16,000  men  on  June  18.  But 
Early  had  arrived  from  Richmond  with  12,000  men  ; 
Breckenridge  and  Vaughan  were  also  there.  Hunter 
thus  finding  25,000  men  before  him,  well  intrenched,  his 
own  army  250  miles  from  his  source  of  supplies,  and 
short  of  ammunition,  he  determined  to  retire.  During 
the  day  the  enemy  moved  out  in  strong  force,  and 
attacked  savagely,  but  were  driven  back  after  a  severe 
fight.  At  night  the  Federals  quietly  withdrew.  Early 
started  in  pursuit  the  following  morning,  but  Hunter 
reached  Salem  in  safety.  The  enemy  followed  some 
farther,  but  caused  little  trouble.  The  Federals  contin- 
ued their  retreat,  passing  New  Castle  on  the  22d,  suifer- 
ing  dreadfully  for  food,  and  from  the  hardships  of  a 
forced  march  over  rugged  mountains.  They  had,  how- 
ever, inflicted  immense  damage  upon  the  enemy,  by  the 
destruction  of  his  factories,  foundries,  flouring  mills,  etc., 
from  Port  Republic  to  Lynchburg. 

In  the  latter   part   of  June,  Lee,  being  so  closely 

raid*'"  hugged  by  Grant,  started  Early  down  the  Shenandoah 
Valley  with  about  25,000  men,  —  in  fact,  the  same  forces 
with  which  he  had  opposed  Hunter,  —  the  intention  being 
to  invade  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  and  to  threaten 


HUNTER.  427 

Washington,  hoping  thereby  to  draw  off  a  part,  at  least,  is<>4. 
of  Meade's  army.  Early  left  Staunton  June  28,  crossing 
the  Potomac  at  Shepherdstown  July  3,  General  Sigel 
with  a  small  force  retiring  before  him  from  Martinsburg, 
through  Harper's  Ferry,  to  Maryland  Heights.  Early 
reached  Hagerstown,  Md.,  July  6.  On  the  7th  a  Federal  J«'y  ?• 

Frederick 

force  of  about  700  men  under  Colonel  Clendennin  had  a  Md. 
severe  fight  with  a  detachment  of  Early's  troops,  num- 
bering 1,000  men,  at  Frederick,  Md.  The  enemy  was 
defeated,  and  hastily  retired.  General  Lew  Wallace,  in 
command  at  Baltimore,  had  hastened  to  the  Monocacy 
River,  gathering  all  the  troops  possible  for  opposing 
Early,  and  had  sent  Colonel  Clendennin  toward  Middle- 
town  on  a  reconnaissance,  when  the  fight  noted  above 
occurred.  General  Grant  had  already  ordered  the  6th 
Corps,  under  General  Wright,  to  Washington,  and  one 
division  was  near  at  hand.  Wallace  withdrew  his  troops 
from  Frederick  to  the  Monocacy  on  the  8th,  where  he 
was  joined  by  Ricketts's  division  of  the  6th  Corps.  He 
made  his  position  as  strong  as  possible,  and  awaited  the 
enemy.  General  E.  B.  Tyler  commanded  his  right,  and 
Ricketts  his  left.  This  force  numbered  about  5,500 
men.  Early  advanced  against  him  on  the  morning  of 
the  9th,  beginning  the  attack  about  9  A.  M.,  and  the 
battle  soon  became  hot,  raging  till  noon.  Two  desperate 
charges  in  overwhelming  numbers  were  gallantly  re- 
pulsed by  the  Union  troops.  The  Federals  held  their 
ground  against  15,000  men  until  5  p.  M.,  when,  not  being 
reinforced,  and  not  feeling  strong  enough  to  resist 
further  assaults,  Wallace  ordered  a  retreat,  falling  back 
about  twelve  miles,  when,  as  Early  did  not  pursue,  he 
rested  his  wearied  men.  The  enemy  were  in  no  condi- 
tion to  follow  at  once ;  they  had  suffered  severely,  and 
had  exhausted  their  fury.  The  Federal  loss  had  been 
about  100  killed,  600  wounded,  and  700  taken  prison- 
ers ;  the  loss  of  the  enemy  was  about  1,200. 


July    9. 
nocacy. 


HUNTER. 

1864.  On  the  10th  of  July,  a  force  of  the  enemy's  cavalry 
approached  Baltimore,  but  did  nothing  more  than  to  de- 
stroy some  railroad  track  and  bridges.  A  train  of  cars 
was  stopped,  the  passengers  plundered,  and  the  cars 
burned.  Major-General  Franklin,  being  on  the  train, 
was  captured,  but  he  soon  escaped  his  sleepy  guards. 

Early  slowly   approached    Washington,  and  on  the 
.inly  12.    i2th  appeared  before  the  northeast  fortifications  of  the 

Early  be- 

fore the  Federal  capital.  At  this  time  the  other  two  divisions  of 
the  united  the  6th  Corps  arrived,  also  the  divisions  of  D  wight  and 
Grover  of  the  19th  Corps,  which  corps  had  recently 
arrived  at  Fortress  Monroe  from  New  Orleans,  intended 
for  Meade's  army,  but  turned  toward  Washington  at  the 
request  of  the  President.  Early  quickly  saw  that  the 
Federal  works  were  strongly  manned,  and  wisely  con- 
cluded not  to  attack.  During  the  afternoon  the  Federals 
sent  out  a  reconnoitering  force,  which  had  a  sharp  en- 
gagement with  a  portion  of  Early's  troops,  resulting  in 
advantage  to  neither  side  ;  and  that  night  the  enemy  re- 
tired, passing  through  Rockville  to  Edwards's  Ferry, 
where  he  crossed  the  Potomac  on  the  14th,  and  moved 
through  Leesburg  and  Snicker's  Gap  to  the  Shenandoah 
Valley. 

Hunter  had  been  anxiously  looked  for  by  the  Federal 

authorities  at  Washington  for  several  days,  but  he  had 

been  unable  to  reach  Harper's  Ferry  until  Early  had  re- 

treated.    General  Wright  was  placed  in  command  of  the 

forces  at  Washington,  and  at  once  gave  pursuit  to  Early. 

His   advance    overtook   and    skirmished    sharply    with 

jniy  is.     Early's  troops  on  July  18,  at  Snicker's  Ferry,  on  the 

Ferry  and   Shenandoah  River,  and  at  Ashby's  Gap.     The  Federal 


Gapb>        l°ss  *n  the  two  encounters  was  about  500  men.     Wright 

pursued   no    farther,  and    soon   afterward    returned    to 

Washington,  leaving  Crook's  troops  at  Harper's  Ferry. 

On  the  20th  of  July,  Averill,  moving  from  Martins- 


HUNTER.  429 

burg,  had  a  severe   engagement  with  a  detachment  of  is<>4. 
the  enemy  near  Winchester.     The  latter  was  defeated  Jniy~^ 
with    a   loss    of  about   500   men  ;    Federal   loss,   250.  Wi»ches- 

ter. 

Averill  then  retired,  being  menaced  by  Early.  Crook, 
believing  that  Early  had  gone  to  Richmond,  moved 
from  Harper's  Ferry  to  Kernstown,  where,  on  July  23,  Ju]y  2a 

J  ,  '  ,  Kernstown. 

Early  appeared  before  him,  attacking  and  driving  back 
his  advance  on  the  24th.     A  severe  conflict  followed,  J^y  24 
compelling    Crook    to    hastily   retreat   to    Martinsburg,  ter. 
Crook  had  suffered  a  loss  of  over  1,000  men.     Colonel  „ 

Colonel 

Mulligan,  of  Lexington  fame,  was  among  the  Federal 


killed.  He  had  declined  a  commission  as  Brigadier- 
General,  preferring  to  remain  with  his  regiment,  the  23d 
Illinois.  On  the  25th,  Crook  crossed  the  Potomac,  after 
a  lively  artillery  duel. 

At  this  time  Early  sent  about  3,000  cavalry  on  a 
raid  into  Pennsylvania.  They  plundered  as  they  went, 
reaching  Chambersbum  July  30,  where  they  demanded  J«]y  3° 

f  f^          -t,'      '  i.V-      V     •  f  1     Chamber?- 

a  large  sum  of  money  of  the  citizens  ;  this  being  refused,  burg,  Ponn 
they  burned  the  larger  part  of  the  town.     (The  popula- 
tion of  Chambersburg  was  at  that  time  between  4,000 
and  5,000.)     General  Averill  was  at  Greencastle  with 
about    2,500    cavalry,  and  was  soon  upon  their  track, 
pursuing  them  to  Hancock  so  closely  that  they  did  but 
little  further  damage.     The  enemy  crossed  the  Potomac 
at  Hancock.     Averill  continued  the  pursuit,  and  came 
upon  them  at  Moorefield,  W.  Va.,  August  7,  where  in  a  Aug   7 
lively  fight  he  defeated    them,  capturing   their   trains,  ^00™afield' 
guns,  and  500  prisoners. 

General  Grant  had  ordered  the  6th  and  19th  Corps 
to  join  him  before  Petersburg,  supposing,  as  reported, 
that  Early  had  returned  toward  Richmond.  These  two 
corps  had  reached  Georgetown  when  General  Grant 
learned  of  Crook's  defeat  at  Kernstown,  and  he  at  once 
ordered  them  back  to  Harper's  Ferry.  He  also  sent 


430 


SHERIDAN. 


is  a  4. 


Sheridan 

relieves 

Hunter. 


Sept.    3. 
Berryville. 


Phil  Sheridan  to  organize  an  army  that  would  keep 
Early  in  sight.  Sheridan  assumed  command  August  7, 
relieving  General  Hunter,  when  the  Departments  of 
Washington,  Susquehannah,  West  Virginia,  and  the 
Middle  Department  were  merged  into  the  Middle  Mil- 
itary Division,  under  General  Sheridan. 

While  making  preparations  for  a  forward  move, 
Sheridan  held  Early  back,  shielding  Maryland  and 
Pennsylvania.  His  army,  numbering  about  22,000 
infantry  and  8,000  cavalry,  lay  near  Berryville.  Two 
divisions  of  cavalry,  under  Generals  Wilson  and  Torbert, 
had  joined  him  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  The 
enemy's  forces  were  posted  in  front  of  Winchester, 
covering  that  town.  Sheridan  had  advanced  from  Hall- 
town  on  the  10th  of  August,  reaching  Cedar  Creek  on 
the  12th,  Early  retiring  before  him  as  far  as  Fisher's 
Hill.  Lee  now  reinforced  Early  by  a  division  under 
Anderson.  Learning  this,  Sheridan  fell  back  to  Berry- 
ville on  the  17th,  destroying  or  carrying  off,  en  route, 
everything  that  would  afford  sustenance  to  the  enemy. 
Early  followed  to  Winchester,  where  he  became  united 
with  Anderson.  Early  advanced  on  the  21st,  and  on 

*/ 

the  25th  reached  Shepherdstown,  Sheridan  retiring  to 
Halltown.  These  wary  chiefs  were  watching  each  other 
for  an  opportunity  to  gain  an  advantage.  Early  would 
again  cross  the  Potomac  if  he  dared,  but  Sheridan  out- 
generaled him,  and  on  the  26th  he  returned  to  Winches- 
ter, and  took  position  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Opequan, 
the  Federal  general  moving  up  to  Berryville.  Both 
armies  remained  as  thus  posted  until  Sept.  15,  when 
Lee  recalled  Anderson  to  Richmond,  in  consequence  of 
Grant's  movement  for  possession  of  the  Weldon  Rail- 
road. 

Anderson  started  for  Richmond  on  Sept.  3,  but 
coming  in  collision  with  Sheridan's  troops,  he  was  driven 


SHERIDAN.  43  J 

back,  which  delayed  his  departure  for  Richmond.     On   is 64. 
Sept.  15,  Grant  visited   Sheridan,  and    being   satisfied 
with    his  arrangements,  told    him  to  "go  ahead."     On 
Sept.  19,  at  3  A.  M.,  Sheridan  put  his  army  in  motion, 
Wilson's  cavalry  in  advance,  followed  by  the  6th  Corps  s<"pt  19- 

*  •>  r      Opequan  or 

under    General   Wright,    and    the    19th    Corps    under  winches- 
General  Emory.     The  8th  Corps  under  General  Crook? 
coming   from    Summit   Point,  joined    Sheridan   at   the 
Opequan    Ford.       Owing    to    unavoidable    delays,   the 
Federals  did   not   get  into  position   before  Winchester 
until  about  9  A.  M.     Early  had  sent  a  strong  force  from 
his  left  on  a  reconnaissance  to  Martinsburg,  where   its 
advance  had  a  spirited  fight  on  the  18th  with  Averill.  Sept   18 
Early  now  hastened  its  return  to  aid  him  in  resisting  Martins- 

»  .  °  burg.. 

Sheridan.  Averill  followed  closely.  Sheridan  formed 
his  line  with  Wilson's  cavalry  on  the  left,  Wright  joining 
him,  Emory  next,  with  Merritt's  and  Averill's  cavalry 
on  the  extreme  right,  Crook  in  reserve. 

At  10  A.  M.  Rickett's  division  of  the  6th  Corps  and 
Grover's  division  of  the  19th  Corps  were  advanced  to 
the  attack.  They  make  a  gallant  charge,  driving  the 
enemy  from  his  first  line,  when  in  turn  they  are  forced 
back.  Sheridan  pushes  forward  his  other  divisions,  and 
the  battle  becomes  furious.  For  a  time  the  enemy  seem 
to  be  gaining  the  advantage.  The  Federals  soon  check 
this  success,  however,  and  force  the  foe  back  to  his 
original  line.  The  battle  rages  fiercely  until  about  3 
p.  M.,  by  which  time  Sheridan  has  placed  Crook,  with 
the  8th  Corps,  on  the  extreme  right,  and  now  throws  it 
vigorously  against  Early's  left  flank,  at  the  same  time 
directing  a  charge  along  the  whole  line,  first  upon  each 
flank,  then  upon  the  center.  The  enemy's  flanks  soon 
crumble  before  the  determined  charge  of  the  Federal 
cavalry,  then  his  center  gives  way.  On  press  the 
Federals,  and  backward  go  the  enemy,  "whirling  through 


432  SHERIDAtf. 


\Vinchester"    toward    Strasburg,    thoroughly    defeated. 
They  lost  2,500  men  in  prisoners  ;  in  killed  and  wounded, 
Generals     about  3,500.     Generals  Rodes  and  A.  C.  Godwin  were 

Rodes  and 

Godwin  among  the  enemy's  killed.  The  Federal  loss  was  about 
560  killed,  3,000  wounded,  and  500  missing.  General 

Death  of    David   A.    Russell,   commanding  a  division  in  the  6th 

Russeii,  Corps,  was  among  the  Federal  dead.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  West  Point,  and  had  served  in  the  Mexican  war  with 
distinction. 

Early  retreated  to  Fisher's  Hill,  four  miles  south  of 
Strasburg  and  twelve  miles  south  of  Winchester.  Dark- 
ness had  stopped  the  Federals  at  Winchester  ;  but  early 
on  the  20th  Sheridan  started  in  pursuit,  and  that  evening 
approached  Early  's  position,  which  was  a  strong  one, 
protected  by  breastworks.  The  21st  was  consumed  in 
maneuvering.  At  daylight  on  the  22d  the  Federals 

mil.6  opened  the  battle,  and  soon  after  made  a  determined 
assault,  driving  the  enemy  at  all  points.  The  8th  Corps 
had  been  quietly  sent  to  the  rear  of  Early's  position, 
which  movement  was  concealed  by  deep  woods;  and 
when  the  6th  and  19th  Corps  had  engaged  the  Confed- 
erates in  front,  Crook  rushed  upon  their  rear,  surprising 
and  throwing  their  ranks  into  great  confusion.  After  a 
brief  struggle,  Early  was  again  put  to  flight,  with  a  loss 
of  16  guns  and  1,100  taken  prisoners.  The  Federal  loss 
in  killed  and  wounded  was  about  750;  that  of  the 
enemy,  unknown. 

The  enemy  was  pursued  to  Port  Republic,  where  a 
large  train  was  captured  and  destroyed.  Sheridan  sent 
his  cavalry  in  pursuit  as  far  as  Waynesborb,  destroying 
a  large  quantity  of  the  enemy's  supplies  at  Staimton. 
He  then  recalled  his  cavalry,  and  on  the  6th  of  October 
moved  down  the.Shenandoah  Valley  to  Cedar  Creek, 
laying  waste  everything  that  could  comfort  the  enemy. 
Early's  cavalry  under  General  Rosser  followed  Slier- 


SHU  RID  AN.  433 

idan's  rear,  and  on  Oct.  9,  at  Tom's  Brook,  near  Fisher's   isv4. 
Hill,  Sheridan  directed  General  Torbert  with  his  cavalry 

7  J    Oct.  9. 

to   "  order    Rosser  back."     Torbert   charged,   and   the  Tom's 
enemy  obeyed  the  order,  leaving  behind  330  prisoners,  stra°bnrg, 
most  of  his  artillery,  and  his  wagon  train,  the  Federal  gtn0c|.kWood 
cavalry  pursuing  beyond  Mount  Jackson. 

Sheridan  now  posted  his  army  on  the  east  bank  of 
Cedar  Creek,  near  the  North  Fork  of  the  Shenandoah,  as 
follows :  the  8th  Corps  (Crook's)  on  the  left  and  on  the 
left  of  the  turnpike  leading  to  Strasburg;  on  Crook's 
right  was  the  19th  Corps,  and  on  the  right  of  the  19th 
Corps,  and  nearly  at  right  angles  with  it,  the  6th  Corps. 
The  cavalry  was  posted  on  each  flank. 

Leaving  General  Wright  in  command,  General  Sher- 
idan proceeded  on  Oct.  15  to  Washington  on  official  bus-  Oct-  35' 

1  .  .  Sheridan 

mess,  in  accordance  with  a  request  of  the  Secretary  of  goes  to 
War.     The  6th  Corps  had  been  started  on  the  10th  to  to**hl 
rejoin  Meacle,  but  Early  becoming  bold,  Wright  was  re- 
called.    Early  had  now  been  reinforced  by  about  10,000 
men,  coming  mostly  from  Richmond,  and  determined  to 
regain  his  lost  reputation,  on  the  morning  of  Oct.  19,  £°£  *9- 
at  daylight,  he  quietly  stole  upon  his  antagonist,  sud-  creek, 
denly  attacking  with  his  whole  force.     It  was  a  complete 
surprise ;  Crook's  corps  was  broken  up  before  it  could 
form  line.     The  19th  Corps  fought  desperately,  but  be- 
fore the  6th  Corps,  now  under  Ricketts,  could  come  to 
its  aid,  its  left  was  forced  back.     The  6th  Corps  was  Federals 

driven. 

soon  engaged.     Ricketts  was  wounded,  when  Getty  as- 
sumed command  of  the  corps. 

General  Wright  now   saw    the   necessity   of  order-  Wrigilt 
ing  a  retreat  to  save  his   army   from   rout.     The  6th  ™™  *^m 
Corps  and  the  cavalry  corps  covered  the  backward  move- rout- 
ment.     Wright  fell  back  to  a  point  about    four   miles 
from  the  first  position,  leaving  18  guns  and  nearly  1,000 
prisoners  in  the  enemy's  hands.     Sheridan  left  Washing- 

28 


434:  SHERIDAN, 


ton  at  noon  of  the  18th,  and  stopped  over  night  at  Win- 
at  chester.     At  9  A.  M.  of  the  19th  he  started  for  his  army, 
Winchester  g^jj  unconscious  of  its  danger.     He  soon  came  within 

on  his  re-  ° 

tum  from  hearing  of  the  roar  of  cannon,  when  he  crowded  his  horse 
ton*  '        to  its  utmost  speed.     As  he  neared  the  scene  of  the  con- 


fijct  he  met  manv  of  his  men  with  sorrowful  faces,  still 

horse  put  to 

its  mettle,  retreating.  Swinging  his  hat  he  shouted,  "  Face  the 
'theTwa6  °tner  way>  hoys,  face  the  other  way!  We  are  going 
boys!"  back  to  our  camps!  "  Repeating  this  as  he  passed  along, 
the  tide  turned,  the  soldiers  loudly  cheering  for  Sher- 
aecnanroo'idan-  At  about  10  A.  M.  Sheridan  reached  the  front, 
doah  again  wnere  the  Federals  were  now  holding  the  enemy  in 

at  the  head  » 

of  his  check.  Large  numbers  of  Early's  troops  had  stopped 
to  pillage  the  Federal  camp.  He  at  once  reformed  his 
lines.  Wright  returned  to  his  corps,  Getty  to  his  divis- 
ion. At  1  P.  M.  Early  again  attacked,  and  was  hand- 

Assumes     somely  repulsed.     At  about  3  p.  M.  Sheridan  assumes 

give.°  the  offensive,  pushing  forward  his  whole  line  to  the  at- 
tack. The  conflict  soon  becomes  furious.  The  enemy 
is  behind  rail  breastworks  and  stone  fences,  and  resists 
with  great  determination  ;  but  Early's  left  finally  gives 

Sheridan     way  before  a  gallant  charge  led  by  Sheridan  himself. 

leads  his  J  . 

men.         The  whole  Federal  line  then  dashes  forward,  and  Early 

The  enemy  is  again  routed,  the  Federal  cavalry  pursuing  through 

Strasburg,    capturing  24  pieces  of  artillery  and    1,600 

prisoners,  also  retaking  the  18  guns  lost  in  the  morning. 

Knighted  a  For  this  victory  Sheridan  was  made  a  Major-General  in 

erai  in  the  the  regular  army.     Sheridan  now  made  his  headquarters 

army.ar      a^  Kernstown,  and  rested  his  troops. 

Since  the  7th  of  August,  Sheridan  had  caused  the 
enemy  a  loss  of  25,000  men,  13,000  of  whom  were  pris- 
oners. His  own  loss  had  been  about  15,000.  Among 
the  enemy's  losses  at  Cedar  Creek  was  General  Stephen 

Death  of  J  r 

General      D.    Ramseur.     He  died  of  his  wound  on  the  20th  of 

Rampeur.       _ 

October. 


SHERIDAN.  435 

Extract  from  a  paper  prepared  by  General  James  H.  Kidd,    is 64. 
commanding  officer  of  the  Michigan  cavalry  brigade   in   the 
battle  fought  at  Cedar  Creek,  Shenandoah  Valley,  Va.,  Oct.  creek. 
19,  1864:— 

General 

The  engagement  at  Cedar  Creek  will  take  its  place  as  one  of  ^!^n*  t  of 
the  decisive  battles  of  history.  Like  Blenheim  and  Balaklava,  the  battle 
it  will  be  remembered  while  literature  lasts.  One  of  its  dramatic  of  Cedar 

Creek. 

incidents  furnished  a  theme  for  the  poet's  song,  and  (<  Sheridan's 
Ride,"  like  "Horatius,"  will  remain  until  the  human  imagination 
can  no  longer  be  thrilled  by  the  recital  of  heroic  deeds.  Thus 
doth  poesy  erect  a  monument — one  more  enduring  than  bronze 
or  marble — to.  the  memory  of  the  brave. 

Yet  the  events  of  that  day  have  been  greatly  misunderstood. 
The  popular  imagination,  inflamed  by  the  heroic  verse  of  Hal- 
leek,  sees  only  the  salient  points, — the  morning  surprise,  the 
rout,  the  mass  of  fleeing  fugitives,  the  victors  in  exultant  pur- 
suit, Sheridan's  ride,  the  magic  influence  of  his  arrival  on  the 
field  in  arresting  the  headlong  flight  of  a  mob  of  panic-stricken 
fugitives,  wresting  glorious  victory  from  humiliating  defeat. 
With  all  due  allowance  for  poetical  license,  this  idea  does  a.  cruel 
injustice  to  the  gallant  men  who  were  maimed  or  killed  on  that 
hard-fought  field. 

It  is  due  to  the  truth  that  every  detail  of  that  famous  fight 
should  be  told,  that  no  undeserved  shadow  may  rest  upon  the 
fame  of  the  men  who  took  part  in  it.  History,  so-called,  has 
been  misleading.  The  American  Cyclopedia  (Vol.  XVI.)  informs 
us  that  Sheridan  "  met  the  fugitives  a  mile  and  a  half  from  town 
(Winchester),  and  with  a  brigade  which  had  been  left  in  Win- 
chester moved  upon  the  enemy,  who  had  begun  to  intrench 
themselves."  The  absurdity  of  such  "  history  "  ought  to  be  self- 
evident.  Imagine  a  "  brigade  of  infantry  "  following  Sheridan 
on  his  wild  ride  of  "twenty  miles,"  and  then  rushing  to  attack 
an  army,  which,  if  the  popular  notion  were  true,  had  just 
whipped  four  army  corps.  Of  course  the  statement  is  an  absurd 
one.  No  brigade  came  from  Winchester.  No  brigade  could 
have  come  from  Winchester;  and  had  such  a  thing  been  possible, 
it  would  have  constituted  a  slight  factor  in  the  contest.  There 
were  in  the  Federal  army  on  that  eventful  19th  of  October, 
1864,  seven  brigades  of  infantry  (the  6th  Corps),  seven  brigades 
of  cavalry  (the  cavalry  corps),  not  to  mention  one  division 
(Grover's) — four  brigades — of  the  19th  Corps,  making  eighteen 


436  SHERIDAN. 

1864.  brigades  in  all,  that  were  neither  surprised  in  their  camps  nor  in 
the  slightest  degree  demoralized  at  any  time  during  the  progress 
Creek  °^  ^ne  battle,  and  which  had  forced  Early  to  stop  short  in  his 
headlong  career  of  victory  long  before  the  famous  black  charger 
had  brought  his  fiery  rider  to  the  field.  The  8th  Corps,  which 
was  surprised,  was  a  small  corps  of  only  five  brigades,  and 
although  after  Kershaw's  onset  it  was  practically  eliminated, 
there  was  a  fine  army  left  that  needed  only  the  guiding  hand  of 
Sheridan  to  put  it  in  motion  and  win  a  victory. 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  paper  to  give  all  the  details  of 
that  great  battle,  but  to  narrate  what  a  single  actor  saw, — some 
things  that  do  not  appear  in  the  official  records,  that  are  not  a 
part  of  the  written  history  of  the  war  ;  some  incidents  that  are 
important  only  as  they  throw  light  on  the  shadowy  images  of 
the  past,  though  possessing  a  passing  interest  in  themselves  ; — 
to  do  justice  to  the  splendid  courage  displayed  by  the  cavalry, 
especially  the  Michigan  cavalry,  on  that  occasion  ;  to  pay  the 
tribute  of  my  admiration  to  the  gallantry  and  steadiness  of  the 
old  6th  Corps;  and,  finally,  to  relate  a  circumstance  known 
probably  to  no  other  person  living,  and  which  will  be  now  for 
the  first  time  committed  to  the  keeping  of  the  types,  that  reflected 
the  highest  credit  upon  the  courage  and  capacity  as  a  commander 
of  the  gallant  Colonel  Lowell,  who  was  killed. 

Cedar  Creek  is  a  small  stream  that  rises  in  the  Blue  Eidge, 
runs  across  the  valley,  at  that  point  only  four  miles  wide,  and 
pours  its  waters  into  the  Shenandoah  near  Strasburg.  It  is 
very  crooked,  fordable,  but  with  steep  banks,  difficult  for  artillery 
or  wagons,  except  where  a  way  had  been  carved  out  at  the  fords. 
It  runs  in  a  south-easterly  course,  so  that  its  month  is  four  miles 
or  more  south  of  a  line  drawn  due  east  from  the  point  where  it 
deserts  the  foot-hills  on  the  west  side  of  the  valley.  The  valley 
itself  is  shut  in  between  the  Blue  Mountains  on  one  side,  and  the 
Massanutten,  a  spur  of  the  great  North  Mountain,  on  the  other. 
It  is  traversed  north  and  south  by  a  turnpike  road  a  little  to  the 
left  of  the  center,  which  crosses  Cedar  Creek  between  Middle- 
town  and  Strasburg. 

On  the  night  of  Oct.  18,  1864,  the  Federal  army  was 
encamped  on  the  left  bank  of  Cedar  Creek,  Crook's  8th  Corps 
on  the  left,  east  of  the  pike,  nearly  in  front  of  Middletown  ; 
Emory's  19th  Corps  to  the  right  and  rear  of  Crook  and  west  of 
.the  pike ;  and  then  successively,  each  farther  to  the  right  and 
rear,  the  6th  Corps,  Devin's  and  Lowell's  brigades  of  Merritt's 


SHERIDAN.  437 

cavalry  division,  the  Michigan  cavalry  brigade,  and  last  the  in- 
comparable  Ouster  with  his  3d  cavalry  division.  All  faced 
south,  though  posted  en  echelon,  so  that,  though  Crook  was  some 
three  or  four  miles  south  of  Middletown,  a  line  due  east  of  (Juster's 
camp  crossed  the  pike  a  little  north  of  it.  For  this  reason, 
Early's  flanking  movement  being  from  the  left  through  and  over 
the  camp  of  Crook,  capturing  everything  in  his  way,  could  not 
strike  the  flank  of  the  other  corps  successively  without  shifting 
his  line  of  attack  to  the  north,  while  the  6th  Corps  and  the  cav- 
alry were  able  to  confront  his  troops  after  their  first  partial  suc- 
cess, by  simply  moving  to  the  left,  taking  the  most  direct  route 
to  the  pike. 

The  position  that  the  Michigan  cavalry  brigade  occupied  was 
somewhat  isolated.  Although  belonging  to  the  1st  division,  we 
were  nearer  the  camp  of  the  3d.  A  few  days  before,  an  unwonted 
and  unwelcome  responsibility  had  been  thrust  upon  me.  Custer, 
who  had  been  with  us  from  the  time  he  was  made  a  brigadier, 
who  had  created  the  brigade,  earning  for  it  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion, was  called  to  the  command  of  the  3d  division,  and  hastily 
summoning  me,  went  away,  taking  his  staff  with  him.  I  was 
obliged,  while  yet  on  the  march,  to  form  a  staff  of  officers  as 
inexperienced  as  myself  in  such  duties.  It  was  a  task  that 
might  well  have  appalled  far  better  men, — that  of  succeeding 
the  prince  of  cavalry  officers. 

The  brigade  consisted  of  four  Michigan  regiments  and  Cap- 
tain Martin's  6th  New  York  independent  (horse)  battery.  The 
1st  Michigan  was  commanded  by  Major  A.  W.  Duggan,  the  5th 
by  Major  S.  H.  Hastings,  the  6th  by  Major  Charles  VV.  Deane, 
and  the  7th  by  Colonel  Geo.  Gr.  Briggs.  Captain  Martin  and 
his  lieutenants  ranked  among  the  best  artillery  officers  in  the 
service. 

Our  duty  was  to  guard  a  ford  of  Cedar  Creek.  One  reg- 
iment was  kept  constantly  on  duty  near  the  ford.  The  line  of 
videttes  was  thrown  out  across  the  creek,  and  was  .connected 
on  the  left  with  the  infantry  picket  line,  and  on  the  right  with 
Ouster's  cavalry  pickets.  The  7th  Michigan  was  on  duty  that 
night.  The  brigade  camp  was  about  a  mile  back  from  the  ford. 

No  intimation  of  expected  danger  had  been  received,  no  in- 
junction to  be  specially  on  guard  ;  but  somehow  there  was  a 
vague  feeling  of  uneasiness  that  would  not  be  shaken  off.  I  be- 
lieve now  that  there  was  in  my  mind  a  distinct  presentiment  of 
the  coming  storm.  I  could  not  sleep,  and  at  11  o'clock  was  still 


438  SHERIDAN. 

1864.  walking  about  outside  the  tents.  It  was  a  perfect  night,  bright 
—  and  clear.  The  moon  was  full,  the  air  crisp  and  transparent, 
creek  A  more  serene  and  peaceful  scene  could  not  be  imagined.  The 
spirit  of  tranquillity  seemed  to  have  settled  down  at  last  upon 
the  troubled  Shenandoah.  Far  away  to  the  left  lay  the  army, 
wrapped  in  slumber.  To  the  right  the  outlines  of  the  Blue 
Mountains  stood  out  against  the  sky,  and  cast  dark  shadows 
athwart  the  valley.  Three  quarters  of  a  mile  away,  the  white 
tents  of  Ouster's  camp  looked  like  wierd  spectres  in  the  moon- 
light. Scarcely  a  sound  was  heard.  A  solemn  stillness  reigned, 
one  that  was  oppressive,  ominous,  broken  only  by  the  slow 
tread  of  the  single  sentry  pacing  his  beat  in  front  of  headquar- 
ters. Inside,  the  staff  and  brigade  escort  were  sleeping.  Fi- 
nally, a  little  before  midnight,  I  turned  in,  telling  the  guard  to 
awaken  me  at  once  should  a  single  shot  be  fired  in  our  front, 
and  to  so  instruct  the  relief.  I  cannot  now  give  the  exact  time, 
it  may  be  I  did  not  know  it  at  the  time,  but  it  was  long  before 
daylight,  that  the  sentinel  awoke  me.  Not  having  undressed,  I 
was  out  in  an  instant,  and  listening,  heard  scattering  shots. 
They  were  not  many  at  first,  but  enough  to  impel  me  to  a 
quick  resolve.  Bousing  the  nearest  staff  officer,  Lieutenant 
William  Hull,  1  bade  him  have  the  command  ready  to  move  at 
a  moment's  notice.  In  an  incredibly  short  space  of  time  the 
order  was  executed,  the  tents  were  struck,  the  artillery  horses 
attached  to  the  gun  carriages  arid  caissons,  and  the  cavalry 
horses  saddled.  No  bugle  call  was  sounded.  The  firing  now 
grew  heavier,  and  from  the  hill  where  Ouster  was,  rang  out  on 
the  air  the  shrill  notes  of  Fought's  bugle  sounding  "  To  horse," 
and  I  knew  that  our  old  commander  had  taken  the  alarm,  and 
that  I  had  been  right. 

Kosser  had  attacked  the  pickets  at  the  fords,  and  was  driv- 
ing them  in.  In  a  moment  a  staff  officer  dashed  up  with  an  or- 
der from  General  Merritt  to  take  the  entire  brigade  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  regiment  on  the  picket  line.  Moving  out  rapidly, 
we  were  soon  on  the  ground.  The  7th  Michigan,  under  Col- 
onel Briggs,  had  made  a  gallant  stand  alone  ;  and  when  the 
brigade  arrived  on  the  line,  the  enemy  did  not  see  fit  to  press 
the  attack,  but  contented  himself  with  throwing  a  few  shells 
from  the  opposite  bank,  which  annoyed  us  so  little  that  Martin 
did  not  unlimber  his  guns. 

A  heavy  fog  had  now  settled  down  upon  the  valley.  The 
first  streaks  of  dawn  began  to  appear,  and  it  soon  became  ev- 


439 

ident  that  the  attack  on  the  right  was  a  feint,  and  that  the  real    is  a  4. 
danger  was  in  another  quarter.     Far  away  to  the  left,  for  some 
time  volleys  of  musketry  had  been  heard.     The  roll  of  musketry  QJ^* 
was  intermingled  at  intervals  with  the  boom  of  cannon,  telling 
to  the  practiced  ear  the  story  of  a  general  engagement.     The 
sounds  increased  in  volume  and  in  violence,  and  it  was  no  diffi- 
cult matter  to  see  that  the  Union  forces  were  falling  back  ;  for 
farther  and  farther  to  the  left  and  rear  came  the  ominous  sounds. 

Colonel  Charles  R.  Lowell  now  arrived  on  the  ground  with 
the  brigade  of  regulars  (reserve  brigade).  Colonel  Lowell  was 
a  young  man,  apparently  not  much  past  his  majority,  and  looked 
like  a  boy.  He  was  a  relative  of  James  Russell  Lowell,  and  had 
distinguished  himself  as  Colonel  of  the  2d  Massachusetts  cavalry, 
and  had  succeeded  to  the  command  of  Merritt's  old  brigade. 
He  had  a  frank,  open  face,  a  manly,  soldierly  bearing,  and  a 
courage  that  was  never  called  in  question.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  West  Point.  Riding  up  at  the  head  of  his  brigade,  he  said,  "  I 
have  been  ordered  out  here  by  General  Merritt  to  the  support 
of  the  Michigan  men."  But  no  help  was  needed  in  that  quarter. 
I  told  him  so.  The  enemy  had  been  easily  checked,  and  had 
become  so  quiet  as  to  give  rise  to  the  suspicion  that  he  had  with- 
drawn from  our  front.  A  great  battle  was  raging  to  the  left 
and  rear,  and  in  response  to  the  suggestion  that  troops  were 
needed  in  that  direction,  he  responded  quickly,  "  I  think  so  too. 
I  shall  go  toward  the  sound  of  heavy  firing,  and  will  take  the  re- 
sponsibility to  order  you  there  also;"  whereat  the  two  brigades 
took  up  their  line  of  march  to  the  pike,  some  three  miles  distant. 
Poor  Lowell  I  How  little  either  of  us  realized  that  he  was 
marching  to  his  death!  It  was  into  the  thickest  of  the  fight 
that  Lowell  led  the  way,  Michigan  willingly  following. 

A  startling  sight  presented  itself  as  the  long  cavalry  column 
debouched  into  the  open  country  overlooking  the  battle-ground. 
Guided  by  the  sound,  a  direction  had  been  taken  that  would 
bring  us  to  the  pike  as  directly  as  possible,  and  at  the  same  time 
approach  the  Union  line  from  the  rear.  This  brought  us  out  on 
a  commanding  ridge  north  of  Middletown.  This,  as  it  appears 
to  a  participant  looking  at  it  from  memory  twenty-one  years 
after,  runs  to  and  across  the  pike.  The  ground  descends  to  the 
south  a  half  mile  or  more,  then  gradually  rises  again  to  another 
ridge  about  on  a  line  with  Middletown.  The  rebel  forces  were 
on  the  last-named  ridge,  along  which,  west  of  the  pike,  their 
batteries  were  planted,  and  their  lines  of  infantry  could  be  dis- 


4:4:0  SUERU1AN. 

1864.    tinctly  seen.     Memory  may  have  lost  something  of  the  details  of 
the  picture  ;  but  its  outlines  remain  vivid  now  as  then.     The 

Cedar  ,,         ,  »•«_-! 

creek.  valley  between  was  uneven,  with  spots  of  timber  here  and  there, 
and  broken  into  patches  by  fences,  some  of  stone.  The  full 
scope  of  the  calamity  that  had  befallen  our  arms  burst  suddenly 
into  view.  The  whole  battle-field  was  in  sight.  The  valley  and 
intervening  slopes,  the  fields  and  woods,  were  alive  with  a  mass 
of  infantry  moving  singly  and  in  squads.  Entire  regiments, 
with  their  officers  leading,  were  hurrying  to  the  rear  ;  while  the 
rebel  artillery  was  raining  shell  and  spherical  case  among  them 
to  accelerate  their  speed.  Some  of  the  batteries  were  the  very 
ones  they  had  just  captured.  It  did  not  look  like  a  frightened 
or  panic-stricken  army,  but  like  a  disorganized  mass  that  had 
lost  the  power  of  cohesion.  A  line  of  cavalry  skirmishers,  formed 
across  the  country,  was  making  fruitless  efforts  to  arrest  the 
stream  of  fugitives.  They  had  stolidly  and  stubbornly  set  their 
faces  to  the  rear,  and  would  not  stop.  Dazed  by  the  surprise  in 
their  camps,  they  acted  like  men  who  had  forfeited  self-respect. 
They  were  chagrined,  mortified,  mad  at  their  officers  and  them- 
selves— demoralized.  It  was  a  sight  I  wish  never  to  see  again. 
They  were  more  to  be  pitied  than  blamed. 

But  are  all  these  thousands,  hurrying  away  from  the  field, 
the  entire  army? — No!  it  is  the  8t,h  Corps  only.  There,  between 
us  and  the  enemy,  between  the  fugitives  and  the  enemy,  see 
that  long  line  of  blue  facing  to  the  front  with  unbroken  ranks, 
bravely  battling  to  stem  the  tide  of  defeat.  How  grandly  they 
stand  to  their  work  !  Neither  shot  nor  shell  nor  volleys  of  mus- 
ketry can  break  them.  It  is  the  old  6th  Corps.  Slowly,  in 
perfect  order,  the  veterans  of  the  Potomac  army  are  falling 
back,  contesting  every  inch  of  the  way.  One  position  is  sur- 
rendered' only  to  take  up  another.  There  is  no  wavering,  no 
falling  out,  except  of  those  who  are  shot  down.  Such  bravery, 
such  heroism,  such  steadiness,  have  rarely  been  equaled  on  a 
battle-field.  The  next  morning  early,*  one  passing  over  the 
'  ground  where  John  Sedgwick's  heroes  fought,  could  see  where 
they  had  successively  stood  and  breasted  the  storm,  by  the  dead 
men  who  lay  in  line  where  they  had  been  stricken  down.  There 
were  three  lines  of  these  dead  skirmishers.  The  official  record 
shows  that  this  corps  on  that  day  lost  255  men  killed  and  1,600 
wounded. 

But  now  the  long  column  of  cavalry  led  by  Lowell  turned  its 
head  toward  the  left  of  the  6th  Corps,  and  formed  on  the  other 


SHERIDAN.  441 

side  of  the  pike,  moving   across,  parallel  with  the  line  of  battle.    iso4. 
The   horsemen  were  exposed  to  a  murderous  fire   of  artillery.      — 

Cedar 

Not  a  man  left  the  ranks.  One  shell  took  an  entire  set  of  fours  Creek 
out  of  the  Gth  Michigan  ;  the  next  set  closed  up  the  gap.  Ouster 
was  already  there.  Crossing  the  pike,  we  passed  in  front  of  his 
division,  formed  in  line  of  brigades,  each  brigade  in  column  of 
regiments,  mounted.  It  is  needless  to  say  they  were  faced 
toward  the  enemy.  Ouster  himself  was  riding  along  in  front  of 
his  command,  chafing  like  a  caged  lion,  eager  for  the  fray.  The 
Michigan  brigade  took  position  in  front  of  Ouster,  Martin's  bat- 
tery next  the  pike.  Lowell  formed  to  our  left  and  front.  The 
Gth  Corps  made  its  final  stand  on  the  prolongation  of  the  cavalry 
alignment,  and  from  that  moment  the  attacks  of  the  enemy 
were  feeble  and  ineffective,  the  battle  resolving  itself,  for  the 
time,  into  an  artillery  duel  in  which  Martin's  battery  took  a 
prominent  part. 

It  must  have  been  not  later  than  9  o'clock  A.  M.  when  the 
cavalry  ai-rived.  Its  coming  was  opportune.  Who  can  tell  how 
much  it  had  to  do  with  stopping  the  further  progress  of  Early's 
army  ?  It  is  now  known  that  Early  dreaded  a  flanking  move- 
ment by  the  body  of  horse  that  he  saw  massing  against  his 
right.  To  Lowell,  and  to  Lowell  alone,  is  credit  due  for  the 
movement  of  the  two  brigades  toward  the  sound  of  battle.  • 
Doing  this  voluntarily,  without  orders,  he  assumed  a  grave  re- 
sponsibility ;  but  he  was  right,  as  the  sequal  showed.  He  thus 
exhibited  the  true  military  instinct,  the  qualities  of  the  highest 
leadership.  He  bravely  did  his  duty,  and  a  few  hours  later  laid 
down  his  life  for  the  cause  he  so  valiantly  served.  He  was  killed 
by  a  bullet  from  a  rebel  sharpshooter  in  Middletown.  He  did 
not  survive  to  make  an  official  report,  and  this  is  the  first  time 
the  story  has  been  told  of  how  he  marched  without  orders  from 
right  to  left  at  Cedar  Creek. 

In  the  meantime,  Ouster  was  moved  to  the  right  flank,  arriv- 
ing in  time  to  thwart  a  threatened  flanking  movement  by  Gor- 
don and  Kershaw.  It  is  evident  that  every  strategic  attempt  of 
the  enemy,  save  the  morning  surprise,  was  checkmated  by  the 
Union  cavalry.  It  was  a  formidable  body  of  horse. 

The  1st  division  having  reunited,  General  Merritt  took  com.     . 
mand  in  person.     He  made  no  immediate  changes,  except  to 
throw  out  a  heavy  skirmish  line.     A  part  of  Lowell's  brigade 
was  dismounted  and  posted  well  to  the  front  behind  a  stone 
fence.     Th"e  Michigan  brigade  mounted  in  its  rear.     About  this 


442  SHERIDAti. 

i  so 4.  time  my  horse  was  shot  under  me,  and  1  had  to  procure  a  new 
—  mount  from  the  1st  Michigan,  the  led  horses  being  out  of  reach. 
Creek.  Thus  we  stood  in  line  for  perhaps  two  hours,  inviting  attack  ; 
but  the  enemy,  strongly  posted  behind  fences  and  piles  of  logs, 
with  two  ravines  and  fences  separating  us,  seemed  anxious  to 
"let  well  enough  alone."  Then  Merritt  rearranged  his  line. 
Devin's  brigade  was  posted  next  the  pike,  Lowell  next,  and  the 
Michigan  brigade  on  the  extreme  left.  Martin's  battery  took 
position  in  an  orchard  on  a  rising  point  which  commanded  the 
entire  front,  and  sloping  off  to  the  rear,  so  that  only  the  muzzles 
of  the  pieces  were  exposed  to  the  enemy's  fire.  Directly  in  front 
was  a  section  of  a  battery  which  Martin  several  times  silenced, 
but  which  had  a  way  of  coming  to  the  scratch  again,  and  mak- 
ing it  hot  for  us.  The  1st,  6th,  and  7th  Michigan  were  formed 
in  line  of  squadron  columns,  and  the  5th  a  little  to  the  rear  as  a 
reserve  and  support.  A  heavy  line  of  skirmishers  held  the  front; 
the  left  was  thrown  somewhat  forward,  menacing  the  rebel  right. 
The  force  in  our  front  was  Wharton's  (Breckenridge's)  corps 
of  infantry  reinforced  by  one  brigade  of  Kershaw's  division. 
Early's  fear  of  being  flanked  by  the  Union  cavalry  caused  him 
to  strengthen  and  prolong  his  right.  The  rebel  cavalry,  for 
some  reason,  did  not  put  in  an  appearance  after  Rosser's  dash  in 
the  morning.  There  was  nothing  left  for  the  first  cavalry  di- 
vision but  to  fight  infantry  by  an  attack  directly  in  front,  and 
the  enemy  strongly  posted  behind  fences. 

There  was  a  lull.  After  the  lapse  of  years  it  would  be  idle  to 
try  to  recall  the  hours,  where  they  went  and  how  they  sped. 
There  was  no  thought  of  retreating,  and  slight  fear  of  being 
attacked.  All  were  wondering  what  would  be  done,  when 
cheering  and  a  great  commotion  arose  on  our  right.  "Sheridan 
has  come  ! "  "  Sheridan  has  come!  "  and  "  There  is  to  be  an  ad- 
vance all  along  the  line ! "  spread  from  right  to  left  as  if  an 
electric  battery  had  sent  the  message,  so  quickly  did  it  fly. 
There  was  no  doubt  what  his  coming  meant.  Every  trooper 
knew  there  was  desperate  work  to  do.  Sheridan  did  not  pass 
to  the  left  of  the  pike  where  the  cavalry  was.  A  glance  in  that 
direction  was  enough.  But  dashing  along  the  6th  Corps  line, 
he  shouted,  "  It  is  all  right,  boys  ;  we  will  whip  them  yet !  We 
will  sleep  in  our  old  camps  to-night !  "  and  he  was  answered  by 
a  shout  that  sent  a  thrill  across  the  valley,  and  whose  ominous 
meaning  filled  the  rebel  hosts  with  dread.  But  the  6th  Corps 
needed  no  encouragement.  Nobly  had  it  done  its  duty  from 


SHERIDAN.  443 

early  dawn,  and  Sheridan  and  his  staff  busied  themselves  forming    is64. 
the  19th  Corps  and  strengthening  the  right,  where  Ouster  was  to 
be   given  the   post   of  honor  in  the  grand  flanking  movement  Creek. 
about  to  begin. 

The  ominous  silence  continued.  Even  the  batteries  were  still. 
It  was  the  calm  that  precedes  the  storm.  To  those  on  the  left 
it  seemed  that  the  dispositions  were  a  long  time  in  making. 
The  suspense  grew  terrible  ;  for  there  was  no  man  but  knew  the 
order  was  coming  to  charge  straight  at  yonder  line  of  infantry. 
The  Michigan  brigade  had  ample  time  to  survey  the  field  in  its 
front.  First,  the  ground  descended  abruptly  into  a  broad  ra- 
vine, through  which  ran  a  small  creek.  Beyond  the  top  of  the 
opposite  ascent  was  a  wide  plateau  of  rather  level  ground,  then 
another  ravine  and  a  ditch,  then  a  rise  and  another  depression, 
from  which  the  ground  sloped  up  to  a  belt  of  timber  stretching 
clear  across  our  front  almost  to  the  pike.  In  the  edge  of  the 
limber  was  the  enemy's  main  line  of  battle,  behind  piles  of  rails 
and  logs.  Halfway  down  the  slope  was  a  strong  skirmish  line 
along  a  rail  fence.  Behind  this  fence,  on  a  knoll,  was  the  rebel 
battery  which  had  annoyed  us  so  much.  The  brigade  was 
formed  with  the  1st  Michigan  on  the  right,  ^ie  7th  on  the 
left,  the  6th  and  5th  in  the  center,  in  that  order  from  the  right. 
Each  regiment  was  in  column  of  battalions,  making  three  lines 
deep  in  double  ranks.  The  order  was  given  to  draw  sabres. 
Martin's  battery  was  to  fire  rapidly  until  the  cavalry  came  into 
his  line  of  fire. 

At  length  all  was  ready.  The  order  came.  The  bugles 
sounded,  Forward.  Oh  !  it  was  grand  !  Simultaneously,  from 
right  to  left,  the  movement  began.  At  first  slowly,  then  faster. 
It  was  glorious  to  see  that  magnificent  line  as  it  swept  onward 
to  the  charge.  Far,  far  away  to  the  right  it  was  visible.  There 
were  few  reserves,  no  plans  for  retreat,  only  one  grand  absorb- 
ing thought — to  drive  them  back  and  retake  the  lost  camps. 
Heavens  !  what  a  din  !  All  along  the  rebel  line  the  cannon 
volleyed  and  thundered.  The  union  artillery  replied.  The  roll 
of  musketry  became  incessant.  The  cavalry  crossed  the  first 
ravine,  and  moving  over  the  level  plateau,  came  under  a  raking 
fire  from  the  rebel  artillery  and  infantry.  On  they  went, 
through  the  second  ravine  and  ditch.  The  slope  was  reached, 
and,  charging  up  to  the  rail  fence,  the  first  line  of  rebel  infantry 
fell  back.  But  the  cavalry  had  gone  too  fast,  and  was  far 
ahead  of  the  infantry.  The  brigade  next  the  pike,  exposed  to  a 


SHERIDAN. 


i  8G4.    galling  fire,  wavered  and  fell  back.     The  entire  line  gave  way, 
and  fell  back  rapidly,  but  in  good   order,  to  the  first   ravine, 
Creek         where   it   reformed.     In  less   time  than  it  takes  to  tell  it  the 
charge  was  again  sounded. 

This  time  the  fence  was  reached.  The  right  of  the  6th 
Michigan  was  directly  in  front  of  the  battery,  and  General 
Merritt,  riding  by  the  side  of  Major  Deane,  said,  "  Major,  we 
want  those  guns."  "All  right,  we  will  get  them,"  gallantly 
replied  the  Major,  and  through  and  over  the  fence  rode  the 
brave  cavalrymen.  The  1st  Michigan  made  a  dash  for  the 
battery.  But  this  time  it  was  not  ours,  for  glancing  to  the 
right,  the  gallant  old  Gth  Corps  was  seen  to  waver  and  retire. 
The  cavalry  also  fell  back,  but  stopped  in  the  nearest  ravine, 
and  whirling  instantly  into  line  without  orders,  was  ready  for 
the  last  supreme  eifort.  In  a  moment  all  was  ready  again. 
The  charge  was  sounded.  The  infantry  responded  with  a  shout. 
Up  the  slope  swept  the  cavalry.  The  enemy  did  not  stand  to 
meet  the  determined  onset,  but  gave  way  in  disorder.  On,  past 
the  battery,  charged  the  cavalry,  not  pausing  even  to  claim  the 
captured  guns  which  we  had  fairly  won.  They  were  left  where 
they  were  ab^idoned  by.  the  enemy.  Into  the  woods  went  the 
lines.  Then  it  was  each  regiment  for  itself.  The  1st  Michigan, 
under  Major  Duggan,  charged  on  toward  the  pike,  but  Devin, 
being  nearer,  reached  the  bridge  first.  The  7th,  under  Colonel 
Briggs,  charging  through  a  field,  captured  more  prisoners  than 
it  had  men.  The  Gth,  under  Major  Deane,  who  knew  the 
country  well,  did  not  pause  till  it  reached  Buckton's  Ford  on 
the  Shcnandoah,  returning  late  at  night  with  many  prisoner* 
and  a  battle  flag.  The  5th,  under  Major  Hastings,  charged 
down  the  Front  Royal  road,  capturing  prisoners.  One  battalion 
under  Major  Philip  Mothersill,  went  so  far  as  to  be  unable  to 
return  until  the  next  day. 

Thus  ended  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek.  Darkness  alone 
saved  the  bulk  of  Early's  army  from  capture.  As  it  was,  most 
of  his  artillery  and  wagons  were  taken.  It  is  needless  to  tell 
how  Sheridan  broke  the  rebel  left  by  an  assault  with  the 
19th  Corps  and  Custer's  cavalry,  at  the  same  moment  of  the 
last  successful  charge  on  his  right ;  and  how  Custer,  swooping 
far  around,  struck  the  pike  beyond  Strasburg,  gathering  in  all  in 
his  way.  It  was  a  "  famous  victory,"  though  not  a  bloodless  one. 
Of  the  gallant  men  who  went  into  the  fight  that  morning  on  the 
Union  side,  588  never  came  out  alive,  and  3,516  were  wounded. 


SHERIDAN.  445 

Early  lost  4,200  in  killed   and  wounded,  but  his   prestige  was    is64. 
gone,  his  army  destroyed,  and  from  that  day  there  was  no  more       — 
hope  for  the  Confederacy. 

Nov.  28,  Sheridan  sent  General  Merritt  on  a  raid 
through  Ashby's  Gap  to  Fairfax  Court  House  and  Cen- 
treville.  He  returned  by  way  of  Snicker's  Gap  and 
Berry  ville,  arriving  at  his  camp  Dec.  3.  On  the  19th 
of  December  he  started  Torbert  on  a  raid,  who  moved 
through  Front  Royal,  Chester  Gap,  Sperryville,  and 
Madison  Court  House  to  Gordonsville,  returning  by  way 
of  Culpepper  Court  House  and  Warrenton,  reaching 
Winchester  on  the  28th. 

On  the  27th  of  February,  1865,  Sheridan  left  Win-     1865- 

*  *m  Sheridan's 

Chester  in  accordance  with   instructions    from    General  cavalry 
Grant,  with  a  cavalry  force  numbering  about  10,000  men, ra 
under   Merritt,    Custer,    and    Devin,  for  a  raid  to  the 
northwest  and  north  of  Richmond,  for  the  purpose  of 
destroying  the  Virginia  Central  Railroad  arid  the  James 
River  Canal.     The    6th    Corps   had    been   returned    to 
Meade  about  the  1st  of  December.     Sheridan  proceeded 
to  Staunton,  having  a  slight  engagement  with  400  of  the 
enemy's  cavalry  at  Mount  Crawford  on  the  1st  of  March.  Ma.-ch  i. 
Easily  pushing  these  aside,  he  moved  on  beyond  Staun-^rawford. 
ton.     At  Waynesboro,  on  March  2,  Custer,  in  advance, 
struck  Early,  who  had  about  3,000  men  strongly  in-waynes-' 
trenched.     Custer  did  not  wait  for  the  other  division  to  boro< 
come   up,  but,  Custer-like,    charged   the    enemy,   soon 
routing   him,  and  capturing  over  1,600    prisoners,  dis- 
persing the  rest,  and  taking  a  large  train  of  supplies  and 
11  guns.     This  ended  Early's  war  record. 

Sheridan  pushed  on,  reaching  Charlottesville  in  the 
afternoon  of  March  3.  Here  he  rested  his  men,  and 
waited  two  days  for  ammunition  and  ponton  trains,  then 
moved  forward  in  two  columns,  one  up  the  James  from 
Scottsville  to  New  Market,  destroying  the  canal ;  the 


446  SHERIDAN. 


.  other  toward  Lynchburg,  destroying  the  railroad  to  Arn- 
herst  Court  House.  The  forces  then  rejoined  at  New 
Market,  Sheridan  moving  thence  to  the  northeast,  where 
he  destroyed  fifteen  miles  of  the  Virginia  Central  Rail- 
road between  Tolersville  and  Beaver  Dam  station.  Af- 
ter thoroughly  destroying  railroads,  bridges,  and  army 
supplies  in  Lee's  rear,  he  crossed  the  North  Anna,  and 
arrived  at  White  House  March  19,  where  Grant  had 
ordered  supplies  to  meet  him,  and  otherwise  extended  the 
right  hand  of  the  Army  of  the  James  to  welcome  the 
hero  and  his  veterans.  Sheridan  reached  Meade's  army 
ou  ^e  ^k  °^  ^arc^5  having  accomplished  a  successful 
reaches  the  raid,  destroying  several  million  dollars'  worth  of  the 
the  Poto-  enemy's  property,  and  so  frightening  Jefferson  Davis  as 
to  cause  his  horse  to  be  saddled  for  flight. 


CHAPTER   XXV. 

WEST     OF     THE     MISSISSIPPI. 

LYON. 

TENDER  this  head  will  be  included  the  operations 
\^-J     in  Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  Indian  Ter- 
ritory.    Those  in  New  Mexico  will  be  given  in  the  list 
of  battles  only. 

The  operations  in  this  Department  were  mostly  in 
Missouri.  The  following  brief  description  of  the  face  of 
that  State  is  taken  from  Lippincott's  valuable  "  Geograph- 
ical Dictionary  and  Gazetteer  of  the  World  "  : — 

"  FACE   OF   THE   COUNTRY. — North   of  the    Missouri  physical 
River  the  surface  is  a  very  level  or  more   frequently  ^staTe  of 
rolling  region,  diversified  with  timber  and  open  prairie.  Mi880uri- 
South  of  that  river  there  are  three    well-characterized 
regions :  the  open  and  comparatively  treeless  plains  of 
the  West,  continuous  with  those  of  Kansas ;  the  central 
Ozark    Mountains,  a  rough   but   not   greatly    elevated 
country,  well  timbered,  and  continuous  southward  with 
the  mountains  of  Arkansas ;  and  the  south-eastern  marshy 
tract  of  exceedingly  fertile  and  well-timbered  country, 
which  sank  to  its  present  level  during  the  earthquakes 
of  1811-12.     From  Cape  Girardeau  southward  the  Mis- 
sissippi front  is  diked,  or  leveed.     This  region  is  said  to 
embrace  3,000  square  miles  of  swamp." 

About  one  third  of  the  State  of  Missouri  lies  north 
of  the  Missouri  River,  which  crosses  it  from  west  to 
east.  This  greatest  affluent  of  the  Mississippi  rises  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  is  about  3,000  miles  long. 

(447) 


LYON. 

It  forms  about  200  miles  of  the  western  boundary  of 
the  State,  which  it  enters  at  Kansas  City.  At  that 
point  the  Kansas  River  empties  into  it.  The  last-named 
river,  through  its  branches,  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  and 
Solomon  rivers,  rises  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  flows  eastward  through  Kansas.  The 
Missouri  enters  the  Mississippi  about  eighteen  miles 
above  St.  Louis. 

Other  important  rivers  in  this  Department  are  as 
follows  : — 

The  Osage  rises  in  Kansas,  and  runs  eastward 
through  Missouri,  entering  the  Missouri  River  about  ten 
miles  below  Jefferson  City.  In  Kansas  it  is  sometimes 
called  Marais  des  Cygnet 

The  Arkansas  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It 
crosses  the  eastern  boundary  of  Colorado,  then  flows 
south-eastward  through  Kansas  and  Indian  Territory,  re- 
ceiving the  waters  of  the  Neosho  in  Indian  Territory. 
It  then  continues  to  flow  south-eastward,  dividing  Ar- 
kansas into  nearly  equal  portions,  and  enters  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  Napoleon.  Its  whole  length  is  over  2,100 
miles. 

St.  Francis  River  rises  in  St.  Francois  County,  Mo., 
runs  southward  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Arkansas, 
forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Missouri  and 
Arkansas,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  near  Helena. 

White  River  rises  in  the  Ozark  Hills  in  Arkansas, 
runs  north-eastward  into  Missouri,  and  after  traversing 
two  counties,  returns  to  Arkansas,  then  runs  south-east- 
ward to  Jacksonport,  where  it  receives  the  waters  of 
Black  River.  It  then  flows  southward  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, which  it  enters  a  few  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas. 

The  Ozark  Mountains  are  a  series  of  irregular,  steep 
ridges  of  Southern  Missouri,  extending  into  Arkansas 
and  Indian  Territory. 


LYON.  449 

A  State  Convention  assembled  in  Missouri  Feb.  28,  1861> 
1861,  to  consider  the  question  of  secession.     The  Con- Feb-  28- 

a  ....._,  Missouri 

vention  decided  against  the  movement,  but  the  Governor  convention 
refused  to  fill  the  President's  requisition  for  troops,  and  ^^ 
at  once  began  organizing  a  military  force  in  aid  of  the  secession- 
rebellion,  at  the   same   time   taking   possession  of  the 
United  States  arsenal  at  Liberty.     He  also  established 
a  recruiting  and  drilling  camp  near  St.  Louis,  intending 
to  seize  the  United  States  arsenal  there ;  but  Captain 
Nathaniel  Lyon,  then  in  command  of  the  Federal  garrison 
of  regular  troops  at  that  point,  numbering  about  500 
men,  transferred  the  arms,  stores,  etc.,  to  Springfield, 
111.     At  this   time,   Francis    P.  Blair,  having  received 
authority,  began   recruiting,  and    succeeded    in  raising 
several  regiments  of  volunteers  for  the  United  States 
service. 

The  burden  imposed  upon  the  Federal  soldiers  in  the 
territory  included  within  this  department  of  our  narrative 
was  severe  in  the  extreme,  requiring  many  long  and 
tedious  marches,  often  on  short  rations,  far  from  their 
source  of  supplies ;  and  their  task  was  the  more  difficult 
and  dangerous  because  their  numbers  were  nearly  always 
largely  inferior  to  those  of  the  enemy.  Their  chief 
duty  was  to  protect  the  principal  strategic  points  on  the 
great  rivers,  and  the  most  important  roads,  and  to  pre- 
vent the  Confederates  east  of  the  Mississippi  from 
obtaining  supplies  from  this  vast  territory. 

May  10,  1861,  Captain  Lyon,  with  about  5,000  men,  ^p^k. 
surrounded   the    enemy's   camp    near    St.  Louis,  taking  son>  Mo- 
them  by  surprise,  and  capturing  a  large  body  of  recruits 
with  several  pieces  of  artillery  and  a  large  quantity  of 
arms  and  ammunition,  a  part  of  which  had  been  stolen 
from  the  United    States   arsenal  at  Baton  Rouge,  La. 
The   camp  was    broken  up.     A   mob   attacked    Lyon's 
volunteers  as  they  were  returning  with  their  prisoners, 

29 


450  UARNEY—LYON—SIGEL. 

i86i.   but  was  driven  off  with  a  loss    of  several   killed   and 
wounded. 

Soon  after  this,  General  Harney  came  to  command 
the  Federal  forces  in  Missouri ;  but  having  entered  into 
an  agreement  with  the  Governor  that  he  would  make  no 
military  movements,  provided  the  Governor  preserved 
order,  he  was  removed.  Captain  Lyon,  having  been 
commissioned  a  Brigadier-General,  was  placed  in  com- 
mand. The  Governor  now  became  more  active,  concen- 
trating his  forces  at  Jefferson  City,  Boonville,  and  other 
places.  General  Lyon,  with  2,000  men,  at  once  moved 
against  Governor  Jackson's  troops  at  Jefferson  City, 
proceeding  up  the  Missouri  on  steamers.  On  his  ap- 
proach, Jackson  withdrew  to  Boonville,  where  Lyon 

Boonviiie.  arrived  and  attacked  on  the  17th  of  June,  routing  the 
enemy  after  a  half  hour's  sharp  engagement. 

Simultaneously  with  this  movement,  Colonel  Sigel 
moved  from  Rolla  with  about  1,500  men  in  search  of  the 
enemy  under  Price,  in  the  south-western  corner  of  Mis- 
souri. Going  through  Springfield,  he  reached  Neosho  in 
the  last  days  of  June.  Finding  that  Price  had  moved 
away,  Sigel  turned  back  to  attack  a  force  of  the  enemy 

juiy  5.  under  Parsons  and  Rains  at  Carthage.  On  the  5th  of 
July  he  came  upon  the  enemy,  numbering  4,500,  on  Dry 
Creek,  near  Carthage.  A  brief  engagement  followed, 
when  Sigel,  discovering  the  numbers  of  his  antagonist, 
by  good  management  extricated  himself,  and  moved 
rapidly  through  Sarcoxie  to  Springfield.  He  had  left  a 
company  at  Neosho,  which  was  soon  afterward  sur- 
rounded and  captured. 

General  Lyon  had  marched  to  the  southwest  from 
Boonville,  reaching  Osceola,  on  the  Osage  River,  on  the 
9th  of  July,  having  been  joined  on  the  way  by  a  small 
brigade  under  Major  Sturgis.  Here  Lyon  learned  of 
Sigel's  engagement  and  retreat.  He  at  once  marched  to 


LYON;  451 

the  southeast,  reaching  Springfield  on  the  13th,  where    isei. 
he  joined  Sigel.     This  had  been  a  long  and  fatiguing 
march  for  the  Federals. 

The  Department  of  the  West  was  at  this  time  placed 
under  the  command  of  General  John  C.  Fremont,  who 
arrived  in  St.  Louis  from  New  York  on  July  26. 

General  Lyon  was  now  too  far  from  his  base  of  sup- 
plies, but  before  he  could  attempt  a  retreat  he  must  dis- 
perse the  gathering  bands  of  the  enemy.  McCulloch 
would  soon  join  Price  and  Rains  with  his  Arkansas 
troops,  and  overwhelm  him.  Lyon  moved  out  from 
Springfield  on  the  1st  of  August.  On  the  2d  his  advance  Aus-  2- 
met  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  under  Rains,  near  Dug  springs. 
Springs.  Rains  was  defeated  after  a  sharp  engagement, 
retreating  to  Cassville,  where  Price  and  McCulloch  had 
concentrated.  Lyon,  having  learned  that  the  enemy's 
forces  had  united,  quickly  withdrew  to  Springfield,  the 
enemy  following  slowly  to  Wilson's  Creek,  where  they 
went  into  camp,  intending  to  attack  Springfield  as  soon 
as  preparations  could  be  made. 

General  Lyon  felt  that  his  position  was   becoming 
critical ;  he  had  but  little  more  than  5,000  men,  while 
the  enemy  numbered  over  12,000,  and  was  fast  gaining 
strength,  having   a   largely  superior   force    of  cavalry, 
which    rendered   retreat   impossible.      He   resolved    to 
attack,  as  the  best  way  out  of  his  difficulty.     Moving  Aunr   ]0 
out  on  the  night  of  the  9th,  he  sent  Sigel  with  a  brigade  Wilson's 
around  to  attack  the  enemy  in  the  rear  simultaneously  §pringfiew, 
with  his  attack  in  front.     The  assault  was  well  made.  ^ 
Sigel  met  with  success  at  first,  capturing  a  portion  of  the 
enemy's  camp,  and  destroying  one  half  of  their  wagon 
train ;  but  the  larger  part  of  the  Federal  troops  were 
three  months'  men,  whose  term  of  service  had  expired, 
and    they  declined    to   fight   longer.     The  enemy  now 
recovered  from  their  confusion.     Sigel  had  only  about 


452  LYON. 

300  men  left  to  resist  the  fierce  charge  of  superior  num- 
bers, and  was  soon  routed,  with  a  loss  of  five  pieces  of 
artillery  and  a  number  of  his  men  taken  prisoners.  He 
retreated  to  Springfield  with  his  shattered  brigade. 

General  Lyon  had  completely  surprised  the  enemy? 
routing  his  advance  line  and  capturing  its  camp.  The 
enemy  was  soon  rallied,  however,  and  the  battle  became 
fierce  and  determined.  With  Sigel  gone,  the  Federals 
now  numbered  only  about  4,000  men.  Lyon  led  his 
men,  who  fought  with  great  heroism.  His  horse  had 
been  killed  under  him,  and  he  had  been  twice  wounded. 
In  his  last  charge  he  called  upon  the  2d  Kansas,  whose 
colonel  had  been  wounded,  to  follow  him,  saying,  "  Come 
on,  I  will  lead  you."  In  this  charge  the  hero  was  killed. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war.  The  Federal  troops 
still  held  their  ground,  repulsing  a  new  charge  of  the 
enemy,  who  now  withdrew  a  short  distance,  when  the 
combatants  rested.  The  battle  had  lasted  from  daylight 
until  11  A.  M.,  and  had  been  stubbornly  contested. 
Since  the  death  of  General  Lyon,  the  command  of  the 
Federal  army  had  devolved  upon  Major  Sturgis,  who, 
after  consultation  with  the  other  superior  officers,  deter- 
mined upon  retreat.  The  Federals  withdrew  in  good 
order  and  unmolested,  the  enemy  having  been  too  se- 
verely punished  to  follow.  Sturgis  found  Sigel  with  his 
remnant  of  a  brigade  at  Springfield,  where  they  rested 
that  night,  continuing  the  retreat  next  day  toward  Holla. 
The  losses  had  been  heavy  on  both  sides.  The  Federal 
loss  was  220  killed,  725  wounded,  and  300  prisoners ; 
of  the  latter,  265  were  taken  from  Sigel.  The  loss  of 
the  enemy  had  been  more  severe,  owing  to  the  superior- 
ity of  the  Federal  artillery ;  their  loss  as  reported,  all 
told,  was  1,750. 

The  many  marches  and  small  skirmishes  that  took 


FREMONT,  453 

place  in  this  department  cannot  be  narrated  here  in  de-  ISGI. 
tail.  The  whole  country  between  the  Missouri  and  Ar- 
kansas rivers  was  traversed  again  and  again  by  the 
opposing  forces.  At  this  time  Fremont  had  about 
55,000  men ;  there  were  about  7,000  at  St.  Louis  and 
9,000  at  Jefferson  City,  the  balance  operating  in  de- 
tachments. 

There  was  a  small  affair  on  the  19th  of  August  at  Aus-  19- 

Charleston, 

Charleston,  Mo.,  not  far  from  Cairo,  where  a  detachment  MO. 
of  Federal  cavalry,  sent  from  Cape   Girardeau,  put  to 
flight  a  like  number  of  Jefferson  Thompson's  troops. 

On  the  2d  of  September,  Federal  General  Lane,  with  ^   2- 

^  Drywood 

Kansas    troops,   was   attacked   by   Price   at    Drywood  creek. 
Creek,  and  driven  back  into  Kansas. 

On  the  20th  of  September  occurred  the  Federal  dis-  sept.  12-20. 
aster  at  Lexington,  Mo.     Early  in  September,  General  ^^ °t'n 
Fremont  had  ordered  Colonel  Mulligan,  with  his  Irish 
brigade  and  some  other  troops  at  St.  Louis,  to  move  up 
the  Missouri  and  occupy  Lexington,  which  post  was  im- 
portant to  the  Federals.     Mulligan  arrived  on  the  9th, 
and   at  once    began   intrenching.     But    Price    did   not 
allow  him  much  time  to  fortify ;  immediately  after  driv- 
ing Lane  out  of  Missouri  he  turned  upon   Lexington, 
his  advance  appearing  there  on  the  12th.     His  troops, 
with  reinforcements,  continued  to  arrive  for  several  days 
until  he  had    completely    invested   Mulligan's    position 
with  more  than  20,000  men,  who  were  in  three  divis- 
ions under  Rains,  Parsons,  and  Slack,  supported  by  two 
brigades  under  McBride  and  Harris. 

Colonel  Mulligan  was  without  other  orders  than  to 
defend  Lexington,  and  was  anxiously  looking  for  rein-  Battle  of 
forcements.     Fremont  had  been  advised  of  his  danger,  L< 
and  he  had  every  reason  to  believe  that  assistance  would 
be  sent.     It  was  too  late  to  retreat.     On  the  18th,  Price 
fiercely  assaults  the  Federal  position  on  all  sides,  and  is 


454  FREMONT. 

i86i.  severely  repulsed.  The  .attack  is  renewed  on  the  19th, 
and  fighting  is  continued  without  intermission  until  dark ; 
but  this  heroic  Irish  brigade,  following  the  example  of 
their  brave  leader,  who  is  twice  wounded,  repel  every 
assault.  The  defense  is  continued  on  the  20th,  in  the 
vain  hope  that  Fremont  will  send  reinforcements.  A 
small  force  did  arrive  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
•  on  the  19th,  but  without  means  of  crossing,  and  were  in 
too  small  force.  Finally,  on  the  20th,  being  over- 
whelmed, and  seeing  that  further  resistance  is  useless, 
Mulligan  surrenders  with  2,700  men. 
Oct.  21.  On  October  21,  a  Federal  force,  equaling  about 

Frederick-  ..,.  ,  ,  ,,     ~ 

town.  two  brigades  in  strength,  under  command  ot  Colonels 
Carlin  and  Plummer  and  Major  Schofield,  attacked 
a  detachment  of  the  enemy  near  Fredericktown,  Mo., 
numbering  about  2,000  men,  commanded  by  "  Swamp 
Fox "  Thompson,  who  was  threatening  the  railroad  at 
Pilot  Knob,  about  sixty-five  miles  south  of  St.  Louis. 
Colonel  Plummer's  brigade  had  been  sent  from  Cape 
Girardeau  by  General  Grant  to  Carlin's  assistance. 
Thompson  had  withdrawn  a  short  distance  outside  of 
the  town,  on  Federal  approach.  Plummer  opens  the 
attack,  and  is  soon  joined  by  Carlin  and  Schofield.  The 
enemy  resist  vigorously  for  a  time,  but  are  finally 
completely  routed  and  dispersed,  the  Federals  pursuing 
until  dark,  taking  nearly  100  prisoners.  Carlin  again 
takes  post  at  Pilot  Knob,  Plummer  returning  to  Cape 
Girardeau. 

'  After  the  battle  and  surrender  of  Lexington,  Fre- 
mont determined  to  move  against  Price  with  sufficient 
force  to  drive  him  from  Missouri.  He  left  St.  Louis  on 
the  27th  of  September  with  20,000  men,  arriving  and 
rendezvousing  for  some  days  on  the  railroad  between 
Tipton  and  Sedalia,  the  latter  place  being  about  fifty 
miles  directly  west  of  Jefferson  City.  It  required  some 


FREMONT.  455 

time  for  Fremont  to  get  his  transportation  trains  ready,  i  *  0  / . 
but  he  soon  put  his  army  in  motion  southward,  Price  re- 
treating before  him.  The  Federals  arrived  at  Springfield 
on  the  27th  of  October,  a  march  of  more  than  one  hundred 
miles.  Finding  that  the  wary  Price  had  retreated  to  the 
borders  of  Indian  Territory,  the  Federals  went  into  camp 
and  rested. 

On  the  25th,  Major  Zagonyi,  an  old  Hungarian  offi-  Oct  25- 

J  °       J    '  .         Springfield. 

cer,  with  about  150  of  Fremont's  body-guard,  having 
been  sent  in  advance  on  a  reconnaissance,  dashed  into 
Springfield  in  the  face  of  2,000  of  the  enemy  drawn  up 
to  receive  him.  The  attack  was  so  audacious  that  the 
enemy  was  deceived  as  to  his  numbers,  and  were  thrown  - 
into  confusion.  Zagonyi  released  a  number  of  Union 
prisoners  there,  and  escaped  with  a  loss  of  50  men  in 
killed  and  wounded,  causing  a  loss  to  the  enemy  of  100 
in  killed  and  wounded,  and  30  taken  prisoners. 

The  reader  will  recollect  Grant's  affair  at  Belmont, 
ordered  by  Fremont  on  the  2d  of  November  to  prevent 
reinforcements  from  being  sent  to  Price  at  this  time. 

On  the  3d  of  November,  General  Hunter  succeeded 
Fremont  to  the  temporary  command  of  this  department, 
and  soon  after  fell  back  to  Rolla.  On  the  18th,  Gen- 
eral Halleck  relieved  Hunter,  who  was  assigned  to  the 
Department  of  Kansas.  Among  the  general  officers 
serving  in  this  Department  at  this  time  were  Generals 
Pope,  Sigel,  Sturgis,  Asboth,  McKinstry,  Lane,  and 
Prentiss. 

On  the  19th  of  December,  General   Pope,   moving  Dec.  19. 
from  Sedalia  by  order  of  Halleck,  succeeded  in  surround-  River,  MO 
ing  a  detachment  of  the  enemy  near  the  mouth  of  Clear 
Creek,  on  the  Black  River,  not  far  from  Warrensburg, 
and  after  a  brief  engagement  captured  the  whole  force, 
numbering  about  1,300  men.     They  were  intended  re- 
inforcements for  Price. 


456  FREMONT. 


Matters  now  remained  comparatively  quiet  until 
Feb.  11,  1862,  when  General  Curtis,  with  about  11,000 
men,  left  Rolla,  moving  toward  Springfield,  where  Price 
was  posted  with  a  force  numbering  about  10,000.  The 
latter  retired  before  Curtis,  moving  through  Arkansas 
into  Indian  Territory  at  Boston  Mountains,  where  he 
was  joined  by  the  brigades  under  McCulloch  and  Mcln- 
tosh.  General  Van  Dorn,  now  in  command  of  the  whole, 
numbering  about  20,000  men,  turned  upon  Curtis,  who 
had  followed  as  far  as  Fayetteville,  Ark.  The  Federal 
commander  having  learned  of  the  heavy  reinforcement 
pea  Ridge,  to  Price,  fell  back  to  Sugar  Creek,  placing  one  division 
under  Colonel  Jefferson  C.  Davis  on  Pea  Ridge,  Sigel 
with  two  divisions  under  Colonels  Osterhaus  and  Asboth 
a  few  miles  to  the  southwest,  and  one  division  under 
Colonel  Carr  a  few  miles  to  the  south,  at  Cross  Hollow. 
Van  Dorn  moved  out  from  Boston  Mountains  on  March 
4,  to  attack  Curtis.  On  the  6th,  in  seeking  the  Federal 
rear,  one  of  his  columns  came  upon  the  forces  of  Gen- 
eral Sigel,  who  was  now  hastening  to  join  Davis  at  Pea 
Ridge.  A  sharp  fight  followed,  when  the  enemy  was 
beaten  off,  Sigel  completing  his  movement  without  fur- 
ther difficulty.  Carr's  division  was  also  brought  up,  as 
Van  Dorn  had  now  moved  around  threatening  Pea  Ridge 
from  the  north.  Sigel  was  placed  on  the  left,  Davis  in 
the  center,  and  Carr  upon  the  right.  Van  Dorn  left  Mc- 
Culloch and  Mclntosh  to  attack  Sigel,  while  he  moved 
on  farther  to  his  left,  so  as  to  confront  Carr  with  about 
one  half  of  his  force,  under  Price.  Both  wings  of  the 
enemy  began  to  attack  about  noon.  The  battle  at  once 
became  furious,  but  the  Federals  held  their  ground  for  a 
time,  resisting  the  desperate  charges  of  double  their 
numbers.  Osterhaus  was  at  last  forced  back,  when 
Davis  came  to  his  aid.  A  fearful  encounter  followed, 
ending  in  the  repulse  of  the  enemy's  right.  McCul- 
loch mid  Mclntosh  both  fell  mortally  wounded. 


CURTIS—  POPE.  457 

Meantime  Carr  was  having  a  terrible  fight  with  Price,    i ««  t . 
and  at  last  began  to  give  way.     The  enemy's  right  had  Pea"^idgc. 
now  been  repulsed,  and  Sigel  was  enabled  to  send  As- 
both  to  Ca"rr's  assistance.     The  conflict  raged  till  night; 
Price  was  checked,  and  darkness  ended  the  battle  for 
the  day.     Van  Dora  now  concentrated  upon   his    left, 
Curtis    upon   his   right.     At   daylight    upon    the    8th, 
Curtis  moved  upon  Van  Dora  with  determination.     He 
was  in  a  critical  position ;  the  enemy  was  upon  his  line 
of  retreat,  and  his  supplies  were  giving  out.     His  troops 
understood  this,  and  attacked  with  such  vigor  that  the 
enemy,  although  resisting  desperately,  were  driven  from 
the  start,  and  within  two  hours  Van  Dorn  was  routed 
and  in  full  retreat.     The  Federal  loss  was  about  1,350 ; 
that  of  the  enemy  was  estimated  at  about  2,000,  as  he 
left  1,000  in  killed  and  wounded  upon  the  battle  field. 
General  Price  was  among  the  enemy's  wounded.     Cur- 
tis not  having  force  enough  to  follow  Van  Dora,  "  let 
him  run,"  and  returned  to  Rolla.     Ben  McCulloch  and 
James  Mclntosh,  killed  in  this  battle,  had  both  served  Death  of 
in  the  United  States  army.     McCulloch  did  valiant  serv-  ancd  Mcln. 
ice  at  the  head  of  a  company  of  Texan  Rangers  in  the  tosh- 
Mexican  war.     Mclntosh  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point, 
and  joined  the  enemy  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.     Both 
were    Brigadier-Generals.     General    Geo.   W.  Y.  Slack Death  of 

General 

was  also  among  the  enemy  s  dead,  being  wounded  on  slack. 
the  6th.     He  died  the  following  day. 

In  the  latter  part  of  February,  1862,  General  Pope      1862- 
left  St.  Louis  with  a  division  of  infantry,  appearing  be- 
fore New  Madrid,  Mo.,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  March  March  3-13 
3.     This   place    was   garrisoned   by  about   9,000    men  rid,WM0a 
under  General  McCown.     Pope  at  once  began  a  siege  of 
the  place,  bringing  heavy  siege-guns  from  Cairo.     Artil- 
lery fighting  was  continued  until  the  night  of  the  13th, 
when  the  enemy  evacuated,  retiring  to  Island  Number 


458  POPE. 

t  m>x.  Ten,  where  Beauregard  was  in  command,  having  recently 
come  from  Virginia  with  15,000  men.  Polk  joined  him 
here  with  his  forces  from  Columbus,  Ky.,  having  evacu- 
ated that  stronghold  on  the  3d.  Bragg  also  'came  with 
a  considerable  force  from  Mobile.  But  Beauregard  did 
not  remain  here  long  ;  after  the  loss  of  New  Madrid  he 
moved  with  Polk  and  Bragg  to  Corinth,  leaving  General 
McCown  with  about  6,500  men  for  the  defense  of  Island 
Number  Ten.  McCown  was  relieved  by  General  Mack- 
t°a11  on  APril  5-  On  the  15th  of  March,  Commodore 


island       Foote,  with  eight  gun-boats  and   ten  mortar-boats,  ap- 

N  umber  °          ° 

Ten,  Tenn.  peared  before  Island  Number  Ten,  and  at  once  began  a 
bombardment.  Pope,  wishing  transports  to  cross  over 
to  the  Tennessee  side,  so  as  to  move  his  troops  to  the 
rear  of  the  enemy's  works  on  the  island,  cut  a  canal 
across  a  point  between  Island  Number  Eight  and  New 
Madrid.  The  canal  was  twelve  miles  long,  and  was 
made  within  twenty  days;  it  was  a  success.  Pope 
secured  the  transports,  bringing  them  through  the  canal, 
and  crossed  his  troops  over  on  the  7th  of  April,  landing 
on  the  Tennessee  bank  and  capturing  the  enemy's  bat- 
teries there.  He  was  aided  by  two  gun-boats  that  had 
run  by  the  batteries  of  Island  Number  Ten.  The  enemy 
were  now  without  hope,  and  evacuated  the  island,  going 
to  the  Tennessee  shore.  Here  they  were  surrounded 
and  driven  back  to  the  swamps,  where  on  the  8th 
General  Mackall  surrendered  with  about  6,000  prisoners 
and  100  guns,  together  with  13  steamers  and  a  large 
amount  of  military  stores.  The  capture  of  New  Madrid 
and  Island  Number  Ten  was  accomplished  with  slight 
loss. 

After  his  defeat  at  Pea  Ridge,  Van  Dorn  retired  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Little  Rock,  and  shortly  after  to 
the  Mississippi.  Crossing  at  Helena,  he  moved  to 
Corinth,  joining  Beauregard  a  few  days  after  the  battle 


C  URTIS—  WASU-BUliNE.  459 

of  Shiloli.  General  Curtis,  sending  a  part  of  his  force  isett. 
back  to  St.  Louis  by  order  of  Halleck,  started  in  the 
same  direction  Van  Dorn  had  taken,  with  about  7,000 
men,  reaching  Batesville,  Ark.,  on  White  River,  on  May 
6,  1862.  He  remained  here  some  time,  awaiting  the 
issue  of  the  siege  of  Corinth.  Learning  that  a  Federal 
fleet  had  ascended  White  River,  capturing  the  enemy's 
batteries  at  St.  Charles,  Curtis  started  his  force,  June 
25,  for  Jacksonport,  hoping  to  form  a  junction  with  the 
fleet  for  a  movement  against  Little  Rock.  He  reached 
Jacksonport  that  day,  where  he  was  joined  by  General 
Washburne  with  a  brigade  of  cavalry  from  Springfield, 
Mo.  Ascertaining  that  the  fleet  would  come  up  not  far 
above  Clarendon,  on  account  of  low  water,  he  crossed 
the  Big  Black  River  and  moved  down  the  left  bank  of 
White  River.  At  Bayou  Cache,  Jujy  7,  he  was  attacked  July  ?• 

J  Bayou 

by  a  brigade  of  Texas  cavalry,  but  after  a  sharp  engage-  cache, 
nient  the  enemy  was  driven  off.     Meantime  a  brigade  of 
Indiana  troops  accompanying  the  fleet  had  landed,  and 
moving  in  the  direction  of  Little  Rock,  encountered  a 
hostile  force  at  Grand  Prairie  July  6,  having  a  slight  Jn]y  6- 

J  D  Grand 

engagement.  But  this  force  did  not  know  of  the  ap-  Frame. 
proach  of  Curtis,  and  not  feeling  strong  enough  to  pro- 
ceed farther,  returned  to  their  boats.  The  waters  con- 
stantly falling,  the  commander  of  the  fleet  decided  to 
return  to  the  Mississippi.  Curtis  reached  Clarendon  on 
July  9,  to  find  that  the  fleet  had  gone  the  day  before— 
a  cruel  disappointment.  His  troops  had  performed  a 
long,  tedious  march,  through  swamps,  marshes,  and  a 
barren  country,  and  were  short  of  food  and  ammunition. 
He  could  not  retrace  his  steps,  and  the  only  course  left 
was  to  gain  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  as  quickly  as 
possible,  notwithstanding  his  tired  soldiers  were  so  much 
in  need  of  rest.  Washburne's  cavalry  taking  the  ad- 
vance, he  reached  Helena  on  the  13th,  and  there  found 
the  provisions  that  his  soldiers  so  much  needed. 


460  SCUOFIfiLD. 

i  s<i».          In  the  beginning  of  1862,  General  John  M.  Schofield, 

oeii^i      a  graduate  of  West  Point,  was  intrusted  with  the  re- 

Mtssouri  in  claiming  °f  Missouri,  and  was  authorized  to  organize  an 

army  from  enlistments  within  the  State,  which  proved  a 

difficult  task.     In  the  month  of  June  he  had  an  army  of 

17,000  men,  but  they  were  greatly  scattered,  and  were 

used  principally  in  the  maintenance  of  public  order. 

In  July,  5,000  men  had  been  gathered  by  the  enemy 
under  Joe  Porter  and  Poindexter,  and  were  operating  in 
Northern  Missouri.  Colonel  Lewis  Merrill,  formerly  a 
Captain  in  the  2d  United  States  cavalry,  and  a  graduate 
of  West  Point,  had,  under  authority  granted  by  Fre- 
mont, begun  the  organization  of  a  cavalry  regiment  in 
August,  1861,  at  St.  Louis,  designated  the  2d  Missouri 
cavalry,  or  "  Merrill  Horse."  This  regiment  performed 
many  long  and  wearisome  marches  in  dispersing  armed 
bands  of  guerrillas,  and  otherwise  protecting  Federal 
interests.  In  January,  1862,  the  regiment  was  ordered 
to  the  north  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  was  stationed  in 
detachments  at  Columbia,  Glasgow,  Sturgeon,  and  Hunts- 
ville. 

On    the    12th    of  July,  Colonel   Merrill   proceeded 

northward   to  look  after  Porter   and   Poindexter.     On 

Mcmpht,    Juty  18,  Porter  was  defeated  in  a  sharp  engagement  at 

Mo-          Memphis.      The    Federals    pursuing,    the    enemy   was 

driven  southward  into  Boone  County.     Porter  made  a 

stand   on   the    28th,   but   was    again    driven   from    his 

position.     He  now  turned  northward,  Merrill's  cavalry 

chasing   him   into  Adair  County.     He  was  brought  to 

KirLvnie.  bay  at  Kirksville,  August  6.     Colonel  McNeil,  now  in 

command  of  the  pursuing  foree,  attacked  him  with  great 

determination.     Porter  had  about  2,800  men ;   McNiel, 

about  1,000.    'A.  severe  battle  followed,  resulting  at  the 

end    of  two    hours    in   the  complete  overthrow  of  the 

enemy.     Porter's  force  was  broken  up  and  utterly  dis- 


SG  HO  FIELD.  461 

persed.  Merrill  had  sent  a  detachment  under  Major  is  a  a. 
Hunt  after  Poindexter,  who  was  to  the  westward  with 
about  1,000  men,  endeavoring  to  join  Porter.  Hunt 
met  and  routed  him,  dispersing  the  guerrillas  to  the  four 
winds.  Merrill  then  concentrated  his  regiment  at  Stur- 
geon, Mo.,  for  recruitment  and  drill.  The  enemy's 
forces  in  this  section  did  not  deserve  the  name  of  reg- 
ular troops ;  they  were  mostly  made  up  of  bands  of  ma- 
rauders suddenly  thrown  together,  without  discipline  or 
organization.  On  the  28th  of  July,  three  regiments  of  ^  ^ 
mounted  men  under  Colonel  Phillips  attacked  an  equal 80n' In- 

1  *          dian  Ter. 

number  of  the  enemy  under  Colonel  Taylor,  near  Fort 
Gibson,  Indian  Territory,  and  after  a  fierce  engagement 
routed  and  dispersed  them.  Colonel  Taylor  was  killed 
in  the  action.  These  troops  on  both  sides  were  mostly 
Indians. 

August  11,  one  Hughes,  with  a  force  of  1,000  men, 

Aug.    11. 

cajjtured  Independence,  Mo.,  driving  out  the  small  Fed.  imiepen- 
eral  garrison  there.     Colonel  Coffey,  coming  from  Ar- 
kansas with  1,500  horse,  was  proceeding  to  join  Hughes. 
Schofield  endeavored  to  prevent  this  junction,  but  failed. 
August  15,  one  of  the  detachments  sent  against  Hughes, 
numbering    800  horse  under  Colonel   Foster,  who  had 
moved  from  Lexington,  came  upon  the  now  united  forces 
of  the  enemy  at  a  cross  roads  called  Lone  Jack.     On  the  Aug.  ie. 
16th,  after  a  severe  fight,  Foster  was  driven  back  with  M°ne 
heavy  loss.     But  the  Federals  were  hastening  from  all 
directions,  and  the   enemy,  discovering   that  he  would 
soon  be  surrounded,  retreated  into  Arkansas. 

The  forces  of  the  enemy  in  Arkansas  at  this  time 
were  commanded  by  General  Hindman,  who  was  once  a 
member  of  the  United  States  Congress.  Hindman  in- 
vaded Missouri  about  the  middle  of  September  with 
6,000  infantry  under  Rains  and  7,000  horse  under 
Cooper.  General  Schofield  was  at  this  time  placed  in 


462  SCHOFIELD—  BLUNT—  UEKKON. 

command  of  the  frontier  forces  in  this  section,  including 
those  in  Kansas.  General  Curtis,  leaving  General  Steele 
in  command  at  Helena,  came  to  assume  command  of  the 
territory  of  Missouri.  Schofield  at  once  put  his  forces 
in  motion  to.  oppose  Hindman.  Rains  was  near  Pea 
Ridge,  and  Cooper  at  Newtonia. 

On  Sept.  30,  a  Federal  brigade  under   General  A. 
Salomon,  approaching  Newtonia,  was  attacked  by  Cooper, 

Mo-  whose  superior  numbers  drove  the  Federals  back  upon 

Sarcoxie.  A  division  under  Colonel  Totten,  joined  by 
the  troops  under  General  Blunt  from  Kansas,  was  then 
sent  to  entertain  Cooper,  who,  being  unable  to  form 
junction  with  Rains,  retired  toward  Bentonville  and 
escaped.  Schofield  then  moved  with  the  troops  under 
Herron  and  Totten  after  Rains  as  far  as  Huntsville,  but 
was  unable  to  overtake  the  enemy,  when  he  returned  to 
the  vicinity  of  Pea  Ridge.  General  Blunt,  with  two 
brigades,  had  gone  at  the  same  time  in  search  of  Coope/, 
who  was  moving  toward  Maysville.  Blunt  had  about 
4,000  men.  By  forced  marches  he  reached  Maysville 

oct.  22.     at   daylight,  Oct.  22,  having  marched   all   night.     He 
e,  or  now  learned  that  Cooper's  force  was  encamped  near  by, 


at  Q^  For|.  Wayne  Without  taking  time  for  much- 
needed  rest,  Blunt  deployed  his  men,  and  suddenly, 
with  a  dash,  charged  upon  the  unwary  foe.  Taken  by 
surprise,  the  enemy  was  thrown  into  disorder,  and 
routed,  his  cannon  captured,  when  the  whole  crowd 
scattered  to  the  woods.  Two  of  Blunt's  regiments  were 
Indians.  Indians  were  enlisted  in  this  war  by  both 
sides,  but  more  numerously  in  this  section  than  else- 
where. 

On  the  28th  of  October,  General  Herron,  with  about 
1,000  cavalry,  attacked  a  much  larger  force  of  Hindman's 
cavalry  on  White  River,  about  ten  miles  southeast  of 
Fayetteville,  and  routed  them  effectually,  when  he 
proudly  returned  to  Pea  Ridge. 


BLUNT—  UERRON.  463 

Learning    that    about    7,000    men    under    General    isaa. 
Marmaduke  had  arrived  at  Cane  Hill,  Ark.,  and  fearing 
that   he   would    form    junction    with    Hindman,   Blunt 
moved  rapidly  against  him  with  5,000  men,  attacking 
him  on  the  morning  of  Nov.  28.     After  a  hard  fight,  the  ^ov-  2L  . 

Cane    Hill, 

enemy  was  driven  to  the  ridge  of  Boston  Mountains,  Boston 

.  .  A  i  i          TI    Mountains. 

having  sustained    severe    loss  ;    General   Alexander  Jb. 
Steen,  who  had  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  Death  of 
war     was    amon      his    killed.     Here    the    conflict   was  steen. 


renewed.  The  battle  lasted  all  day,  and  night  found 
Marmaduke  pushed  back  upon  Cane  Creek.  During 
the  night  the  enemy  fell  back  to  Van  Buren,  Blunt 
returning  next  day  to  Cane  Hill. 

On  the  1st  of  December  Hindman  joined  Marmaduke 
with  about  11,000  men,  increasing  the  force  opposed  to 
Blunt  to  18,000.  Hindman  resolved  to  move  against 
the  Federals  at  once.  Blunt,  at  Cane  Hill,  called  for 
Herron,  who  quickly  responded  by  forced  marches, 
reaching  Prairie  Grove  on  the  morning  of  the  7th.  Dec-  7- 
There  was  sharp  skirmishing  on  Blunt's  front  on  the  5th  Grove  or 
and  6th.  But  Hindman  stole  a  march  upon  Blunt  : 
leaving  about  3,000  men  to  engage  his  attention,  he 
moved  rapidly,  with  about  15,000  men,  to  attack  Herron, 
who  had  but  6,000,  hoping  to  defeat  him  before  he  could 
be  reinforced  by  Blunt.  About  8  A.  M.,  Hindman's  ad- 
vance attacked  Herron,  who  at  once  boldly  charged,  when 
it  fell  back  to  where  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  was 
drawn  up.  The  Federals  fearlessly  attacked  this  vastly 
superior  force,  and  the  battle  raged  with  great  violence 
until  2  p.  M.  Twice  the  Federals  have  charged,  driving 
the  enemy  from  their  positions,  and  twice  they  have 
been  compelled  to  retire.  Hindman  was  now  pre- 
paring for  an  overwhelming  onslaught  ;  Herron  felt  that 
he  should  be  crushed.  He  had  engaged  every  man,  and 
was  anxiously  listening  for  Blunt's  guns.  At  last,  just 


464  BL  UNT—B  RO  WN. 


as  the  enemy  had  renewed  the  assault,  Blunt  arrived, 
and  vigorously  attacked  the  enemy  in  flank.  Thus 
cheered,  Herron's  men  go  in  with  a  will,  and  Hindman  is 
terribly  repulsed.  The  fighting  lasts  until  dark.  The 
enemy  still  has  the  advantage  in  numbers,  but  is  unable 
to  make  headway,  when  night  closes  this  terrible  battle. 
Hindman  muffled  his  cannon  wheels,  and  departed  dur- 
ing the  night.  The  Federal  loss  was  about  1,000  in 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing  ;  the  loss  of  the  enemy  is 
not  known. 

December  28,  General  Blunt  proceeded  with  a  small 

force  to  Van  Buren,  where  he  destroyed  the  enemy's 

depots  and  several  steamers,  soon  after  returning  to  the 

main  body.    Blunt's  forces  now  rested  quietly  for  a  time 

in    the    Ozark   Mountains,  going   into  winter  quarters. 

1863.      Hindman  retired  to  Little  Rock.     January  26,  1863,  a 

detachment  of  100  men   belonging  to  General  Blunt's 

van  Burcn.  force   captured  a  steamer  with    300    prisoners  at  Van 

Buren. 

Early  in  January,  1863,  Hindman  directs  Marmaduke 
to  proceed  with  two  brigades  of  cavalry,  and  endeavor  to 
destroy  Blunt's  communication  with  Holla  -and  Spring- 
field. Marmaduke  starts  from  Clarksville,  Ark.,  passing 
Forsyth,  Mo.,  and  reaches  Ozark  on  January  7,  the 
Federal  outposts  at  the  latter  place  falling  back  on  his 
approach.  On  the  8th  he  moves  against  Springfield, 
which  is  fortified  and  garrisoned  by  about  1,500  Feder- 
als, under  General  E.  B.  Brown,  who,  learning  of  the 
approach  of  the  enemy,  prepares  for  his  reception. 
Marmaduke's  force  numbers  about  3,000  men,  with  four 
pieces  of  artillery.  The  enemy  appears  about  noon,  and 
skirmishing  begins  at  once,  increasing  to  a  general 
engagement  by  1  o'clock.  The  assailants  meet  with 
success  at  first,  driving  the  Union  men  from  a  portion  of 
their  works  after  a  se"vere  struggle  ;  but  here  they  are 


BLUNT— BROWN.  465 

checked,  the  Federals  successfully  resisting  all  their  ISGS. 
efforts  for  farther  advance.  At  4  p.  M.  Marmaduke 
makes  a  determined  charge,  but  is  again  repulsed.  The 
Federals  now  charge  in  turn,  driving  the  enemy  back. 
General  Brown  is  wounded  in  this  charge.  The  conflict 
now  ends  with  darkness.  The  following  morning  the 
enemy  withdraw  in  the  direction  of  Houston.  The  loss 
on  each  side  has  been  about  150  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Learning  of  the  attack  on  Springfield,  General  Curtis 
telegraphed  General  F.  H.  Warren,  in  command  at 
Houston,  to  reinforce  Brown.  Warren  at  once  sent 
Colonel  Lewis  Merrill  with  about  700  men  and  a  section 
of  artillery  toward  Springfield.  Merrill  reached  Hart- 
ville  on  the  morning  of  the  9th,  where  he  was  reinforced 
by  150  men.  Moving  forward,'  he  rested  that  night 
near  Wood's  Creek,  not  far  from  where  Marmaduke  was 
encamped.  The  latter  knew  of  Merrill's  proximity,  but 
not  of  his  strength.  Deciding  not  to  attack,  the  enemy 
moved  off  early  the  next  morning,  reaching  Hartville  Hartviiie. 
about  10  A.  M.  on  the  10th.  Merrill  at  once  started  in 
pursuit,  arriving  near  Hartville  at  11  A.  M.  Marmaduke 
now  moves. to  attack  him.  Selecting  a  strong  position, 
Merrill  fearlessly  awaits  the  foe,  whose  fierce  assaults 
are  repulsed  again  and  again.  The  Federal  soldiers 
cannot  be  moved,  and  at  4  p.  M.  Marmaduke  retires  to- 
ward Arkansas,  recrossing  White  River  Feb.  4,  without 
doing  further  damage.  The  Federal  cavalry  follow  as 
far  as  this  point,  when  pursuit  ceases. 

General  Cabell,  with  2,000  men,  leaving  his  winter 
quarters    in    Boston    Mountains,  appears   on  April    18, April  18- 
1863,  before  Fayetteville,  Ark.,  which  is  garrisoned  by  vine,  Ark. 
two  Federal  regiments,  about  1,000  men,  under  Colonel 
Harrison.     Cabell  attacks  with  vigor,  but  is  so  severely 
repulsed  in  his  first  assault  that  he  retreats  in  the  direc- 
tion whence  he  came. 
30 


466  STUART— MCNEIL. 

i8G3.          Marmaduke,  with  a  large  division  of  cavalry,  coming 
from  Arkansas,  again  invades   Missouri,  ascending  the 
April  so.    right   bank    of  the  Black    River.      On    the    20th    of 
patter  .on,   ^p^  &  detachment  crossed  the  river,  driving  a  Federal 
force  of  400  men  under  Colonel  Stuart  from  Patterson. 
After  a  sharp  fight  at  Big  Creek,  Stuart  crossed  -that 
stream  and  moved  north  toward  Pilot  Knob.     Meantime 
Marmaduke  is  pushing  forward,  reaching  Fredericktown 
on   the    21st.     General  Vandever,  who  commands  the 
Federal   forces  in  this  district,  orders  General  McNeil 
with    his    brigade,  numbering   about    1,200    men,  from 
Blooinfield,  to  occupy  Fredericktown  in  advance  of  the 
enemy.     McNeil   starts    on    the    morning   of  the  21st. 
On  reaching  Dallas  the  next  day,  he  learns  that  Marma- 
duke  already    has    possession.     McNeil  now    correctly 
guesses  the  enemy's  intentions,  and  hastening  by  forced 
marches,  he  arrives  in  person  at  Cape  Girardeau  on  the 
evening  of  the  23d,  his  troops  reaching  there  the  follow- 
ing  morning.     Two    of  Marmaduke's    brigades   appear 
before  the  works,  now  defended  by  the  gallant  McNeil 
April  35, 36.  with  1,700  men,  on  the    morning  of  the  25th,  and  at 
nrdean,     once    begin   the    attack ;    and    although    the    assault  is 
vigorously  made,  the  enemy  is  repulsed,  and  withdraws 
at  2  P.  M.     Marmaduke  arrives  toward  evening  with  his 
other  two  brigades,  and  on  the  following  morning  renews 
the  assault  with  his  whole  force.     Again  the  enemy  is 
driven  back.     He  now  retires  out  of  reach  of  Federal 
fire,  and  about    1    P.  M.  suddenly  decamps    southward. 
McNeil,  who  had  been  reinforced  on  the  afternoon  of  the 
25th,  now  starts  in  pursuit,  but  is  unable  to  overtake 
April  so,     the  Confederates  until  the  30th,  near  the  border  of  the 
Francis      State,  when  the  Federals,  charging   several  times,  re- 
''  peatedly  drive  the  enemy's  rear  guard  upon  the  main 
body,  but  do  not  detain  it,  Marmaduke  finally  escaping 
into  Arkansas  on  the  2d  of  May. 


PHILLIPS—  WILLIA  MS—  FuRMAN—  BLUNT.  467 


Fort    Blunt,  Indian    Territory,  was    threatened    on 
May    20,    1863,   by   about   3,000    Confederates   under  Mdy"^ 
Colonel  Coffey.     The  fort  was  garrisoned  by  800  whites  [n°drt  z^rnt< 
and  a  regiment  of  Creek  Indians,  all  under  Colonel  Win. 
A.  Phillips.     Coffey  found  Phillips  too  strongly  fortified, 
and  seizing  some  cattle  belonging  to  the  garrison,  with- 
drew.    Phillips  gave  chase,  defeated  the  enemy,  and  re- 
covered a  part  of  his  cattle. 

On  the  1st  of  July,  a  train  of  300  wagons,  containing 
supplies  for  Fort  Blunt,  was  attacked  by  700  Texans  at  cabin  ' 
the   crossing   of  Cabin    Creek,  Indian  Territory.     The  Ttr. 
enemy  was  severely  repulsed  by  the  escort,  composed 
of  800  colored  cavalry  under  Colonel  J.  M.  Williams, 
and  500  Indians,  commanded  by  Major  Forman.     Gen- 
eral Blunt  arrived  at  the  fort  July  16,  having  made  a 
forced  march  from  Fort  Scott  on  receiving  the  informa- 
tion  that   about   6,000   of  the    enemy  under   General 
Cooper  were  approaching  the  fort.     Cooper  was  resting 
at  Honey  Springs,  twenty-five  miles  south  of  the  fort, 
awaiting   a   body  of   Texans    under  Cabell.     Learning 
this,  Blunt  moved  upon  Cooper,  striking  him  suddenly 
at  about  10  A.  M.  of  the  17th,  and  routing  him  after  a  Jllly  17 
two  hours'  conflict.     Cabell  arrived  after  the  battle  was  "oney 

Springs, 

over,  but   concluded   to  withdraw.     Blunt  returned   to  Kan. 
the  fort  with  100  prisoners.     He  had  caused  the  enemy 
a  loss  of  150  killed,  and  an  estimated  loss  in  wounded 
of  400.     His  own  loss  was  less  than  100. 

August  21,  a  band  of  desperadoes,  numbering  about  Aug-  21- 

Lawrence, 

300,  under  a  fiend  called  Quantrell,  coming  from  Mis-  Kan., 
souri,  suddenly  pounced   upon  the  town  of  Lawrence,  " 
Kansas.     They  entered  the  town  before  daylight,  and 
awakened  the  unsuspecting  inhabitants  with  yells  and 
screeching.     Nearly    150    unarmed    citizens  were  mur- 
dered,   and    the    town    pillaged    and    burned.     General 
Lane,  then  a   member   of  the    United    States    Senate, 


£68  &TEELE—  CLAYTON. 


escaped  them,  and  organized  a  pursuing  party,  which 
succeeded  in  killing  or  capturing  about  100  of  the 
murderers. 

General    Frederick    Steele    collected   about   12,000 
men  at  Helena,  for  the  purpose  of  moving  against  Little 
Rock.     He  began  the  march  August  10,  1863,  meeting 
Marmaduke's  forces  at  Brownsville,  who  fell  back,  skir- 
mishing.     At   Bayou  Metoe  the  enemy  made  a  slight 
Metoe,  Ark.  stan(j?  fout  was    driven   across  the  stream,  and  fled  to 
sept.  10.    Little  Rock.     On  Sept.  10,  at  Bayou  Fourche,  within 
Lmie.  >ck,  gve   mjjeg  Qf  Little  Rock,  Steele's  advance  again  met 
Marmaduke.     General  Price  was  in  command  at  Little 
Rock,   and    was    preparing   to    evacuate.      Marmaduke 
maintained   his  ground  in  a  two  hours'  fight  in  order  to 
give  Price  time  to  get  away,  when  he  retired,  at  first 
slowly,  but  his   movements  were   soon  accelerated  by  a 
vigorous  charge  of  the  Federals,  who  were  in  possession 
of  Little  Rock  by  7  P.  M. 
oct.  25  October  the  25th,  Marmaduke  attacked  Pine  Bluff, 

Pine  Bluff, 

Ark.  Ark.,  with  2,000  men.  General  Powell  Clayton,  with 
600  men,  garrisoned  the  place.  After  a  severe  struggle 
of  five  hours'  duration,  the  enemy  was  repulsed,  with  a 
loss  of  about  200  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  Federal 
loss  was  about  70. 

On  the  18th  of  December,  the  fiend  Quantrell,  with 

Fort  Gib-  his  red  and  white  marauders,  was  severely  punished  in 
a  four  hours'  fight  with  a  Federal  outpost  near  Fort 
Gibson,  Indian  Territory,  and  driven  across  the  Arkansas 
River. 

1864.  March   23,   1864,  General   Steele  left  Little   Rock 

with  8,000  men,  called  the  7th  army  corps,  and  was 
afterward  joined  by  General  Thayer  with  5,000  men 
from  Fort  Smith.  Another  force  under  General  Clayton 
was  to  come  from  Pine  Bluff,  all  to  be  commanded  by 
Steele,  who  was  to  co-operate  with  Banks  against  Shreve- 


son,  Ind. 
Ter. 


STEELti-CARR— BROOKS. 

port,  La.     Steele  skirmished   with  the  enemy's  cavalry   iit<>4. 
all  the  way  to  Prairie  d'Anne,  not  far  from  Washington, 
arriving  there  on  April  10.     He  was  now  opposed  by  April  10-13 
Price.     Sharp    fighting   occurred    here  until   the  13th,  Amw,  Aiit 
when  Price  retired  to  Washington.     Steele  then  pushed 
on  to  Camden,  which  place  was  reached  on  the   15th.  April  is. 
An  attack  that  day  upon  Thayer's  troops,  who  covered  Ark.  " 
the  rear,  was  repulsed.     Steele  now  learned  of  Banks's 
misfortune  at  Sabine  cross  roads,  and    of  his  retreat, 
and  determined  to  return  to  Little  Rock.     The  enemy 
were  gathering  fast  around  him.     Banks's  retreat  had 
left  Kirby  Smith  at  liberty  to  move  in  that  direction. 
Steele  had   lost  two  large  wagon  trains,  and  500  men 
who  were  guarding  or  escorting  them,  captured  by  the 
enemy,  at  Mark's  Mill,  on  the  25th.     On  the  26th    ofApril  25 
April  he  set  out  on  his  return  march  by  way  of  Jenkins  Milrk's 

J  J  Mill,  Ark. 

Ferry,  on  the    Sabine    River.     Here  he  was  savagely 
attacked  by  a  largely  superior  force  under  Kirby  Smith 
on  April  30.     A  part  of  the  Federal  troops  had  already  Apri]  3,, 
crossed  the  river,  but  they  were  quickly  returned.     The  Jenkins 

J  J  Ferry,  Ark. 

battle  was  a  fierce  and  determined  affair,  and  raged  for 
several  hours,  ending  with  the  repulse  of  the  enemy, 
whose  loss  had  been  very  heavy,  probably  three  times 
that  of  the  Federals,  which  was  700  in  killed  and 
wounded.  Steele  was  now  enabled  to  cross  Sabine 
River  unmolested,  and  pushing  on  reached  Little  Rock 
on  the  2d  of  May. 

In  the  latter  part  of  June,  1863,  a  force  of  the  ene-  Jnne,  ises. 
my's  cavalry  crossed  the  Arkansas  River,  and  marched  River  or  st. 
to  White  River.     When  near  the  town  of  St.  Charles,  it Cbarlcs- 
was  met  by  General  Carr  with  four  regiments  of  Fed- 
eral  troops.     A  severe  fight  ensued,  resulting   in   the 
defeat  of  the  enemy  with  the  loss  of  200  taken  prisoners. 
Each  side  lost  a  like  number  in  killed  and  wounded.         July  26, -w. 

Near  He- 

July  26, 1864,  Colonel  W.  S.  Brooks,  with  400  colored  icna,  Ark. 


4YO  BROOKS—  ROSECRANS—  A.  J.  SMI  Tit. 


8^4.  troops,  was  attacked  a  few  miles  from  Helena  by  a 
largely  superior  force  of  the  enemy  under  General  Dob- 
bins. Major  Carmichael,  with  150  of  the  15th  Illinois 
cavalry,  came  to  the  aid  of  Brooks,  he  having  heard  the 
firing  from  the  Mississippi.  After  a  severe  engagement, 
the  Federals  drove  back  their  assailants,  when  they 
retired  to  Helena,  followed  at  a  respectful  distance  by 
w.  D0t)bmS>  Colonel  Brooks  was  among  the  killed. 

S.  Brooks 

killed.  On  the   27th  of  July,  a  Federal  outpost  of  Fort 

juiy  27.     smifch,  numbering  about  200  men,  of  the  5th  Kansas, 

Fort  Smith, 

Ark.         under    Captain   Mefford,    (the  fort  is  on  the  Arkansas 

River,  at  the  border  of  Indian  Territory,)  was  attacked 

by  a  force  of  the  enemy  1,000  strong.     Mefford  resisted 

bravely  until  he  had  lost  25  men,  and  seeing  further 

resistance    useless,   surrendered.     He    had   caused    the 

enemy  a  loss  of  40  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Aug.  23.          August   23,  the    54th    Illinois   infantry,   posted   at 

?^h  .I11-     three  separate    stations    on  the   railroad    between   Du- 

mfantry 

captured,  yall's  Bluff  and  Little  Rock,  were  all  captured  by  a 
force  of  the  enemy  numbering  about  2,000,  under 
Shelby. 

General  Rosecrans  arrived  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  January 
28,  1864,  and  assumed  command  of  the  Department  of 
Missouri.  Becoming  alarmed  at  the  secret  organizations 
—  the  "  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle  "  and  other  socie- 
ties of  the  same  nature  —  by  the  secession  element, 
Rosecrans  called  upon  the  Government  for  more  troops. 
None  could  be  spared,  however,  until  the  following 
September,  when  General  A.  J.  Smith  was  ordered  there 
from  Memphis  with  about  5,000  men. 

A  force  of  the  enemy,  numbering  about  18,000  men, 
entered  Missouri  from  Arkansas  in  the  latter  part  of 
September,  under  command  of  Generals  Price  and 
Shelby.  Price  moved  directly  on  Pilot  Knob,  where 
the  Federals  had  slight  fortifications  garrisoned  by  a 


A.  J.  SMITH— PLtiASON  TON— CURTIS. 

brigade    numbering   about    1,200   men,  under    General 
H.  S.  Ewing.    On  Sept.  27  tbis  small  body  of  determined  Sept~27. 
men    repelled    two    fierce   assaults   of  the   enemy,  who  ™ot  Knob' 
numbered  about  10,000.  causing  them  heavy  loss.     The 
fighting  lasted  until  dark,  when  Price  deferred  further 
attack   until   morning.     But   daring    the    night,  Ewing 
evacuated,  and  hastened  toward  Holla.    Shelby  overtook 
him  on  the  30th,  at  Harrison,  and  attacked.     E wing's  sept.  30. 
soldiers  held  their  ground  for  a  whole  day,  when  Colonel H 
Beveridge,  with  the  17th  Illinois    cavalry,  came  from 
Rolla  to  his  relief.     These  united  forces  gave  Shelby  a 
severe  repulse,  after  which  the  Federals  marched  quietly 
to  Rolla. 

On  the  7th  of  October,  Price  appeared  before  Jeffer-  Oct.  7. 
son  City,  Mo.,  which  was  well  fortified,  and  garrisoned  Jty^Mo. 
by   about    7,000    men,   under    General   Brown.     Price 
enveloped  the  Federal  position,  but  decided  not  to  attack, 
and  moved  hastily  away  in  the  direction  of  Boonville. 
Shelby  moved  on  to  Glasgow,  in  Howard  County,  where  Oct.  15. 
he  captured  a  small  force  under  Colonel  Harding  after  a  G1 
sharp  engagement.     By  this  time  Roseerans    had  suc- 
ceeded in  organizing  a  force  to  send  after  Price.    General 
Pleasonton  was  now  in  this  Department  in  chief  command 
of  the  cavalry.     Pleasonton  and  A.  J.  Smith,  who  had 
been  sent  from  Tennessee  to  aid  Rosecrans,  were  now 
in  hot  pursuit  after  Price  and  Shelby,  who  were  mak- 
ing  all   haste    to   get  back  into  Arkansas.     Price  had 
driven  a  small  Federal  force  out  of  Lexington  on  the  °ct. 

Lexington, 

19th.     At  Little  Blue  River,  Price  came  upon  General Mo- 

Blunt's  Kansas  troops,  under  General  Curtis.     After  a 

sharp  conflict,  Curtis,  largely  outnumbered,  fell  back  to 

Big   Blue   River.     At  this   time,   Oct.    21,  Pleasonton  Oct.  21. 

arrived  at  the  Little  Blue  Creek,  where  he  found  the  m^t  Moue 

bridge  destroyed  and  the  rear  guard  of  the  enemy  upon 

the  other  side,  which  now  resisted  his  attempt  to  cross ; 


A.  J.  SMITH— PLEASONTON— CURTIS. 

1864.  but  the  Federal  cavalry  forced  the  passage  on  the  22d, 
oct.~~2a.  drove  the  enemy  off,  and  pushed  on  to  Independence. 
indepen-  jje  (jrove  a  force  of  the  enemy  under  General  J.  Fagan 

deuce.  Mo.  » 

from  that  town  by  a  charge  about  7  P.  M.  the  same  day. 
Price  had  this  day  again  attacked  Curtis,  but  failed  to 
drive  him  from  his  position  on  the  Big  Blue. 

On   the    following   morning,  Pleasonton  came  upon 

Oct.  22,  23. 

Big  Blue  Price  near  the  Big  Blue,  joining  Curtis  in  an  attack.  A 
severe  battle  followed,  lasting  until  noon,  when  the 
enemy  gave  way  and  fled  toward  Little  Santa  F6, 
closely  pursued  by  Curtis.  General  Smith  had  also 
hurried  his  troops  in  pursuit,  and  had  at  this  time 
reached  Independence,  Mo.,  with  10,000  men ;  but 
although  he  had  made  all  haste,  he  was  too  late  to  catch 
Price.  However,  Pleasonton  followed  closely,  and  over- 
\  took  the  enemy  again  at  Marais  des  Cygnes,  on  the 

Oct.  25.     mornine;  of  the  25th.     An  engagement  followed.     Again 

Marais  des  .  C  _ .  . 

and  defeated,  the  enemy  withdrew  to  Little  Osage  River, 
where  Price  attempted  to  make  a  stand.  The  Federal 
River,  MO.  cava]ry  gallantly  charge,  break  the  enemy's  line,  and 
again  put  them  to  flight.  Generals  Marmaduke  and 
Cabell,  and  five  field  officers,  are  left  in  Federal  hands ; 
also  eight  pieces  of  artillery  and  1,000  prisoners. 

Again,  at  Newtonia,  the  Federals  overtook  Price,  on 

Oct     28 

Newtonia,  Oct.  28.  Here  he  again  -attempted  resistance,  but  was 
soon  compelled  to  fly.  The  Federal  troops  now  retired 
to  rest,  except  Curtis,  who  still  pursued  the  enemy,  and 

Fayette-     fortunately  arrived  at  Fayetteville,  Ark.,  in  time  to  aid 

ville    Ark 

a  small  federal  force  there  in  repelling  an  attack  on 
that  place.  This  ended  the  pursuit,  and  was  the  last 
invasion  of  Missouri,  and  practically  the  end  of  the  war 
in  this  Department,  although  there  were  some  further 
conflicts  between  the  Indians  and  Generals  Sibley  and 
Sully  in  the  Northwest  and  General  Curtis  in  Kansas. 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 

COAST    OP    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

STRING  HA  M—B  UTLER. 

A  COMBINED  naval  and  military  expedition  sailed 
from  Fortress  Monroe  for  Cape  Hatteras  on  the 
26th  of  August,  1861,  for  the  purpose  of  putting  a  stop  Aug.  26. 
to  blockade  running  and  contraband  trade  at  that  point,  fn 


by  the  capture  of  the  enemy's  works  there.     The  naval  moclore 

r  p  J  .  Stringliam 

force,  consisting  of  three  frigates  and    several    smaller  and  Gen- 
war  vessels,  was  under  command  of  Commodore  String-  er 
ham.     The  land  force,  numbering  about  1,000  men,  was 
under   General    Butler.     The    fleet   came  to  anchor  in 
sight  of  Hatteras  Inlet  on  the  27th.     The  enemy  had 
two  forts  guarding  this  channel,  Forts  Clark  and  Hat- 
teras. 


On  the  morning  of  the  28th  the  naval  fleet  opened 


Aug.    28. 
Fort 


upon  Fort  Clark,  which  promptly  returned  the  fire  ;  clark- 
but  her  guns  were  of  too  light  calibre.  The  fort  was 
silenced  about  noon,  her  defenders  escaping  in  squads 
to  Hatteras.  Butler  had  landed  a  portion  of  his  troops, 
with  great  difficulty,  through  a  heavy  surf,  upon  Hat- 
teras Island  ;  but  it  was  now  night,  and  operations 
ceased  till  the  next  morning,  when  Fort  Hatteras  was 
speedily  reduced,  compelling  its  surrender  about  11 
A.  M.  with  about  700  men,  25  cannon,  and  two  vessels 
loaded  with  cotton.  Hatteras  now  became  a  base  for 
naval  and  military  operations  for  the  coast  of  North 
Carolina. 

The  20th  Indiana,  under  Colonel  Brown,  going  from 

(473) 


STRINGUAM—  BUTLER. 

Fort  Hatteras,  occupied  the  village  of  Chiekamicomico 
Oct."!"  on  Sept.  30.  On  Oct.  5  a  force  of  the  enemy  numbering 
chickomi-  2,000  men  attacked  Brown,  driving  him  back  to  the  fort 

coimco. 

with  a  loss  of  50  men  made  prisoners. 

1862.  January  12,  1862,  a  strong  fleet  left  Hampton  Roads 

for  Pamlico  Sound,  N.  C.  The  naval  portion  of  the  ex- 
pedition consisted  of  about  30  war  vessels  under  Com- 
modore Goldsborough.  The  land  forces,  numbering; 
about  15,000  men,  on  transports,  were  in  command  of 
General  Burnside. 

•  A  terrible  storm  was  encountered  near  the  entrance 
to  the  sound,  causing  severe  loss  to  the  fleet  in  damaged 
and  wrecked  shipping,  and  also  in  delaying  the  expedi- 
tion several  days.  The  advance  of  the  fleet  entered  the 
sound  on  the  24th,  but  the  last  vessels  did  not  cross  the 
bar  until  the  28th.  The  first  object  of  the  expedition 
was  the  capture  of  Roanoke  Island.  Further  delays 
Feb.  7,  s.  caused  by  fog  hindered  the  movement  until  Feb.  7, 

Roanoke  » 

island.  when  Goldsborough  opened  upon  Fort  Bar  tow  on  Roa- 
noke Island.  The  enemy's  fleet  of  eight  gun-boats  lying 
near  the  fort,  also  received  the  attention  of  the  Federal 
guns.  Two  of  these  boats  were  soon  destroyed,  when 
the  rest  withdrew  out  of  range,  leaving  the  fort  to  take 
care  of  itself.  General  Burnside  landed  his  troops  that 
evening  during  a  heavy  rain-storm.  The  enemy  also 
had  works  erected  on  Pork  Point,  Weir's  Point,  and 
Redstone  Point.  The  first-named  was  abandoned  soon 
after  the  beginning  of  the  bombardment. 

On  the  morning  of  the  8th,  Burnside  moves  upon  the 
enemy's  works.  His  force  is  in  three  brigades,  under 
Generals  Foster,  Reno,  and  Parke.  The  Federals  charge 
through  thickets  of  underbrush  and  through  swamps, 
some  of  the  men  going  waist  deep  into  the  water. 
Nevertheless,  the  charge  is  gallantly  made,  and  after  a 
severe  battle  the  Confederates  are  driven  from  their 


STRWGHA  M—B  UTLER. 

works,  and  fly  to  the  other  end  of  the  island;  but  they 
are  closely  pursued,  and  soon  compelled  to  surrender. 
About  2,200  prisoners  are  taken.  The  enemy's  gun- 
boats are  pursued  by  the  Federal  vessels  to  Elizabeth  Feb-  i°- 

1  lix'tbetli 

City,  where  they  are  all  captured  or  destroyed.     The  city. 
loss  to  the  Federal  war  vessels  has  been  6  men  killed 
and    19  wounded ;    Burnside's  loss,  35  killed  and  200 
wounded. 

On  the  12th  of  March  the  fleet  left  Hatteras  for  the 
capture  of  New  Berne,  N.  C.,  and  on  the  13th  entered 
the  Neuse  River,  Burnside  landing  his  troops  at  Slocum's 
Creek.  The  following  morning  the  Federals  attack  the 
enemy's  works  before  New  Berne,  which  were  about  five  March  14< 

New  Berne. 

miles  below  the  town,  and  garrisoned  by  about  5,000 
men.  After  a  hard-fought  battle  of  four  hours'  duration, 
the  Federals  charge,  going  over  the  works  at  all  points, 
the  enemy  hastily  retreating  through  New  Berne  toward 
Goldsboro.  The  Federal  loss  was  91  killed  and  466 
wounded;  they  capture  200  prisoners  and  60  guns. 
The  loss  of  the  enemy  in  killed  and  wounded  was  about 
500. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  was  occupied  by  the  Federals 
March  25,  but  Fort  Macon,  commanding  the  Beaufort 
inlets,  had  yet  to  be  taken  in  order  to  complete  the 
success  of  the  expedition.  The  Federal  war  vessels 
began  the  bombardment  of  this  fort  on  the  morning  of 
April  25,  aided  by  heavy  batteries  built  on  shore.  APril  25- 

J  J  .  Fort  Ma- 

Toward  evening  the  fort  was  surrendered  to  a  portion  of  con. 
Burnside's  forces,  with  about  400  prisoners. 

On  September  2,  1862,  Sergeant  Green,  being  in  s*?4-  2- 
command  of  about  300  men  at  Plymouth,  N.  C.,  which 
lies  on  the  south  side  of  the  Roanoke,  about  eight  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Albemarle  sound,  distinguished 
himself  as  a  soldier  of  merit.  A  force  of  the  enemy, 
numbering  about  1.000  men,  under  Colonel  Garrett,  hnd 


476  STRLVG11A  At—li  UTLEti—  FOSTER. 

186V.  approached  his  post  that  evening  for  the  purpose  of 
effecting  its  capture,  but  concluded  to  wait  for  the  day- 
light of  the  3d  before  making  the  attempt.  Green, 
apprised  of  this,  at  once  marshaled  his  small  force,  and 
silently  moving  out,  fell  suddenly  upon  Garrett's  troops, 
which,  taken  completely  by  surprise,  were  routed.  40 
prisoners  were  taken,  among  whom  was  Colonel  Garrett. 

sept.  e.  On  the   6th   of  September,  a  force   of  the   enemy. 

washing-  numkering  ak0ut  500  men,  attacked  the  Federal  post  at 
Washington,  N.  C.,  on  Tar  River,  which  was  garrisoned 
by  four  companies  of  infantry  and  four  of  cavalry.  The 
cavalry  being  absent,  reconnoitering,  the  infantry  was 
hard  pressed  for  a  time,  when  the  cavalry,  at  the  sound 
of  the  battle,  hastily  returned.  Aided  by  two  gun- 
boats, the  Federals  were  now  enabled  to  take  the 
offensive,  when  the  enemy  hastily  retired. 

Nov  -3  General  Foster  left  New  Berne  with  three  brigades, 

reaching  Williamston  on  the  Roanoke  Nov.  4,  having 


Mills  or 

Little  encountered  a  brigade  of  the  enemy  the  day  before, 
driving  it  before  him.  He  reached  Hamilton  on  the  5th, 
and  encamped  near  Tarboro  on  the  night  of  the  6th. 
Further  progress  was  cut  off  by  a  strong  force  of  the 
enemy,  with  which  he  did  not  feel  able  to  contend. 
Retracing  his  steps  on  the  morning  of  the  7th,  he 
arrived  at  Plymouth  on  the  9th,  embarking  thence  for 
New  Berne.  The.  expedition  had  been  performed  for 
the  purpose  of  reconnoitering  and  foraging  ;  it  had  been 
successful,  at  least  in  the  latter,  as  the  Federals  brought 
back  a  large  quantity  of  provisions. 

On  December  11,  1862,  General  Foster,  having  been 
reinforced  by  Wessell's  brigade  of  Peck's  division,  re- 
cently arrived  from  Yorktown,  moved  out  from  New 
Berne  with  about  10,000  men,  for  the  purpose  of 
breaking  up  the  enemy's  railroads  in  the  vicinity  of 
Goldsboro.  General  Gustavus  Smith,  in  command  at 


FOSTER.  4T7 


the  last-named  place,  threw  forward  a  force  for  the  pur- 
pose  of  delaying  Foster's  march.     The  latter  met  the 
enemy's   pickets    on   the    12th,    who    made   but    little 
resistance.     The   following   day   a   detachment   of  the  Dec.  1.3. 
enemy    was    encountered    on    Southwest    Creek.      Its  c°"ekwe 
position  was  soon  turned,  when  it  retired,  leaving  three 
field-pieces  in  Federal  hands. 

On  the  14th,  near  Kinston,  the  Federals  came  upon  Dec-  14- 

Kinston. 

a  body  of  the  enemy  numbering  about  2,000  men,  under 
General  Evans,  which  disputed  the  passage  of  a  bridge 
over  the  Neuse  River.  Foster  attacks  at  once,  the 
enemy  offering  a  determined  resistance.  Soon  the 
Federals  make  a  gallant  charge,  when  the  enemy's 
ranks  break  and  scatter  for  the  bridge.  There  were 
400  prisoners  taken;  the  bridge,  which  had  been  fired, 
was  saved.  The  Federals  push  forward  to  Kinston, 
where  they  find  nine  guns  left  by  Evans  in  his  haste  to 
reach  Goldsboro. 

On  the  16th  Foster  reached  Mount  Olive,  on  the 
Richmond  and  Wilmington  Railroad,  where  he  burned 
several  bridges  and  destroyed  several  miles  of  track. 
On  the  17th  the  main  object  of  the  expedition  was 
accomplished  by  the  destruction  of  the  great  railroad  Gowsboro. 
bridge  over  the  Neuse,  not  far  from  Goldsboro.  As  the 
Federals  approached  the  bridge,  they  found  a  considera- 
ble body  of  the  enemy  under  General  Clingman  there  to 
defend  it.  Foster  at  once  began  the  attack,  the  enemy 
resisting  desperately.  From  the  nature  of  the  ground, 
the  Federals  could  advance  only  step  by  step,  sustaining 
heavy  losses.  The  enemy  were  finally  driven  across 
the  bridge,  but  they  still  defended  it  from  the  other 
side.  Several  daring  attempts  by  individuals  were 
made  to  set  the  bridge  on  fire,  but  they  all  failed.  At 
last,  Lieutenant  Graham  bravely  volunteered,  and  sue-  Gallantry  of 
ceeded  in  firing  the  bridge  amid  a  shower  of  balls,  and, 
more  fortunate  than  many  others,  returned  in  safety. 


478  FOSTER, 


General   Foster   at   once  began  his  return  to  New 
Berne,  to  the  surprise  of  the  enemy,  who  had  been  ex- 
pecting an  attack  at  Goldsboro.     The  force  that  had  so 
well  defended  the  great  bridge  now  cross  by  a  wagon 
road  bridge,  and  assail  the  Federal  rear  guard,  receiving 
a  severe   repulse.     Foster   reached    Whitehall    on   the 
18th,  and  arrived  at  New  Berne  on  the  21st.     His  loss 
in   the  expedition    had    been  about  600  in  killed    and 
1863.     wounded,  the  loss  of  the  enemy  about  400. 
General  On  the  2d  of  February,  1863,  General  Foster,  with 

to  south     12,000    men    of  his    command,  embarked  at  Beaufort, 


!  c^  proceeding  to  port  R0yal,  S.  C.,  for  the  purpose 
turns.  Of  reinforcing  General  Hunter.  Soon  after  Foster's 
arrival,  Hunter  divided  his  troops  among  his  own  organ- 
izations, thus  leaving  General  Foster  without  a  command. 
Foster  now  returned,  and  resumed  command  at  New 
Berne. 

The  enemy's   troops  in  North   Carolina  were  now 
under  the  supervision  of  D.  H.  Hill,  who  had  been  sent 
to  this  territory  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  for  defense. 
March  14.  On  March   14,   General  Pettigrew,  with  a  brigade   of 
oVFort6™0  Hill's  force,  attacked  Fort  Anderson,  a  work  just  built 
Anderson.    ^y  fae  Federajs  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Neuse,  in  front 
of  New  Berne.     The  small  Federal  garrison,  assisted  by 
two  gun-boats,  handsomely  repulsed  the  assailants,  who 
soon  retired  in  the  direction  from  which  they  came. 
March  so.         On    March   the   30th,  Hill,  with  a  division    of  his 
troops,  laid  siege  to  Washington,  N.  C.,  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  Tar  River.     The  town  was  surrounded  by 
fortifications,  and    used  as  a  depot  for  naval  supplies. 
The  gun-boats  kept  the  enemy's  infantry  at  a  respectful 
distance.     Artillery  firing  only   had   been  indulged   in 
when,  on  April    16,  Longstreet  called  Hill  to  Suffolk, 
Va.,  and  the  siege  ended. 

Jn  July,  General  Potter,  chief  of  General  Foster's 


Washing- 
ton. 


FOSTER—  WESSELLS—  BUTLER.  479 


staff,  led  a  successful  cavalry  expedition  into  the  enemy's 
country,  causing  the  destruction  of  flouring-mills,  machine- 
shops,  railroad  stock,  two  steamboats,  and  a  partly 
finished  iron-clad,  also  burning  a  bridge  750  feet  long, 
spanning  Tar  River  at  Rocky  Mount.  The  operations 
on  both  sides  in  this  section  at  this  time  were  principally 
raids,  the  Federals  being  generally  successful  in  breaking 
up  the  railroad  communications  of  the  enemy,  burning 
bridges,  making  frequent  captures  of  small  bands  of  the  1864. 
Southern  troops,  destroying  munitions  of  war,  etc.,  etc. 

In   February,  1864,  General   Pickett,   commanding 
the  enemy's  forces  in  that  section,  attempted  the  capture 
of  New  Berne.     On  Feb.  1  he  attacked  a  Federal  post,  Feb.  i. 
garrisoned  by  the  132d  New  York,  at  Bachelor's  Creek,  creek. 
eight   miles   above  New  Berne,  capturing    100    of  the 
garrison.     He  then  sent  out  a  detachment  which  suc- 
ceeded in  destroying  the  Federal  gun-boat  Underwriter, 
lying   near   by.     Pickett  soon  after  withdrew  without 
attacking  New  Berne. 

On  the  17th  of  April,  1864,  the  enemy,  numbering 
about  7,000  men,  under  General  Hoke,  aided  by  their 
new  ram,  Albemarle,  attacked  the  Federal  garrison  at 
Plymouth,  N.  C.,  and  an  out-work  called  Fort  Warren. 
The  Federals  numbered  about  2,000,  under  General 
H.  W.  Wessells.  In  the  river,  near  the  town,  were  the 
Federal  gun-boats  Southfield,  Miami,  and  Bombshell. 
After  a  desperate  struggle,  Fort  Warren  was  captured, 
and  the  Bombshell,  which  had  gone  to  the  assistance  of 
the  fort,  was  also  captured  by  the  Albemarle.  Hoke 
now  closely  besieged  Plymouth.  On  the  19th  the 
Albemarle  attacked  the  other  Federal  gun-boats,  sinking 
the  Southfield,  and  turning  upon  the  Miami,  drove  her 
down  the  river,  disabling  many  of  her  crew.  On  the 
20th  the  enemy  made  a  general  assault.  The  attack 
was  furious  and  the  defense  obstinate,  the  enemy  meet- 


4:80  B  UTLER— PORTER— TERR  Y. 

1864.    ing  with  heavy  loss;  but  finally,  after  bravely  resisting 

this  greatly  superior  force,  repelling  several  desperate 

Plymouth    charges,  the  Federals  were  overpowered  and  made  pris- 

thfcncln1^  oners,  the  enemy  losing  about  1,000  men  in  the  action. 

Hoke  then  laid  siege  to  New  Berne. 

On  the  5th  of  May  the  Albemarle  moved  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Roanoke  with  the  captured  Bombshell, 
which  the  enemy  had  now  made  serviceable.  The  Fed- 
erals had  a  strong  fleet  here,  which  attacked  the 
Albemarle  at  close  quarters.  The  Bombshell  was  soon 
recaptured  by  the  Federals,  and  the  ram  Albemarle 
badly  disabled  ;  but  she  managed  to  escape  to  Plymouth. 
Hoke  was  now  called  to  the  defense  of  Richmond,  and 
abandoned  the  siege. 

On  the  night  of  Oct.  27,  while  the  Albemarle  lay  at 


Heroism 


of  Lienten-  Plymouth  wharf.   Lieutenant  Wm.  R.  Gushing,  of  the 

ant  Cush-  * 

ing.  Federal  navy,  at  the  risk  of  almost  certain  death,  placed 
a  torpedo  under  the  Albemarle.  exploding  it  there,  and 

Destruction 

of  the  sinking  the  ram.  Gushing  escaped  by  excellent  swim- 
ming. He  had  13  men  with  him.  Their  launch  was 
sunk  by  a  heavy  shot  from  the  ram,  when  all  found 
themselves  in  the  water.  Only  one  other  escaped 
drowning  or  capture  besides  the  brave  lieutenant.  The 
greater  part  of  the  enemy's  forces  having  been  called  to 

oct   31      Virginia,  the  Federal  navy  easily  recaptured  Plymouth 

Plymouth    on  the  31st  of  October. 

December  8,  1864,  General  B.  F.  Butler  left  Ber- 

December.  muda    Hundred  with    one    division  of  the  24th  Corps 

The  Fort 

Fisher  ex-  under  General  Ames,  and  one  division  of  the  25th  Corps 
(colored  troops)  under  General  Paine,  the  whole  under 
General  Weitzel,  on  transports,  reaching  Fortress  Mon- 
roe the  following  morning.  Here  he  was  to  join  Ad- 
miral Porter,  who,  with  a  powerful  fleet  of  50  war 
vessels,  carrying  about  500  guns,  would  co-operate  with 
Butler  against  Fort  Fisher  at  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear 


BUTLER— PORTER— TERRY.  481 

River,  and  close  the  port  of  Wilmington  more  securely  is  a  4. 
from  blockade-runners.  The  naval  fleet  moved  on  the 
13th,  and  Butler  followed  on  the  14th.  The  fleet 
stopped  at  Beaufort  to  coal.  The  transports  passing  on, 
reached  the  appointed  rendezvous,  where  they  "waited 
until  the  18th  for  Porter;  and  when  he  arrived,  Butler 
was  out  of  coal,  and  must  return  to  Beaufort  for  a  sup- 
ply. It  was  proposed  to  explode  200  tons  of  powder 
on  board  a  ship,  to  be  run  up  to  the  fort,  and  the  infan- 
try having  been  previously  landed,  would  charge  the 
works  immediately  after  the  explosion.  Without  wait- 
ing for  Butler's  return  from  Beaufort,  Porter  exploded  Dec-  24- 

Powder- 

the  powder-ship  on  Dec.  24.     But  it  ended  in  smoke ;  ship  cx- 
the  defenders  of  the  fort  were  not  even  scared.     Soon  p 
afterward  Porter,  at  a  distance  of  about  three  fourths  of 
a  mile,  opened    upon  the  fort,  bombarding  for  several 
hours.     The  enemy  was  driven  from  his  guns,  and  the 
fort  became  silent. 

The  following  day,  about  10  A.  M.,  the  bombardment 
again  commenced,  continuing  several  hours,  during 
which  General  Butler  had  arrived,  and  Weitzel  landed 
a  part  of  Ames's  division,  capturing  some  outer  batteries, 
with  about  300  prisoners.  But  Butler  concluded,  after 
reconnoitering,  that  his  present  force  was  not  sufficient 
to  attempt  an  assault.  He  also  learned  that  a  heavy 
force  of  the  enemy,  under  Hoke,  was  near,  and  there 
also  seemed  to  be  some  disagreement  between  himself 
and  Porter.  The  powerful  fire  of  the  fleet  had  driven 
the  enemy's  gunners  to  their  bomb-proofs,  had  dis- 
mounted several  cannon  and  badly  damaged  the  fort. 
The  enemy  quickly  returned  to  their  guns,  however,  as 
soon  as  the  fleet  ceased  firing.  Butler  ordered  Weitzel 
to  re-embark  his  troops,  which  was  accomplished  on  the 
26th,  and  the  land  force  returned  to  Hampton  Roads. 

General  Grant  at  once  ordered  a  new  trial  against 
31 


482  TERR  Y—POR  TER. 

isG4.  the  enemy's  defenses  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear, 

sending  word  to  Admiral  Porter  to  remain  there,  and 

directed  the  same  troops,  with  an  addition  of  about  1,400 

men  from  another  division  of  the    24th    Corps,    under 

Colonel  J.  C.  Abbott,  the  whole  numbering  about  8,000 

men,  under  General  A.  H.  Terry,  to  proceed  on  trans- 

ports as  speedily  as  possible  to  the  assistance  of  Porter. 

General  Butler  was  relieved,  and  General  E.  0.  C. 

Ord  placed  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  James. 

ises  General  Terry  left  Hampton  Roads  January  6,  1865, 

Jan.  e.      arriving  at  Beaufort,  N.  C.,  on  the  8th,  where  he  found 

pedition  to  Porter  coaling.     Rough  weather  detained  the  expedition 

FortFisher. 


combined  forces  appeared  before  Fort  Fisher,  the  fleet 
opening  fire  soon  afterward.  The  monitors  took  position 
about  700  yards  from  the  fort,  the  other  vessels  at  from 
1,000  to  1,500  yards.  At  3  p.  M.  Weitzel  again  had  his 
troops  on  shore,  and  picket  firing  at  once  began  with 
Hoke's  troops,  which  were  still  near  by.  Intrenchments 
were  immediately  commenced,  and  by  the  morning  of 
the  14th  the  Federals  were  in  a  strong  position,  the 
navy  meanwhile  continuing  the  bombardment  through 
the  night  and  until  the  surrender  of  the  fort. 

The  Federal  land  force  at  once  began  preparations 
for  an  assault,  which  was  decided  on  for  the  15th. 
Ames's  division  was  selected  to  lead  the  charge.  About 
2  p.  M.  Lieutenant  Lent,  with  100  sharpshooters,  mostly 
frorn  his  own  regiment,  the  13th  Indiana,  went  forward 
Fisher  at  a  run  to  within  200  yards  of  the  works,  and  there 
quickly  dug  pits  for  shelter.  A  storm  of  shot  and  shell 
was  opened  upon  them,  but  it  failed  to  dislodge  them, 
and  with  their  repeating  rifles  they  gave  the  enemy  a 
hot  fire.  Ames's  division  was  composed  of  the  brigades 
of  Curtis,  Pennvpacker,  and  Bell.  They  were  to  be 


15. 


TERRY—  PORTER.  483 


aided  by  about  2,000  sailors  and  marines  under  Fleet- 
Captain  K.  R.  Breese,  of  the  navy. 

At  2  :  30  P.  M.  the  signal  was  given,  when  Curtis's 
brigade  moved  forward  at  double-quick,  the  sailors  and 
marines  at  the  same  time  making  a  gallant  charge. 
The  fighting  was  soon  hand  to  hand  at  the  parapet. 
Pennypacker  and  Bell  followed  Curtis  closely,  and  at 
once  became  hotly  engaged.  The  attack  of  the  marines 
had  been  repulsed  after  suffering  severe  loss.  Abbott's 
troops  were  now  brought  up.  The  fleet  was  obliged  to 
cease  firing  on  the  portion  of  the  works  assaulted,  for 
fear  of  injury  to  the  assaulting  column  ;  this  enabled  the 
enemy  to  fully  man  the  works.  The  fighting  was  fierce, 
but  the  Federals  gradually  gained  ground,  and  were  not 
long  in  securing  a  foothold  at  several  points  inside  the 
parapet.  The  conflict  did  not  cease  until  9  r.  M.,  ending 
at  about  that  time  with  the  capture  of  the  fort  and  the 
whole  garrison,  numbering  about  2,000  men  and  75  guns, 
including  its  commander,  General  W.  H.  C.  Whiting. 
General  Whiting  was  severely  wounded  during  the  Death  of 
battle,  and  died  while  yet  a  prisoner  in  Federal  hands,  General 
at  Governor's  Island,  N.  Y.,  March  10,  1865.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had  served  in  the  Mex- 
ican war.  He  left  the  United  States  service  in  1861, 
and  joined  the  enemy.  The  Confederates  had  now  been 
driven  from  their  last  strong  fort  ;  the  last  rendezvous 
for  English  smugglers  was  broken  up.  The  Federal 
loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  about  650,  including 
Generals  Curtis,  Pennypacker,  and  Bell  among  the 
wounded. 

The  enemy  now  considered  the  other  works  held  by 
them  at  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River  untenable,  in- 
cluding Fort  Caswell  and  their  works  on  Smith's  Island, 
at  Smithville,  and  Reeve's  Point;  and  the  forces  occu- 
pying them  retired  to  Wilmington.  The  enemy  had 


SGHOFIELD— TERRY. 

i8<>5.  strong  works,  however,  on  each  bank  of  the  river,  about 
half  way  to  Wilmington,  including  Fort  Anderson. 
These  were  now  manned  by  Hoke,  with  about  6,000 
men.  Reinforcements  were  therefore  necessary  before 
the  Federals  could  advance  upon  Wilmington. 

On  the  14th  of  January,  General  Grant  4iad  ordered 
General  Schqfield  with  the  23d  Corps,  from  Thomas's 
army  in  Tennessee,  to  the  coast  of  North  Carolina.  He 
arrived  at  Fort  Fisher  February  9,  and  assumed  com- 
mand. His  forces  joined  to  Terry's  made  an  army  of 
nearly  20,000  men.  February  11,  Terry  was  pushed 
forward  to  the  front  of  Hoke's  position,  and  endeavored 
to  turn  his  left  flank,  but  the  elements  forbade.  On  the 
Feb.  is.  18th,  Cox's  division,  a  part  of  Couch's  division  of  the 

Fort  An- 
derson.      23d  Corps,  and  Ames's  division,  aided  by  the  navy,  suc- 
ceeded in  turning  Hoke's  right,  enveloping  Fort  Ander- 
son.    The  garrison  fled  during  the  night,  falling  back  to 
Old  Town  Creek.     The  following  morning  the  Federals 
took  possession  of  the  fort.     General  Cox  then  pushed 
forward  with  his  division,  attacking  and  routing  the  en- 
Feb.  20.     emy  at  Old  Town  Creek  on  the  20th,  taking  about  400 
creek.°V  l  prisoners.     Hoke  now  retired  to  Wilmington,  but  on  the 
approach  of  the  Federals  he  evacuated  the  town  (Feb. 
wrhnhf     ^)>  Destroying  their  shipping  and  a  large  quantity  of 
ton.          cotton  and  resin. 

But  Schofield  could  not  rest  here  ;  he  must  push  for- 
ward to  Goldsboro,  85  miles  north,  to  meet   Sherman, 
who  was  now  marching  through  North  Carolina.     Scho- 
field ordered  5,000  men  from  New  Berne  to  Kinston, 
to  establish  a  depot  of  supplies  there.     General    Cox 
was  sent  to  take  charge  of  this  force,  leaving  his  own 
division  in  command  of  General  Reilly.     Ruger's  divis- 
wncox^10  i°n  °f  the  23d  Corps  was  also  sent  to  join  Cox,  who 
Bridge,  or  reached  New  Berne  on  March  6,  and  immediately  setting 
Forks.       out,  arrived  at  Wise's  Forks  on  the  8th.     Here  he  was 


SO  110  FIELD.  485 

joined  by  General  Schofield,  who  had  previously  ordered   is  as. 
Couch  and  Reilly  to  that  point. 

Hoke's  troops  were  near  here,  and  intrenched  on 
Southwest  Creek,  where  they  were  reinforced  by  some 
of  Hood's  troops  under  Cheatham.  Hoke  savagely 
attacked  C^x's  advance,  meeting  with  success,  forcing  it 
back  and  capturing  several  hundred  prisoners.  Then 
pressing  forward,  he  attempted  to  break  the  Federal  line 
between  the  divisions  of  Generals  Palmer  and  Carter; 
but  Ruger  arrived  at  this  crisis,  and  the  enemy  was 
repelled.  The  Federals  now  intrench,  and  await  the 
arrival  of  Couch  and  Reilly.  Skirmishing  continued 
until  the  10th,  when  Hoke  fiercely  attacked  the  Federal 
line,  endeavoring  to  accomplish  a  victory  before  the 
arrival  of  the  approaching  Federal  reinforcements ;  but 
he  was  handsomely  repulsed,  and  with  severe  loss. 
Hoke  now  retreated  across  the  Neuse  River,  and  made 
haste  to  reach  Smithfield,  where  General  Johnston  was 
concentrating  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  Sherman. 

During  the  night  of  the    10th,  Couch   and    Reilly  March  14 
joined  Schofield,  who  entered  Kinston  on  the  14th  and  Kinston- 
Goldsboro  on  the  21st,  with  little  opposition.     Terry,  March  21. 
following  from  Wilmington,  arrived  at  Goldsboro  on  the  ^ 
22d.     Schofield  now  reported  to  General  Sherman,  and 
his    movements    to    the    end    are   given   in    Sherman's 
operations. 


CHAPTER   XXVII. 

COAST  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA,  GEORGIA, 
AND  FLORIDA. 

DUPONT— T.   W.  SHERMAN. 

186,1.  A  POWERFUL  fleet  of  naval  and  land  forces  coin- 
Expedition  -£*-  bined,  sailed  on  the  morning  of  October  29,  1861, 
under  from  Hampton  Roads  for  the  South  Carolina  coast.  It 

Dupont 

and  sher-   consisted  of  seventy-five  vessels,  including  war  steamers, 

port  Royai,  gun-boats,  and  steam  and  sail  transports.     Commodore 

Dupont   was   in   command    of  the    navy,  and   General 

Thomas  W.  Sherman,  of  the  land  force,  numbering  in  all 

about  15,000  men. 

The  fleet  encountered  a  terrible  storm  southeast  of 
Cape  Hatteras  on  the  night  of  Nov.  1,  which  caused 
considerable  damage  to  the  shipping,  and  a  tedious 
delay.  The  commodore,  with  the  flag-ship  Wabash  and 
a  part  of  the  fleet,  anchored  off  Port  Royal  harbor  on 
the  morning  of  Nov.  4,  where  he  was  soon  afterward 
joined  by  the  rest  of  the  fleet. 

The  main  object  of  the  expedition  was  the  capture 
and  occupation  of  this  port.  At  the  left  of  its  entrance 
is  Fort  Walker,  on  Hilton  Head ;  at  the  right,  on  St. 
Helena  Island,  stood  Fort  Beauregard.  These  forts 
were  about  two  miles  apart. 

The  Federal  navy  moved  to  the  attack  on  the  morn- 
NOV.  ?.  ing  of  Nov.  7,  passing  up  midway  between  the  forts, 
fort***  '  giving  their  attention  principally  to  Fort  Walker.  The 
walker  vessels  moved  in  a  circle.  At  9  : 30  A.  M.  the  Wabash 

and  Beau- 
regard,       opened  the  battle,  r.nd  at  the  end  of  three  hours  the  fort 

(486) 


DUPONT—T.    W.  SHERMAN—  GILLMORE.  487 


was  so  badly  disabled  that  the  garrison  fled.  Fort 
Beauregard  was  abandoned  at  the  same  time,  leaving 
both  forts  in  the  hands  of  the  Federals,  with  about  fifty 
cannon.  Sherman  now  landed  his  troops,  taking  posses- 
sion of  the  forts  and  also  of  Beaufort.  Port  Royal  now 
became  a  Federal  base  of  operations.  The  loss  of  the 
Federals  during  the  bombardment  was  8  killed  and  23 
wounded  ;  that  of  the  enemy  was  11  killed,  48  wounded, 
and  7  prisoners.  The  occupation  of  most  of  the  islands 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  St.  Helena  •  group,  soon 
followed  the  victory  of  Hilton  Head,  the  Federals  gain- 
ing possession  of  the  buys  of  North  Edisto,  St.  Helena, 
Port  Royal,  Tybee,  and  Warsaw,  together  with  the 
chain  of  islands  which  forms  the  coast  of  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia  between  those  bays. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1862,  a  severe  engagement     1862. 
took  place  on  the  Coosaw  River,  where  the  enemy  had  Jan-  L 

Coosaw 


massed  several  thousand  men,  covered  by  intrenchments. 
Several  gun-boats,  accompanied  by  a  brigade  of  Sher- 
man's troops,  under  General  Stevens,  attacked  on  the 
date  named,  and  after  a  sharp  fight,  drove  the  enemy 
from  his  position. 

Fort  Pulaski,  on  Cockspur  Island,  guarding  the  j 
entrance  to  Savannah  River,  was  surrendered  to  the  laski'  Ga- 
Federals  April  11,  1862,  at  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 
Operations  had  begun  for  the  reduction  of  this  fort  in 
February,  under  the  direction  of  General  Gillmore,  and 
for  two  months  there  had  been  hard  work  performed  by 
the  Federal  soldiers,  sometimes  waist  deep  in  water, 
building  batteries  in  marshes,  dragging  cannon  over 
corduroy  roads  and  through  deep  sand.  After  an 
immense  amount  of  labor  and  difficulty,  on  April  10, 
Gillmore  was  ready  for  the  bombardment.  Eleven 
strong  batteries  on  Tybee  Island  were  bearing  upon  the 
doomed  fort.  General  David  Hunter,  who  had  com- 


UUPONT—  WRIGHT—  11UA TEH— STE  YENS, 

*,  manded  this  Department  since  the  8th  of  March,  de- 
manded the  surrender  of  the  fort  at  sunrise  on  the 
10th,  which  was  refused.  The  batteries  soon  afterward 
opened,  and  the  bombardment  was  continued  until  the 
surrender.  The  garrison  that  then  fell  into  Federal 
hands  numbered  23  officers  and  360  men.  The  losses 
had  been  light,  only  a  few  being  wounded  within  the 
fort,  and  but  one  man  killed  on  the  Federal  side ;  but 
the  fort  was  badly  shattered,  and  no  longer  tenable. 
Gillmore's  nearest  batteries  were  about  one  mile  from 
the  fort;  his  farthest,  two  miles.  About  fifty  cannon 
were  captured  with  the  fort. 

An  expedition  under  Commodore  Dupont  and  General 

Wright  left  Port  Royal  for  the  Florida  coast  -February 

Fcb   ^     28,  1862.     It  met  with  but  little  opposition  in  taking 

Expedition 

to  Florida,  possession  of  Fernandina  and  Fort  Clinch.  Brunswick, 
Ga.,  was  also  occupied  on  March  8,  Jacksonville,  Fla., 
on  the  llth,  and  St.  Augustine  and  St.  Mary's  soon 
afterward.  The  enemy's  troops  had  been  drawn  away 
for  operations  farther  north. 

In  the  latter  part  of  May,  1862,  preparatory  to  a 
proposed    reduction    of  the  forts  defending  Charleston 

,yune.  harbor,  General  Hunter  landed  about  8,000  men  on 
James  Island,  having  brought  them  from  his  encamp- 
ments on  the  St.  Helena  Islands,  where  the  main  body 
of  his  forces  were  at  this  time  stationed,  and  from  Tybee 
Island  and  other  points  where  infantry  had  become 
useless.  These  troops  were  under  the  immediate  com- 
mand of  General  Benham.  At  this  time  the  enemy  had 
a  strong  position  on  James  Island,  at  Secessionville,  well 
fortified,  which,  with  its  garrison  and  supporting  troops, 
outnumbered  Benham's  force.  They  had  constructed  a 
battery,  called  Battery  Lamar,  which  annoyed  the  Fed- 
erals, and  Benham,  contrary  to  General  Hunter's  judg- 
ment, who  was  absent,  determined  to  take  it  by  assault. 


MITCHELL—  HffNTER—  G1LLMORE.  489 


The  attack  was  made  before  it  was  hardly  daylight  on 
the  16th  of  June.  A  gallant  charge  was  made,  the  8th 
Michigan  infantry  leading,  whose  flag  was  planted  on  the  Secession- 
enemy's  works,  during  the  assault.  A  fierce  hand  to  James 
hand  struggle  was  fought  on  the  parapet,  the  battle 
lasting  nearly  an  hour,  when  the  Federals  gave  up  and 
retired.  About  3,000  men  were  engaged  in  the  assault, 
commanded  by  General  Stevens,  with  an  equal  number, 
under  General  Wright,  as  support.  Federal  loss  was 
about  500  men  ;  the  loss  of  the  enemy  is  unknown. 
General  Hunter  soon  afterward  withdrew  the  troops 
from  the  island,  deciding  that  this  was  not  the  proper 
time  to  attack  Charleston. 

General  Mitchell,  coming  from  Buell's  army,  suc- 
ceeded General  Hunter,  arriving  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  in 
September,  1862. 

On  the  21st  of  October,  1862,  General  Mitchell  sent 
an  expedition  of  about  4,000  men  under  General  Bran- 
nan  to  destroy  the  Savannah  and  Charleston  railroad 
bridges  over  the  Pocotaligo  and  Coosawhatchie.  General 
Brannan  going  into  the  first-named  river,  sent  Colonel 
Barton  with  two  regiments  up  the  latter.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  22d,  Brannan  landed  at  Mackay's  Point,  and  ?ct  .*!?• 

»  Pocotaligo, 

proceeded  toward  the  village  of  Pocotaligo.  The  enemy  s.  c. 
had  been  warned  of  his  approach,  and  was  well  prepared 
to  meet  him.  After  a  sharp  encounter,  the  Confederates 
were  driven  from  their  first  line  by  a  charge,  but  their 
second  line  on  the  Pocotaligo  could  not  be  carried,  and 
after  sustaining  severe  losses  in"  killed  and  wounded,  the 
Federals  relinquished  the  attempt,  and  returned  unmo- 
lested to  their  boats  and  to  Hilton  Head,  where  they 
arrived  on  the  23d.  Colonel  Barton's  expedition  also 
failed  of  success,  finding  the  enemy  too  strong.  The 
Federal  loss  in  both  expeditions  was  about  230. 

About  the  time  this  movement  was  made,  General 


490  GILLMORE. 

is<iz.  Mitchell  was  taken  sick,  and  died  at  Beaufort,  Oct.  30. 
oct^ao  General  Ormsby  McK.  Mitchell,  a  graduate  of  West 
Dealh  of  p0int  and  an  eminent  professor  of  mathematics,  philos- 

General.  r  '  r 

Mitchell,  ophy,  and  astronomy,  died  of  yellow  fever  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C.,  Oct.  30,  1862.  General  Hunter  was  again  placed 
in  command,  and  at  once  began  preparations  for  the 
siege  of  Charleston. 

oct.  9,  i86i.        On  October  the  9th,  1861,  a  Federal  Zouave  regi- 

Santa  Rosa 

island,  Fia.  ment  stationed  at  Santa  Rosa  Island,  was  surprised  at 
night  by  a  force  of  the  enemy  sent  from  Pensacola,  and 
driven  from  their  camp  with  a  loss  of  65  in  killed  and 
wounded,  and  their  camp  destroyed. 

1863.  On  the  2d  of  June,  1863,  General  Q.  A.  Gillmore 

relieved  General  Hunter  of  the  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  South.  General  Gillmore  arrived  June  12 
at  Hilton  Head.  There  were  at  this  time  about  18,000 
men  in  this  Department.  So  many  points  along  the 
coast  had  to  be  garrisoned  that  not  more  than  10,000 
men  could  be  used  in  the  proposed  operations  against 
Charleston.  On  June  15  the  erection  of  batteries  was 
begun  on  Folly  Island  ;  they  were  finished  early  in  July. 
juiy  10  to  On  the  10th  of  July,  Gillmore  attacked  the  enemy's 
Fort  wag-  works  on  the  southern  end  of  Morris  Island.  His  bat- 
teries  upon  Folly  Island,  aided  by  Dahlgren's  monitors, 
bombarded  these  works,  as  well  as  Fort  Wagner,  a  pow- 
erful work,  heavily  armed  and  strongly  garrisoned. 
After  two  hours  of  cannonading,  the  Federal  guns  were 
turned  on  Wagner,  while  General  Geo.  C.  Strong,  who 
had  landed  with  about  2,000  men  during  the  previous 
night,  charged  the  first-named  works.  After  a  brief 
struggle  the  enemy  fled  to  Wagner,  at  the  north  end  of 
the  island,  leaving  Strong  in  possession,  who  captured 
eleven  guns  and  the  camp  equipage. 

11.  On   the  llth,  at  5  A.  M.,  General    Strong   led    his 

troops  to  the  assault  of  Fort  Wagner  itself,  in  the  face 


GIL  L  MORE—  TERR  Y.  491 


of  a  terrible  fire.  The  gallant  soldiers  reached  the  par- 
apet,  but  the  fire  was  too  hot,  and  they  were  compelled 
to  retire,  with  a  loss  of  about  150.  On  July  the  8th, 
Gillmore  had  sent  General  A.  H.  Terry  with  about 
4,000  men  against  the  enemy  on  James  Island,  for  the 
purpose  of  drawing  attention  from  Wagner  during 
Strong's  attack.  Terry  remained  on  James  Island  until 
the  16th,  when  he  withdrew.  On  that  morning  the  ^uly  16- 

James 

enemy  attacked  him,  but  was  easily  repulsed  with  the  Mand. 
aid  of  the  navy. 

Gillmore  now  erected  five  batteries  on  the  southern 
end  of  Morris  Island,  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  Wag- 
ner.    These  batteries,  together  with  the  monitors,  again 
bombarded  Fort  Wagner  from  noon   till   night  on  the  JJ^f8" 
18th  of  July,  when  their  fire  ceased,  and  the  infantry  ^sauit. 
again  made  an  assault.     Strong's  brigade  took  the  lead, 
and  was  supported  by  a  brigade  under  Colonel  Putnam. 
The  charge  was  nobly  made,  the  parapet  reached,  and 
some  of  the  soldiers  scaled  the  works  ;    but  the  assault 
finally  ended  in  defeat  with  fearful  loss.     Colonel  Put- 
nam followed  the  leading  brigade  right  up  to  the  works, 
and  charged  them  with  his  troops.     The  Federal  loss 
was  about  1,500,  including  many  officers.     Colonel  Put-  Death  of 
nam  and  Colonel  Shaw  were  amonsr  the  killed.     General  c°loncl8 

Putnam 

Strong  was  .severely  wounded.  and  shaw, 

General  Gillmore  now  abandoned  the  plan  of  assault,  a  graduate 
and  with  great  vigor  began  a  regular  siege.  Strong  bat- 
teries  were  built,  and  immense  guns  placed  in  them. 
Among  others  there  were,  one  300-pounder,  six  200- 
pounders,  nine  100-pounders,  and  fifteen  siege  mortars  ; 
and  at  a  point  half  way  between  Morris  and  James  isl- 
ands, a  battery  was  built  in  the  marsh.  The  bottom  of 
its  foundation  was  sunk  sixteen  feet  in  the  mud.  (The 
officer  in  charge  made  a  requisition  for  men  eighteen 
feet  in  height  to  perform  the  work  !  )  When  completed, 


492  GILL  MO  RE— TERRY. 

i8G3.    an  8-inch,  200-pounder  rifled  Parrott  gun  was  mounted 
therein.      This    gun    was    named    by    the    sergeant   in 

"Swamp  charge  the  "  Swamp  Angel."  Gillmore  had  erected 
twelve  batteries  in  all  by  the  middle  of  August. 

On  the  morning  of  August  17  the  batteries  and 
the  entire  navy  present  opened  upon  Forts  Sumter  and 
Wagner,  and  also  upon  Battery  Gregg,  which  lay  be- 
tween the  two.  The  bombardment  was  continued  for 
seven  days,  at  the  end  of  which  time  Fort  Sumter  was 
a  shapeless  mass.  The  "  Swamp  Angel "  sent  thirty- 
five  shots  into  Charleston  City,  but  burst  on  the  thirty- 
sixth  discharge.  Gillmore  now  paid  particular  attention 
to  Wagner.  At  night,  powerful  calcium  lights  were 
turned  on  this  work,  exposing  and  blinding  the  enemy. 
On  September  6,  increased  vigor  was  given  to  the  bom- 
bardment, and  preparations  made  for  an  assault  for  the 
following  morning  by  3,000  men  under  General  Terry. 

sept   r.     jyi  was  jn  rea(]iness  at  2  A.  M.  on  the  7th,  when  it  was 

Night  at- 
tack on      discovered  that  the  enemy  had  fled.     Battery  Gregg  had 

also  been  abandoned.  The  Federals  at  once  took  pos- 
session and  repaired  Fort  Wagner  and  Battery  Gregg. 

On  the  night  of  September  8,  an  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt was  made  by  a  detachment  of  men  from  the 
squadron  in  row  boats  to  storm  Fort  Sumter.  After  a 
loss  of  about  a  hundred  men,  the  party  retired.  The 
land  force  was  to  aid  in  this  movement;  but  owing  to 
some  unforeseen  difficulty,  it  failed  to  co-operate.  For 
some  time  after  this,  no  further  decisive  events  occurred 
at  this  point. 

General  Gillmore  started  a  force  of  about  5,000  men 

Feb.  6. 

Expedition  from  Hilton  Head  February  6,  1864,  on  an  expedition 
to  Florida,  on  transports,  under  command  of  General 
Truman  Seymour.  Gillmore  accompanied  the  expedition 
as  far  as  Baldwin,  Fla.  Seymour  arrived  at  Jacksonville 
about  5  P.  M.  on  the  7th,  landing  with  but  little  opposi- 


GILL  MO  RE— FOSTER.  493 

tion.      On    the    8th    the    Federals    moved    toward    the   is 64. 
interior,  reaching  Baldwin  the  next  day,  having  encoun- 
tered  a   small    body  of  the  enemy,  which  they  easily 
pushed  before  them.     The  Federal  cavalry  pressed  for- 
ward, having  a  sharp  skirmish  at  St.  Mary's  River,  and  gte1)M™'  ,g 
reached  the  vicinity  of  Lake  City  at  2  p.  M.  the  10th,  River,  FI«. 
where  they  rested ;  but  they  soon  afterward  retired  to 
St.  Mary's  River. 

On  the  17th  of  February,  Seymour  put  his  forces  in 
motion  toward  the  Suwanee  River.  On  the  20th,  at  Q^gte^' 
about  2  P.  M.,  the  Federals  ran  into  an  ambush  of  a Fla 
heavy  force  of  the  enemy,  under  General  Finnegan,  near 
Olustee  Station.  This  proved  a  terrible  disaster;  for 
although  the  Federals  recovered  from  the  surprise 
quickly,  and  fought  heroically  for  two  hours,  they  were 
fearfully  cut  up,  and  were  finally  compelled  to  retreat. 
The  colored  troops,  of  which  there  were  three  regiments, 
fought  magnificently.  The  Federal  loss  was  about  250 
killed  and  1,200  wounded;  the  loss  of  the  enemy,  about 
150  killed  and  750  wounded.  The  Federals  continued 
the  retreat  to  Jacksonville  in  good  order;  the  enemy 
did  not  pursue.  The  expedition  soon  afterward  returned 
to  Hilton  Head. 

Early  in  May,  General  Gillmore,  with  the  10th 
Corps,  was  called  from  this  Department,  and  joined  the 
Army  of  the  James,  which  was  under  the  command  of 
General  Butler. 

In  the  beginning  of  July,  Colonel  Silliman,  with  the 
26th  United    States   colored   infantry,  was  directed  to 
storm   a   battery  near    Legareville,    on    John's    Island.  July  5-7. 
Five  brave  and  determined  charges  were  made,  with  a  and"  s.  c. 
loss  of  about  100  in  killed  and  wounded;  but  it  ended 
with  the  repulse  of  the  Federals. 

General  Foster,  who  was  in  command  of  the  coast  of 
South  Carolina  when  Sherman  was  nearing  Savannah, 


494  FOSTER— HATCH— POTTER. 

1864.   made  a  demonstration   in    Sherman's  favor,  landing  at 

Boyd's  Neck,  Nov.  30, 1864,  with  about  5,000  men.     He 

Honey  Hiii  sent  General  Hatch   with   a  strong  force   to   seize  the 

°r  Gr*~     railroad  at  Honey  Hill  or  Grahamville ;  and  the  follow- 

hamville.  * 

ing  day,  near  that  place,  Hatch  came  upon  the  enemy 
strongly  intrenched.  He  attacked  at  once,  but  after  a 
severe  conflict  was  repulsed,  with  the  loss  of  over  700 
men.  "Foster  then  moved  his  force  to  Devaux  Neck, 
where  he  fortified,  remaining  there  until  Hardee  fled 
from  Charleston,  when  he  took  possession  of  Pocotaligo. 
On  the  24th  of  December,  while  General  Sherman's 
forces  were  in  front  of  Savannah,  General  Hardee,  in 
command  of  the  enemy's  troops  there,  evacuated,  march- 
ing his  troops  out  quietly  during  the  night,  and  hastily 
moved  to  Charleston.  When  Sherman  again  put  his 
army  in  motion  northward,  Hardee  supposed  Charleston 
to  be  his  objective  point,  and  concentrated  his  troops 
for  defense.  General  Gillmore,  again  in  command  on 
the  coast,  made  feints  in  the  direction  of  Charleston  to 
encourage  Hardee  in  this  belief,  one  body  of  Federal 
Feb.  10.  troops  landing  upon  James  Island  on  Feb.  10,  1865, 
james  M-  wnere  a  sharp  engagement  was  had.  The  enemy's 
rifle-pits  were  carried,  with  a  loss  to  the  Federals  of 
about  80  men.  Co-operative  movements  were  made  at 
the  same  time  by  Generals-  Hatch  and  Potter,  the  former 
toward  South  Edisto  River,  the  latter  from  Bull's  Bay 
northward.  Hardee  remained  at  Charleston  until  Feb. 

re  I).   17. 

Charleston  17?  when,  learning  that  Sherman  had  reached  Columbia, 

evacuated 

by  the  he  made  haste  to  evacuate,  moving  by  the  only  road  left 
open  to  join  Beauregard  and  Johnston  in  North  Carolina. 
Before  leaving  Charleston,  a  guard  detailed  for  the  pur- 
pose set  fire  to  every  building  or  warehouse  which  was 
stored  with  cotton.  A  terrible  conflagration  followed. 
An  explosion  of  powder  took  place  at  the  Northeastern 
Railroad  depot,  causing  the  loss  of  many  lives.  The 


GILLMQRE—  ANDERSON.  495 


destruction  of  property  was  immense  before  the  flames 
could  be  subdued.  On  the  18th  the  Union  soldiers 
entered  Charleston,  and  assisted  in  extinguishing  the 
flames.  After  four  long  years  of  suspense  and  sorrow, 
the  United  States  flag  was  again  flung  to  the  breeze 
over  Fort  Sumter,  Charleston,  and  the  surrounding  forts. 
Over  450  cannon  were  found  in  the  defenses. 

It  was  on  the  fourth  anniversary  of  the  evacuation  of  Anderson 
Sumter  by  Major  Anderson  (April  14,  1861),  that  this 


same  officer,  now  General  Anderson,  with  his  own  hand  old  flns 

over    Sum- 

raised  the  flag  that  he  then  hauled  down.  ter. 


CHAPTER    XXVIII. 

DEPARTMENT     OF    THE    QULF. 

P  HELPS—  FARE  A  G  UT. 


i86i.  rr^HE  first   movement   made    by  the    United    States 

_  » 

-L-  Government  in  the  direction  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
December,  was  in  December,  1861,  when  General  John  W.  Phelps, 
pheipT  wno  had  served  in  the  Mexican  and  Florida  wars,  landed 


lands  on    wj^  &  small  force  on  Ship  Island,  Miss.,  not  far  from 

Ship  Isl- 

and, Miss,  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  Department 
of  the  Gulf  extended  from  Key  West  to  the  Rio  Grande, 
comprising  the  States  of  Louisiana,  Texas,  the  lower 
half  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  and  the  western  coast 
of  Florida. 

The  principal  land  operations  in  this  Department 
were  in  Louisiana.  The  following  partial  description  of 
the  face  of  the  country  in  that  State  is  extracted  from 
Lippincott's  magnificent  "  Gazetteer  of  the  World  ":— 

"  FACE  OF  THE  COUNTRY.  —  It  is  stated  that  no  part  of 
Louisiana  has  any  point  elevated  more  than  240  feet 
above  sea-level.  In  the  central  and  northern  sections  of 
the  State,  there  are  extensive  tracts  of  undulating  or 
even  hilly  ground.  Farther  southward  the  country  is 
more  level,  with  extensive  forests  and  swamps.  In  the 
southwest  there  are  wide,  grassy  prairies  ;  and  near  the 
coast  and  the  streams  these  plains  in  some  cases  assume 
the  remarkable  character  of  prairies  tremblantes,  or 
'  trembling  prairies,'  which  quake  beneath  the  traveler's 
feet,  and  are  believed  to  float  upon  the  surface  of  sub- 
terranean waters  or  upon  gulfs  of  thin  mud.  The  great 

(496) 


FARRAGUT— BUTLER.  497 

delta  of  the  Mississippi  is  largely  made  up  of  swamp- 
lands, slightly  elevated  above  the  sea-level,  and  subject 
to  occasional  overflow ;  and  even  the  habitable  and 
cultivable  lands  would  be  to  a  great  extent  over, 
whelmed  by  the  freshets  of  the  Mississippi,  were  it  not 
that  a  system  of  dikes,  or  levees,  has  been  constructed 
at  a  great  expense  for  the  restraint  of  the  river  within 
its  banks ;  but  these  levees  are  liable  to  burst  at  high 
water,  and  then  destructive  floods  pour  through  the 
crevasse,  and  sometimes  deluge  large  areas." 

The  southern  portion  of  the  State  of  Louisiana  was 
overflowed  on  account  of  broken  levees  during  the  whole 
war  which,  with  the  marshes  and  cypress  swamps,  made 
it  a  very  unhealthy  country  for  the  Northern  soldiers 
until  acclimated.  The  death  list  from  disease  was  very 
large,  one  regiment,  the  6th  Michigan  infantry,  losing 
nearly  500  men  from  that  cause ;  and  scarcely  a  soldier 
who  served  two  years  in  this  Department,  and  who 
lived  to  be  mustered  out,  has  ever  recovered  from  the 
evil  effects  of  the  malaria  of  those  swamps. 

January  10,  1862,  the  Federal  war  steamer  Hatteras 
took  possession  of  Cedar  Keys,  on  the  western  coast  of  cedarKevs, 
Florida.     Fifteen   prisoners    were    taken,   and    several Fla' 
small  vessels  captured. 

During  this  same  month,  an  expedition  was  organized  Expedition 
to  proceed  against  New  Orleans  and  the  enemy's  works  NTw^or- 
on  the  Mississippi  River.     The  naval  fleet,  consisting  of leans- 
forty-six  vessels,  was  under  Captain  David  G.  Farragut, 
who  was  then  sixty  years  of  age,  and  had  been  in  the 
United  States  naval  service  since  his  tenth  year.     The 
land  forces,  numbering  about  13,000  men,  were  under 
General  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  Massachusetts. 

Farragut  left  Hampton  Roads  on  the  2d  of  February, 
himself  on  board  the  sloop  of  war  Hartford.  Butler 
started  from  Newport  News  in  the  latter  part  of  Febru- 

32 


1862. 


498  FARRAGUT—  BUTLER. 


ary  with  10,000  Eastern  troops,  on  board  transports; 
three  Western  regiments,  the  4th  Wisconsin,  21st  Indi- 
ana, and  the  6th  Michigan,  followed  from  the  same  ren- 
dezvous on  March  5.  These  last  three  regiments  all 
went  aboard  one  ship,  the  steamer  Constitution,  and 
arrived  at  Ship  Island  March  13,  where  they  landed 
and  found  their  Eastern  comrades  already  encamped. 

On  the  8th  of  April,  Farragut  succeeded,  after  a 
great  deal  of  difficulty,  in  getting  his  fleet  over  the  bar 
at  Southwest  Pass  and  into  the  Mississippi  River. 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  now  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  protected  the  lower  course  of  the  river,  and 
blocked  the  way  to  New  Orleans.  It  is  about  35  miles 
from  Southwest  Pass  to  the  forts,  and  112  miles  to  New 
Orleans.  Farragut  began  the  bombardment  of  these 
forts  on  April  18.  After  an  exhaustive  shelling  of  the 
forts  he  became  impatient  at  this  slow  process,  and  de- 
cided to  force  a  passage.  At  4  A.  M.  on  the  24th,  his  fleet 
of  seventeen  war  steamers  was  under  way.  Within  one 
hour  he  had  passed  the  forts,  and  at  the  end  of  two 
hours  the  enemy's  fleet  above  the  forts  had  been  de- 
stroyed or  dispersed,  and  the  way  was  open  for  the 
Federal  fleet  to  pass  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans.  (See 
s,!rrrenL  Navy.)  The  forts  surrendered  on  the  28th  to  Com- 
Of  Forts  mander  D.  D.  Porter,  who  had  command  of  the  twenty 

Jackson  _  ' 

and  st.     mortar-boats  that  had   been  shelling  them  for  the  last 

Philip.  , 

ten  days. 

Meantime  Farragut  had  appeared  to  the  people  of 
New  Orleans,  having  arrived  opposite  the  city  on  the 
25th.  The  enemy  had  a  force  of  3,000  troops  in  the 
city,  under  General  Lovell,  but  they  hastily  retired 
northward  upon  the  approach  of  the  Federal  fleet,  when 
the  helpless  city  surrendered.  . 

General  Butler  had  embarked  his  troops  at  Ship 
Island  on  the  14th,  reaching  Southwest  Pass  on  the 


FARRAGUT— BUTLER.  499 

16th.     During   the   bombardment  of  the  forts,  Butler    iseg. 
proceeded  to  Black  Bay,  in  the  rear  of  Fort  St.  Philip, 
and  landed  a  portion  of  his  troops  there  in  the  marshes, 
for  the  purpose  of  storming  that  fort ;  but  before  any 
action  could  be  taken,  word  came  that  the  forts  had  sur- 
rendered.    After  giving  three  cheers  for  the  brave  Far- 
ragut  and  his  men,  the  soldiers  again  embarked,  when 
Butler  proceeded  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  and  to 
New  Orleans,  arriving  there  on  the  1st  of  May.     On  the 
following  day  the  troops  landed,  and  took  possession  of  ^  2- 
the  city.     Farragut  being  thus  relieved,  proceeded  up  leans, 
the  river,  reaching  Baton  Rouge  on  the  9th  and  Natchez 
on  the. 12th,  meeting  with  no  opposition  at  either  place.  May. 
He  arrived  at  Vicksburg  on  the  18th,  accompanied  by  JJJ^^J 
the  6th  Michigan  and  the  4th  Wisconsin,  under  General 
Thomas  Williams,  on  transports,  and  found  the  enemy 
in  strong  force,  and  disputing  his  farther  advance  with 
powerful  batteries.     It  is  130  miles  from  New  Orleans 
to  Baton  Rouge,  and  400  miles  to  Vicksburg.     Becom- 
ing satisfied  that  he  must  have  in  co-operation  a  strong 
land  force,  he  returned  to  New  Orleans  about  the  1st  of 
June. 

Accompanied  by  about  3,000  troops  under  General 
Williams,  he  returned  to  Vicksburg  about  the  middle  of 
June  with  a  strong  fleet.  By  the  25th  his  fleet  had 
assembled  below  the  town.  Artillery  firing  was  in- 
dulged in  till  the  28th,  when  Farragut,  with  a  part  of 
his  fleet,  ran  by  the  enemy's  batteries  with  but  little 
damage  to  his  shipping,  losing  15  men  killed  and  42 
wounded.  Being  convinced  that  Vicksburg  could  not 
be  taken  without  an  army,  and  there  being  no  troops  to 
spare  for  this  purpose  at  this  time,  he  repassed  the 
enemy's  batteries  on  the  night  of  July  15,  suffering  a 
loss  of  5  killed  and  16  wounded.  General  Williams 
and  his  soldiers  had  endeavored  to  cut  a  new  channel 


500  B  UTLER  -  WILLIA  MS. 


across  a  point  of  land  infolded  by  the  waters  of  the  great 
river  opposite  the  town,  which,  if  successful,  would  ren- 
der the  enemy's  position  valueless.  This  project  failed, 
however,  and  the  Federals  gave  up  the  attempt  upon 
Vicksburg  for  the  present.  Williams  soon  afterward 
occupied  Baton  Rouge,  Farragut  proceeding  to  New 
Orleans,  where  he  arrived  July  29.  Two  gun-boats  were 
left  at  Vicksburg,  and  two  at  Baton  Rouge.  On  the 
14th  of  June,  a  small  force  of  Federals,  numbering  about 
250  men,  going  by  boat  to  Manchac  Pass,  made  a  raid 
up  the  Jackson  Railroad,  after  destroying  the  railroad 
June  15.  bridge  at  that  point.  Reaching  Ponchatoula  the  follow- 
tduhvLa.  ing  day,  they  put  to  flight  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy, 
and  destroyed  a  large  quantity  of  army  stores,  returning 
to  Manchac  Pass  and  New  Orleans  the  following  day. 

When  Farragut  and  Williams  retired  from  Vicksburg, 
General  Van  Dorn,  who  was  then  in  command  of  the 
enemy's  forces  there,  resolved  to  obtain  possebsion  of 
Baton  Rouge  if  possible,  desiring  to  gain  a  foot-hold 
at  a  point  south  of  the  mouth  of  Red  River.  General 
Breckenridge,  with  a  force  about  6,000  strong,  was  at 
once  put  in  motion.  He  reached  Camp  Moore,  just 
south  of  the  Louisiana  line,  on  July  28,  and  taking  a  lit- 
tle time  to  get  his  troops  in  fighting  order,  resumed  his 
inarch  on  the  30th. 

General  Williams,  in  command  at  Baton  Rouge,  on 
learning  of  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  hastily  posted 
his  troops  as  advantageously  as  possible,  his  front  not 
Ang.  5.  being  protected  by  breastworks  or  fortifications  of  any 
kind.  At  daylight  on  the  5th  of  August,  the  enemy 
suddenly  attack  with  great  ferocity.  The  Federals, 
numbering  scarcely  2,000  men  in  line,  meet  the  foe  in 
the  open  field,  bravely  resisting  this  overwhelming  force 
with  obstinacy.  For  a  moment  they  are  somewhat 
thrown  into  disorder,  but  soon  recover,  and  although 


nUTLER—  WILLIAMS.  501 

they  are  forced  back  a  short  distance,  they  now  check  isuv. 
the  exultant  enemy,  then  drive  him,  causing  fearful  loss 
in  his  ranks,  Nim's  Massachusetts  Battery  doing  terrible 
execution.  In  the  height  of  the  conflict  General  Will- Thomas 
iains  was  killed,  while  gallantly  leading  the  21st  Indiana 
to  the  charge,  the  field  officers  of  that  regiment  having 
fallen.  He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  had 
served  on  General  Scott's  staff  in  the  Mexican  war.  A 
brigade  of  the  enemy  under  Colonel  Clark,  of  Missis- 
sippi, was  sent  to  attack  the  Federal  right  for  the  pur- 
pose of  flanking  Williams's  batteries.  It  reached  a  point 
guarded  by  three  companies  —  A,  B,  and  F— of  the  6th 
Michigan  infantry,  under  command  of  Captain  John 
Corden.  After  delivering  a  terrible  fire,  the  enemy 
charge.  The  Michigan  men  heroically  resist  the  onset, 
falling  back  a  short  distance,  but  pouring  an  incessant 
fire  into  the  advancing  foe.  Captain  Cordon  sits  astride 
of  his  horse,  smoking  his  pipe,  as  «ool  as  if  witnessing  a 
parade.  The  enemy  are  checked,  their  lines  broken^ 
their  commander  mortally  wounded,  and  they  are  finally 
driven  back  to  the  woods. 

Meantime  the  battle  has  raged  furiously  on  the  Fed- 
eral left  and  center,  but  by  10  A.  M.  Breckenridge  retires 
northward,  thoroughly  repulsed  and  defeated,  having 
lost  about  600  men  in  this  fruitless  encounter.  The 
Federal  loss  was  82  killed  and  about  255  wounded. 
Breckenridge  marched  his  men  to  Port  Hudson,  30  miles 
above  Baton  Rouge,  taking  possession  there  and  erecting 
heavy  batteries,  from  which  strong  position  the  enemy 
was  not  dislodged  until  July,  1863.  A  few  days  after 
the  battle,  General  Butler  ordered  the  troops  at  Baton 
Rouge  to  New  Orleans,  thus  leaving  the  ground  for  which 
the  Federal  soldiers  had  so  nobly  fought,  in  quiet  posses- 
sion of  the  enemy. 

In  the  latter  part  of  October,  1862,  General  Wcitzel, 


502  BUTLER—  BANKS. 

i86v.   with  a  brigade  of  infantry  and  a  regiment  of  cavalry, 

landed  at  Donaldsonville,  La.,  about  80  miles  above  New 

Orleans,  on  the  west  bank  of  the   Mississippi.     On  the 

26th   of  that   month   he   began  to   descend   Bayou  La 

Fourche.      The   day  following  he   came   upon  a  small 

Labadie-     body   of  the   enemy,  under   Colonel  McPheeters,  near 

Georgia1"     Labadieville.     Weitzel  at  once  attacks,  and  after  a  spir- 

Lamiing,     jj-ej  engagement,  puts  the  enemy  to  flight,  taking  nearly 


Death  of  prisoners.     Colonel    McPheeters    was   among   the 

ColonelMc-  killed.     The  Federal  loss  was  about  90  in  killed  and 

Pheetcrs. 

wounded.  Weitzel  then  proceeded  to  Brashear  City, 
which  place  he  found  abandoned,  but  feeling  sufficiently 
strong  to  hold  it  with  his  present  force,  he  took  an 
advantageous  position  at  Thibodeaux. 

In  the  month  of  November,  1862,  General  N.  P. 
Banks  sailed  from  New  York  with  a  force  of  about 
18,000  men  for  New  Orleans,  relieving  General  Butler 
on  Dec.  16.  With  the  arrival  of  the  troops  brought  by 
General  Banks,  the  force  in  this  Department  now  num- 
bered about  36,000  men,  in  four  divisions,  under  Gener- 
als C.  C.  Augur,  T.  W.  Sherman,  W.  H.  Emory,  and  C. 
Grover,  designated  the  19th  army  corps.  The  Federal 
Government  hoped  to  gain  possession  of  the  Mississippi 
River  by  pushing  Banks  up  that  stream,  while  General 
Grant  should  move  down.  Grover's  division  arrived  at, 
and  took  possession  of,  Baton  Rouge  On  the  17th. 
ISM.  General  Weitzel  left  Thibodeaux  Jan.  11,  1863,  and 

joining  a  naval  division  at  Brashear  City,  embarked  on 
transports.  On  the  13th  the  flotilla  appeared  before 
Pattersonville  on  the  Bayou  Teche.  The  enemy's 
works  at  this  place  were  garrisoned  by  about  1,500 
men,  who  were  aided  in  the  defense  of  this  point  by  the 
Jan.  14.  gun-boat  Cotton.  On  the  morning  of  the  14th,  the 
^,  La.  soldiers  having  been  landed,  the  Federals  began  the 
attack.  The  gun-boats  under  Captain  Buchanan  (a 


SAXKS— BUTLER.  503 

brother  of  the  officer  who  commanded  the  Merrimac  or  i««a. 
Virginia)    opened    the    battle.      The   land   forces    soon 
afterward  attacked  in  rear,  and  after  a  severe  engage- 
ment the  rebels  were  put  to  flight.     The  Cotton  was  de- 
stroyed.    The  loss  on  each  side  was  about  200.     Captain  Death  °f 
Buchanan  fell  mortally  wounded,  while  gallantly  pushing  Buchanan. 
his  vessel  against  the  enemy's  works.     The  flotilla  soon 
afterward  returned  to  Thibodeaux. 

On  the  24th  of  December,  '62,  three  companies  of 
the  42d  Massachusetts  infantry,  numbering  240  men, 
being  the  advance  of  an  expedition  for  the  occupation  of 
Galveston,  Tex.,  arrived  at  that  place.  They  were  to 
be  protected  by  the  gun-boats  there  under  command  of 
Captain  Renshaw.  Galveston  stands  on  an  island 
twenty-eight  miles  in  length  and  from  one  and  one  Jialf 
to  three  and  one  half  miles  wide,  connected  with  the 
main  land  by  a  long  bridge.  The  city  had  surrendered 
to  Renshaw  on  the  9th  of  October,  1862. 

At   midnight,  Dec.  31,  General  Magruder,  now  in 
command  of  the  enemy's  forces  in  Texas,  attacked  this  Jan-  J- 
little  band  with  about  1,500  men.     The  Massachusetts  Tex. 
men  defended   themselves  with   great  heroism.     They 
had  made  a  sort  of  breastworks  with  planks  from  the 
wharf,   and   being   aided  for  a  time  by  the  gun-boats, 
they  were  enabled  to  repel   Magruder's  first   assaults. 
Magruder   was   about   despairing   of  success  when,  at 
daylight,   the   enemy  brought   out  two   gun-boats,  the 
Bayou  City  and  the  Neptune,  attacking  the  Harriet  Lane. 
The   Neptune  was    soon   disabled   and   sunk;    but   the 
Bayou  City,  striking  the  Lane,  became  fastened  by  the 
nose.      The    enemy   quickly   boarded    the   Lane,   and 
greatly  outnumbering  the  Federal  crew,  soon  captured 
her.     Captain  Wainwright,  commanding  the  Lane,  was  Death  of 
killed.     The  Federal  gun-boat  Westfield,'\u  endeavoring  wain"1 
to  come  to  the  aid  of  the  Lane,  ran  aground,  and  being  wnsht 


504  ZANKS—  FARRAGUT. 

i  a  63.   unable    to    release    her,    Renshaw,  who  was  on  board, 

ordered    her   to    be    abandoned    and    destroyed.       The 

magazine    prematurely    exploded,    and    Renshaw   and 

Death  of    fifteen  men  in  a  yawl,  not  yet  havinsr  left  the  side  of 

Captain  J  J  & 

the  doomed  vessel,  were  drowned.     Magruder  now  re- 


newed the  attack,  when  the  Federal  troops,  seeing 
resistance  useless,  surrendered,  after  causing  a  loss  to 
the  enemy  of  26  killed  and  117  wounded.  Galveston 
was  again  in  the  hands  of  the  foe,  who  now  supposed 
that  they  had  raised  the  blockade  ;  but  Farragut  soon 
undeceived  them.  The  remainder  of  Banks's  expedition 
for  the  occupation  of  Galveston  arrived  on  the  2d  of 
January.  It  did  not  attempt  a  landing,  however,  and 
soon  afterward  returned  to  New  Orleans. 

In  the  latter  part  of  January,  Banks  organized  an 
expedition  against  the  enemy's  works  at  Bute  La  Rose, 
on  the  Atchafalaya;  but  owing  to  impassable  bayous, 
the  project  was  abandoned  after  they  had  reached 
Bayou  Teche.  Weitzel's  command  was  left  in  this 
vicinity  while  Emory's  division  was  taken  to  Baton 
Rouge  with  all  the  other  troops  that  could  be  spared 
March  is.  from  New  Orleans.  On  the  13th  of  March,  Banks, 
with  about  12,000  men,  moved  in  co-operation  with 
Farragut  against  Port  Hudson,  Grover's  division  in 
advance,  followed  by  Emory  and  Augur.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  15th,  Banks  learned  that  Farragut  had 
passed  the  enemy's  batteries  the  night  before  ;  and  also 
learning  that  the  garrison  of  Port  Hudson  numbered 
about  16,000  men,  he  decided  to  delay  the  attack  upon 
that  place  until  he  should  receive  reinforcements. 

Returning  at  once  to  Baton  Rouge,  General  Banks 
ordered  Emory  and  Grover,  with  their  divisions,  to 
Brashear  City,  where  they  joined  Weitzel  on  the  10th 
of  April.  Augur's  division  was  left  at  Baton  Rouge. 

General  Banks  had  returned  to  New  Orleans  to  look 


son. 


BANKS.  505 


after  mutters  there,  and  arrange  for  a  new  campaign. 
He  collected  about  15,000  men  at  Brashear  City,  where 
several  war  vessels  came  to  join  him.     The  enemy  at  March  ^ 
once  assembled   all    the    troops  possible  to  oppose  his  ^er8011" 
advance,  under    command  of   General  Richard  Taylor, 
numbering  about  one  half  of  Banks's  force.     Taylor  had 
with  him  the  gun-boat  Queen  of  the  West,  captured  from  ^S^viiie. 
the  Federals  in  Red  River;    and  on  March  29  he  had 
added  to  his  naval  force  the  Federal  gun-boat  Diana, 
which,  having  gone  too  far  up  Bayou  Teche,  was  cap- 
tured by  his  troops.     He  had  taken  a  strong  position 
behind  breastworks  between  Pattersonville  and  Centre- 
ville,  on  Bayou  Teche. 

On  April    11,  the    Federal   army  moved   in   three  ^pril  11~13> 

<*  Bayou 

divisions,  under  Emory,  Weitzel,  and  G  rover,  the  first  Teche,  or 
two  going  up  the  right  bank  of  the  Teche,  from  Berwick 
City.  The  latter  embarking  on  transports  and  gun- 
boats proceeded  up  the  Atchafalaya  into  Lake  Cheti- 
maches,  and  landed  on  the  12th  north  of  the  enemy's 
position  at  Irish  Bend,  so  as  to  cut  off  his  escape. 
Learning  of  this,  Taylor  at  once  determined  to  check 
the  movement,  if  possible,  until  he  could  effect  a  retreat. 
He  took  a  part  of  his  force  and  moved  against  Grover, 
leaving  the  remainder  to  oppose  Emory  and  Weitzel. 
The  former  had  approached  his  works  on  the  12th,  but 
engaged  only  in  an  artillery  battle. 

The  13th  was  spent  by  Ernory  and  Weitzel  in  skir- 
mishing and  preparing  for  an  assault.  Meantime  Taylor 
met  Grover  on  the  13th.  A  severe  conflict  followed, 
which  was  not  ended  until  night  stopped  the  battle. 
During  the  night  Taylor,  with  all  his  forces,  retreated 
up  the  right  bank  of  the  Teche,  after  burning  the  Diana 
and  several  transports,  together  with  a  partly  con- 
structed iron-clad.  The  Queen  of  the  West  was  soon 
afterward  destroyed  by  the  Federal  gun-boats. 


500  &ANKS. 

1*6 a.         Banks  at  once  pushed  forward  in  pursuit,  reaching 
New  Iberia  on  the  16th,  where  Taylor  was  compelled 

April    16.  •' 

New iberia.  to  destroy  five  transports  laden  with  stores,  so  close  had 
been  the  pursuit.  The  Federals  destroyed  the  salt- 
works and  cannon  foundries  at  this  point.  The  pursuit 
was  continued,  the  Federals  reaching  Opelousas  on  the 
20th,  Grover's  division  having  had  a  successful  engage- 
ment with  a  strong  detachment  of  the  enemy  at  Bayou 

April  IT.    yermiHion  on  the  17th.     Taylor  continued  his  retreat 

Bayou  Ver-  * 

million,  through  Alexandria,  on  Red  River,  at  which  place  Banks 
arrived  on  the  6th  of  May,  where  he  found  a  fleet  of 

May    6.  •>  7 

Banks  at  Federal  gun-boats  under  Admiral  Porter,  who  had 
arrived  a  little  before  him.  Taylor  retreated  to  Shreve- 
port,  pursued  by  Weitzel  as  far  as  Grand  Ecore.  Banks's 
campaign  had  been  successful;  he  had  captured  and 
burned,  or  caused  the  destruction  of,  all  the  enemy's 
gun-boats  and  transports  in  his  path,  and  had  taken 
about  2,000  prisoners  and  20  pieces  of  artillery. 

General  Banks  now  determined  to  invest  Port  Hud- 
son, as  his  army  had  been  increased  in  numbers,  and 
the  garrison  of  that  place  reduced  one  half,  several 
thousand  having  been  sent  to  Jackson,  Miss.,  to  reinforce 
Johnston,  who  was  collecting  all  forces  possible  to  op- 
pose General  Grant.  Banks  began  his  march  from 

May  14.     Alexandria  on  May  14,  part  of  his  army  going  by  water 
8 MS    and  part  by  land,  arriving  at  Bayou  Sara,  about  fifteen 
nud-  m^es   above  Port  Hudson,  on  the  23d,  and  appearing 
before  Port  Hudson  on  the  24th.     At   the   same    time 
General  Augur  arrived  from  Baton  Rouge  with  his  di- 
vision, together  with  a   part  of  a  new  division   under 
General  T.  W.  Sherman. 

General  Frank  Gardner,  who  commanded  the  garri- 
son of  Port  Hudson,  had  sent  a  force  to  check  the 
advance  of  Augur's  troops ;  but  after  a  brief  engage- 
ment at  Plain's  store,  the  enemy  retired  in  haste  to  his 


BANKS.  507 

fortifications,  which  were  very  strong,  and  armed  with  ise 3. 
heavy  guns.  The  garrison  numbered  about  7,000.  The 
water  front  defenses  were  about  three  miles  in  length ; 
the  land  fortifications  about  nine  miles.  The  works  of 
Port  Hudson  were  strong  by  nature  as  well  as  by  art; 
numerous  ravines,  filled  with  fallen  timber,  made  the 
approach  difficult. 

On  the  25th   the  investment  was  completed.     The  Mfly  21  to 
Federals  numbered  about  15,000  in  divisions  from  right  siege  at 
to  left  as  follows  :    Weitzel,  Grover,  Dwight   (who  was  ^  J 
in  command    of  Emory's    division,    that   officer    being 
absent,  sick),  Augur,  and  Sherman.     Farragut  was  there 
with  the  Mononyahela,  Richmond,  Essex,  Genessee,  and  a 
number   of  mortar-boats  below,  and  the  Hartford  and 
Albatross  above.     The  last  two  had  forced  a  passage  by 
the  enemy's  batteries  on  March  14,  with  Farragut  on 
board  the  Hartford.     Farragut  had  since  been  operating 
between  this  place  and  Vicksburg,  and  on  Red  River. 
Banks  determined  upon  a  general  aosault  at  once,  and 
gave  orders  for  the  27th.     At  daybreak   the    Federal 
guns  opened  upon  the  enemy's  works,  Farragut  joining 
in  the  bombardment. 

The  assault,  which  should  have  been  simultaneous  at  M»y  27- 
all  points,  was  not  so.  The  right  attacked  in  the  morn-  assault. 
ing,  but  by  some  mistake  the  center  did  not  begin  its 
move  until  the  right  had  suffered  a  repulse,  and  the  left 
began  its  attack  about  the  time  the  center  had  expended 
its  force  in  vain.  The  assault  was  a  failure.  The  fight- 
ing continued  until  night,  when  the  Federals  drew  off. 
The  charge  of  the  Union  soldiers  had  been  gallant  and 
determined.  There  were  numerous  instances  of  detach- 
ments' reaching  the  enemy's  works  and  mounting  the 
parapet,  but  being  unsupported,  they  were  driven  back. 
The  6th  Michigan  and  a  New  York  Zouave  regiment,  of 
Sherman's  division,  planted  their  colors  upon  the  works. 


508  BAXXS. 

is  an.  General  Sherman  lost  a  leg  in  this  battle.  The  Federal 
loss  ill  the  assault  was  about  300  killed  and  1,500 
wounded.  Two  colored  regiments  fought  under  Weit- 
zel,  the  first  trial  given  colored  men  in  a  charge.  They 
behaved  like  good  warriors,  displaying  great  courage, 
and  keeping  even  pace  with  their  white  brothers. 

On  the  28th  an  armistice  was  agreed  upon,  when 
both  sides  buried  their  dead  and  carried  away  the 
wounded.  The  Federals  now  settled  down  to  a  regular 
siege,  the  Union  soldiers  working  day  after  day  in  the 
hot  June  sun  with  the  spade  as  well  as  the  rifle.  Far- 
ragut's  great  guns  joined  Banks's  artillery  in  a  continu- 
ous bombardment,  which  created  great  havoc  in  the 
enemy's  fortifications  and  armament,  and  incessantly 
annoyed  the  garrison  by  day  and  by  night,  giving  the 
Southern  soldiers  but  little  opportunity  to  sleep,  compel- 
ling them  to  seek  repose  in  the  shelter  of  deep  ravines. 
Toward  the  middle  of  June,  General  Banks  decided 
to  make  one  more  general  assault.  He  felt  that  he  must 
act  quickly  if  at  all.  Dick  Taylor  was  gathering  his 
forces  in  his  rear,  and  Johnston  might  pass  to  the  rear 
of  Grant,  and  fall  upon  him  at  any  moment.  Orders 
were  given  for  the  movement  for  the  14th.  The  Federal 
right  had  a  severe  battle  on  the  llth  of  June  in  endeav- 
oring to  work  up  a  little  nearer  to  the  enemy's  fortifica- 
tions, preparatory  to  the  intended  charge  of  the  14th ; 
but  little  ground  was  gained,  however. 

June  14.  At  dawn  of  the  14th  the  assault  began,  both  on  the 
alsauit.  right  and  left.  The  Union  soldiers  moved  forward  with 
great  determination,  but  the  ground  was  most  difficult ; 
fallen  timber  and  tangled  ravines  blocked  the  way,  and 
every  step  was  made  in  the  face  of  a  terrible  fire  from 
artillery  and  small  arms.  On  the  right  the  Federal 
troops  reached  the  ditch,  but  were  unable  to  go  over  the 
works,  which  were  heavily  manned,  and  they  were  at 


BANKS.  509 

last  forced  to  retire.  The  Federal  left  did  not  get  so 
near  the  enemy,  for  the  reason  that  the  repulse  on  the 
right  was  known  before  the  assault  on  the  left  was  made, 
and  the  soldiers  lost  all  faith  in  the  movement.  At  11 
A.  M.  all  was  over.  The  repulse  was  complete,  and  the 
Federals  returned  to  their  breastworks.  Some  ground 
had  been  gained,  however,  both  on  the  right  and  left, 
where  the  Federals  built  heavy  batteries  nearer  the 
enemy's  works. 

On  the  29th  of  June,  General  Dwight  ordered  the 
6th  Michigan  and  the  New  York  Zouave  regiment  to 
take  the  "  citadel,"  a  strong  work  nearly  100  feet  above 
the  river  on  the  enemy's  extreme  right.  Both  regi- 
ments, all  told  for  duty,  numbered  less  than  300  men. 
The  enemy  had  at  least  700  men  in  the  citadel.  The 
slaughter  was  useless,  and  the  assault  seemingly  ordered 
without  judgment.  The  Union  soldiers  moved  bravely 
forward,  but  were  driven  back  by  a  sheet  of  flame  and  a 
storm  of  bullets. 

Several  attempts  were  made  by  the  Federal  left  to 
capture  Port  Hudson,  but  none  so  ridiculous  as  the  one 
ordered  during  the  assault  of  June  14.  We  will  not  un- 
dertake to  say  who  was  responsible.  The  6th  Michigan 
was  directed  to  take  the  citadel.  Captain  John  Cordon, 
with  two  hundred  men  of  that  regiment,  was  to  storm 
the  citadel,  capture  it,  throw  its  guns  into  the  river,  and 
shovel  down  the  parapet;  while  Captain  Henry  Stark, 
of  the  same  regiment,  was  to  pass  on  with  fifty  picked 
men,  and  go  directly  to  the  headquarters  of  the  general 
commanding  the  garrison,  capture  him,  shoot  off  a  sky 
rocket  announcing  the  fact,  and  then  fetch  him  out ! 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Ed  'Bacon,  then  in  command  of  the 
regiment,  was  to  assume  the  general  direction  of  the 
movement,  and  assist  with  the  balance  of  the  regiment. 
The  folly  of  the  project  was  too  apparent  to  the  officers 


510  BANKS. 


Of  tnat  noble  regiment.  The  movement  was  by  them 
purposely  delayed  until  the  whole  of  Banks's  army  had 
been  repulsed,  when  the  regiment  was  hurriedly  sent  for, 
to  act  as  sharpshooters  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  mak- 
ing a  sortie  upon  some  unsupported  batteries,  where 
they  did  excellent  work. 
July  9.  rf^e  gjeo-e  contjnued  until  July  9,  when  General 

Port  Hud-  *         7 

son  snr-  Gardner,  having  learned  that  Grant  had  taken  Vicks- 
burg,  surrendered  with  6,408  officers  and  men.  The 
Southern  soldiers  were  in  a  famished  condition,  and  had 
positively  lived  on  mule  meat  and  rats  for  several  days, 
which  proved  their  great  devotion  to  their  cause.  The 
Federal  loss  during  the  siege  was  about  3,000  ;  that  of 
the  enemy  about  1,000. 

When  General  Banks  departed  from  Alexandria  for 
Port  Hudson,  the  enemy  that  he  had  recently  driven  to 
Shreveport  returned  to  Alexandria.  Taylor  soon  col- 
lected about  7,000  men,  and  proceeded  to  recapture  the 
ground  over  which  Banks  had  driven  him  in  April.  On 
June  10  he  reached  Plaquemine,  where  he  captured  a 
small  Federal  detachment  and  destroyed  three  smnll 

T""™  21     transports.     On  the  20th  he  passed  through  Thibodeaux, 

Bonne,  La.  vnoving  upon  Terre  Bonne.  Colonel  Stickney,  in  com- 
mand of  a  small  Federal  force  at  Brashear  City,  pro- 
ceeded with  about  400  men,  of  the  47th  Massachusetts, 
to  the  defense  of  Terre  Bonne.  Taylor's  advance  attacked 
him  there  on  the  21st,  but  was  reprised. 

Taylor's  main  body  moved  around  Stickney,  and 
proceeded  to  attack  the  Federal  post  at  Brashear  City. 
This  post  was  defended  by  a  small  detachment  left  by 
Stickney,  and  could  not  long  resist  Taylor's  numbers. 

June  23.    The  enemy  attacked  on  the  23d,  and  after  a  brief  engao;e- 

Brashear  * 

city.  ment  the  post  surrendered.  Over  $1,000,000  worth  of 
Federal  stores  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands.  Stickney 
meantime  escaped  to  New  Orleans.  Taylor's  captures 


BANKS.  511 


in  this  brief  campaign  numbered  1,500  Federal  soldiers, 
most  of  whom  were  sick  or  convalescent,  —  all  that 
Banks  could  spare  from  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson  to 
defend  this  territory. 

The  enemy  now  proceeded  to  attack  the  Federal  fort 
at  Donaldsonville,  garrisoned  by  250  men  under  Major 
J.  D.  Bullen,  of  the  28th  Maine.  The  attack  was  made 
on  the  night  of  the  28th  by  about  1,500  men,  who  Jnne  28- 

P  *  '  Donaldson- 

rushed  furiously  upon  the  fort  ;  but  with  the  aid  of  the  vine. 
gun-boats  Winona,  Kineo,  and  Princess  Royal,  the  assail- 
ants were  driven  off,  with  the  loss  of  over  300  men. 
Taylor  now  occupied  his  force  in  endeavoring  to  blockade 
the  Mississippi  below  Port  Hudson,  and  thus  annoy 
Banks,  who  brought  his  supplies  from  below.  '  The 
latter  was  but  little  disturbed,  however,  by  this  inter- 
ruption. 

After  the  fall  of  Port  Hudson,  Banks  at  once  sent 
Grover  and  Weitzel  after  Taylor.  They  landed  at 
Donaldsonville  soon  afterward,  the  advance  meeting 
Taylor's  force  near  that  place  on  July  13.  The  enemy 
attacked  the  Federal  advance  with  a  rush,  capturing 
some  300  ;  but  reinforcements  came  up  rapidly,  and 
Taylor  hastily  retired.  On  the  22d  of  July,  the  enemy 
evacuated  Brashear  City,  and  retreated  to  Alexandria. 

On  the  8th  of  September,  General  Banks  sent  Gen-  Sept-  8- 

Sabine 

eral  Franklin,  with  4,000  men  on  transports,  accompan-  Pass. 
ied  by  four  gun-boats,  to  capture  Sabine  Pass,  which  lies 
sixty-six  miles  northeast  of  Galveston,  on  the  coast  of 
Texas.  The  gun-boats  opened  the  attack,  but  in  a  short 
time  two  of  them  received  shots  through  their  boilers, 
and  the  scalding  steam  compelled  their  crews  to  surren- 
der. Franklin,  supposing  the  200  men  in  the  fort  to  be  a 
much  larger  force,  at  once  retired,  and  the  expedition 
returned  to  New  Orleans. 

Sept.    29. 

Near  Morganzia,  September  29,  a  Federal  post  was  Morgan™. 


512  BANNS. 


surprised  in  the  night  by  General  Green,  of  Taylor's 
command,  and  after  a  brief  fight,    Colonel   Lane   and 
NOV.  3.      about   400  men  were   taken  prisoners.     On  the   3d   of 
tew^Baywi  November,  at  Grand  Coteau,  about  ten  miles  south  of 
Bordeaux,   Qpelousa's.  a  Federal  force  under  General  C.  C.  Wash- 

or  Carrion         i 

crow  burn  was  attacked  by  Taylor.  The  attack  was  a  sur- 
prise. The  Federals  were  not  properly  on  their  guard, 
and  at  first  suffered  disaster;  but  they  soon  rallied, 
and  drove  the  enemy  in  haste  to  the  cover  of  the  woods. 
A  brigade  under  General  McGinnis,  together  with 
Nim's  battery,  saved  the  day.  The  Federal  loss  was 
about  700,  of  whom  nearly  500  were  taken  prisoners. 
The  loss  of  the  enemy  was  about  500,  of  whom  about 
300  were  prisoners. 

General  Banks  sailed  from  New  Orleans  for  the  Rio 

oct  26.     Gran(je  on  the  26th  of  October  with  about  6,000  men 

Banks  sails 

for  the  Eio  on  transports,  accompanied  by  some  war  vessels.  On  the 
2d  of  November  the  troops  debarked  at  Brazos  Santiago, 
driving  out  a  small  force  of  the  enemy.  Banks  entered 
Brownsville  on  the  6th  of  November,  where  he  made 
his  headquarters.  Operations  continued  in  this  vicinity, 
the  Federals  taking  possession,  with  little  opposition,  of 
Point  Isabel,  Aransas  Pass,  Corpus  Christi,  and  Pass 
Cavallo.  The  enemy  had  a  strong  fort  called  Esperanza 
at  the  latter  place,  at  the  entrance  of  Matagorda  Bay. 

Fort  E^C  r^s  ^or^  was  strongty  garrisoned.     A  sharp  fight  was 
ranza,  TCX.  had  here  on  Nov.  30,  when  the  enemy  fled. 

18ft4  Early  in  the  year  1864,  General  Banks  began  prep- 

arations to  move  against  the  enemy  on  Red  River, 
and  to  take  possession  of  Shreveport,  La.,  prepar- 
atory to  contemplated  operations  in  Texas.  On  March 
Banks'*  13,  General  Franklin  started  with  the  19th  Corps  and  a 
Part  of  the  13th  Coi'Ps>  in  a11  numbering  about  15,000 
men,  from  the  Teche  country,  overland,  for  Alexandria, 
reaching  that  place  on  the  26th.  Admiral  Porter  was 


BANKS— PORTER— SMITH.  513 

to  co-operate  with  Banks  with  a  strong  fleet  of  war  ves-  i*«-*. 
sels,  also  some  10,000  men  from  Sherman's  army, —  the 
1st  and  3d  divisions  of  the  16th  army  corps,  and  the  1st 
and  4th  divisions  of  the  17th  army  corps, —  all  under 
command  of  General  A.  J.  Smith. 

It  seems  proper  to  state  at  this  point  that  this  ex- 
pedition was  ordered  from  Washington  before  General 
Grant  was  promoted  to  command  all  the  armies.  Grant 
had  reluctantly  reinforced  Banks  with  the  troops  under 
Smith,  and  says  in  his  "  Memoirs  "  that  both  he  and 
Banks  opposed  the  expedition.  But  when  General 
Grant  did  take  command,  Banks  was  so  far  on  the  way 
that  he  thought  best  not  to  stop  it,  expecting,  however, 
that  the  expedition  would  be  ended  and  Smith  returned 
to  Sherman  before  the  general  move  in  May.  Banks 
by  the  same  orders  was  to  be  back  to  New  Orleans,  to 
be  ready  for  a  move  on  Mobile  at  the  same  time.  Grant 
also  says  in  his  "  Memoirs,"  "  Banks  did  not  get  back  in 
time  to  take  part  in  the  program  as  laid  down ;  nor  was 
Smith  returned  until  long  after  the  movements  of  May, 
1864,  had  been  begun.  The  services  of  forty  thousand 
veteran  troops,  over  and  above  the  number  required  to 
hold  all  that  was  necessary  in  the  Department  of  the 
Gulf,  were  thus  paralyzed." 

Porter  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  Red  River  on  the 
7th  of  March  with  fifteen  iron-clads,  and  was  joined  on 
the  llth  by  General  Smith,  who  had  come  up  with  his 
troops  on  transports,  accompanied  by  a  marine  brigade 
of  3,000  men  under  General  Alfred  Ellet.  Fort  de 
Russy  guarded  Red  River,  and  barred  the  way  to  Alex- 
andria. Porter  moved  forward  to  remove  obstructions 
in  the  river,  while  Smith's  force  turned  into  the  Atch- 
afalaya,  and  landing  at  Simsport,  marched  some  thirty 
miles,  pushing  the  enemy's  cavalry  back  easily.  There 
was  a  force  of  about  5,000  at  the  fort,  but  all  hastily 
33 


514  BANKS—  PORTER—  SMITH. 

is  a  4.   retreated  up  tire  river,  except  about  500  men  left  as  a 
garrison. 

The  fort  was  attacked  by  the  land  and  naval  forces 

March  14.  on  the  14th.     After  engaging  the  enemy  with  artillery 

Russy,  La.  for  a  short  time,  the  Federals  charged  the  works,  carry- 

ing them  after  a  short  struggle,  and  capturing  about  200 

prisoners.     Smith  now  re-embarked  his  troops,  and  the 

expedition  proceeded  up  to  Alexandria,  taking  possession 

of  that  place  on  the  16th. 

March  21.         On  the  21st  of  March,   four   brigades    of  Smith's 
son's  mn,  troops,  under  General  Mower,  marched  to  Henderson's 


Hill,  twenty-five  miles  west  of  Alexandria,  having  a 
brief  engagement  with  a  small  force  of  the  enemy  at 
that  place,  capturing  about  250  prisoners,  when  they  re- 
turned to  Alexandria.  On  the  27th,  Smith's  force  left 
Alexandria,  going  up  the  river.  Banks's  troops  followed 
the  next  day,  arriving  at  Natchitoches  on  April  3. 
Slight  skirmishing  was  had  with  the  enemy  most  of  the 
way.  Porter  succeeded  after  a  week's  hard  work  in  get- 
ting a  part  of  his  fleet  above  the  rapids  near  Alexandria. 
At  this  time  the  marine  brigade  was  called  back  to 
Vicksburg,  and  Banks,  having  to  leave  3,000  men  to 
guard  his  supplies  and  the  transportation  of  them,  found 
his  force  for  the  field  reduced  to  about  20,000  men. 

The  Federal  army  was  now  put  in  motion  for  Shreve- 

port.     The    cavalry,  under   General  A.  L.  Lee,  in  ad- 

vance, had  a  slight  skirmish  with  the  enemy  at  Crump's 

April  2.     Hill  on  the  2d.     On  the  7th  the  Federal  cavalry  had  a 

crump's     ^wo  jlourg'  fight  with  the  enemy's  cavalry  near  Pleasant 

Hill,  Lee  driving  the  foe  to  St.  Patrick's  Bayou.     On 

April  s.     the  8th,  Colonel  Landrum's  brigade  of  the  13th  Corps 

eroir       reached    Lee's  position,   and   together  they  forced  the 

enemy  beyond  Sabine  Cross  Roads.     Here  the  Confed- 

erates were  found  in  strong  force.     About  20.000   men 

were  concentrated  here  under  Taylor  and  Kirby  Smith, 


BANKS—PORTER— SMITH.  515 

About   noon    General   Ransom's    brigade    of    the   13th    isv*. 
Corps  joined  Landrum  and  Lee. 

The  enemy  now  attacked  in  heavy  force.  Banks 
had  arrived  at  the  front,  and  seeing  the  alarming  situa- 
tion, hurried  messengers  for  assistance  from  his  columns 
in  the  rear.  Heavy  skirmishing  continued  till  about 
4  P.  M.,  when  the  battle  became. a  general  engagement, 
the  enemy  charging  with  great  determination.  General 
Cameron  arrived  with  his  brigade  of  the  13th  Corps 
about  5  o'clock,  but  the  Federals  were  still  greatly  out- 
numbered. The  battle  raged  fiercely  until  about  5 :  30, 
the  Union  soldiers  stubbornly  resisting ;  but  they  were 
finally  compelled  to  fall  back  some  three  miles  to  Pleas- 
ant Grove,  with  the  loss  of  thirteen  pieces  of  artillery, 
including  three  pieces  of  the  famous  Nina's  battery,  and 
about  1,000  men  taken  prisoners.  Lee  also  lost  his 
wagon  train  —  about  150  wagons  loaded  with  supplies. 

General  Emory,  with  his  fine  division,  had  arrived 
at  Pleasant  Grove  just  in  the  nick  of  time.     Banks  hast- 
ily formed  it  in  an  excellent  position.     It  was  hardly  in 
battle  order  when  attacked  by  the  flushed  enemy.     Lee 
and   the  13th  Corps  rallied  upon  Emory,  whose  three 
brigades,  under  Dwight,  McMillan,  and  Colonel  Benedict, 
presented  a  strong  front  to  the  enemy.     Again  the  bat- 
tle raged,  lasting  from  6  P.  M.  until  dark.     The  enemy 
was  repulsed  with  great  slaughter  at  all  points.     Gen- 
erals A.  Mouton  and  M.  M.  Parsons  were  among  his  Death  of 
killed.     Thus  two  battles  had  been  fought  in  one  day.  Mouton  ami 
Sabine  Cross  Roads  was  a  terrible  disaster ;    Pleasant Pt 
Grove  a  splendid  victory. 

General  Smith  with  his  troops  was  yet  some  distance  £,pril  9- 

•f  Pleasant 

behind,  and  Banks  concluded  to  retire  to  Pleasant  Hill,  HUI. 
some  fifteen  miles  to  the  rear,  which  he  did  during  the 
night  of  the  8th,  arriving  there  about  9  A.  M.  the  next 
morning,  where  he  found  General  Smith  with  a  part  of 
his  command, 


516  BANKS—  SMITH. 

i#<i4.  Banks  formed  his  lines  in  good  positions  and  awaited 
the  enemy,  who  appeared  about  noon,  but  did  not  attack 
until  about  4  p.  M.  The  Federals  were  well  prepared 
for  the  enemy  at  this  time.  Banks  had  about  15,000 
men  ;  the  enemy  numbered  about  25,000.  From  4  to  5 
p.  M.  there  was  heavy  skirmishing  and  artillery  firing, 
when  the  enemy  charged  furiously  in  heavy  columns. 
The  fighting  became  fierce  and  bloody,  with  victory 
trembling  in  the  balance,  until  nearly  night,  when 
Smith's  veterans,  led  by  General  Mower,  make  a  gal- 
lant charge.  The  reserves  are  ordered  up,  and  the  tide 
of  battle  changes.  The  enemy  is  routed,  and  pursued 
until  dark. 

* 

Banks  now  gave  up  the  expedition  to  Shreveport, 
and  began  his  march  back  to  Grand  Ecore,  ordering  the 
flotilla,  which  had  reached  Springfield  Landing,  to  return. 
The  water  was  very  low,  and  the  gun-boats  in  conse- 
quence, had  a  serious  time  in  getting  back.  They  were 
also  constantly  annoyed  by  the  enemy's  sharpshooters 
on  the  banks.  A  brigade  of  infantry  under  General 
T.  Kilby  Smith  remained  with  the  flotilla  as  guard.  On 
the  evening  of  the  12th,  about  2,000  of  the  enemy  made 

Tom         a  determined  attack  upon  the  boats,  but  were  driven  off' 
*^    Sreat    slaughter.      Their    leader,    General    Tom 
n  on.  Green,  had  his  head  blown  off  by  a  shell. 

When  General  Banks  reached  Grand  Ecore,  he  re- 
ceived a  letter  from  General  Grant  directing  the  return 
of  General  Smith  with  his  troops  to  Sherman's  army, 
and  advising  that  the  Red  River  expedition  be  aban- 
doned for  operations  against  Mobile.  This  determined 
Banks  to  return  at  once  to  Alexandria,  which  place  he 
reached  on  the  27th,  after  having  a  severe  engagement 

April  23.    with  the  enemy  at  Cane  River  on  the  23d,  in  which  the 

cane  River,  Um0n    troops  were  victorious.     Porter   reached   Alex- 
La. 

andria  with  all  his    gun-boats  save  one,  the  East/port, 


head"8 


BANKS—  CANBY—  FARKAGUT.  517 


which,  having  been  injured  by  a  torpedo,  was  destroyed,    i 
General  Banks  had  lost  in  this  campaign  about  5,000 
men  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

At  Alexandria,  Banks  and  Smith  were  obliged  to 
wait  for  the  fleet  to  get  over  the  rapids,  which  had  now 
become  a  serious  matter  in  consequence  of  low  water  ; 
finally,  Colonel  Bailey,  who  was  formerly  a  major  in  the 
4th  Wisconsin  infantry,  now  chief-engineer  of  the  19th 
Corps,  saved  the  fleet  by  his  wonderful  dam,  which  the 
navies  would  have  no  faith  in  until  after  its  success. 
He  began  the  dam  on  the  1st  of  May,  and  on  the  8th  a 
part  of  the  fleet  passed  through,  and  all  were  safe  below 
by  the  12th.  Porter  now  returned  to  the  Mississippi. 

On  May  13,  Banks  left  Alexandria,  reaching  Sims- 
port  on  the  16th,  having  had  a  slight  engagement  with 
the  enemy  that  day  at  Mansura.     On  the  19th,  Smith's  May  19. 
command,  which  covered   the  rear,  had   a  sharp  fight  ™°* 
with  the  enemy  at  Yellow  .  Bayou.     After  severe  loss 
the  enemy  retired.     Banks  crossed  the  Atchafalaya  on 
the  20th,  when  General  E.  R.  S.  Canby,  who  had  just 
arrived,  assumed  command  of  the  troops,  and  Banks  re- 
turned to  New  Orleans.     Smith  with  his  troops  returned 
to  Memphis. 

Banks  was  to  have  been  joined,  or  rather  have  had 
in  co-operation,  a  body  of  troops  under  General  Steele, 
from  Little  Rock,  Ark.  Steele  had  about  15,000  men, 
but  he  had  severe  fighting  with  the  enemy  under  Price 
in  Arkansas,  and  was  unable  to  render  Banks  any  as- 
sistance. (See  page  468.) 

Farragut  attacked  Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines,  at  the  A      5 
entrance  of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864.     General  Canby  Fort8 

J  '  »    Gaines  and 

had    sent   there    5,000    troops   under   General  Gordon  Morgan. 
Granger,  who  had  landed  on  Dauphin  Island.    Farragut's 
fleet  numbered  eighteen  vessels,  of  which  four  were  iron- 
clads —  the  Manhattan,  the    Wmnebago,  the  ChicJcasaw, 


518  FARRAGUT. 

m<>4.  and  the  Tecumseh.  The  wooden  vessels  were  the  flag- 
ship Hartford,  the  Brooklyn,  the  Oneida,  the  Ossipee,  the 
Richmond,  the  LacJcawanna,  the  Monongahela,  the  Ocfo- 
r#nz,  the  Metacomet,  the  Por^  Royal,  the  Itasca,  the 
Galena,  the  Kennebec,  and  the  Seminole. 

At  7  A.  M.  Farragut  advanced  upon  the  forts,  himself 
lashed  to  the  mast  in  the  main-top  of  the  Hartford,  hav- 
ing a  speaking-tube  running  below.  A  terrible  battle 
between  the  forts  and  vessels  followed,  but  Farragut 
succeeded  in  passing  them.  The  Tesumseh  was  sunk  by 
a  torpedo  during  the  engagement,  113  officers  and  men 
going  down  with  her.  The  enemy  had  four  gun-boats 
inside, — the  ram  Tennessee,  and  gun-boats  Selma,  Morgan, 
and  Gaines.  The  ram  and  Morgan  were  driven  off;  the 
Selma  was  captured  by  the  Metacomet  after  a  severe 
struggle,  with  about  100  prisoners ;  and  the  Gaines  was 
burned  by  the  enemy  to  prevent  her  falling  into  Federal 
hands.  Farragut  was  now  inside,  and  had  possession  of 
the  harbor. 

About  9  A.  M.  the  ram  Tennessee,  with  Buchanan  in 
command,  again  came  at  the  Hartford.  The  Federal 

vessels  at  once  closed  around  the  rascal.     The  Monon- 

t 

gahela  first  struck  the  monster  a  severe  blow,  then  the 
Lancaster  followed  at  full  speed ;  both  vessels  broke 
their  noses.  Then  the  Hartford,  by  Farragut's  direction, 
rammed  her,  and  now  all  were  upon  her.  Her  smoke- 
stack was  gone,  also  her  steering  chains,  and  several  of 
her  port  shutters  so  jammed  that  they  could  not  be 
opened.  Her  crew  were  unable  to  keep  their  feet  in 
consequence  of  the  terrible  ramming.  The  unfortunate 
Buchanan  was  so  emphatically  "  hustled "  that  he 
hauled  down  his  flag  at  about  10  A.  M.,  surrendering 
with  about  190  men. 

Meantime  General  Granger  had  laid  siege  to  Fort 
Gaines  on  Dauphin  Island.  On  the  6th,  Farragut  sent 


—  VARRAGUT. 

the    Chickasaw  to  aid   him.     About  10  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  the  7th,  the  fort  was  surrendered  to  Granger,  Aug  6j  7 
with  about  600  men.     Another  fort,  called  Fort  Powell,  ^ort 

7  Games. 

at  Grant's  Pass,  was  at  this  time  abandoned  by  the 
enemy.  On  the  9th,  Granger's  troops  were  transferred 
to  the  rear  of  Fort  Morgan,  and  at  once  laid  siege.  On 
the  22d  all  was  ready,  and  the  bombardment  was  begun 
by  land  and  naval  forces.  The  fort  was  surrendered  on  £ug-  ^f"23 

J  Fort  Mor- 

the  morning  of  the  23d,  with  about  800  men.     After  gan. 
the   loss  of  these  forts  the  enemy  strengthened  their 
fortifications  around  Mobile,  and  garrisoned  them  with 
15,000  men. 

Early  in  January,  1865,  General  Canby  was  ordered     ises. 
to  move  against  Mobile.     General  A.  J..  Smith  was  sent  Mobiie°f 
to  him  with  the  16th  army  corps.      General    Granger 
assembled   about   10,000   men  from  New  Orleans  and 
other  points  at  Fort  Barrancas,  in  Pensacola  Bay,  and 
organized  them  as  the   13th  army  corps.       The  16th 
Corps  arrived  at  Dauphin  Island  on  March  7. 

Soon  afterward  the  two  corps  were  rendezvoused  at 
Danley's,  on  Fish  River,  preparatory  to  a  movement 
against  the  enemy's  works  on  the  east  side.  Spanish  sPanish 
Fort,  about  seven  miles  east  of  Mobile,  received  the  first 
attention.  This  the  Federals  invested  on  the  27th. 
Skirmishing  and  artillery  firing  continued  until  April  8, 
when  toward  evening,  all  being  ready,  a  general  bom- 
bardment was  begun.  Colonel  Bell  with  his  regiment, 
the  8th  Iowa,  of  Carr's  division,  16th  Corps,  made  a 
brilliant  charge  upon  a  portion  of  the  enemy's  works, 
and  after  a  brave  struggle,  hand  to  hand  in  the  dark,  he 
captured  the  works  with  about  300  prisoners.  At  mid- 
night the  enemy  evacuated  the  fort.  The  Federals 
rushing  in,  captured  about  500  more  prisoners.  The 
fort  had  been  garrisoned  by  about  3,000  men. 

After   the    capture    of  Spanish    Fort   the    Federals 


520  CANBY. 


moved  against  Fort  Blakely,  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Tensas.  General  Steele,  with  a  division  of  colored 
troops  and  a  brigade  of  cavalry,  had  coine  from  Pensa- 
cola  about  the  middle  of  March,  having  had  a  severe 
engagement  with  the  enemy's  cavalry,  about  800  strong, 
March  25.  at  Pine  Barren  Creek  on  March  25.  The  Federal  cav- 
reTcreek,  airy  charged,  routing  the  enemy  and  taking  about  200 
prisoners,  causing  them  a  further  loss  of  200  in  killed 
and  wounded.  Steele  then  proceeded  to  assist  the 
investment  of  Fort  Blakely. 

On  the  9th  of  April,  with  Steele's  troops  on  the  right, 
two  divisions  of  the  13th  Corps  under  Generals  Veatch 
and  Andrews  in  the  center,  and  one  division  of  the  16th 
Corps  under  General  Garrard  on  the  left,  the  Federals 
Fort  prepared  to  assault  Fort  Blakely.  At  about  5  P.  M.  the 
Biakeiy.  ^3^  began.  A  bloody  battle  followed.  The  works 
were  powerful,  and  heavily  armed  and  manned.  It 
required  the  most  brave  and  determined  spirit  to  make 
headway  in  the  face  of  the  murderous  fire  of  shot  and 
shell  poured  out  by  the  defenders  ;  but  the  Federals 
moved  steadily  forward  into  the  sheet  of  fire.  The  Fed- 
eral commanding  officers  cheered  their  men,  and  were  in 
the  front  of  the  fight.  By  7  P.  M.  the  works  were  car- 
ried, and  the  fort  captured.  The  whole  garrison  of 
3,400  men  were  taken  prisoners,  including  three  general 
officers.  In  order  to  mention  those  officers  and  soldiers 
who  exhibited  great  valor,  each  one,  both  white  and 
black,  would  have  to  be  named.  The  loss  of  the  enemy 
in  killed  and  wounded  was  about  500  ;  that  of  the  Fed- 
erals about  700.  Forts  Huger  and  Tracy,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tensas,  were  now  attacked.  They  held  out 
until  the  night  of  the  llth,  when  they  were  evacuated. 
April  11.  On  the  llth,  General  Maury,  who  was  in  command 

Mobile  J  ' 

evacuated,  of  the  enemy's  troops  at  Mobile,  numbering  about  9,000, 
evacuated,  moving   northward.     On  the   12th  the  civil 


CANBT.  521 

authorities   surrendered   Mobile,  and    on   the    13th   of  me 5. 
April,  1865,  the  Federals  took  possession.     On  the  4th  Ma~ 
of  May,  General  Dick  Taylor  surrendered  to  General  Dick  Tay. 
Canby  at  Citronelle,  Ala.,  all  the  enemy's  forces  east  of  der3. 
the   Mississippi  that   had   not   already  been    captured, 
numbering    12,723    men.      The    enemy's   navy,   under 
Commander  Farrand,  on  the  Tombigbee,  surrendered  to 
Commodore  Thatcher.     General  Sam  Jones  surrendered 
2,113  men  at  Tallahasse,  Fla.,  May  10,  1865,  and  Gen- 
eral  Jefferson    Thompson    surrendered    5,048    men   at 
Chalk  Bluff,  Ark.,  May  11,  1865. 

The  battle  of  Palmetto  Ranche,  in  Texas,  was  the 
last  battle  of  the  war.     It  was  fought  on  May  12  and  13,  May  12  13 
1865.     The  Federal  forces  were   composed  of  Colonel Palmetto 

Ranche, 

T.  H.  Barrett's  62d  United  States  colored  infantry,  and  Tex. 
detachments  of  the  2d  Texas  cavalry  and  34th  Indiana 
infantry.     The  Federals  drove  the  enemy,  and  in  turn 
were    driven.     The  fighting   ended  in  a  drawn   battle. 
The  Federal  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  115. 

Kirby  Smith  surrendered  all  the  enemy's  forces  west  May  se. 
of  the   Mississippi  to   General    Canby  May  26,  1865.  smith  sur- 
The  number  paroled  was  10,167.  renders- 

"  THE  UNION  FOREVER  ! " 


Jefferson 
Davis. 


CHAPTER    XXIX. 

CONCLUSION. 

1*6-5.    OUNDAY,  April  2,  1865,  Jefferson  Davis,  with  his 
V^-^military  staff  and  his  cabinet,  prepared  to  leave  their 

Flight  of  capital.  While  at  church  that  morning,  a  messenger 
brought  him  a  dispatch  from  General  Lee  which  warned 
him  that  there  was  safety  only  in  immediate  flight. 
Davis  hurriedly  left  the  church,  and  gave  orders  for  the 
removal  of  his  "government"  to  Danville,  together  with 
the  coin  from  the  banks,  and  everything  else  valuable. 
At  10  P.  M.  Davis  was  ready  to  start.  With  his  political 
and  military  families  and  a  guard  of  200  men  he  departed 
on  board  a  train  of  cars  for  Danville. 

The  bad  news  soon  spread  about  the  city ;  and  from 
the  first  stir  of  government  officers  about  noon,  the  noise 
and  bustle  gradually  increased  until  at  night  it  was  a 
frightful  roar.  The  better  class  of  people  were  making 
tremendous  efforts  to  escape  from  the  wrath  to  come, 
packing  up  their  valuables,  and  hurrying  away  to  save 
them  from  the  ruthless  hands  of  the  dreadful  Yankees. 
Vehicles  of  every  description  were  brought  into  service 
at  high  prices.  The  rougher  classes,  gathering  in  the 
streets,  became  by  midnight  a  violent  mob.  The  wild- 
est confusion  prevailed  throughout  the  city.  The  City 
Council,  in  endeavoring  to  avert  an  evil,  made  matters 
worse  by  ordering  that  all  liquors  should  be  emptied  into 
the  gutters.  When  brought  out,  the  mob  seized  large 
quantities,  and  the  large  quantities  that  were  spilled 
were  eagerly  drank  from  the  gutters  by  the  disordered 

(522) 


CONCLUSION.  523 

multitude.  Windows  were  smashed,  doors  broken  open,  isvs. 
and  buildings  set  on  fire.  The  contents  of  stores  were 
carried  off  in  a  twinkling.  Toward  morning  the  flames 
burst  forth  from  several  tobacco  warehouses.  Flouring- 
mills  were  fired,  as  well  as  arsenals  filled  with  shells  and 
munitions  of  war,  the  flames  spreading  from  building  to 
building  and  from  street  to  street  until  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  business  portion  of  Richmond  was  destroyed. 
Toward  morning  General  Ewell,  whose  corps  was  the 
last  to  leave  Richmond,  withdrew  his  troops  to  the  south 
side  of  the  James,  and  burned  the  bridges. 

By  7  A.  M.,  April  3,  the  enemy  had  departed  from  April  3. 
Richmond.     At  about  8  A.  M.  General  Godfrey  Weitzel  evacuated. 
and  staff  rode  into  the  city  at  the  head  of  a  brigade  of 
colored  troops  of  the  24th  Corps,  and  again  the  United 
States  flag  floated  over  the  capitol  of  Virginia.     More 
than  500  heavy  guns  were  found  in  the  works  defending 
the  enemy's  capital. 

General  Shepley,  who  had  been  military  governor  of 
New  Orleans  in  General  Butler's  time,  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  city,  and  at  once  set  to  work  restoring 
order,  the  Union  soldiers  going  to  work  with  a  will  to 
assist  in  extinguishing  the  flames.  Orders  were  issued 
forbidding  soldiers  to  enter  private  dwellings,  and  in- 
structing them  to  respect  persons  and  property ;  at  the 
same  time  requiring  respect  from  the  citizens  toward  the 
soldiers  and  the  United  States  flag.  The  5,000  sick  and 
wounded  Southern  soldiers  found  in  Richmond  were  at 
once  provided  for,  and  large  quantities  of  provisions 
were  distributed  to  the  people. 

Jefferson  Davis  did  not  altogether  despair.  He 
hoped  Lee  and  Johnston  would  unite ;  together  they 
would  have  100,000  men  with  which  to  establish  a  new 
capital.  His  train  reached  Danville  on  the  morning  of 
the  3d,  and  he  at  once  made  preparations  to  re-estab- 


CONCLUSION. 

1805.  lish  his  government.  On  the  5th  he  issued  a  proclama- 
APriT~5.  tion  in  which  his  people  were  told  that  they  had  now 
Davis  at  entered  upon  a  new  phase  of  the  struggle.  (What  dull 
people  not  to  have  already  known  it ! )  But  his  stay 
here  was  of  short  duration.  On  the  10th  he  learned  of 
Lee's  surrender.  Again  there  was  safety  in  flight,  and 
the  enemy's  government  reached  Greensboro  on  the  llth. 
Here  Davis  met  Johnston,  and  in  desperation  whispered 
hoarsely  in  that  general's  ear,  "  Attack  Sherman ! " 
Johnston  shook  his  head,  and  replied,  "  No  use."  Here 
Davis  began  to  understand  that  the  dear  people  were 
forsaking  him.  Hospitalities  were  not  offered.  The 
"  government "  remained  for  three  days  in  a  railroad  car, 
then  removed  to  Charlotte.  He  now  became  satisfied 
that  all  was  lost.  Nearly  all  the  members  of  his  cabinet 
abandoned  him  when  he  fled  southward.  A  reward  of 
$100,000  had  been  offered  for  his  capture,  and  the  Fed- 
May  11.  erai  cavalry  were  after  him.  As  he  pushed  along,  his 

The  4th  J  . 

Michigan    escort  dropped  off  here  and  there,  until  he  had  but  few 
tnre  the*P  friends  left .  with  him.     On  May  11  the  4th  Michigan 
rebel  chief.  cavalry,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Benjamin  D.  Pritchard  com- 
manding, captured  the  $100,000  fugitive  near  Irwinville, 
Ga.     He  was  sent  to  Fortress  Monroe  a  prisoner ;  but 
not  long  afterward  he  was  bailed  out.     He  never  was 
brought  to  trial,  and  to-day  lives  a  free  man,  enjoying 
the  blessings  of  a  free  country. 

But   our   beloved  Lincoln  was   murdered  when  his 

Assassina-  . 

of  our  troubles  were  nearly  over,  when  the  war  was  just  closing, 
when  he  had  only  for  a  moment  witnessed  the  glorious 
end  of  the  terrible  four  years'  struggle  for  the  life  of 
the  nation, —  a  struggle  in  which  he  had  been  the  chief 
actor,  and  in  which  his  firmness  and  noble  determination 
to  maintain  the  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  land, 
had  preserved  the  Union.  Overjoyed  at  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  war,  he  was  ready  to  forgive  anybody,  and 


beloved 
Lincoln. 


CONCLUSION.  525 

was  just  entering  into  the  enjoyment  of  the  great  oc-  is  as. 
casion,  had  just  caught  a  glimpse  of  the  beautiful  horizon, 
the  dawn  of  peace,  when  on  April  14,  at  10  P.  M.,  while 
sitting  in  a  private  box  at  Ford's  Theater  in  Washington, 
his  wife  beside  him,  the  spirit  of  the  Devil  in  the  body 
of  one  John  Wilkes  Booth,  stealthily  crept  behind  this 
noble  man,  and  placing  a  pistol  to  the  back  of  his  head, 
fired.  The  ball  entered  the  brain,  and  the  President 
instantly  became  unconscious,  remaining  so  till  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  7 :  22  o'clock  the  following  morning. 
He  had  been  removed  to  the  house  of  Mr.  Peterson,  op- 
posite the  theater.  The  assassin  stabbed  Major  Rath- 
bone,  who  attempted  to  seize  him,  then  rushing  to  the 
front  of  the  box  brandishing  his  dagger,  he  exclaimed, 
"  Sic  Semper  Tyrannis ! "  (So  may  it  be  always  with 
tyrants)  —  the  motto  of  the  seal  of  Virginia, —  and  then 
leaped  upon  the  stage.  He  had  on  spurs ;  his  horse 
awaited  him  at  the  back  door.  One  of  his  spurs  caught 
in  the  national  flag  which  hung  there,  and  he  fell,  badly 
injuring  one  of  his  legs.  Recovering,  he  stood  erect, 
and  again  flourishing  his  dagger  he  cried  out,  "  The  Escape  or 
South  is  avenged  ! "  then  rushing  through  the  back  part  ^  assa8" 
of  the  theater,  he  mounted  his  horse  and  escaped. 

At  nearly  the  same  moment  a  confederate  of  Booth, 
one  Lewis  Payne  Powell,  a  son  of  Florida,  attempted  to  Attempt- 
murder  Wm.  H.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State.  Mi. 
Seward's  son  was  severely  wounded  in  endeavoring  to 
save  his  father,  who  was  confined  to  his  bed  from  an 
injury  received  by  being  thrown  from  a  carriage.  The 
assassin  stabbed  Mr.  Seward  in  three  places,  and  then 
escaped,  after  a  severe  struggle  with  an  invalid  Union 
soldier  named  Robinson,  who  was  in  attendance  on  Mr. 
Seward.  Other  members  of  this  devilish  conspiracy, 
who  were  to  murder  other  members  of  the  cabinet  and 
also  General  Grant,  failed  to  accomplish  their  terrible 


526  CONCLUSION. 

1865.  purpose.  It  had  been  announced  that  General  Grant 
would  accompany  the  President  to  the  theater,  but  the 
General  was  called  away  to  New  York.  Booth  was 
overtaken  in  Virginia,  near  Port  Royal,  concealed  in  a 
barn  with  one  of  his  confederates,  named  Harold.  The 
latter  soon  came  out  and  surrendered,  but  Booth,  refus- 
Booth  ing  to  surrender,  was  shot  by  one  of  his  pursuers,  and 
expired  soon  afterward.  Harold,  Atzerodt,  Powell,  and 
Mrs.  Surratt,  who  had  been  engaged  in  this  fiendish 
conspiracy,  were  hanged.  Three  others  O'Laughlin, 
Mudd,  and  Arnold, — were  condemned  to  imprisonment 
for  life,  and  one — named  Spangler — for  six  years. 

The  death  of  Lincoln  caused  sincere  mourning 
throughout  the  whole  country,  except,  perhaps,  that 
portion  lately  in  rebellion,  and  even  there  it  was  greatly 
deplored  by  the  best  citizens.  Funeral  services  were 
held  in  the  East  Room  of  the  Executive  Mansion  on 
the  19th,  when  the  body  was  taken  to  his  old  home  at 
Springfield,  111.  His  funeral  procession  extended  from 
Washington  to  the  place  of  interment. 

Biaine  on          The  Honorable  James  G.  Blaine,  in  his  most  valuable 
Lincoln-     book  entitled  « Twenty  Years   of  Congress,"  pp.   546, 
547, says : — 

"  Six  days  after  the  surrender  of  Lee,  the  Nation  was 
thrown  into  the  deepest  grief  by  the  assassination  of  the  Pres- 
ident. The  gloom  which  enshrouded  the  country  was  as  thick 
as  darkness.  The  people  had  come  through  many  alternations 
of  fear  a.nd  hope  to  repose  the  most  absolute  trust  in  Mr.  Lin- 
coln. They  realized  that  he  had  seen  clearly  where  they  were 
blind  ;  that  he  had  known  fully  where  they  were  ignorant. 
He  had  been  patient,  faithful,  and  far-seeing.  Religious  people 
regarded  him  as  one  divinely  appointed,  like  the  prophets  of 
old,  to  a  great  work,  and  they  found  comfort  in  the  parallel 
which  they  saw  in  his  death  with  that  of  the  leader  of  Israel. 
He,  too,  had  reached  the  mountain's  top,  and  had  seen  the  land 
redeemed  unto  the  utmost  sea,  and  had  then  died." 


CONCLUSION.  527 

"Mr.  Lincoln  united  firmness  and  gentleness  in  a  singular  is  a  5. 
degree.  He  rarely  spoke  a  harsh  word.  Ready  to  hear  argu- 
ment and  always  open  to  conviction,  he  adhered  tenaciously  to 
the  conclusions  which  he  had  finally  reached.  Altogether 
modest,  he  had  confidence  in  himself,  trusted  to  the  reasoning 
of  his  own  mind,  believed  in  the  correctness  of  his  own  judg- 
ment. Many  of  the  popular  conceptions  concerning  him  are 
erroneous.  No  man  was  farther  than  he  from  the  easy,  famil- 
iar, jocose  characters  in  which  he  is  often  painted.  While  he 
paid  little  attention  to  form  or  ceremony,  he  was  not  a  man 
with  whom  liberties  could  be  taken.  There  was  but  one  per- 
son in  Illinois,  outside  of  his  own  household,  who  ventured  to 
address  him  by  his  first  name.  There  was  no  one  in  Washing- 
ton who  ever  attempted  it.  Appreciating  wit  and  humor,  he 
relished  a  good  story,  especially  if  it  illustrated  a  truth  or 
strengthened  an  argument,  and  he  had  a  vast  fund  of  illustra- 
tive anecdote  which  he  used  with  the  happiest  effect.  But  the 
long  list  of  vulgar,  salacious  stories  attributed  to  him,  were  re- 
tailed only  by  those  who  never  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  exchang- 
ing a  word  with  him.  His  life  was  altogether  a  serious  one, 
inspired  by  the  noblest  spirit,  devoted  to  the  highest  aims. 
Humor  was  but  an  incident  with  him,  a  partial  relief  to  the 
melancholy  which  tinged  all  his  years." 

The  war  was  over.     The  enormous  task  of  disband-  Disbanding 
ing  the   1,034,064  men  then  in  service,  began  May  1,  troops. 
1865;  and  by  January  1,  1866,  918,722  men  had  been 
mustered   out.     The  remainder  were   mustered  out  as 
they  could  be  spared,  the   whole  not  being  completed 
until  November,  1866.     During  the  war,  the  Ordnance 
Department  had  furnished  7,892  cannon,  11,787  artil- 
lery carriages,  over  4,000,000  small  arms,  and  more  than 
1,000,000,000  cartridges. 

The  defenses  of  Washington,  as  finally  completed,  ^™t°f 
consisted  of  68  forts  and  batteries,  mounting  800  guns  ton. 
and  100  mortars,  the  circuit  of  which  was  about  thirty- 
three  miles.     There  were  about  twenty  miles  of  infantry 
trenches.     The  garrison  varied  in   numbers,  as  exigen- 


528  CONCLUSION. 

i8<>5.   cies  seemed  to  require,  from   10,000  to   50,000  men. 

General  J.  G.  Barnard,  of  the  United  States  army,  was 

the  chief  engineer  in  the  construction  of  these  defenses. 

July  13)  In  the  spring  of  1863,  the  most  uncertain  period  of 

1863.  The    the  war  the  peace-party  at  the  North,  and  the  armies  of 

New  York  » 

not.  the  enemy  at  the  South  reached  their  fullest  strength. 
The  leaders  of  the  opposition  to  the  Government  became 
bolder  as  the  summer  approached,  so  that  by  the  4th  of 
July,  and  especially  on  that  day,  many  speeches  were 
made  openly  and  at  public  meetings  denouncing  the  war 
for  the  Union,  at  which  time  the  ignorant  and  evil  disposed 
were  ripe  for  a  resistance  of  the  draft.  But  now,  like  a 
flash  of  light,  there  came  over  the  country  the  news  of  vic- 
tory at  Vicksburg,  Gettysburg,  and  Port  Hudson,  and  the 
retreat  of  Bragg  before  Rosecrans.  The  tide  turned,  and 
the  North  undoubtedly  was  saved  from  a  general  "  fire- 
in-the-rear "  revolt,  except  in  New  York  City.  The 
lower  classes  there  had  been  so  wrought  upon  by  fiery 
speeches  and  certain  newspapers,  that  mob  violence 
occurred  in  spite  of  the  national  victories. 

The  draft  in  New  York  City,  which  had  been  post- 
poned several  times,  began  on  Saturday,  July  11.  A 
large  crowd  collected,  but  all  passed  off  quietly  for  that 
day.  On  Monday,  July  13,  the  drafting  was  resumed, 
when  the  riot  began  at  the  corner  of  3d  Avenue  and  46th 
Street.  Paving  stones  were  hurled  through  the  windows 
of  the  building  where  drafting  was  going  on,  the  doors 
were  broken  open,  and  the  crowd  rushed  in,  demolishing 
everything  connected  with  the  office,  the  officers  barely 
escaping  with  their  lives.  The  place  was  set  on  fire, 
and  the  building  entirely  consumed ;  also  at  Broadway 
and  29th  Street,  where  the  officers  were  drafting,  the 
building  was  fired,  and  the  entire  block  was  soon  burned 
to  the  ground.  There  were  few  troops  in  the  city,  the 
State  troops  being  absent  in  Pennsylvania  to  aid  in 


CONCLUSION.  529 


repelling  Lee,  who  had  been  encouraged  by  this  mob 
element  to  invade  the  North.  A  detachment  of  the  New~7ork 
Invalid  corps  and  the  police  attempted  to  suppress  the  riot- 
riot,  but  could  accomplish  nothing;  for  they  were  few 
and  the  mob  thousands.  They  were  soon  overpowered, 
and  compelled  to  retreat.  Spreading  about  the  city, 
the  mob  raised  the  cry  against  the  "  niggers  "  and  the 
"abolition  war."  The  inoffensive  negroes  were  cruelly 
hunted,  and  beaten  without  mercy,  and  their  houses 
sacked  and  burned.  Several  were  killed.  The  Colored 
Orphan  Asylum,  at  the  corner  of  5th  Avenue  and  46th 
Street,  was  burned  to  the  ground,  while  the  two  hundred 
helpless  children  were  with  difficulty  taken  away  by  the 
rear  doors.  The  armory  at  the  corner  of  2d  Avenue  and 
29th  Street,  and  many  other  buildings  were  also  burned. 
The  Tribune  building  was  attacked,  but  the  mob  was 
driven  off  by  the  police. 

The  police,  aided  by  a  small  force  of  marines  and  of 
the  Invalid  corps,  did  their  duty  bravely,  and  succeeded 
in  repelling  the  mob  at  many  points  ;  but  they  were  too 
few  in  numbers  to  subdue  it.  The  riot  continued  for 
four  days  ;  all  business  was  at  a  stand-still.  But  on  the 
16th  several  regiments  of  the  State  troops  returned  from 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  mob  dispersed.  The  loss  of  life 
on  the  part  of  the  rioters  had  been  about  400,  and  about 
600  others  had  been  wounded.  On  the  side  of  the  Gov- 
ernment the  loss  had  been  about  50  altogether.  Over 
$2,000,000  worth  of  property  had  been  destroyed.  The 
drafting  soon  afterward  proceeded  without  further  resist- 
ance. 

But  we  will  now  bring  the  history  of  the  land  forces 
to  a  close,  and  then  endeavor  to  tell  briefly  the  story  of 
the  navy.  The  integrity  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment had  been  maintained,  the  war  brought  to  a  success- 
ful end.  It  had  been  a  terrible  struggle.  At  the  begin- 

34 


530  CONCLUSION. 

1865.   ning  of  hostilities  the  population  of  the  United  States 
,   numbered   about   32,000,000.     The   population   of  the 

New  York 

not.  seceding  States  numbered  about  11,000,000,  including 
the  disloyal  portions  (estimated  at  about  1,000,000)  of 
Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Maryland.  One  third  of  the 
strength  of  the  Union  had  turned  against  its  own  Gov- 
ernment. 

But  this  was  not  all ;  the  war  began  with  the  vilest 
of  treachery.  Officers  of  the  army  and  navy,  members 
of  the  Cabinet,  the  Senate,  and  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, who  had  sworn  to  defend  and  obey  the  laws  of  the 
land,  used  their  positions  to  plan  the  destruction  of  the 
Union.  Many  retained  their  offices  until  the  war  was 
well  begun,  acting  as  spies,  giving  the  enemy  information 
of  the  plans  of  the  already  distracted  Government,  and 
finally  joining  the  ranks  of  the  foe,  where  they  received 
appointments  to  high  positions  as  a  reward  for  their 
deliberate  and  shameful  treachery,  after  having  dis- 
mantled the  Northern  forts  and  arsenals  of  ordnance, 
ammunition,  and  equipments,  transferring  them  to  the 
South,  and  scattering  the  navy  to  foreign  stations. 

The  army,  all  told,  numbered  but  16,000  men,  and 
was  so  distributed  in  small  detachments  that  it  could  not 
be  readily  available.  Nearly  all  the  Southern  forts  and 
arsenals  had  been  seized  by  the  enemy,  and  there  was 
scarcely  anything  for  the  United  States  Government  to 
begin  with  but  determined  hands  and  faithful  hearts. 

On  the  12th  of  April,  1861,  the  war  began  by  the 
attack  of  the  enemy  upon  Fort  Sumter.  The  fort  sur- 
rendered on  the  14th,  and  on  the  15th  President  Lincoln 
palled  for  75,000  volunteers.  Over  90,000  patriots 
promptly  responded.  The  legislatures  of  the  loyal 
States  voted  large  sums  of  money  to  be  loaned  the  Gov- 
ernment. The  Northern  banks  threw  open  their  vaults, 
and  there  was  a  great  uprising  of  the  Northern  people 


CONCLUSION.  531 

to  sustain  the  Government.     All  hope  of  reconciliation  is es. 
had  departed  with  the  attack  upon  Sumter. 

Four  years  of  terrible  war  have  passed,  and  the  ter- 
ritory that  then  withdrew  from  the  protection  of  the 
United  States  flag,  is  blighted  with  fire  and  sword.  But 
the  stars  and  stripes  again  wave  "  o'er  the  land  of  the 
free  and  the  home  of  the  brave."  Indeed,  all  have  been 
brave,  the  conquered  as  well  as  the  conquering.  All  are 
Americans.  Each  side  has  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  Totality  of 

killed   and 

man  for  man,  100,000  being  killed  in  battle  or  dying  of  wounded 
wounds  on  each  side.     200,000  died  of  disease  in  each  JJ^* ' 
army.     Thus   600,000  Americans  have  given  up  their 
lives  in  consequence  of  the  sins  of  their  ancestors  in 
permitting   human  slavery  to  exist  in  a  country  they 
had  made  free  by  throwing  off  the  yoke  of  England. 
But   that   is   not   more    than  one  half  the  loss  to  the 
country ;    probably  600,000  more  were  made  cripples, 
or  were  permanently  disabled  by  disease. 

The  United  States  currency  value  of  gold  followed  currency 
the    successes  and   reverses  of  the  Union   armies.     In  va]"e  of 

gold. 

January,  1862,  gold  was  102  ;  in  July,  115 ;  in  January, 
1863,  145;  in  July,  130;  in  January,  1864,  155;  in 
July,  285 ;  in  January,  1866,  216  ;  in  July,  142.  From 
the  last-named  date  to  1870  it  stood  between  130  and 
140 ;  and  up  to  1877,  between  108  and  115,  when  it 
rapidly  fell  to  par,  specie  payment  being  resumed  Jan- 
uary 1,  1879. 

The  currency  of  the  enemy  was  at  par  but  a  short 
time.  December,  1861,  it  was  120,  December,  1862, 
300,  and  rapidly  increased  to  March,  1865,  when  it  re- 
quired $60  in  currency  to  buy  a  gold  dollar. 

The  whole  number  of  men  called  into  service  during 
the  war  in  the  army  and  navy  was  2,656,553.  Of  these, 
1,500,000  were  in  actual  service,  70  per  cent  of  whom 
were  native  Americans.  Reduced  to  a  three-years' 
standard.,  there  were  furnished  by  States  as  follows ; — • 


532  CONCLUSION. 

1 8  6  5      Alabama 1,611  Mississippi 545 

Arkansas 7,836  Missouri 86,530 

California 15,725  Nebraska  Territory 2,175 

Colorado  Territory 3,697  Nevada 1,080 

Connecticut 50,623  New  Hampshire 30,849 

Dakota  Territory 206  New  Jersey 57,908 

Delaware 10,322  New  Mexico  Territory 4,432 

District  of  Columbia 11,506  New  York 392,270 

Florida 1,290  North  Carolina 3,156 

Illinois 214,133  Ohio 240,514 

Indian  Nation 3,530  Oregon 1,773 

Indiana 153,576  Pennsylvania 265,517 

Iowa 68,630  Rhode  Island 17,866 

Kansas 18,706  Tennessee 26,394 

Kentucky 70,832  Texas 1,632 

Louisiana 4,654  Vermont 29,068 

Maine...    56,776  Washington  Territory 964 

Maryland 41,275  West  Virginia 27,714 

Massachusetts 124,104  Wisconsin 79,260 

Michigan 80,111  » 

Minnesota 19,693               Aggregate,                         2,228,483 

can*,  for  April  15, 1861,  the  President  called  for  75,000  three 
months'  men,  under  which  call  the  States  furnished 
91,816. 

May  3,  1861,  500,000  three  years'  men  were  called 
for.  The  States  furnished  657,868.  At  the  same  time 
42,812  men  enlisted  for  shorter  terms. 

In  May  and  June,  1861,  15,007  men  were  enlisted 
for  three  months. 

Under  the  call  of  July  2,  1862,  for  300,000  three 
years'  men,  421,465  men  were  furnished. 

The  call  of  Aug.  4,  1862,  for  300,000  nine  months' 
militia,  produced  but  87,588. 

The  President's  proclamation  of  June  15,  1863, 
called  out  16,361  six  months'  men. 

Under  the  call  of  Oct.  17,  1863,  which  embraced 
men  raised  by  draft  in  1863,  and  the  call  of  Feb.  1, 
1864,  both  calls  being  combined,  and  for  500,000  men 
for  three  years,  317,092  men  were  raised.  52,288  men 
paid  commutation,  making  a  total  of  369,380. 

For  the  call  of  March  14,  1864,  for  200,000  three 
years'  men,  there  were  furnished  259,515 ;  paid  commu- 
tation, 32,678  ;  total,  292,193. 


CONCLUSION.  533 

Between  April  23  and  July  18,  1864,  113,000  mill-   i*cs. 
tia  were  mustered  into  the  United  States  service  for  one 
hundred  days. 

July  18,  1864,  a  call  was  made  for  500,000  men  for 
one,  two,  three,  and  four  years'  service.  On  this  call 
there  were  furnished  223,044  men  for  one  year,  8,430 
for  two  years,  153,049  for  three  years,  and  730  for  four 
years.  1,300  men  paid  commutation,  making  a  total  of 
386,461. 

Dec.  19,  1864,  a  call  for  300,000  men  for  one,  two? 
three,  and  four  years,  brought  into  service  151,263*for 
one  year,  5,108  for  two  years,  54,967  for  three  years, 
and  314  for  four  years.  460  paid  commutation.  Total, 
212,212. 

There  were  furnished  by  States  and  Territories  not 
called  upon,  182,257  men ;  of  these,  166,848  were  for 
three  years. 

Actual  strength  "  present "  of  all  the  armies  on — 

January  1,  1861,  16,435  January  1,  1864,  611,250  strc>n<*th 

July  1,  1861,  183,588  January  1,  1865,  620,924  ^resent  for 

January  1,  1862,  527,204  April  1,  1865,  660,000  dut 

January  1,  1863,  698,802  May  1,  1865,  787,000 

During  the  war,  the  total  number  of  colored  troops  Co]ored 
enlisted  was  about  185,000,  one  half  of  whom  came  from  tro°i>8- 
the  States  in  rebellion. 

There  were  225,000  soldiers  discharged  for  disability 
during  the  war.  The  number  captured  by  the  enemy 
was  about  213,000,  of  which  there  were  about  125,000 
sent  to  Southern  prisons,  the  balance  being  paroled. 
The  Federals  captured  476,000  of  the  enemy,  of  which 
number  225,000  were  sent  to  Northern  prisons.  Of 
these,  26,775  died  while  prisoners;  29,730  Union  sol- 
diers died  in  Southern  prisons. 

The  war  cost,  at  its  close,  $6,500,000,000 ;  but  the 
expenditure  is  not  yet  over.  A  large  sum  will  be  added 


534 

i  s  a  5.  each  year  by  a  grateful  nation,  until  the  pension  pay- 
ments and  expense  of  soldiers'  homes  shall  cease. 

The  end.  ^et  the  glorious  achievements  of  our  army  and  navy, 

the  deeds  of  valor,  the  patient  long-suffering,  the  skill, 
courage,  determination,  and  final  triumph  of  our  soldiers 
and  sailors,  be  ever  held  in  grateful  remembrance  by  our 
nation.  Give  successful  leaders  due  credit,  but  do  not 
forget  the  rank  and  file.  Of  the  vicissitudes  of  war,  lit- 
tle is  known  by  the  people  outside  of  the  army.  They 
hear  of  the  battles,  which  are  of  short  duration;  but 
the  weeks  and  months  of  preparation  for  the  battle 
are  little  known.  The  long,  toilsome  marches  in  mud 
and  rain,  the  digging  of  trenches,  throwing  up  of  breast- 
works, the  suffering  from  wounds  and  disease,  from  short 
rations,  and  the  many  other  deprivations  of  the  soldier's 
life,  they  cannot  know  or  feel. 

The  army  accomplished  prodigious  results.  The 
successes  of  the  navy  were  the  wonder  of  the  world, 
and  astonished  the  great  powers  of  Europe, — 1,000,000 
soldiers  moving  forward  shoulder  to  shoulder,  1,000  ves- 
sels plowing  the  seas  and  rivers.  The  war  developed 
the  inherent  strength  of  the  nation,  advancing  from  an 
army  of  16,000  men  to  1,000,000,  from  a  navy  of  42 
vessels  to  1,000,  from  wooden  war  ships  to  the  wonder- 
ful monitors  and  iron-clads.  All  these,  and  the  im- 
provements in  the  implements  and  arts  of  war,  were 
productions  of  the  American  mind. 

American          On  Sept.  22, 1862,  the  President  issued  a  proclama- 

abciished.  tion  declaring,  '"That  on  the  first  day  of  January,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 
three,  all  persons  held  as  slaves  within  any  State  or 
designated  part  of  a  State,  the  people  whereof  shall  be 
in  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  shall  be  then, 
thenceforward,  and  forever,  free."  And  on  January  1, 
1863,  the  President  issued  a  proclamation  decl.iring  all 
slaves  free  in  States  still  in  rebellion. 


CONCLUSION.  535 

4 

The  President,  when  inaugurated,  said,  "  I  have  no    ises. 
intention   to   interfere  with  slavery ; "  and  in  August, 
1862,  he  said,  in  a  letter  to  Horace  Greeley,  "  My  para- 
mount object  is  to  save  the  Union,  and  not   either  to 
save  or  destroy  slavery." 

As  a  war  measure,  the  President  was  finally  com- 
pelled to  do  the  act,  giving  the  South,  however,  one 
hundred  days  to  return  to  their  allegiance.  This  was  a 
just  measure, — a  great  blessing  to  this  country  from  the 
Almighty  Father. 

The  following  are  the  dates  of  the  secession  and  re- 
admission  into  the  Union  of  the  several  seceding 
States : — 

South  Carolina Dec.   20,  1860.     June  25,  1868.  Secession 

Mississippi Jan.      9,1861.     Feb.    23,1870.  and  re-ad- 
Alabama Jan.    11,   1861.     June  11,  1868.               mission    of 

Florida Jan.    10,1861.     -June  25,  1863.  the  eeced- 

Georgia Jan.    19,1861.     July    15,1870.  ing  States. 

Louisiana Jan.    26,1861.     June  25,  1868. 

Texas Feb.      1,1861.       Mar.   30,  1870. 

Virginia April  17,  1861. Jan.    25,1870. 

Arkansas May     6,1861.     June  22,  1868. 

North  Carolina May    21,1861.     June  25,  1868. 

Tennessee .June     8,  1861.     July   24,   1866. 


NATIONAL   CEMETERIES. 

In  the  subjoined  list  are  given  the  names  and  loca- 
tions of  the  National  Cemeteries  for  the  Federal  dead, 

with  the  number  therein  buried,  known  and  unknown. 

NAME   OF   CEMETERY.                                 KNOWN.                             UNKNOWN.  TOTAL. 

Annapolis,  Md.                                      2,285                            204  2,489 

Alexandria,  La.                                         534                            772  1,306  Cemeteries 

Alexandria,  Va.                                      3,402                            120  3,522 

Andersonville,  Ga.                               12,793                            921  13,714 

Antietam,  Md.                                       2,853                         1,818  4,671 

Arlington,  Va.                                      11,915                         4,349  16,264 

Ball's  Bluff,  Va.                                             1                               24  25 

Barrancas,  Fla.  •                                        798                            657  1,455 

Baton  Rouge,  La.                                  2,469                            495  2,964 

Battle  Ground,  D.  C.                                 43  43 

Beaufort,  S.  C.                                       4,748                         4,493  9,241 

Beverly,  N.  J.                                            145                                 7  152 


536 


CONCLUSION. 


IS  65      Brownsville,  Texas  1,417 

'     Camp  Butler,  111.  1,007 

Our               Camp  Nelson,  Ky.  2,477 

National       Cave  Hill,  Ky.  3,344 

Cemeteries.  Chalmette,  La.  6,837 

Chattanooga,  Term.  7,999 

City  Point,  Va.  3,778 

Cold  Harbor,  Va.  673 

Corinth,  Miss.  1,789 

Crown  Hill,  Ind.  681 

Culpepper,  Va.  456 

Cypress  Hills,  N.  Y.  3,710 

Danville,  Ky.  335 

Danville,  Va.  1,172 

FayetteviUe,  Ark.  431 
Finn's  Point,  N.  J. 

Florence,  S.  C.  119 

Fort  Donelson,  Tenn.  158 

Fort  Gibson,  I.  T.  215 

Fort  Harrison,  Va.  239 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Kan.  835 

Fort  Smith,  Ark.  711 

Fort  Scott,  Kan.  390 

Fredericksburg,  Va.  2,487 

Gettysburg,  Pa.  1,967 

Glendale,  Va.  234 

Grafton,  W.  Va.  634 

Hampton,  Va.  4,930 

Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.  8,584 

Jefferson  City,  Mo.  349 

Keokuk,  Iowa  612 

Knoxville,  Teun.  2,090 

Laurel,  Md.  232 

Lebanon,  Ky.  591 

Lexington,  Ky.  805 

Little  Rock,  Ark.  3,265 

Logan's  Cross  Roads,  Ky.  345 

Loudon  Park,  Md.  1,637 

Marietta,  Ga.  7,188 

Memphis,  Tenn.  5,160 

Mobile,  Ala.  756 

Mound  City,  111.  2,505 

Nashville,  Tenn.  11,825 

Natchez,  Miss.  308 

New  Albany,  Ind.  2,139 

New  Berne,  N.  C.  2,177 

Philadelphia,  Pa.  1,881 

Pittsburg  Landing,  Tenn.  1,229 

Poplar  Grove,  Va.  2,198 

Port  Hudson,  La.  596 

Raleigh,  N.  C.  619 

Richmond,  Va.  842 

Rock  Island,  111.  277 

Salisbury,  N.  C.  94 

San  Antonio,  Texas  324 

Seven  Pines,  Va.  150 

Soldiers'  Home,  D.  C.  5,314 

Staunton,  Va.  233 

Stone  River,  Tenn.  3,821 

Vicksburg,  Miss.  3,896 


1,379 

355 

1,165 

583 

5,074 

4,983 

1,374 

1,281 

3,927 

32 

911 

76 

8 

155 

781 

2,644 

2,799 

511 

2,212 

575 

928 

1,152 

161 

12,770 

1,608 

961 

620 

494 

2,906 

412 

33 

1,046 
6 

277 

108 

2,337 

366 

166 

2,963 

8,817 

113 

2,721 

4,701 

2,780 

676 

1,077 

28 

2,361 

4,001 

3,223 

562 

5,700 

19 

12,032 

167 

1,208 

288 

520 

2,324 

12,704 


2,796 

1,362 

3,642 

3,927 

12,511 

12,962 

5,152 

1,954 

5,716 

713 
1,367 
3,786 

343 
1,327 
1,212 
2,664 
2,998 

669 
2,427 

814 
1,763 
1,863 

551 

15,257 

3,575 

1,195 

1,254 

5,424 

11,490 

761 

645 
3,136 

238 

868 

913 
5,602 

711 

1,803 

10,151 

13,977 

869 
5,226 
16,526 
3,088 
2,815 
3,254 
1,909 
3,590 
6,199 
3,819 
1,181 
6,542 

296 
12,126 

491 
1,358 
5,602 

753 

6,145 

16,600 


CONCLUSION. 


537 


Wilmington,  N.  C.  710 

Winchester,  Va.  2,094 

Yorktown,  Va.  758 

Custer  Battle  Field,  M.  T.  262 

Fort  McPherson,  Neb.  152 

Woodlawn,  Elinira,  N.  Y.                     3,074 

Total,  170,180 


1,398 
2,3(55 
1,424 

291 
16 

146,095 


2,108 

4,459 

2,182 

262 

443 

3,090 

316,275 


1  86S. 


BOUNTIES. 

The  following  is  a  statement,  in  amount,  of  bounties 
paid  from  1861  to  1865  by  States : — 

Connecticut $  6,887,554  Bounties. 

Maine 7,837,644 

Massachusetts. . ; 22,965,550 

New  Hampshire 9,036,313 

Rhode  Island 820,769 

Vermont 4,528,775 

New  Jersey 23,868,967 

New  York 86,629,228 

Pennsylvania 43,154,987 

Illinois 17,296,205 

Indiana 9,182,354 

Iowa 1,615,171 

Kansas 57,407 

Michigan 9,664,855 

Minnesota 2,000,464 

Ohio 23,557,373 

Wisconsin 5,855,356 

Delaware 1,136,599 

District  of  Columbia 134,010 

Kentucky 692,577 

Maryland 6,271,992 

Missouri 1,282,149 

West  Virginia 864,737 


Total, 


$285,941,036 


The  above  does  not  show  all  bounties  paid,  the 
Provost  Marshall-General,  from  whose  report  the  above 
figures  are  taken,  not  receiving  full  reports  from  some 
of  the  States. 


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540  CONCLUSION. 


SHERIDAN'S   CAVALRY  ENGAGEMENTS. 

Battles  fought  by  the  cavalry  under  the  command  of  Major- 
General  P.  H.  Sheridan,  of  the  United  States  Army,  from  May 
4,  1864,  to  April  9,  1865. 


Sheridan's    Parker's  Store,  May  5.     Brig.  J.  B.  Mclntosh;  infantry  advance  of  rebel  army. 

cavalry  en-  Craig's  Meeting  House,  May  5.     Division  J.  H.  Wilson;  Fitzhugh  Lee's  division. 

gagements.  Todd's  Tavern,  May  5.     Div's  D.  McM.   Gregg,  J.  H.  Wilson;    Stuart's  corps. 

Furnaces,  May  6.     Division  W.  Merritt;  Fitzhugh  Lee's  division. 

Todd's  Tavern,  May  7.     Sheridan  com'd'g.     Div's  Gregg,  Merritt;  Stuart's  corps. 

Spottsylvania  C.  H.,  May  8.     Division  J.  H.  Wilson;  Wickham's  rebel  brigade 

with  Longstreet's  corps. 

Beaver  Dam,  May  9  and  10.     Sheridan's  corps;  Stuart's  corps. 
Yellow  Tavern,  May  11.     Sheridan's  corps;  Stuart's  corps. 

Meadow  Bridge,  May  12.  Sheridan's  corps;  Stuart's  corps  with  four  inf.  brig. 
Hanover  Town,  May  27.  Division  A.  T.  A.  Torbert;  Gordon's  rebel  cavalry. 
Hawe's  Shop,  May  28.  Sheridan  with  Gregg's  division,  Custer's  brigade;  rebel 

cavalry  corps  with  Wade  Hampton's  S.  C.  infantry. 
Matadequin  Creek,  May  30.     Division  Torbert;  Fitzhugh  Lee's  division. 
Cold  Harbor,  May  31  and  June  1.     Sheridan  com'd'g.     Divisions,  Torbert,  Gregg; 

Hampton  with  rebel  cavalry  corps  with  Hoke's  and  other  infantry. 
Mechump's  Creek,  May  31.     Division  J.  H.  Wilson;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
Ashland,  June  1.     Division  Wilson;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
Hawe's  Shop,  June  2.     Division  Wilson  ;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
Sumner's  Upper  Bridge,  June  2.     Div.  D.  McM.  Gregg;  right  wing,  rebel  army. 
Tolopotomy,  June  2.     Division  Wilson  ;  left  wing,  rebel  army. 
Bethesda  Church,  June  11.     Brigade  J.  B.  Mclntosh  ;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
Trevilian   Station,  June   11.     Sheridan   with  1st  and  2d  divisions;    rebel  corps 

under  Hampton  with  brigade  S.  C.  mounted  infantry. 
Long's  Bridge,  June  12.     Division  Wilson;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
Mallory's  Ford  Cross  Roads,  June  12.     Same  as  2d  above,  adding  Breckenridge's 

infantry  division. 

White  Oak  Swamp,  June  13.     Division  Wilson;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
Riddle's  Shop,  June  13.     Brigade  G.  H.  Chapman;  inf.  advance  rebel  army. 
Smith's  Store,  June  15.     Brigade  Mclntosh;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
Tunstall's  Station,  June  21.     Sheridan  with  1st  and  2d  div's;  Hampton's  corps. 
Nottaway  C.  H.,  June  23.     Division  Wilson;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division. 
St.  Mary's  Church,  June  21.     Division  Gregg;  Hampton's  corps. 
Roanoke  Station,  June  25.     Div's  Wilson,  Kautz;  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  division,  with 

Home  Guards. 
Stony  Creek,  June  28.     Div's  Wilson,  Kautz:    Hampton's  corps  with  W.  H.  F. 

Lee's  division. 
Ream's  Station,  June  29.     Div's  Wilson,  Kautz;  div's  Hampton,  Fitzhugh  Lee, 

W.  H.  F.  Lee,  with  Hoke's  infantry  division. 
Darbytown,  July  28.     Sheridan  commanding.     Divisions  Torbert,  Gregg;  Long- 

street's  corps,  with  Wilcox's  division  rebel  infantry,  and  Hampton's  cavalry. 
Lee's  Mills,  July  31.     Division  J.  Irving  Gregg;  Fitzhugh  Lee's  division. 
Moorefield,  Aug.  7.     Div.  Averell;  Brig.  Bradley  Johnston,  McCausknd,  Imboden. 
Toll  Gate,  August  11.     Div.  Merritt;  Gordon's  rebel  inf.  with  Wickham's  cav. 
Cedarville,  August    16.     Division   Merritt;   Fitzhugh  Lee's  division,  with  Ker- 

shaw's  infantry  division. 
Winchester,  August  17.     Torbert  commanding.     Div.  Wilson,  brig.  Lowell's  cav., 

brig.  Penrose  inf.  ;  rebel  cav.  with  Breckenridge's  rebel  inf.  corps. 
Summit  Point,  August  21.     Div.  Wilson  ;  rebel  cav.  and  inf.  advance  of  rebel  army. 
Kearneysville,  August  25.     Divisions  Torbert,  Wilson;  Breckenridge's  corps. 
Kabletown,    August   26.     Brigade,  Lowell;   Fitzhugh  Lee's  division,   with  Ker- 

shaw's  infantry  division. 


CONCLUSION.  541 

Smithfleld,  August  28.     Division  Merritt;  Lomax's  rebel  division.                                 1865. 
Smithfleld   crossing  of   the   Opequan,  August  29.     Division  Merritt;  Fitzhugh        

Lee's  division,  with  Breckenridge's  corps.  Sheridan's 

Bunker  Hill,  Sept.  2  and  3.     Division  Averell;  brigades  rebel  cavalry,  McCaus-  cavalry  en. 

land,  Imboden,  Bradley  Johnston.  gagements. 

Abram's  Creek,  Sept.  13.     Brigade   Mclntosh;   brigade  McCausland,  with  Ker- 

shaw's  infantry  division. 
Opequan,  Sept.  19.     Sheridan  commanding  Army  of  the   Shenandoah;   Early's 

rebel  army. 

Front  Royal,  Sept.  21.     Div.  Wilson;  Wickham's  rebel  division. 
Fisher's  Hill,  Sept.  22.     Sheridan's  infantry  with  Devin's  brigade  and  Averell's 

division ;  Early's  rebel  army. 

Milford,  Sept.  22.     Torbert  com'd'g.     Div's  Merritt,  Wilson ;  Fitzhugh  Lee's  div. 
Luray,  Sept.  24.     Same  as  first  above. 

Forrest  Hill,  Sept.  24.  Division  W.  H.  Powell;  rebel  brigades  Jackson  Mc- 
Causland, Imboden. 

Weyer's  Cave,  Sept  26.     Div.  Powell;  Fitzhugh  Lee's  division. 
Brown's    Gap,  Sept.  26.     Division  Merritt;   Fitzhugh  Lee's  division,  with  Ker- 

shaw's  infantry  division. 

Waynesboro,  Sept.  28.     Div.  Torbert,  brigade  Lowell ;  rebel  cavalry  and  inf. 
Mt.  Crawford,  Oct.  2.     Torbert  commanding.     Divisions  Merritt,  Custer;  rebel 

cavalry  divisions  of  Fitzhugh  Lee  and  Rosser  with  Pegram's  inf.  division. 
Tom's  Run,  Oct.  9.     Torbert  commanding.     Divisions  Merritt,  Custer;  divisions 

Fitzhugh  Lee,  Rosser,  and  Lomar. 
Cedar  Creek,  Oct.  19.     Between  Sheridan  and  Early. 
Milford,  Oct.  26.     Division  Powell;  L.  L.  Lomax's  rebel  division. 
Middletown,  Nov.  12.     Steridan  com'd'g.     1st  and  3d  cavalry  div's;  Early's  army. 
Nineveh,  Nov.  12.     Division  Powell;  Lomax's  rebel  division. 
Lacey  Springs,  Dec.  21.     Division  Custer;  Rosser's  rebel  cavalry  division. 
Liberty  Mills,  Dec.  22.     Torbert  commanding.     1st  and  2d  cav.  div. ;  div.  Lomax. 
Gordonsville,   Dec.    23.     Torbert   commanding.     1st   and   2d  cavalry  divisions; 

Lomax's  division  with  Pegram's  division  of  rebel  infantry. 

18G5- 

Waynesboro,  March  2.  Division  Custer  and  Early  with  Wharton's  rebel  infantry 
division  ;  Lilley's  brigade  and  part  of  Rosser's  cavalry  brigade. 

North  Anna  Bridges,  or  Ashland,  March  14,  15.  Sheridan  commanding:  Mer- 
ritt's  divisions,  Custer,  Devin;  Longstreet  commanding:  Fitzhugh  Lee's 
division  and  Pickett  and  Bushrod  Johnson's  rebel  infantry  divisions. 

Dinwiddie  C.  H.,  March  31.  Sheridan  commanding.  Merritt's  two  divisions, 
Custer,  Devin,  with  Crook's  division;  Pickett's  and  Bushrod  Johnson's 
rebel  infantry  divisions,  with  Fitzhugh  and  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  cavalry  divisions. 

Five  Forks,  April  1.  Sheridan  commanding:  divisions  Custer,  Devin,  under 
Merritt,  aided  by  divisions  Crook  and  McKenzie  and  5th  army  corps; 
Anderson  commanding  rebels  :  infantry  divisions,  Pickett,  Johnson,  cav- 
alry divisions,  Fitzhugh  Lee,  W.  H.  F.  Lee,  Lomax,  Rosser. 

Scott's  Corners,  April  2.  Merritt  commanding.  Divisions,  Custer,  Devin,  McKen- 
zie; rebel  rear  under  Longstreet  and  the  divisions  of  the  two  Lees. 

Sweethouse  Creek,  April  3.  Division  Custer;  division  W.  H.  F.  Lee,  with  six 
rebel  infantry  brigades. 

Winticomack  Creek,  April  3.     Brigade  Col.  Wm.  Wells;  rebel  cav.  brigades. 

Amelia  C.  H.,  April  4,  5.     Div.  McKenzie;  advance  of  rebel  army. 

Tabernacle  Church,  April  4.  Merritt  commanding.  Divisions  Custer,  Devin; 
rear  guard  of  rebel  army  under  Gordon. 

Amelia  Springs,  April  5.     Division  Crook;  Fitzhugh  Lee's  div.  with  rebel  inf. 

Sailor's  Creek,  April  6.  Sheridan  commanding.  Merritt's  divisions,  Custer, 
Devin,  Crook,  with  6th  army  corps ,  and  the  retreating  rebel  army. 

Farmville,  April  7.     Div.  Crook;  div.  Rosser  with  rear  guard  rebel  army. 

Appomattox  Station,  April  8.  Sheridan  commanding.  Merritt's  divisions,  Custer, 
Devin ;  main  advance  of  rebel  army. 

Appomattox  C.  H.,  April  9.  Sheridan  commanding.  Merritt's  divisions,  Custer, 
Devin,  with  divisions  Crook,  McKenzie,  with  the  5th  and  24th  army  corps ; 
Lee's  rebel  army. 


CONCLUSION. 


1805. 


Sheridan's 

famous 

ride. 


BY  THOMAS  BUCHANAN  READ. 

"TIP  from  the  south  at  break  of  day, 
*^   Bringing  to  Winchester  fresh  dismay, 
The  affrighted  air  with  a  shudder  bore, 
Like  a  herald  in  haste,  to  the  chieftain's  door, 
The  terrible  grumble,  and  rumble,  and  roar, 
Telling  the  battle  was  on  once  more, 
And  Sheridan  twenty  miles  away. 


"But  there  is  a  road  from  Winchester  town, 
A  good  broad  highway  leading  down; 
And  there,  through  the  flush  of  the  morning  light, 
A  stoed  as  black  as  the  steeds  of  night 
Was  seen  to  pass,  as  with  eagle  flight, 
As  if  he  knew  the  terrible  need, 
He  stretehed  away  with  his  utmost  speed ; 
Hills  rose  and  fell;   but  his  heart  was  gay, 
With  Sheridan  fifteen  miles  away. 

"Still  sprung  from  those  swift  hoofs  thundering  south, 
The  dust,  like  smoke  from  the  cannon's  mouth; 
Or  the  trail  of  a  comet,  sweeping  faster  and  faster, 
Foreboding  to  traitors  the  doom  of  disaster. 
The  heart  of  the  steed  and  the  heart  of  the  master 
Were  beating  like  prisoners  assaulting  their  walls, 
Impatient  to  be  where  the  battle-field  calls; 
Every  nerve  of  the  charger  was  strained  to  full  play: 
With  Sheridan  only  ten  miles  away. 

"Under  his  spurning  feet  the  road 
Like  an  arrowy  Alpine  river  flowed, 
And  the  landscape  sped  away  behind 
Like  an  ocean  flying  before  the  wind, 
And  the  steed,  like  a  bark  fed  with  furnace  ire, 
Swept  on,  with  his  wild  eye  full  of  fire. 
But  lo!    he  is  nearing  his  heart's  desire; 
He  is  suuffing  the  smoke  of  the  roaring  fray, 
With  Sheridan  only  five  miles  away. 


"He  dashed  down  the  line,  'mid  a  storm  of  huzzas, 
And  the  wave  of  retreat  checked  its  course   there,  becnusc 
The  sight  of  the  master  compelled  it  to  pause." 


PART     SKCOND 


STATERS 

ISei— 1SG5. 


THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


Secretary  of  the  United  States  Navy  during  the  war,  GIDEON 
WELLES,  appointed  from  Connecticut  March  7,   1861. 
•     Assistant   Secretary  during  the  war,  GTJSTAVUS  V.  FOX,  ap- 
pointed from  Massachusetts  May  9,   1861. 

Admiral  DAVID  G.  FARRAGUT,  appointed  from  Tennessee,  in 
service  since  Dec.  17,  1810  ;  Rear- Admiral  July  16,  1862 ;  Vice- 
Admiral  Dec.  21,  1864.  The  rank  of  admiral  was  created  for  him 
July  25,  1866.  Died  in  1870. 

REAR  -  ADMIRALS. 

LOUIS  M.  GOLDSBOROUGH,  appointed  from  the  District  of 
Columbia,  June  18,  1812  ;  appointed  Rear-Admiral  July  16,  1852. 

SAMUEL  F.  DUPONT,  appointed  from  Delaware,  Dec.  19,  1815  ; 
appointed  Rear- Admiral  July  17,  1862.  Died  at  Philadelphia,  June 
23,  1865. 

ANDREW  H.  FOOTE,  appointed  from  Connecticut  Dec.  4,  1822  ; 
appointed  Rear- Admiral  July  16,  1862.  Died  at  New  York,  June 
26,  1863. 

CHARLES  H.  DAVIS,  appointed  from  Massachusetts  Aug. 
12,  1823  ;  appointed  Rear-Admiral  Feb.  7,  1863. 

JOHN  A.  DAHLGREN,  appointed  from  Pennsylvania  Feb.  1, 
1826  ;  appointed  Rear- Admiral  Feb.  7,  1863. 

DAVID  D.  PORTER,  appointed  from  Pennsylvania  Feb.  2, 
1829;  appointed  Rear-Admiral  July  4,  1863. 

.    (544) 


THE 


CHAPTER.  XXX. 

OPERATIONS    DURING    1861-'62. 

r  I  ^HE  navy  is  supplied  with  its  officers  from  the 
J-  pupils  of  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  This 
Academy  was  established  in  1845.  Before  that  date Naval 
the  midshipmen  were  instructed  on  board  ship  on  regu- 
lar cruises.  The  Academy  was  removed  to  Newport, 
R.  I.,  during  the  war,  after  which  it  was  returned  to 
Annapolis.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion,  more  than 
three  hundred  officers  left  the  navy,  the  greater  por- 
tion of  them  joining  the  enemy. 

The  Federal  navy  was  small  at  the  commencement 
of  the  war ;  fifty  years  of  peace  had  reduced  its  propor- 
tions. There  were  in  all  forty-one  vessels,  as  follows : 
the  screw-frigates  Wabash,  Minnesota,  RoanoJce,  and  Col- 
orado, of  3,000  tons  each ;  the  screw-sloops  Niagara, 
Richmond,  Brooklyn,  San  Jacinto,  Hartford,  Pensacola, 
and  Lancaster,  of  2,000  tons  each,  except  the  Niagara, 
which  was  of  4,500  tons'  burden,  and  the  Pawnee,  Iro- 
quois,  Wyoming,  Mohican,  and  Dakota,  of  1,000  tons 
each,  and  the  Narragansett  and  Seminole,  of  850  tons  each ; 
the  side-wheel  sloops  Susquehanna  and  Powhatan,  of 
2,400  tons  ;  the  Mississippi,  of  1,700  tons ;  the  Saranac, 
of  1,400  tons ;  and  the  Michigan,  Saginaw,  and  Water- 
witch,  of  475  tons  each.  There  were  also  the  steamers 
Crusader,  Mohawk,  Wyandotte,  Pocahontas,  Mystic,  Swn- 

35  (515) 


546  THE  NAVY : 

i86i.  ter,  and  Pulaski ;  the  sailing-frigates  Sabine  and  Con- 
gress; and  the  sloops  St.  Louis,  Macedonia,  Cumberland, 
Constellation,  Portsmouth,  John  Adams,  and  Saratoga. 

Of  these  vessels,  three  were  at  New  York,  one  at 
Washington,  four  at  Pensacola,  four  at  Yera  Cruz,  three 

Location  of  .  07 

war  vessels  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  rest  scattered  all  over  the 
inning  "of  globe.  Eleven  war  vessels,  valued  at  $2,000,000,  had 
the  war.  ^QQ^  destroyed  at  the  Norfolk  navy-yard  on  the  night 
of  April  20,  to  prevent  their  falling  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemy.  They  were  the  Merrimac,  Pennsylvania, 
Columbus,  Delaware,  New  York,  Raritan,  Columbia,  United 
States,  Plynwutli,  Germantoum,  and  Dolphin.  The  Fed- 
erals destroyed,  or  left  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy  at  the 
navy-yard,  more  than  $10,000,000  worth  of  property, 
including  2,000  cannon.  The  enemy  raised  the  hull  of 
the  Merrimac,  and  rebuilt  her  into  a  povyerful  iron-clad 
ram,  and  named  her  the  Virginia. 

The  enemy  fitted  out  numerous  privateers,  mostly 
vessels  caught  by  them  in  their  ports  when  they  seceded. 
Among  these  were  six  United  States  revenue  cutters. 
Every  effort  was  made  by  them  to  construct  a  navy,  but 
they  did  not  succeed  in  accomplishing  anything  farther 
than  producing  smuggling  vessels  and  a  few  iron-clads. 
The  former  caused  the  Federals  a  great  deal  the  m®st 
trouble.  Some  foreign  vessels,  snch  as  the  Alal)ama, 
Sumter,  etc.,  sailing  as  privateers  with  commissions 
from  Jefferson  Davis,  caused  great  destruction  to  Amer- 
ican commerce,  although  not  really  belonging  to  the 
Southern  navy. 

The  United  States  navy  rapidly  increased  by  new 
vessels  and  remodeled  merchant  vessels,  so  that  by  July 
1,  1861,  there  were  nearly  100  war  vessels,  and  by  Jan. 
1,  1862,  nearly  300.  , 

It  will  not  be  attempted  in  this  volume  to  give  a 
complete  history  of  the  movements  of  the  Federal  navy, 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861— '62.  547 

It  would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  all  the  expeditions  itnu. 
of  single  gun-boats  and  small  boats  entering  the  numer- 
ous bayous,  creeks,  bays,  sounds,  etc.,  on  the  extensive 
American  coast,  stretching  from  Virginia  to  Texas,  and, 
web-like,  spreading  over  the  lower  half  of  the  Southern 
States,  without  making  this  work  too  cumbersome.  The 
same  plan  will  be  followed  as  with  the  army, —  that  of 
giving  a  brief  narrative  of  its  battles  and  smaller  en- 
gagements. 

On  April  7,1861,  General  Beauregard  notified  Major  APril  7- 
Anderson  that  intercourse  between  Fort  Sumter  and  sumter. 
Charleston  would  no  longer  be  permitted.  On  the  llth 
he  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort;  but  Anderson 
refused.  On  the  12th  of  April  the  war  began,  the  en- 
emy opening  fire  on  Sumter  at  4 : 30  A.  M.  The  Fort 
was  surrendered  after  it  had  become  untenable,  Ander- 
son departing  with  the  "  honors  of  Avar,"  his  colors  flying 
and  the  band  playing,  setting  sail  for  New  York.  (See 
opening  chapter  for  a  fuller  account  of  the  loss  of  this 
fort.) 

On  April  18,  186.1,  the  United  States  steamer .  Star  Ai>ril  18- 

*  Star  of  the 

of  the  West  was  captured  by  the  enemy  at  Indianola,  west  «ip- 

m  tured. 

Texas. 

On  the  same  day,  United  States  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  ordered  that  no  clearances  should  be  granted 
to  vessels  bound  to  ports  south  of  Maryland.  April  19, 
President  Lincoln,  by  proclamation,  declared  a  blockade  The  '>1(><*- 
of  the  ports  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Flor- 
ida, Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.  On  the  20th  oc- 
curred the  great  disaster  at  the  Norfolk  navy-yard,  as  al- 
ready mentioned.  On  the  27th  President  Lincoln  ex- 
tendod  the  blockade  to  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  On 
May  11  the  blockade  of  Charleston  was  established,  and 
the  Mississippi  River  blockaded  at  Cairo  on  the  13th, 
and  at  New  Orleans  on  the  26th.  Mobile  was  blockaded 
on  the  27th,  and  Savannah  on  the  28th, 


548  THE  NAVY: 


The  navy  dislodged  the  enemy's  batteries  at  Se  well's 
MajTTs.  Point,  Va.,  on  May  18  —  the  first  offensive  operation 
sewcirs  b  th  united  States  Government.  On  May  31  the 

Point,  Va.       <f  * 

Federal  gun-boats  silenced  the  enemy's  batteries  at 
Ac^if  Acquia  Creek,  Va.,  after  an  action  of  two  hours.  This 
creek.  creek  is  about  ten  miles  long,  and  enters  the  Potomac 
about  eighteen  miles  by  rail  from  Fredericksburg. 

On  June  3  the  privateer  Savannah,  off  Charleston, 
Privateers  being  deceived,  attempted  to  take  the  United  States 
brig  of  war  Perry.  Discovering  her  mistake  too  late, 
she  was  cleverly  captured. 

The  Petrel  escaped  from  Charleston  on  the  28th  of 
July,  and  on  August  1  she  thought  to  capture  the 
United  States  frigate  St.  Lawrence,  which  had  sent  all 
men  below  and  taken  in  rigging  so  as  to  have  the  appear- 
ance of  a  merchant  vessel.  On  came  the  Petrel,  sure  of 
an  easy  prey.  When  near  enough,  the  frigate  threw 
open  her  port-holes,  and  with  three  shots  sunk  the  little 
rebel,  taking  her  crew  prisoners. 

The  brig  Jefferson  Davis,  fitted  out  by  the  enemy  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  put  to  sea  in  the  month  of  August, 
1861.  After  capturing  several  prizes,  she  ran  aground 
in  endeavoring  to  enter  the  port  of  St.  Augustine,  Fla., 
to  escape  Federal  cruisers,  and  was  lost. 

The  Nashville,  a  side-wheeled  steamer,  left  Charles- 
ton Oct.  28,  1861,  succeeded  in  escaping  the  blockade, 
burnt  one  merchant  vessel,  went  into  an  English  port  for 
repairs,  and  returned  to  American  waters,  where  she  was 
soon  afterward  destroyed  by  a  Federal  cruiser. 

On  November  12,  1861,  the  United  States  cruising 
vessel  Anderson  captured  the  schooner  Beauregard,  an 
armed  privateer,  on  the  coast  of  Florida. 

October  11,  1861,  the  iron-clad  ram  Manaxsas  left 
New  Orleans  to  break  up  the  Federal  blockade  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Seven  small  armed 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861— '62.  540 

steamers  accompanied  her.  The  attack  was  made  be-  i*e*. 
fore  daylight  on  the  morning  of  the  12th  upon  the  sloop 
of  war  Richmond  and  the  war  steamers  Preble  and  Vin- 
cennes.  The  ram  stole  up,  striking  the  Richmond  a  hard 
blow,  but  doing  little  damage.  The  Manassas  then  pre- 
pared for  another  effort,  when  the  Richmond  gave  her  a 
broadside.  The  enemy  then  retired  up  the  river.  It 
was  not  known  whether  she  was  hurt  or  frightened.  At 
all  events,  the  enemy's  gun-boats  thereafter  kept  at  a 
safe  distance  from  the  Richmond. 

November  7,  1861,  two  launches  from  the  frigate 
Santee  attacked  and  after  a  determined  fight  destroyed 
the  enemy's  privateer  Royal  Yacht,  in  Galveston  harbor. 
Thirteen  prisoners  were  taken,  and  several  were  killed 
and  wounded  on  each  side. 

August  26,  1861,  the  first  important  fleet  of  the  war  Aug.  20. 
left  Hampton  Roads  under  Commodore  Stringham  and  to  autenu 
General   Butler.     There    were    seven    war   ships :    the Inlet 
Minnesota,    Walash,  Monticello,  Susquehanna,  Pawnee, 
Harriet  Lane,  and  Cumberland,  altogether  carrying  158 
guns.     The   land   force  on  transports  numbered  about 
1,000  men. 

The  object  of  the  squadron  was  the  capture  of  Forts 
Hatteras  and  Clark,  situated  on  Hatteras  Island,  and 
commanding  the  main  inlet  to  the  sounds.  The  fleet 
arrived  safely  off  Cape  Hatteras  about  5  P.  M.  the  27th. 
On  the  28th  an  attempt  was  made  to  land  the  troops 
through  a  heavy  rolling  surf.  It  proved  a  very  difficult 
and  dangerous  task,  and  was  abandoned  after  300  men 
had  been  landed,  part  of  whom  had  been  capsized,  and 
all  were  well  soaked  before  reaching  the  beach.  The 
water  now  becoming  rougher,  the  fleet  was  compelled  to 
draw  off,  thus  leaving  the  300  men  on  shore  to  take  care 
of  themselves  for  the  night.  They  were  without  pro- 
visions and  with  wet  powder,  but  fortunately  were  not 
attacked. 


550  THE  A'AVY: 

1*6 1.          While  the  attempt  was  being  made  to  land  the  troops, 

an  attack  was  made  upon  Fort  Clark  by  the    Wabash, 

Cumberland,  Minnesota,  and  Susquehanna.    The  bombard- 

Aug.  29.    ment  lasted  about  two  hours,  when  about  noon  the  fort 

Forts   Hat- 

teras  and  was  silenced,  and  was  soon  afterward  abandoned  by  the 
enemy.  At  8  A.  M.  the  following  morning  the  whole 
fleet  opened  fire  upon  Fort  Hatteras.  After  a  bombard- 
ment of  three  hours,  the  fort  being  badly  damaged,  the 
enemy  surrendered  with  about  600  prisoners.  This  was 
an  important  achievement,  and  was  accomplished  without 
the  loss  of  a  man. 

NOV.  s.  On  the  8th  of  November,  1861,  the  Federal  sloop  of 

Mason  and  war  San  Jacmto,  commanded  by  Captain  Wilkes,  lay  at 
the  Bahama  Channel,  about  250  miles  from  Havana  and 
near  the  Paredon  del  Grande  light-house,  awaiting  the 
English  ship  Trent,  which  had  on  board  the  rebel  com- 
missioners to  Europe,  J.  M.  Mason  of  Virginia,  and  John 
Slidell  of  Louisiana.  The  Trent  made  its  appearance  on 
that  day,  and  declined  to  heave  to  at  the  call  of  a  blank 
cartridge,  when  Captain  Wilkes  sent  a  shell  across  her 
bow.  This  had  the  desired  effect.  Mason  and  Slidell 
were  brought  on  board  the  San  Jacinto,  when  the  Trent 
proceeded  on  her  way.  The  prisoners  were  taken  to 
Fort  Warren,  in  Boston  Harbor.  They  had  been  com- 
missioned as  ministers  by  the  enemy's  government — Ma- 
son to  England,  a'nd  Slidell  to  France.  England  be- 
came enraged,  and  actually  started  troops  for  Canada ; 
but  wiser  counsels  prevailed.  Mason  and  Slidell  were 
delivered  up,  and  war  with  England  averted. 

May  29  and  June  1,  1861,  the  Federal  navy  on  the 
Potomac  engaged  the  enemy's  batteries  at  Acquia  Creek. 
On  each  occasion  the  bombardment  lasted  several  hours, 
but  without  material  result. 

June  5  the  Harriet  Lane  left  Newport  News,  and 
steaming  across  to  Pig's  Point,  engaged  the  encinj-'s 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861— '62.  551 

batteries  there.     After  an  engagement  of  about  an  hour,  *86  '  • 
the  Lane  withdrew. 

June    27  a  gun-boat   expedition  under  Commander  June  27 
J.  H.  Ward  was  repulsed  at  Matthias  Point  with  severe  point. 
loss.     Captain  Ward  was  killed  during  the  engagement.  Death  of 
Again  on  Aug.  16,  in  reconnoitering  this  point,  the  Fed-  ward. 
eral  gun-boats  lost  three  killed  and  one  wounded. 

October  11  a  small  expedition  in  row  boats,  under 
Lieutenant  Harrill,  left  the  Potomac  at  2  A.  M.,  and  under 
cover  of  darkness  proceeded  up  Quantico  Creek  a  short 
distance,  where  it  succeeded  in  burning  a  large  schooner 
belonging  to  the  enemy,  and  narrowly  escaped  under  a 
heavy  fire.  The  Potomac  flotilla  had  continued  severe 
and  laborious  work  with  the  enemy's  batteries  on  the 
Potomac  until  March,  1862,  when  the  enemy  abandoned 
their  works  on  that  river. 

September  13  a  small  boat  expedition  from  the  fri-  pentacoui 
gate  Colorado,  numbering  100  men,  entered  Pensacola  har-  harbor- 
bor,  and  after  a  desperate  fight,  in  which  several  men  were 
killed  and  wounded,  destroyed  a  large  armed  schooner. 

November  22  and  23  the  Federal  war  ships  Niagara  Nov.  22, 23 
and  Richmond,  aided  by  the  fire  of  Fort  Pickens,  attacked  Fort8  Bar; 

»  rancas  and 

Forts  Barrancas  and  McRae  and  several  adjoining  bat-  McRae, 
teries.     The  forts  were  partially  silenced  and  somewhat 
damaged,  but  the  fleet  was  too  small  to  reduce  them. 

January  10,  1862,  the  Federal  war  steamer  Hatter  as     1862- 
took  possession  of  Cedar  Keys,  a  group  of  islands  on  the 
West  coast  of  Florida,  capturing  a  few  cannon,  several 
small  vessels,  and  fifteen  prisoners. 

January  20  the  Federals  captured  the  brig  Wilder 
near  Mobile,  Ala. 

April  4,  a  Federal  launch  captured  the  Florida^  a  fine 
steamer,  while  she  was  engaged  in  blockade  running  on 
the  Florida  coast. 

April  5,  a  Federal  launch  destroyed  the  enemy's 
schooner  Columbia  in  the  San  Luis  Pass,  coast  of  Texas. 


552  THE    NAVY-. 


The  steam-frigate  Merrimac,  of  the  United  States 
navj>  was  partially  burned  and  sunk  when  the  Federals 

or  Virginia.  jeft  Norfolk.  The  enemy  raised  the  hull,  made  an  iron- 
clad of  it,  and  named  it  the  Virginia.  She  carried 
twelve  guns,  and  was  armed  at  the  bow  with  a  steel 
beak.  She  was  commanded  by  Captain  Buchanan,  for- 
merly an  officer  of  the  United  States  navy. 

Monitor.  The  Monitor  was  invented  by  John  Ericsson,  a  Swede, 

but  a  naturalized  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  built 
under  his  supervision  at  a  cost  of  $275,000.  It  was  a 
vessel  of  900  tons'  burden,  carried  two  eleven-inch 

Lieutenant  Dahlgren  guns,  and  was  commanded  by  Lieutenant  John 
len>  L.  Worden.  Both  the  Monitor  and  the  Virginia  were 
finished  and  their  armament  completed  on  the  same  day, 
March  5,  one  at  New  York  and  the  other  at  Norfolk. 

March  8.          Qn  the  8th  of  March,  about  1  p.  M.,  the    Virginia* 

Merrimac  J 

destroys  accompanied  by  five  smaller  vessels,  was  discovered  com- 
greu  and  ing  toward  Newport  News,  where  lay  the  old  sailing- 
fand'er~  frio^e  Congress  (50  guns)  and  the  sailing  sloop  of  war 
Cumberland  (24  guns),  quietly  at  anchor.  The  steam- 
frigates  RoanoJce  (50  guns)  and  Minnesota  (50  guns), 
and  the  sailing-frigate  St.  Lawrence  (12  guns)  were  sev- 
eral miles  away,  near  Fortress  Monroe.  These  vessels 
were  armed  mainly  with  8  and  9  inch  guns.  A  dead 
calm  prevailed  at  this  time,  and  as  there  was  no  tug  or 
steam  vessel  near,  nothing  was  left  for  the  two  first- 
named  vessels  to  do  but  clear  for  action.  Both  opened 
fire  at  once.  The  Virginia  gave  the  Congress  two  shots, 
and  passed  on  to  the  Cumberland.  The  fire  of  both 
seemed  to  produce  no  effect  upon  the  Virginia,  which 
moved  straight  on,  firing  as  she  approached,  and  striking 
the  Cumberland  a  hard  blow  with  her  beak,  opened  a 
large  gash  in  the  side  of  the  fated  ship.  The  crew  of 
the  Cumberland  bravely  worked  her  guns  until  she  sank. 
120  men,  mostly  killed  or  wounded,  went  down  with  her? 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861— '62.  553 

the  top  of  her  mainmast  alone  remaining  above  the 
water,  with  the  United  States  flag  still  flying.  The 
Virginia  had  broken  her  beak  and  injured  her  machinery 
by  the  concussion.  Buchanan  now  turned  his  attention 
to  the  Congress,  which,  on  seeing  the  destruction  of  the 
Cumberland,  had  by  the  aid  of  a  tug  moved  nearer  the 
shore,  and  was  utterly  helpless,  her  shot  having  no  effect 
upon  the  iron  sides  of  the  enemy,  while  the  shots  of  the 
latter  produced  havoc  upon  the  Congress  and  her  crew. 
The  Virginia  could  not  approach  within  a  considerable 
distance  of  the  Congress  on  account  of  shallow  water. 
The  field  artillery  and  the  infantry  on  shore  took  part  in 
the  fight,  the  artillery  availing  nothing;  but  the  sharp- 
shooters did  some  injury  by  firing  at  the  port-holes  ol 
the  Virginia.  One  shot  disabled  Captain  Buchanan, 
wounding  him  in  the  thigh.  The  Congress  continued  to 
fight  for  two  hours,  when  she  was  set  on  fire  by  the 
enemy's  shot.  Her  crew  were  compelled  to  abandon 
her,  having  suffered  a  loss  of  over  100  in  killed  and 
wounded. 

The  Virginia  now  turned  upon  the  Minnesota,  which,  Th 
with  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Roanoke,  had  attempted  to 
come  to  the  aid  of  their  sisters.  But  all  three  ran 
aground  three  miles  away.  The  Roanoke  got  off  when 
too  late  to  be  of  service,  returning  toward  Fortress  Mon- 
roe. The  other  two  were  in  too  shallow  water  for  the 
near  approach  of  the  enemy  ;  the  Virginia  could  scarcely 
come  within  cannon  shot.  Two  of  the  gun-boats  which 
accompanied  her,  being  of  light  draught,  attempted  to 
approach  the  Minnesota;  but  the  Federal  guns  were  to 
much  for  them.  It  was  now  dark,  and  the  enemy  drew 
off  to  the  vicinity  of  Norfolk  for  the  night. 

The  following  morning,  soon  after  daylight,  the  Vir- 
ginia with  her  attendants  again  came  out  to  complete  the 
work  of  destruction.  Buchanan  having  been  wounded, 


554  THE  NAVY: 

i  a  tat.    he  was  succeeded  by  Captain   Jones.     The    Minnesota 
was  still  hard  aground.     The    Virginia  passed  the  Mm- 

March    9.  V 

Battle  be-  nesota  out  of  range,  went  down  toward  Fortress  Monroe  ; 
Monitor*  and  when  near  the  Rip  Raps,  turned  into  the  channel 
vlr  lnia  in  wnicn  ^J  ^ne  Minnesota,  thus  avoiding  the  bar  that 
separated  them  the  night  before.  Jones  was  about  to 
open  fire  upon  the  Minnesota  when  suddenly  there  came 
out  from  behind  her  what  the  enemy's  gunners  called  "  a 
cheese  box  on  a  raft."  It  floated  around  the  stern  of  the 
Minnesota,  and  out,  placing  itself  between  the  two  vessels. 
Lieutenant  Worden  had  been  ordered  from  New  York 
to  Fortress  Monroe  in  haste,  as  it  had  been  ascertained 
that  the  Virginia  would  soon  attack  the  fleet,  and 
had  arrived  in  the  waters  of  the  Chesapeake  about  9 
P.  M.  on  the  8th.  As  he  approached  the  entrance  to  the 
James,  he  learned  of  the  Federal  disaster,  and  immedi- 
ately prepared  to  defend  the  threatened  vessels.  The 
Monitor  was  concealed  from  the  foe  by  the  hull  of  the 
Minnesota  until  the  moment  of  surprise.  Jones  at  once 
gave  the  Monitor  two  heavy  shots,  and  was  again  sur- 
prised to  see  them  glance  off  and  fall  harmless  into  the 
water.  The  battle  of  the  giants  began  at  8  A.  M.,  and 
lasted  four  hours,  ending  with  defeat  to  the  Virginia. 
A  shot  from  the  Monitor  striking  her  below  the  water 
line,  had  opened  a  bad  leak.  The  Virginia  with- 
drew to  friendly  waters,  never  again  to  appear  in  battle. 
Just  at  the  close  of  the  engagement  a  splinter  injured 
Lieutenant  Worden  in  the  eyes,  from  which  he  afterward 
suffered  greatly.  During  the  engagement  the  Minnesota 
was  hit  several  times,  and  badly  cut  up.  She  gave  the 
Virginia  broadside  after  broadside  without  apparent 
effect. 

The  Virginia  lay  at  Norfolk  after  her  battle  with  the 
Monitor  until  May  9,  when  she  came  out,  intending  to 
move  toward  Richmond  in  consequence  of  the  evacuation 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861—  '68.  555 


of  Yorktown.     But   failing  to  get  over  the  sand  bars, 

her  commander  dismantled  and  burned  her  on  the  llth.  May~7i. 

On  May  15  the  Monitor,  accompanied  by  three  other  ajjan/'" 
vessels,  moved  up  the  James  River,  and  attacked  the  burned. 
enemy's  works  at  Drury's  Bluff  (Fort  Darling);  but  the 
bluffs  were  too  high,  and  after  a  three  hours'  bombard- 
ment at  long  range  the  Federal  fleet  retired. 

January  12,  1862,  a  strong  fleet,  consisting  of  about 
30  war  vessels  under  Commodore  Goldsboro,  and  about 
15,000  men  on  transports  under  General  Burnside,  left 
Hampton  Roads  for  the  conquest  of  Roanoke  Island, 
N.  C.  A  terrible  storm  was  encountered  near  the  en- 
trance to  the  sound,  causing  considerable  loss  to  the 
fleet  in  damaged  shipping.  Most  of  the  fleet  entered 
Pamlico  Sound  through  Hatteras  Inlet  on  the  24th,  but 
owing  to  continued  bad  weather  the  attack  on  Roanoke 

Feb     7    8 


Island  did  not  begin  until  Feb.  7.  About  11  A.  M.  of 
that  day  the  Federal  navy  opened  upon  the  enemy's  bat-  Is 
teries  defending  the  island,  which  were  named  Forts 
Bartow,  Blanchard,  and  Huger,  and  Red  Stone  batteries. 
The  enemy  also  had  a  fleet  of  eight  gun-boats  near  at 
hand.  The  bombardment  continued  until  dark,  the  en- 
emy at  first  briskly  replying  ;  but  toward  night  his  bat- 
teries were  badly  damaged  and  his  replies  feeble.  Two 
of  his  gun-boats  had  been  completely  disabled,  and  the 
balance  driven  out  of  sight. 

During  the  afternoon  and  evening,  Burnside  landed 
his  troops  upon  the  island  under  cover  of  the  fire  of  the 
Federal  gun-boats.  On  the  morning  of  the  8th  the  land 
force  moved  forward  to  the  attack,  the  navy  meantime 
renewing  the  bombardment.  The  Federal  infantry  make 
a  gallant  charge  through  thickets  of  underbrush  and 
overflowed  marshes,  in  water  waist  deep,  and  the  works 
are  soon  in  possession  of  the  Federals.  The  enemy  fly 
to  the  other  end  of  the  island,  but  are  closely  pursued,  and 


556  THE  NAVY: 


y.  over  2,200  are  taken  prisoners.  The  island  is  now  in 
possession  of  the  Federals.  The  loss  to  the  navy  had 
been  6  killed  and  17  wounded. 

The  enemy's  gun-boats  not  yet  destroyed  took  refuge 

behind  two  strong  batteries  in  Pasquotauk  River,  near 

Elizabeth  City,  and  on  Feb.  9  the  Federal  fleet  went  in 

Feb.  10     search  of  them.     On  the  10th,  at  8  A.  M.,  they  were  dis- 

Eli/.ubeth  * 

city,  N.  c.  covered.  By  previous  arrangement  the  Federal  fleet 
moved  forward  without  returning  the  enemy's  fire  until 
within  short  range,  when  the  signal  was  given,  and  all 
pushed  forward,  firing  rapidly,  and  were  soon  in  the 
midst  of  the  enemy's  vessels,  which  were  quickly  demor- 
alized. Some  of  them  ran  ashore,  and  were  set  on  fire, 
and  some  were  captured,  with  all  on  board.  The  enemy's 
fleet  was  destroyed  in  less  than  thirty  minutes,  and  their 
land  batteries  deserted.  The  fleet  then  moved  up  to 
Elizabeth  City. 

March  is,,         Qn   the    12th   of  March,    1862,    the    Federal   fleet 

14.   Now  .  7 

Berne,  moved  forward  against  the  enemy's  works  defending 
New  Berne,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Neuse  and 
Trent  rivers.  The  batteries  were  Fort  Dixie,  Fort 
Thompson,  Fort  Ellis,  Fort  Lane,  and  Union  Point. 
The  naval  fleet  entered  the  Neuse  on  the  evening  of  the 
12th,  and  on  the  13th  the  bombardment  of  Dixie  began, 
Burnside  at  the  same  time  landing  his  troops.  Dixie 
was  soon  silenced.  The  following  morning  the  land 
force  moved  upon  Fort  Thompson  ;  Dixie  had  been 
evacuated  during  the  night.  The  navy  now  advanced, 
and  opened  upon  the  remaining  forts.  One  after  an- 
other the  Confederates  deserted  their  batteries  under 
the  terrible  fire  of  the  Federal  navy,  and  by  noon  New 
Berne  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Federals,  the  enemy  re- 
treating to  Goldsboro.  Piles,  sunken  vessels,  torpedoes, 
and  other  obstacles  obstructed  the  river,  but  the  Fed- 
erals fortunately  escaped  them  all  with  very  little 
damage. 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861—62.  55T 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  was  occupied  by  the  Federals  on   is  as. 
March  25  ;  but  Fort  Macon,  commanding  the  Beaufort 
Inlets,  was  yet  to  be  captured.     This  was  accomplished  April  25. 
on  April  25  by  a  portion  of  Burnside's  troops,  materially  M°arCOn. 
aided  by  the  navy. 

During   the   month    of  May,   four  gun-boats,  com- 
manded   by    Lieutenant    Flusser,    scoured    Albemarle 
Sound,   destroying   the    enemy's    stores.     On   July    9, 
Flusser  with  three  gun-boats  proceeded  up  the  Roanoke 
River  to  Hamilton  on  a  reconnaissance.     The  fire  of  the  H"miiton, 
Confederates,  who  were  hidden  along  the  high  banks  for  N>  C- 
some  distance  from  Hamilton,  caused  the  Federals  a  loss 
of  eleven  in  killed  and  wounded.     The    Federals  cap- 
tured the  steamer   Wilson  at  Hamilton,  and  soon  after- 
ward returned  unmolested. 

On  the  3d  of  October,  Lieutenant  Flusser,  with  three  Oct-  3- 
gun-boats,  proceeded  through  Chowan  River  into  the  River,  N.<\ 
Blackwater,  experiencing  a  terrible  time  in  the  latter 
river  near  Franklin,  which  place  was  occupied  by  a  force 
of  the  enemy  under  General  Pettigrew.  The  object  of 
the  expedition  was  to  reach  Franklin.  The  river  was  so 
narrow  and  crooked  that  many  bends  had  to  be  turned 
with  the  aid  of  hawsers.  The  concealed  foe  fired  from. 
the  woods  and  bluffs,  and  at  the  same  time  parties  of 
the  enemy's  forces  were  felling  trees  before  and  behind 
them.  The  boats  gallantly  fought  their  way  to  within 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  of  Franklin,  when,  expected 
land  forces  not  co-operating,  a  retreat  was  ordered,  the 
vessels,  under  a  full  head  of  steam,  forcing  aside  the  fal- 
len timbers.  The  return  was  made  under  a  galling  fire 
of  the  enemy's  sharpshooters.  The  expedition  had 
started  about  6  A.  M.,  and  returned  out  of  range  of  the 
enemy's  fire  about  noon,  thus  having  a  continuous  battle 
of  about  six  hours.  The  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  on 
the  gun-boats  was  heavy. 


558  THE   NAVY: 

is  &  2.  On  November  23,  Lieutenant  Wm.  R.  Gushing  en- 
NuvTss.  tered  New  River  with  the  steamer  Ellis,  captured  a  ves- 
cSwn"ant  se^  l°aded  with  cotton  and  turpentine,  destroyed  it,  and 
New  River,  then  moved  on  to  Jacksonville,  where  he  captured  two 

N    C 

schooners,  and  destroyed  some  salt-works.  At  2  :  30  p. 
M.  he  started  back,  but  was  detained  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  by  darkness  and  low  water  until  the  next  morn- 
ing. During  the  night  the  enemy  had  brought  up  a  bat 
tery  of  artillery,  which  opened  upon  him  at  daylight. 
This  was  soon  silenced  by  the  Federal  gunners.  Soon 
after  this  the  pilots,  mistaking  the  channel,  ran  the  Ellis 
hard  aground.  The  whole  of  the  24th  was  spent  in 
pulling  and  tugging  to  get  her  off,  but  all  efforts  proved 
unavailing.  At  dark,  Gushing  placed  everything  move- 
able,  except  one  gun  and  some  small  arms,  upon  one  of 
the  captured  schooners,  and  calling  for  six  volunteers, 
who  quickly  stepped  forward,  he  sent  the  rest  of  the 
crew  with  the  schooner  out  of  daner.  On  the  mornin 


NOV.  25.     Qf  faQ  25th,  as  expected,  the  enemy  had  in  position  a 

steamer      heavy    battery.     The    Ellis   was    soon  badly  damaged. 

burned.      The  seven  brave  men  fought  with  the  one  gun  left  until 

further  resistance  was  useless,  when  they  set  fire  to  the 

Ellis  and  escaped  to  the  schooner  in  a  small  boat,  and 

soon  after  reached  Beaufort.     The  Ellis  went  to  pieces 

from  the  explosion  of  her  magazine. 

August  30,  1861,  Commodore  A.  H.  Foote  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  Western  flotilla,  which  at  that 
time  consisted  of  three  wooden  vessels,  —  the  Tyler,  Lex- 
ington, and  Conestoga.  These  had  been  altered  from 
merchant  steamers  at  Cincinnati,  under  the  supervision 
of  Commander  John  Rodgers,  and  were  now  at  St.  Louis. 
The  first  fighting  by  gun-boats  on  the  Mississippi 
took  place  at  Lucas  Bend  early  in  September,  between 
the  Conestoga  and  the  Lexington,  and  some  field  batteries 
of  the  enemy.  After  a  short  engagement,  the  batteries 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861— '62.  559 

withdrew   toward    Columbus.     The    enemy's    gun-boat  ise». 
Yankee  joined  in  the  action,  but  was  soon  driven  back 
badly  damaged.     The  Tyler  and  the  Lexington  also  mate- 
rially aided  General  Grant  in  his  attack  on  Belmont. 

February  6,  1862,  occurred  the  bombardment  and  Feb.  e. 
capture  of  Fort  Henry,  on  the  Tennessee.     This  was  a  g°J 
victory   gained  principally    by  the    navy,    co-operating 
with  the  land  forces  under  General  Grant.     Foote  now 
had  four  iron-clads  added  to  his  fleet,  —  the  Essex,  the 
St.   Louis,   the    Cincinnati,   and    the    Carondelet.      Tne 
whole  fleet  was  engaged.     The  fort  surrendered  after  a 
bombardment  of  one  hour.     The  only  serious  damage 
to  the  fleet  was  received  by  the  Essex,  a  shot  through 
a  port  entering  her  boiler.     The  explosion  and  steam 
caused  a  loss  of  twenty  men  in  killed  or  badly  scalded. 
A  part  of  the  fleet  proceeded  the  same  day  up  the  Ten- 
nessee, and  succeeded  in  destroying  two  of  the  enemy's 
steamers  loaded  with  military  stores  ;  and  on  the  7th,  at 
Cerro  Gordo,  Tenn.,  a   large,    half-finished,  iron-plated 
gun-boat  was  captured.     The  fleet  proceeded  as  far  as  Florence, 
Florence,  Ala.,  capturing  two  more  steamers  with  valu-  Ala> 
able  cargoes,  and  destroying  three  others. 

Soon  after  this  the  Tyler  and  the  Lexington  had  a  suc- 
cessful engagement  with  a  land  force  of  the  enemy  which 
was  endeavoring  to  establish  a  post  at  Pittsburg,  near 
Savannah,  Tenn.  After  a  sharp  engagement  with  their 
batteries,  the  enemy  retired  to  Corinth,  abandoning  the 
attempt  to  erect  batteries  upon  the  river.  The  Confed- 
erates lost  in  the  fight  about  100  men  in  killed  and 
wounded  ;  Federal  loss,  12. 

There  were  many  minor  engagements  between  the 
Union  gun-boats  and  the  enemy's  boats  and  batteries  on 
the  Mississippi  and  Tennessee  in  this  vicinity  during 
January  and  February,  previous  to  the  fall  of  Donelson, 
a/fld  the  victory  was  universally  with  the  Federals, 


500  THE    NAVY: 


On  January  11,  Captain  W.  D.  Porter  with  the  Es- 
sex, accompanied  by  Lieutenant  Paulding  with  the  St. 
Louis,  attacked  three  gun-boats  of  the  enemy  at  Lucas 
Bend.  After  half  an  hour's  engagement  the  latter  re- 
treated to  the  friendly  batteries  of  Columbus. 

IR  the  assault  upon  Fort  Donelson,  the  navy  began 
the  attack  on  the  13th  of  February,  and  on  the  14th  had 
a  severe  battle.  The  enemy's  batteries  were  upon  high 
bluffs,  which  gave  them  the  advantage  of  a  plunging  fire, 
and  it  was  difficult  for  the  Federals  to  elevate  their  guns 
sufficiently  ;  still  they  attacked  with  determination,  and 
did  not  retire  until  three  of  their  gun-boats  were  badly 
damaged.  The  navy  continued  to  take  part  in  the  at- 
tack until  the  surrender  of  the  fort,  suffering  a  loss  of 
11  killed  and  43  wounded.  Commodore  Foote  was 
among  the  wounded,  on  account  of  which  he  was  soon 

dore  Foote 

wounded,    afterward    compelled  to  withdraw  from  active  service. 

On  March  2,  Commodore  Foote  approached  Columbus, 

but  found  that  General  Polk,  who  commanded  the  gar- 

rison, had  evacuated. 

On  the  14th  of  March,  Foote,  with  six  iron-clads  and 

ten  mortar-boats,  left  Cairo  for  Island  Number  Ten,  arriv- 
^prifs15  to  ing  in  the  vicinity  of  the  island  on  the  morning  of  the  15th. 
j^and  gix  more  mortar-boats  were  added  to  the  fleet  in  a  short 

Number 

Ten.  time.  General  Pope,  in  command  of  about  20,000  men, 
had  just  captured  New  Madrid,  a  short  distance  below. 
The  bombardment  of  the  enemy's  works  on  the  island 
began  on  the  17th.  General  Pope  was  at  New  Madrid 
without  transports,  and  he  must  cross  the  river  to  the 
Tennessee  shore  to  attack  the  island  from  that  side.  A 
canal  was  dug  across  the  neck  of  land  formed  by  the 
bend  in  the  river,  from  the  point  where  the  fleet  lay  to 
New  Madrid  ;  but  it  was  a  severe  task.  For  nineteen 
days  the  soldiers  and  sailors  labored  faithfully  in  swamps 
and  mire.  A  channel  twelve  miles  long  and  fifty  feet 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861—  '62.  561 

wide  was  made,  and  the  needed  transports  and  tugs  i*6#. 
reached  General  Pope.  But  he  still  needed  the  aid  of 
gun-boats,  and  on  the  night  of  April  4  the  Carondelet, 
under  Captain  II.  Walke,  ran  the  enemy's  batteries, 
reaching  Pope  at  New  Madrid  without  damage.  The 
Pittsburg  followed  on  the  night  of  the  6th.  The  passage 
of  these  two  boats  had  been  rendered  less  difficult  in 
consequence  of  a  brave  deed  performed  by  Colonel  Geo. 
W.  Roberts,  of  the  42d  Illinois  infantry,  with  50  men  of  Gallantry 

J  of  Colonel 

Company  A,  of  that  regiment,  and  50  men  from  the  gun-  Roberts 
boats.     This  detachment,  under  cover  of  darkness,  on  p"ny  ™"~ 


the  night  of  April  1,  proceeded  in  five  row-boats 
to  the  head  of  the  island,  where  the  enemy  had  his  most 
powerful  battery,  consisting  of  eleven  guns.  The  guards 
were  taken  completely  by  surprise,  every  gun  was 
spiked,  and  Colonel  Roberts  and  his  men  returned  to 
their  boats  and  escaped  to  the  fleet  without  the  loss  of 
a  man.  That  battery  remained  silent  thereafter  during 
the  siege. 

The  two  iron-clads  cleared  the  way  for  the  transports 
to  cross  over,  and  Pope  began  crossing  on  the  7th.  The 
enemy  now  saw  themselves  surrounded,  and  that  further 
resistance  was  useless,  and  they  surrendered  the  follow- 
ing day.  Eleven  earthworks,  holding  seventy  heavy 
cannon  and  large  quantities  of  ammunition  and  provis- 
ions, and  also  six  steamers,  were  captured. 

At  Pittsburg  Landing,  April  6,  the  gun-boats  Tyler  pft^bu6;r7' 
and   Lexington    did    valiant    service,    materially   aiding  Landing. 
General  Grant's  artillery  in  checking  the  victorious  en- 
emy.    The  gun-boats  joined  in  the  battle  at  3  p.  M., 
keeping  up  a  continuous  fire  until  the  Confederates  were 
repulsed  in  their  last  charge,  at  6  :  30  p.  M.     During  the 
night  the  boats  threw  shells  into  the  enemy's  camps  at 
intervals  of  ten  minutes,  the  Tyler  firing  until  midnight, 
when   the    Lexington   relieved   her,  continuing  the   fire 

36 


562  THE   NAVY: 

186%.  until  General  Grant  moved  against  Beauregard  at  5  A.  M. 
next  morning. 

After  the  capture  of  Island  Number  Ten,  a  part  of 
the  fleet  proceeded  toward  Fort  Pillow.  In  the 
latter  part  of  April,  Commodore  Foote  was  obliged 
to  retire  from  active  service,  in  consequence  of  his 
wound,  and  Commodore  Davis  was  placed  in  command. 
May  10.  On  May  10,  the  enemy's  gun-boats  —  eight  iron-clads  — 
piiiow.  moved  up  the  river  from  Fort  Pillow  toward  Davis's 
vessels,  seven  in  number,  which  were  tied  to  the  banks. 
Lines  were  cast  off,  and  the  Federal  boats  steamed  di- 
rectly upon  the  approaching  foe.  The  battle  at  once 
began,  and  raged  with  great  fierceness  for  an  hour,  the 
fighting  often  being  with  pistol  and  cutlass,  the  oppos- 
ing boats  were  so  close  together.  But  the  Federal 
vessels  proved  the  stronger,  disabling  four  of  the 
enemy's  boats,  which  floated  helplessly  away.  The 
other  four  sought  a  safe  retreat  under  the  guns  of  Fort 
Pillow.  This  fort  was  soon  afterward  abandoned  by  the 
Confederates,  whose  fleet  retreated  to  Memphis,  where 


Mem  his  ^e  Damaged  gun-boats  were  repaired.  On  June  9,  at 
daylight,  Davis  approached  Memphis  with  a  fleet  of  nine 
gun-boats,  four  of  which  were  rams,  under  Colonel 
Charles  Ellet,  Jr.  The  enemy  drew  hie  eight  gun-boats 
proudly  up,  and  defiantly  awaited  the  onset.  The  Fed- 
eral Commodore  accepted  the  challenge  promptly,  and  at 
once  moved  forward  under  a  strong  head  of  steam. 
Ellet's  rams  sunk  two  of  the  enemy's  rams  at  the  first 
encounter,  and  within  an  hour  the  whole  Confederate 
fleet  was  annihilated,  sunk  or  burned,  except  one.  —  the 
Van  .Dorn,  —  which,  being  speedy,  escaped  down  the 
river.  The  Mississippi  River  was  now  open  except  at 

Death  of    Vicksburg.     Farragut  was  at  New  Orleans. 

coionei  ln  this  naval  engagement  at  Memphis,  Colonel  Ellet 

Eiiet,  jr.    received  a  wound  of  which  he  died  at  Cairo,  111.,  on  the 


OPERATIONS  IN  1861— '62.  563 

2 1st  of  the  same  month.     He  was  an  American  engi-   is  en. 
neer,  eminent  in  his  profession.     He  was  born  Jan.  1, 
1810,  at  Penn's  Manor,  Bucks  Co.,  Penn.     He  designed 
and    built   the   first  suspension   bridge   in   the  United 
States,  across  the  Schuylkill   at   Fairmount,  Philadel- 
phia ;  also  the  first  Niagara  suspension  bridge,  and  one  at 
Wheeling,  Va.     His  name  is  identified  with  many  other 
important   works   in   this    country.     His    son,    Colonel 
Charles  R.  Ellet,  who  commanded  one  of  the  Federal 
rams  in  this  engagement,  died  at  Bunker  Hill,  111.,  Oct.  Death  of 
29,  1863,  of  disease  contracted  while  in  charge  of  the  charies  R. 
Mississippi  marine  brigade,  to  which  command  he  had  E1 
succeeded  his  uncle,  General  Alfred  W.  Ellet,  the  latter 
having  been  transferred  to  the  land  forces. 


CHAPTER    XXXI. 

OPERATIONS    DURING    1862-'63. 


A 
JLjL 


POWERFUL  fleet  sailed  from  Hampton  Roads 
for  Port  Royal,  S.  C.,  on  the  morning  of  Oct.  29, 
commo-      1861,  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  the  forts  at  Hilton 
pon*t  Du     Head  and  the  occupation  of  Port  Royal  harbor.     The 
whole,  including  war  vessels  ami  transports,  numbered 
seventy-five  vessels,  with  Commodore  Dupont  in  corn- 


to  Port  mand  of  the  naval  force,  and  General  Thomas  W.  Sher- 
man in  command  of  the  land  forces,  the  latter  numbering 
about  15,000  men.  The  fleet  encountered  a  severe 
storm  soon  after  setting  out,  which  increased  to  a  terri- 
ble tornado  as  they  neared  Cape  Hatteras.  The  fleet 
was  so  scattered  that  many  vessels  lost  sight  of  their 
comrades,  and  great  loss  was  expected  ;  but  nearly  all 
weathered  the  storm,  though  through  terrible  hardships. 
The  storm  raged  until  Nov.  3.  On  the  1st,  the 
transport  Governor,  which  had  lost  sight  of  every  other 
Governor  vessel,  sprung  a  leak,  and  was  being  terribly  pounded 
wrecked.  ancj  wrenc}ie(j  \)y  the  massive  waves.  It  had  on  board 
the  marine  battalion.  All  day  and  all  that  night  every 
one  on  board  labored  almost  against  hope.  Besides 
keeping  the  pumps  continually  working,  every  means  at 
hand  was  in  use  for  bailing.  Carpenters  were  kept 
busy  mending  one  break  after  another.  The  smoke 
stack  blew  overboard,  steam  pipes  burst,  the  engines 
became  deranged,  and  scarcely  had  power  to  keep  the 
boat's  head  to  the  sea.  None  but  those  who  have  ex- 
perienced like  perils  can  know  the  terrors  and  hardships 
of  that  dark  night. 

(564) 


OPERATIONS  IN   1862— '63.  505 

At  daylight  all  hearts  were  gladdened  by  the  appear-  *  *«  /. 
ance  of  the  steamer  Isaac  P.  Smith.  This  steamer 
made  several  attempts  at  rescue,  as  did  also  the  pro- 
peller Young  Rover.,  which  now  came  up;  but  the  vio- 
lence of  the  wind  baffled  all  their  efforts.  The  frigate 
Saline,  under  Captain  Ringgold,  was  discovered  in  the 
distance.  Young  Rover  hastened  toward  her,  making 
signals  of  distress,  and  soon  returned,  followed  by  the 
Saline.  It  was  now  about  3  p.  M.  Every  effort  was 
made  to  rescue  the  crew,  and  by  dark  about  seventy 
persons  had  been  landed  on  board  the  Saline ;  but  the 
sea  still  running  high,  it  was  deemed  best  to  wait  fur- 
ther operations  until  morning,  in  the  belief  that  the 
Governor  could  be  kept  afloat  until  that  time.  At  day- 
light of  the  3d  the  waves  were  still  too  violent  for  the 
near  approach  of  the  small  boats  which  lay  off,  and  the 
men  jumped  into  the  sea  one  by  one  and  were  hauled 
into  the  small  boats.  All  but  seven  were  saved.  Most 
of  the  small  arms,  accoutrements,  and  ammunition  were 
also  saved.  The  Governor  soon  afterward  went  down. 
Another  transport  was  also  lost,  but  her  men  and  crew 
were  saved. 

The    Commodore,   with   the   flaer-ship    Walash   and Nov-  4- 

7  r  The  fle«t 

about  one    half  of  the  fleet,  came  to  anchor  off  Port  anchored 
Royal  harbor  on  the  morning  of  Nov.  4,  where  he  was  Lrb^ 
soon   afterward  joined  by  the   rest  of  the  fleet.     The 
following  day  the  fleet  passed  over  the  bar,  and  anchored 
inside    the    sound.     The    entrance    to    the    harbor  was 
guarded  by  Fort  Walker  on  the  south,  on  Hilton  Head, 
and  Fort  Beauregard  on  the  north,  on  Bay  Point.     Both 
were   strong  works.     High  winds  delayed    the   attack 
until  the  morning  of  the  7th,  when  at  about  9  o'clock  Nov-  7- 
Dupont  moved  to  the  assault.     About  9:30   the  first  walker  and 
shot  was  fired,  coming   from    Fort  Walker.     The  fleet  ' 

moved  steadily  forward,  and  was  soon  engaged,  paying 


5G6  THE    NAVY: 

1  *«•* •  attention  more  particularly  to  Fort  Walker.  The  ves- 
sels moved  in  a  circle,  and  made  three  rounds,  each  time 
drawing  nearer  the  fort.  The  terrible  broadsides  from 
the  Federal  ships,  making  a  continued  shower  of  shot 
and  shell,  drove  the  enemy's  gunners  from  their  posts,  so 
that  the  fire  of  the  fort  began  to  slacken  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  battle.  At  2  p.  M.  the  fort  was  in  a  badly 
damaged  condition,  and  nearly  untenable.  The  garrison 
were  unable  to  work  their  guns,  on  account  of  the  ter- 
rible fire  from  the  Federal  broadsides,  and  finally  the 
enemy  abandoned  the  fort,  running  to  the  woods  for 
shelter.  Fort  Beauregard  also  was  soon  afterward  found 
to  be  abandoned.  About  fifty  cannon  were  captured  in 
these  forts.  General  Sherman  at  once  landed  his  troops, 
and  took  possession  of  the  forts,  also  of  Beaufort.  Port 
Royal  now  became  a  Federal  base  of  operations. 
NOV.  25.  On  the  25th  of  November,  an  expedition  of  four  gun- 

sound.  boats  under  Commander  Drayton  left  Port  Royal  and 
entered  St.  Helena  Sound.  On  Otter  Island  was  discov- 
ered a  strong  earthwork,  but  it  had  been  abandoned. 
Proceeding  up  the  Coosaw  ten  miles,  another  deserted 
fortification  was  found.  The  fleet  also  visited  Ashepoo 
River  and  Hunting  Island,  but  the  enemy  had  gone. 
Several  other  small  expeditions  were  made  up  rivers  and 
creeks  in  that  vicinity  during  the  month  of  December, 
but  nothing  but  desolation  appeared  on  every  hand ;  the 
enemy  had  fled,  leaving  smoking  ruins  and  burned  cotton 
behind  them. 

1862.  Early  in  February,  1862,  operations  for  the  reduction 

Fort'pu-11'  °f  Fort  Pulaski,  situated  on  Cockspur  Island,  Ga.,  at  the 
laski,  oa.  mouth  of  Savannah  River,  were  begun  by  the  land  forces, 
under  the  direction  of  General  Gillmore,  the  navy  render- 
ing efficient  aid.  On  the  morning  of  April  10  the  Fed- 
eral batteries  on  Tybee  Island  opened  fire.  The  bom- 
bardment was  continuous  and  effective,  badly  shattering 


OPERATIONS  7Ar  ISM— '63.  567 

the  fort.     A   breach    near   the    magazine  rendered  the   1*6.2. 
fort  untenable,  and  it  surrendered  at  2  p.  M.,  April  11. 

February  8,  an  expedition  consisting  of  nineteen  war  Feb.  s. 
vessels  under  Commodore  Dupont,  left  Port  Royal  for  to  Florida 
the  Florida  coast,  and  entered  Cumberland  Sound  on co 
March  2.  Here  it  was  learned  that  the  enemy  had 
abandoned  Fort  Clinch  and  several  strong  batteries  that 
had  been  built  for  the  defense  of  Fernandina.  This  was 
pleasing  to  the  marines,  who  had  expected  a  hard  fight. 
The  enemy  had  been  frightened  away ;  the  recent  suc- 
cesses of  the  Federal  navy  had  taught  them  to  fear  and 
respect  that  strong  arm  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. Fort  Clinch  and  Fernandina  were  immediately 
taken  possession  of,  and  Brunswick,  Ga.,  was  occupied 
on  March  8  with  but  little  opposition ;  Jacksonville  on 
the  llth,  and  St.  Augustine  and  St.  Mary's  soon  after- 
ward. The  Federal  gun-boats  were  kept  busy  during 
the  month  among  the  islands,  sounds,  and  inlets  on  the 
coast  of  Georgia.  No  action  of  importance  occurred,  but 
a  great  deal  of  difficult  service  was  performed. 

On  February  2,  1862,  Commodore  Farragut  sailed  Feb.  2. 
from  Hampton  Roads  for  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  sails  for 
River  with  a  naval  squadron  consisting  of  the  following-  0^h 
named  vessels  :  frigate  Colorado,  48  guns ;  sloop  of  war  8issippi 
Brooklyn,  24  guns ;  sloop  of  war  Iroquois,  9  guns ;  the 
ships  Hartford,  24  guns ;  Richmond,  26  guns ;  Pen- 
sacola,  24  guns ;  Mississippi,  12  guns ;  and  Oneida,  9 
guns  ;  the  sailing  sloop  of  war  Portsmouth,  17  guns ;  and 
the  ten  gun-boats  Varuna,  12  guns  ;  Cayuga,  6  guns ; 
Winona,  Katahdin,  Itasca,  Kineo,  WissahicJcon,  Pinola, 
Kennebec,  and  Sciota,  each  4  guns ;  also  twenty  mortar- 
boats.  Each  mortar  weighed  eight  and  one  half  tons, 
and  threw  thirteen-inch  shells.  These  boats,  each  car- 
rying one  mortar,  were  under  Commander  David  D. 
Porter.  There  were  several  steamers  attached  to  the 


568  THE    NAVY: 


mortar  fleet,  which,  with  those  named,  made  the  number 
of  vessels  in  Farragut's  fleet  forty-six. 

The  fleet  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  or 
rather  the  "  Passes,"  in  March.  A  great  deal  of  diffi- 
culty was  experienced  in  getting  the  larger  vessels  over 
the  bar;  some  of  them  had  to  be  dragged  through  a  foot 
or  more  of  mud. 

Apni  is.  Qn  April  18,  Porter's  mortar-boats,  having  got  into 
opens  upon  position  at  a  distance  of  about  two  miles,  opened  upon 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip.  St.  Philip,  on  the  left 
bank,  was  first  built  by  the  Spaniards  ;  Fort  Jackson, 
on  the  right  bank,  received  its  name  in  honor  of  General 
Jackson.  The  mortar-boats  were  stationed  behind  a 
thick  wood,  which  concealed  them  from  the  enemy 
within  the  forts.  The  masts  that  reached  above  the 
trees  were  trimmed  with  tree  tops,  so  as  to  have  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  forest. 

The  officers  of  the  coast  survey  made  a  survey  of 
the  river,  and  succeeded  in  giving  the  naval  officers  very 
accurately  the  distance  from  the  boats  to  the  forts.  It 
was  a  dangerous  task,  the  surveyors  being  in  constant 
peril.  After  the  capture  of  the  forts  it  was  found  that 
the  shells  had  struck  Fort  Jackson  with  great  precis- 
ion; they  had  set  fire  to  and  burned  all  the  buildings 
in  and  around  the  fort.  The  walls  were  cracked  and 
broken,  the  ground  torn  up  in  every  direction,  casements 
crushed,  and  many  guns  dismounted.  Fort  St.  Philip 
received  but  little  damage.  Porter  continued  to  bom- 
bard incessantly  day  and  night  until  the  24th. 

Meantime  the  enemy  sent  down  upon  the  swift  cur- 
rent several  fire-rafts,  made  of  flat  boats  filled  with  pine 
knots,  resin,  turpentine,  and  other  combustible  materials, 
but  they  did  no  damage  to  the  fleet,  as  the  Yankee  sail- 
ors cleverly  caught  them  with  grappling-hooks,  and 
towed  them  ashore,  where  they  burned  harmlessly. 


OPERATIONS  IN  1862— 'OS.  569 

On  Hie  20th,  Farragut  became  satisfied  that  he  must   i*««. 
attack,  and  force  a  passage  by  the  forts,  and  at  once  be- 
gan preparations  for  that  event ;  and  at  about  3  A.  M.  of 
the  24th,  all  being  ready,  the  signal  was  given.     The  APril  24- 

J  '  G  Farrasut'B 

war  vessels  moved  forward  in  two  divisions,  one  to  at-  great  battle 
tack  Fort  Jackson,  the  other  St.  Philip.  ^rt8- 

The  brave  Farragut  in  the  Hartford  led  the  way. 
There  had  been  a  strong  barrier  placed  across  the  river  by 
the  enemy  a  short  distance  below  the  forts,  consisting  of 
an  immense  iron  chain  supported  by  hulks  of  schooners  ; 
but  this  had  been  cut  away  by  some  of  the  daring  men 
of  Farragut's  fleet  on  the  night  of  the  20th. 

As  the  advance  reached  this  point,  it  was  discovered, 
and  fire  at  once  opened  by  both  forts.  Instantly  both 
shores  were  lighted  by  fires,  and  fire-rafts  were  started 
down  stream  by  the  enemy.  Porter's  mortars  increased 
their  fire,  and  the  armed  steamers  attached  to  his  flotilla 
moved  up  and 'attacked  the  water  batteries  of  Jackson. 
It  was  yet  quite  dark,  and  the  fog  and  smoke  from  the 
guns  rendered  it  difficult  to  see  a  ship's  length  ahead. 
The  enemy's  fire  was  returned  with  vigor  as  the  fleet 
pressed  forward.  The  explosion  of  powder  and  shell 
soon  became  terrific,  and  by  4  A.  M.  the  battle  became 
an  incessant  and  awful  roar.  The  darkness  was  so 
dense  that  one  boat  could  not  see  another,  being  guided 
only  by  the  flash  of  each  other's  guns  and  the  guns  of 
the  forts.  The  enemy  were  continually  sending  down 
fire-rafts,  altogether  making  the  scene  at  once  magnifi- 
cent and  terrible.  The  gun-boat  Cayuga  passed  the 
forts  first.  The  enemy  had  a  fleet  of  thirteen  armed 
vessels  above,  besides  a  floating  battery  and  the  iron- 
clad ram  Manassas.  These  had  already  engaged  in  the 
battle,  firing  at  long  range. 

The  Cayuga  being  far  in  advance,  was  fiercely  at- 
tacked by  three  gun-boats.  She  settled  one  of  them 


576  THE   NAVY: 

forever  with  her  eleven-inch  Dahlgren,  sent  another 
away  badly  disabled  with  her  Parrot  gun,  and  held  the 
third  at  a  respectful  distance  until  the  Varuna  and 
Oneida  came  up.  The  enemy's  gun-boats  now  swarmed 
about  these  three,  and  a  bloody  engagement  followed. 
With  a  full  head  of  steam  the  Oneida  struck  one  of  the 
enemy's  boats  a  hard  blow,  sending  it  to  the  bottom. 
The  Varuna  destroyed  two  of  the  enemy's  vessels,  but  • 
meantime  she  had  received  a  terrible  ramming,  and  was 
compelled  to  run  ashore,  where  she  sank.  Her  crew 
were  sa,ved  by  small  boats  from  the  other  vessels. 

The  ram  Manassas  boldly  entered  the  fight  with  the 
faith  that  she  was  invulnerable.  She  first  struck  the 
Mississippi,  injuring  her  but  little  ;  then  rammed  the 
Brooklyn,  doing  no  material  damage,  after  which  she  got 
behind  a  fire-raft,  and  pushed  it  against  the  Hartford. 
In  trying  to  avoid  the  raft,  the  Hartford  ran  upon  a 
escape.  shoal,  and  for  a  moment  Farragut  seemed  lost.  The 
flames,  leaping  and  waving,  covered  one  side  of  the  ves- 
sel, driving  the  gunners  on  that  side  for  a  moment  from 
their  posts.  But  the  brave  commander  and  his  men  re- 
tained their  presence  of  mind  ;  the  Hartford  was  backed 
off,  and  eluding  the  raft,  the  flames  were  extinguished, 
and  with  a  broadside  the  ram  was  driven  away.  An- 
other of  the  enemy's  steamers,  attempting  to  board  the 
Hartford,  was  blown  out  of  existence.  After  passing 
Fort  St.  Philip,  the  Mississippi  was  attacked  savagely 
by  a  gun-boat,  which  she  dispatched  in  short  order. 
The  Brooklyn  also,  while  undergoing  a  severe  trial  with 
Fort  Jackson,  was  fiercely  attacked  by  a  large  steamer. 
One  broadside  sent  the  wrathy  foe  drifting  helplessly 
away,  a  total  wreck. 

rhe  Fed-  The  forts  were  passed.  Farragut  and  his  men  had 
above  The  niade  a  name  forever  to  be  remembered  in  history.  The 
forts.  enemy's  fleet  of  fifteen  armed  vessels,  rams,  and  floating 


OPERA  TIONS  IN  1862— '63.  571 

batteries,  had  nearly  all  been  sunk,  burned,  or  otherwise 
destroyed,  the  Mississippi  closing  the  terrible  scene  by 
driving  the  Manassas  ashore  and  destroying  her.  The 
forts  must  soon  surrender.  New  Orleans  was  at  the 
mercy  of  the  United  States  navy.  The  vessels  of  Far- 
ragut's  fleet  not  specially  named  above,  and  too  numerous 
to  individualize  here,  were  all  engaged  in  this  terrible  bat- 
tle. Every  vessel  was  in  the  midst  of  shot  and  flame, 
each  performing  her  part.  The  Hartford  had  been  hit 
fourteen  times,  the  Cayuga  forty-two  times,  the  Richmond 
eighteen  times,  the  Brooklyn  sixteen  times,  and  all  the 
others  brought  honorable  scars  forth  from  the  battle. 
Farragut's  loss  in  men  was  37  killed  and  147  wounded. 
The  battle  in  its  utmost  fierceness  lasted  about  one 
hour ;  some  of  the  vessels  were  under  fire  about  two 
hours. 

Proceeding  up  the  river,  the  fleet  encountered  the 
Chalmette  batteries,  mouriting  twenty  guns.  These 
were  soon  silenced,  and  Farragut  appeared  before  New 
Orleans  about  noon  of  the  25th.  As  he  approached  the 
city,  the  river  and  docks  seemed  a  sheet  of  flame  ;  the 
enemy  had  set  fire  to  shipping,  to  immense  quantities 
of  cotton  on  ship  and  shore,  and  to  everything  else  that 
would  burn.  Several  half-finished  iron-clads  were  thus 
destroyed.  One,  a  formidable  iron-clad  named  the 
Mississippi,  was  nearly  completed.  It  was  to  have 
been  a  sea-going  vessel  of  great  speed,  heavily  armored 
and  heavily  armed.  The  enemy  had  cherished  great  ex- 
pectations for  this  vessel ;  she  was  to  drive  the  whole 
Federal  navy  from  the  river,  and  break  up  the  blockade. 
But  alas  for  human  calculations  !  she  now  floated  down 
the  stream  a  harmless,  burning  wreck. 

David  Glasgow  Farragut  was  born  near  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  in  1801.  He  entered  the  navy  at  the  age  of  nine 
years,  and  had  since  continued  in  the  naval  service. 


572  THE  NAVY: 

i*«v.   He  was  a  man  over  sixty  years  of  age  when  he  braved 
the  Southern  forts  and  iron-clads  with  his  wooden  ships. 
General  Lovell,  who  was  in  command  of  the  enemy's 
forces  at  New  Orleans,  numbering  about  3,000  men,  re- 
treated on  the  approach   of  the   Federal  fleet,  and   the 
The  united  United  States  flag,  raised  on  the  Custom  House,  again 
again     =  floated  over  New  Orleans.     On  the  28th  the  forts  sur- 
Newe8or-Ver  rendered    to    Commander   Porter.     The   enemy    had    a 
leans.        powerful  vessel  or  floating  battery,  called  the  Louisiana, 
as  previously  noted,  which  was  set  on  fire  and  burned 
while  the  flag  of  truce  was  still  flying,  pending  the  ca- 
pitulation.    The    flames    quickly   spread,    burning   the 
ropes  that  held  the  ship  to  the  shore,  and  it   floated 
away,  and  soon  afterward  blew  up  with  terrible  force. 
Porter's  vessels  were  in  great  danger  for  a  time,  but 
fortunately  escaped  without  injury. 

After  the  fall  of  Memphis,  Commodore  Davis,  who 
still  commanded  the  Federal  fleet  at  that  point,  sent 
four  war  steamers  up  White  River,  in  Arkansas.  On 
June  17.  June  17  this  small  fleet  attacked  two  batteries  of  the 
Ark°h  les>  enemy  at  St.  Charles.  During  the  engagement  a  cannon 
ball  from  the  enemy  pierced  the  boilers  of  the  Mound 
City,  exploding  her  steam-drum.  The  escaping  steam 
made  frightful  havoc,  a  number  of  the  crew  being  terribly 
scalded.  Many  jumped  into  the  river,  and  others  were 
blown  overboard  by  the  explosion  ;  and  while  those  still 
alive  were  struggling  in  the  water,  the  heartless  enemy 
fired  upon  them  with  cannon  and  rifle.  Many  were 
killed,  and  others,  unable  to  swim,  were  drowned.  Out 
of  the  whole  crew  of  175  men,  only  26  escaped  unin- 
jured. The  three  other  vessels,  together  with  the  land 
force  that  had  accompanied  them,  captured  the  batteries 
soon  afterward,  making  prisoners  of  their  defenders, 
whose  commanding  officer,  Lieutenant  Joseph  Fry,  was 
formerly  an  officer  of  the  United  States  navy. 


OPERATIONS  IN  1862— '63.  573 

Immediately  after  the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  Far-  is 6%. 
ragut   started  his  fleet  up  the  river.     On  May  9  the  M&j~9. 
Iroquois  arrived  at  Baton  Rouge,  a  detachment  of  ma- 
rines  landing  arid  taking  possession  of  the  arsenal  there. 
The  Oneida  reached  Vicksburg  on  May  18,  but  the  en-  J.ay  ,18- 

•>  '  \  icksburg. 

emy's  batteries  at  that  place  stopped  her  further  prog- 
ress. Farragut  arriving  soon  afterward,  found  it  impos- 
sible to  reduce  that  stronghold  with  his  present  force, 
and  sought  the  co-operation  of  land  forces.  By  the  27th 
of  June  his  whole  fleet  had  arrived  with  Porter's  mor- 
tar fleet,  together  with  about  3,000  men  under  General 
Thomas  Williams,  on  transports.  AtSA.M.  of  the  28th  *fay  as. 

.  Farragut 

the  whole  fleet  opened  upon  the  Vicksburg  fortifications,  runs  by  the 

Vickeburs* 

but  the  only  thing  accomplished  was  the  running  by  batteries. 
these  powerful  batteries  of  a  part  of  the  fleet,  the  Hart- 
ford, with  Farragut  on  board,  the  Richmond,  Oneida, 
Sciota,  Iroquois,  Winona,  and  Wissahikon.  These  ves- 
sels received  but  little  damage,  and  came  to  anchor 
above  Vicksburg  at  6  A.  M.  The  loss  to  the  fleet  in  the 
engagement  was  17  killed  and  30-  wounded. 

Here  Farragut  found  Commodore  Davis  and  Colonel 
Ellet,  with  the  vessels  under  their  command.  On  July 
15,  Commodore  Davis  sent  the  Tyler,  the  Queen  of  the 
West,  and  the  Carondekt  up  the  Yazoo  to  look  after 
the  iron-clad  ram  Arkansas,  which  it  was  understood 
the  enemy  had  nearly  completed.  The  Arkansas  was 
in  fact  finished,  and  was  soon  encountered  coming  rapidly 
down.  The  Federal  vessels  turned  and  steamed  back 
to  the  Mississippi,  firing  as  they  went,  the  ram  folloAving. 
The  Federal  fleet  was  wholly  unprepared,  not  supposing 
the  ram  to  be  yet  completed,  and  before  steam  could  be 
got  up  the  Arkansas  had  run  by  to  a  safe  harbor  under 
the  guns  of  Vicksburg.  The  Federal  fleet  had  given 
her  broadsides  as  she  passed,  and  received  a  severe  fire 
in  return,  suffering  a  loss  of  54  in  killed  and  wounded. 


574  THE  NAVY: 

is  a  a.  The  loss  on  board  the  Arkansas  was  15  in  killed  and 

wounded, 
jmy  i6.  Fearing  this  formidable  iron-clad  mijrht  attack  and 

Farragut  .° 

runs  by      damage  his  fleet  lying  below,  Farragut  that  night  again 
second  ie    ran  the  Vicksburg  batteries,  and  arrived  safe  and  sound 

below  before  daybreak. 

juiy  22.  On  the  22d  of  July,  Colonel  Ellet  sent  the  Essex  to 

Bauic  be-  at{;ack  the  Arkansas.     She  started  at  4  A.  M.,  and  moved 

twcen  the 

Esstx  and  right  at  the  enemy  without  returning  a  shot,  the  mortar 
sas  fleet  at  the  same  time  opening  upon  the  enemy's  bat- 

teries. The  Arkansas  cast  off  her  bow-line,  and  swing- 
ing around  with  the  current,  the  Essex  passed  her,  and 
ran  into  the  bank,  sticking  fast  but  a  few  feet  from  her 
antagonist.  Both  vessels  used  their  heavy  guns  against 
each  other's  iron  armor,  the  Essex  at  the  same  time  re- 
ceiving a  heavy  fire  from  the  batteries.  Within  a  few 
minutes  the  Essex  succeeded  in  backing  off,  when  she 
retired  down  the  river,  arid  joined  Farragut's  fleet.  But 
little  injury  was  done  to  either  vessel. 

Farragut  and  Davis   now  gave   up   trying  to   take 
Vicksburg  without  land  forces.     Farragut  had  asked  for 
co-operation  of  land  forces,  but  there  were  no  troops  to  be 
had  at  that  time.     Davis  (now  Admiral)  moved  his  fleet 
up  the  river  as  far  as  Helena,  and  Admiral  D.  D.  Porter 
was  placed  in  command  of  a  fleet  of  iron-clads  and  gun- 
boats above  Vicksburg.     Farragut  returned  to  New  Or- 
juiy  28.     leans,  where  he  arrived  July  28,  having  left  two  gun- 
again  at     boats  at  Vicksburg  and  two  at  Baton  Rouge.     General 
leans  °r     Williams  landed  his  troops  at  the  latter  place  in  a  very 
debilitated  condition,  more  than  one  half  being  on  the 
sick  list  from  long  exposure  in  the  low,  marshy  country 
below  Vicksburg. 

On  the  5th  of  August  occurred  the  battle  of  Baton 

Ang.  5.  ° 

Baton        Rouge.     The    Federal  gun-boats  K&tahdm,   Essex,  and 
Ktneo  were  at  that  time  lying  off  that  town,  expecting 


OPERATIONS  IN  1802—63.  575 

the  Arkansas  to  move  down  and  attack  them  during  ISGH. 
the  battle.  But  the  ram  did  not  appear  that  day,  and 
the  gun-boats  rendered  the  land  force  what  assistance 
they  could  during  the  battle.  On  the  following  day  the 
Arkansas  was  discovered  about  one  mile  above.  Com- 
mander W.  D.  Porter  at  once  moved  up  with  the  Essex, 
and  as  soon  as  within  good  range,  opened  fire.  The 
Arkansas  seemed  at  once  to  be  disabled,  and  was  run 
ashore  and  abandoned  by  her  crew,  and  soon  afterward 
she  burst  into  flames.  She  floated  down  the  river  a  short 
distance,  when  her  magazine  exploded,  and  she  sank  out 
of  sight.  Thus  another  of  the  enemy's  terrible  iron-clad 
rams  came  to  a  very  proper  end.  The  Arkansas  was 
armed  with  six  8-inch  and  four  50-pounder  rifles,  and 
had  a  crew  of  150  men. 

On  December  12,  while  reconnoitering  in  the  Yazoo 
near  Haynes  Bluff  (Vicksburg),  the  Federal  gun-boat 
Cairo  struck  a  torpedo,  which  exploded,  tearing  up  her 
hull,  and  sinking  her  within  a  few  minutes.  Her  crew 
was  saved  by  three  other  vessels  near  at  hand.  A  por- 
tion of  Porter's  fleet  again  approached  Haynes  Bluff  on 
Dec.  24,  when  the  Benton,  having  the  advance,  received  Dec.  24. 
a  heavy  fire  from  the  enemy's  batteries.  The  engage-  Bins, 
ment  lasted  two  hours,  without  result.  The  Benton 
was  considerably  damaged,  but  not  disabled.  She  was 
hit  about  forty  times,  losing  ten  men  in  killed  and 
wounded,  her  commander,  Lieutenant  Gwin,  being 
among  the  latter.  On  January  11,  1863,  three  iron- 
clads—  the  DeKalb,  Cincinnati,  and  Louisville  —  par- 
ticipated in  the  capture  of  Arkansas  Post,  or  Fort  Hind- 
man,  losing  about  30  men  in  killed  and  wounded. 


CHAPTER    XXXII. 

OPERATIONS    DURING    18G3-'64. 

iao».    T    IEUTENANT    KITTREDGE  commanded  several 
J  —  J  small  armed  vessels  on  the  coast  of  Texas  and  the 
gun-boat  Sachem  blockading  the  entrance  to  the  port  of 
Aug.  12.    Corpus  Christi.     On  August  12,   18G2,  he  penetrated 
the  bay,  destroying  two  of  the  enemy's  vessels,  and  on 


the  17th  another  vessel  was  destroyed.  A  severe 
engagement  was  had  with  land  forces  on  the  16th  and 
17th,  the  enemy  being  driven  from  the  batteries  and  out 
of  the  town. 

On  the  24th  of  September,  the  war  steamer  Ken- 
sington, aided  by  a  mortar-boat,  attacked  the  enemy's 
batteries  at  Sabine  Pass,  Tex.  Fire  was  kept  up 
during  the  day,  ceasing  at  night.  The  following  morn- 
ing it  was  discovered  that  the  enemy  had  abandoned 
his  batteries,  leaving  the  guns  spiked.  The  batteries 
were  destroyed. 

oct.  4-9.  Four  gun-boats,  in  command  of   Captain  Renshaw, 

attacked  Galveston,  Tex.,  on  the  4th  of  October.     The 
.city  surrendered  to  him  on  the  9th. 

1863  At  midnight,  on  Dec.  31,  while   the   enemy  under 

Jan.  i.      General  Magruder  was  attacking  the  small  Federal  force 

Gaiveston.  I10ijjng  Galveston,  the  Federal  blockading  squadron  was 

attacked    by  the    enemy's    gun-boats    Bayou    City   and 

Neptune.     The    Federals    did  not   have  steam  up,  and 

were  unprepared.     The  Harriet  Lane  was  soon  ready, 

however,  and  moved  directly  at  the  enemy.     The  Nep- 

tune was  soon  destroyed,  but  the  Bayou  City  struck  the 

(576) 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863— '64.  577 

Lane  and  became  fastened  to  her,  rendering  the  guns  of   i 
both  boats  of  little  use.     The  enemy  greatly  outnum- 
bered  the    Federals,  and    the  Lane  was   boarded   and 

•  •  i        /»  Lane  lost. 

captured.     In  endeavoring  to  come  to  the  aid    of  the 
Lane,  the    gun-boat    Westfield  ran   aground,  and  being 
unable  to  get  her  off,  her  crew  set  her  on  fire.     She  Death  of 
blew  up  prematurely,  killing  Commander  Renshaw  and  erTiTen" 
several  of  the  crew.     Commander  Jonathan  M.  Wain- 3haw  and 

Wain- 

wright,  who  had  been  in  service  since  1837,  and  Lieu- wright  and 
tenant  Edward  Lea  were  both  killed  in  action  on  the  Lea? " 
Harriet  Lane. 

Four  gun-boats  under  Captain  McKean  Buchanan 
accompanied  a  land  force  under  General  Weitzel  in  an 
attack  upon  the  enemy's  works  on  Bayou  Teche,  near 
Pattersonville,  La.  On  January  14,  1863,  the  attack 
was  made  by  both  forces.  The  river  was  full  of  torpe- 
does, but  Buchanan  dashed  right  through  them  and  at 
the  enemy's  works,  having  but  one  boat  slightly  injured 
by  them.  The  works  were  soon  carried  by  the  com- 
bined forces.  The  enemy's  gun-boat  Cotton  was  de- 
stroyed. The  brave  Buchanan  fell  mortally  wounded  captain 

Buchanan 

in  the  midst  of  the  battle.  wiied. 

On  the  4th  of  October,  1862,  while  the  gun-boats 
Sciota  and  Kineo  were  descending  the  Mississippi 
River,  they  were  fired  upon  by  a  concealed  battery  of 
field  artillery  near  Donaldsonville,  La.  After  a  sharp 
engagement  the  battery  was  driven  off.  Lieutenant 
Charles  H.  Swasey,  of  the  Sciota,  was  killed  in  the  Lieutenant 
action.  Swasey- 

September  the  6th,  1862,  the  gun-boats  PicJcett  and 
Louisiana  aided  in  the  defense  of  Washington,  N.  C., 
on  Tar  River,  against  an  attack  by  a  land  force  of  the 
enemy.  The  Confederates  were  compelled  to  retire. 
During  the  engagement  the  PicJcett  was  destroyed  by 
the  accidental  explosion  of  her  powder-magazine. 
37 


578  THE    NAVY: 

1803.  January  8,  1863,  the  gun-boats  Mahaska  and  Com- 
modore Morris  and  an  army  tug,  the  May  Queen,  as- 
cended the  Pamunkey  River,  Va.,  as  far  as  White  House, 
and,  aided  by  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  destroyed  large  col- 
lections of  grain  belonging  to  the  enemy. 

On  the  14th  of  January,  the  Federal  steamer  Co- 
lumbia was  wrecked  near  Masonboro  Inlet,  on  the  coast 
of  North  Carolina.  She  was  burned  by  the  enemy,  and 
her  crew  were  captured  before  a  friendly  steamer  could 
reach  her. 

A  HI  13  to        From  the  13th  of  April  to  the  3d  of  May,  gun-boats 
May  3-      commanded  by  Lieutenants  Lamson  and  Gushing  mate- 

Suffolk,  Va.  *  ° 

rially  aided  in  the  defense  of  Suffolk,  Va.,  against  the 
attacks  of  Longstreet.  In  several  encounters  with  the 
enemy's  batteries,  these  officers  exhibited  great  courage, 
Gushing  at  one  time  pluckily  fighting  these  batteries  for 
four  hours,  and  until  he  had  silenced  them.  Lamson 
landed  some  howitzers  April  19  at  Hill  Point,  and  aided 
the  land  forces  in  the  capture  of  the  enemy's  batteries 
there. 

The  fleet  under  Admiral  Dupont,  after  the  capture  of 
Hilton  Head,  was  occupied  in  operations  on  the  coast 
in  perfecting  a  blockade  of  the  enemy's  ports,  aided  by 
land  forces  under  General  T.  W.  Sherman,  and  also  aid- 
ing the  land  forces  in  their  operations. 
Robert  May  13,  1862,  a  colored  pilot  named  Robert  Small 

Small,  a  * 

colored      escaped  from  the  port  of   Charleston  with    one  of  the 
the"  enemy's    steamers  —  the    Planter  —  and    delivered    the 


planter.  vessei  iuto  the  hands  of  officers  of  the  Federal  fleet. 
The  officers  of  the  steamer  had  stepped  on  shore  on  some 
business  that  would  detain  them  for  a  few  moments, 
when  Small,  seizing  the  opportunity,  gave  the  signal  for 
departure.  The  engineer  obeyed  the  signal  as  usual. 
The  steamer  ran  by  the  enemy's  batteries  unmolested. 
A  little  after  midnight  on  Dec.  30,  1862,  the  famous 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863— '64.  579 

Monitor  was  lost  at  sea  south  of  Cape  Hatteras,  while   *  s*i:t- 
on  her  way  to  join  Dupont's  fleet  off  Charleston.     She  Dec   & 
left   Chesapeake  Bay  on  Dec.  29,  under   command    of  ™0CJ™/1.°"S 
Captain  Bankhead,  proceeding  under  steam,  being  also  lost  at  sea- 
towed  by  the  Rhode  Island.     She  began  leaking  in  the 
heavy  sea  off  Hatteras ;  the  severe  shaking  and  wrench- 
ing experienced  in  the  immense  chopping  waves  proved 
too  much  for  the  victor  of  Hampton   Roads.     At  half 
past  ten  o'clock  Captain  Bankhead  signaled  the  Rhode 
Island,    when    launches    were    sent   to   his   assistance. 
With  great  difficulty  the  crew  were  all  taken  off  but 
sixteen,  who  undoubtedly  perished,  as  they  were  miss- 
ing at  the  next  roll-call. 

The  loss  of  the  Monitor  was  replaced  by  the  Mon- 
tauk,  a  new  monitor  commanded  by  Captain  Worden, 
the  famous  commander  of  the  original  monitor.  This 
vessel  joined  the  fleet  off  Charleston  January  24,  1863. 
She  was  armed  with  one  eleven  and  one  fifteen  inch 
gun.  January  27,  Dupont  sent  Worden  to  attack  Fort  J^  ^;A1 
McAllister,  situated  at  Genesis  Point,  on  the  Ogeechee  lister' s- c- 
River.  This  battle  with  the  fort  was  continued  for  four 
hours,  but  nothing  was  accomplished,  except  that  it  fairly 
tested  the  admirable  resisting  qualities  of  the  iron-clad, 
which  withstood  the  heavy  shot  from  the  fort  without 
injury.  The  attack  was  renewed  on  Feb.  1  with  like 
resist  after  a  four  hours'  fight. 

On  the  28th  of  February,  at  daybreak,  Worden  again 
ascended  the  Ogeechee,  having  discovered  the  enemy's 
armed  steamer  Nashville  apparently  coming  down.  The 
Nashville  had  been  a  speedy  English  blockade-runner; 
but  having  been  shut  in  by  the  Federal  fleet  at  Ossabaw 
Sound,  had  been  altered  to  an  armed  privateer.  As 
Worden  approached,  he  discovered  the  Nashville  had 
run  aground  a  little  above  the  fort.  Without  paying 
the  least  attention  to  the  fire  of  the  fort,  he  ran  close 


580  THE   NAVY: 

me 3.  up,  and  opened  upon  the  Nashville.  After  a  few  shots 
from  his  fifteen-inch  gun,  the  Nashville  was  set  on  fire, 
and  soon  blew  up  with  a  fearful  crash.  Worden  then 
retired  satisfied.  He  had  received  no  damage  from  the 
fort,  which  had  been  entertained  somewhat  by  a  small 
gun-boat  fleet  that  had  accompanied  the  MontauJc. 

On  the  29th  of  February,  Dupont's  fleet  was 
strengthened  by  the  arrival  of  three  new  monitors,  the 
Passaic,  the  Patapsco,  and  the  Nahant,  and  on  March  3, 
Dupont  sent  them  to  renew  the  attack  on  Fort  Mc- 
Allister. For  eight  hours  these  monitors  bombarded 
the  fort.  The  resisting  powers  of  the  monitors  were 
highly  satisfactory,  but  the  fort  could  not  be  silenced. 
Jan.  31.  On  January  31,  1863,  about  4  A.  M.,  the  enemy's 

harbor.  iron-clad  rams  Palmetto  State  and  Chicora  came  out  of 
Charleston  harbor  and  attacked  the  Federal  blockading 
fleet.  Being  low  in  the  water,  and  in  the  midst  of  a. 
heavy  fog,  they  were  not  discovered  until  very  close. 
The  Palmetto  State  being  in  the  lead,  struck  the 
Mercedita  a  hard  blow,  at  the  same  time  firing  a  shot 
which  penetrated  her  boiler ;  then  turning,  both  of  the 
rams  attacked  the  Net/stone  State.  The  latter  was  set 
on  fire,  but  her  commander,  W.  E.  LeRoy,  quickly  ex- 
tinguished the  flames,  and  putting  on  all  steam,  plunged 
at  the  Chicora.  When  nearly  upon  her,  the  enemy's 
shells  burst  both  her  boilers.  She  had  lost  a  large  num- 
ber of  her  crew,  and  must  surrender,  when  at  this  mo- 
ment the  Memphis  came  to  her  aid,  and  taking  her  in 
tow,  succeeded  in  getting  her  away.  Now  the  Quaker 
CHy,  the  Augusta,  and  the  Hoiisatonic  came  up,  but  before 
they  could  enter  the  fight  the  rams  withdrew  into  the 
harbor.  The  fight  ended  at  8  o'clock,  resulting  in  much 
damage  to  the  two  boats  attacked,  which  were  altered 
merchant  vessels,  and  were  wholly  unequal  to  the  rams 
in  such  a  contest,  The  Federal  fleet  had  made  an  im- 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863— '64.  581 

portant  capture,  the  day  before,  of  a   blockade-runner  i««a. 
called  the  Princess  Royal,  an  English  steamer.     Without 
doubt  the  attack  of  the  rams  was  made  in  retaliation. 
On  the  30th  of  January  the  Federal  war  steamer 

V 

Isaac  Smith  was  captured  by  the  enemy's  ambushed 
batteries  on  Stono  Inlet,  near  Charleston,  after  a  hard 
fight  in  which  the  Smith  was  disabled,  and  suffered  the 
loss  of  8  killed  and  16  wounded.  The  steamer  Commo- 
dore McDonough,  going  to  her  aid,  barely  escaped  the 
same  fate. 

During  March,  1863,  Dupont  had  been  fortunate  in 
the  capture  of  a  number  of  blockade  runners,  among 
them  two  large  steamers,  the  Queen  of  the  Wave  and  the 
Georgiana. 

Dupont  attacked  Fort  Sumter  on  the  7th  of  April, 
having  for  some  time  been  preparing  for  a  movement 
against  Charleston  and  its  defenses.  He  had  nine  iron- 
clad vessels  prepared  for  this  engagement,  as  follows : 
the  iron-clad  frigate  New  Ironsides,  carrying  16  eleven- 
inch  Dahlgrens  and  one  150-pounder  rifle,  and  the  mon- 
itors MontauJc,  Passaic,  KcoJcuJc,  CatsJcitt,  Nahant,  Nan- 
tueket,  Patapsco,  and  WcehawJcen.  These  eight  mon- 
itors, with  the  exception  of  the  KcolcuJe  (700  tons),  were 
of  844  tons'  burden,  each  carried  one  11-inch  and  one  15- 
inch  gun,  except  the  Patapsco,  which  had  a  150-pounder 
rifle  in  place  of  an  11-inch  gun.  The  New  Ironsides  was 
selected  for  the  flag-ship. 

The  battle  began  at  3  p.  M.,  and  lasted  until  nearly  The  mon- 

,,  iiT-.il-  i-  itorKeokuk 

live  o  clock,  when  the  federals  retired,  having  received  lost 
but  little  damage,  except  to  the  KeolmJc,  which  had  been 
struck  ninety  times  within  thirty  minutes,  and  was  so 
badly  damaged  that  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  she 
was  kept  afloat  until  the  next  morning,  when  her  crew 
was  taken  off,  and  she  soon  went  down. 

The  Eeolcuk  was  not  built  on  the  plan  of  the  monitor 


582  THE  NAVY: 

is<>3.  proper,  being  a  smaller  boat,  and  more  lightly  armored. 
The  fort  was  considerably  shattered,  but  her  guns  were 
not  silenced.  The  attack  had  ended  in  failure  ;  the  en- 
emy had  too  many  strong  batteries  on  Sullivan's  and 
Morris  Islands,  from  which  the  shot  poured  upon  this 
little  fleet,  a  part  of  the  time  at  the  rate  of  thirty  shots  per 
minute.  The  enemy  fired  about  2,300  shots  from  Forts 
Sumter  and  Moultrie  and  batteries  Beauregard,  Bee, 
Gregg,  and  Wagner,  hitting  the  eight  monitors  246 
times.  The  New  Ironsides  requiring  deeper  water,  was 
unable  to  get  nearer  to  Sumter  than  1,000  yards,  and  was 
compelled  to  take  post  in  the  action  at  that  distance. 
Dupont  did  not  attempt  another  attack,  being  now  sat- 
isfied that  land  forces  must  co-operate  in  the  reduction 
of  Charleston's  forts  and  batteries. 

The  Confederates  about  this  time  were  preparing  what 
The  enemy  they  termed  a  surprise  party  for  the  Federal  navy.     In 

preparing  »  r         J 

for  a  8ur-  November,  1861,  an  English  steamer  —  the  Fingal — ran 
the  blockade,  entering  Savannah  River  loaded  with  arms 
and  other  military  stores.  Being  too  closely  watched, 
she  could  not  escape  to  England,  and  was  sold  to  the 
Confederates.  She  was  a  large  boat,  with  iron  hull,  of 
1,200  tons'  burden,  built  at  Glasgow.  She  was  con- 
verted into  an  iron-clad  war  steamer  at  great  expense, 
and  armed  with  four  rifled  cannon,  two  six-inch  and  two 
seven-inch,  and  her  name  changed  to  the  Atlanta.  She 
was  commanded  by  Wm.  A.  Webb,  an  officer,  who,  like 
nearly  all  the  enemy's  naval  commanders,  was  educated 
at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy. 

Coming  by  way  of  Augustine  Channel  to  Wilmington 
River,  she  appeared  near  the  mouth  of  this  river  on  the 
morning  of  June  14,  1863,  intending  to  go  out  to  sea 
and  play  havoc  with  the  Federal  blockading  fleet. 
Dupont  had  previously  learned  of  her  intentions,  and 
had  sent  the  monitors  Wcehawkcn  and  Nahant  to 


OPERATIONS  IN  lS63—'64.  583 


Warsaw  Sound  to  watch  her.  While  at  anchor  they 
discovered  the  Atlanta  about  three  miles  away  ap- 
proaching under  a  full  head  of  steam.  The  Federal  gun- 
boats at  once  prepared  for  action.  Captain  John  Rodg- 
ers, in  command  of  the  Wechaivken,  slipped  his  cable,  and 
steamed  directly  at  the  enemy,  the  Nahant  following. 
When  within  about  one  and  a  half  miles,  the  Atlanta 
lay  to  and  opened  fire.  The  Weekawken  moved  si-  Capture 
lently  forward  until  within  three  hundred  yards,  when  of  the 

*  J  iron-clad, 

Captain  Rodgers,  aiming  the  piece  himself,  fired  his  15-  Atlanta. 
inch  gun.  The  enormous  ball  pierced  the  Atlanta  through 
and  through.  At  the  fifth  shot  of  the  Weehawken  — 
within  fifteen  minutes  of  the  beginning  of  the  battle 
—  Webb  surrendered.  Two  steamers  filled  with  people 
had  come  down  to  see  the  monitors  captured  ;  now  they 
hastened  back  to  Savannah,  awakened  to  the  loss  of  the 
Atlanta  as  if  from  a  dream.  Rodgers  returned  with 
his  valuable  prize,  and  was  personally  complimented  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Changes  in  commanders  in  this  Department  had  now 
taken  place  :  General  Gillmore,  of  Pulaski  fame,  relieved 
General  Hunter,  in  command  of  the  land  forces,  on  June 
2  ;  and  Admiral  Dahlgren  relieved  Admiral  Dupont  at 
the  request  of  the  latter,  on  July  4. 

We  will  leave  these  waters  for  a  while,  and  go 
around  to  the  Gulf  and  up  the  Mississippi.  At  Gal- 
veston  we  last  saw  that  the  Federals  had  met  with  mis- 
fortune on  January  1,  1863.  On  learning  of  this  dis- 
aster, Admiral  Farragut  sent  Commodore  Henry  H.  Bell 
to  that  place  with  the  sloop  of  war  Brooklyn,  and 
the  gun-boats  Hatteras,  Sciota,  Cayuga,  New  London, 
and  Clifton,  where  he  arrived  on  January  11.  On 
that  evening,  Bell  sighted  a  strange  sail,  and  sent 
the  Hatteras  to  discover  her  errand.  A  brief  cannon- 
ade was  afterward  heard  ;  but  it  being  dark,  Bell  waited 


584  THE  NAVY: 

until  daylight  to  learn  the  result.  The  Half  eras  not 
returning,  he  went  in  search,  and  soon  found  her  with 
only  a  part  of  her  masts  above  water.  He  shortly  after- 
ward picked  up  a  small  boat  containing  a  part  of  her 
crew,  when  he  ascertained  that  the  Hattcrcts  had  been 
sunk  by  the  Alabama. 

The  Sumter,  a  Southern  privateer  under  Captain 
Raphael  Semmes,  escaped  from  the  passes  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi on  the  30th  of  June,  1861,  and  on  July  30  ar- 
rived at  the  British  port  of  Trinidad,  having  captured 
eleven  American  vessels  on  the  way.  At  Trinidad  the 
Sumter  got  a  full  supply  of  coal,  and  other  necessary 
outfit,  and  sailed  from  there  August  5,  1861.  After  a 
cruise  in  which  she  destroyed  six  more  American  ves- 
sels, she  arrived  at  Gibraltar  on  January  18,  1862. 
Before  she  could  get  her  supply  of  coal,  she  was  shut  in 
by  the  arrival  of  the  United  States  war  vessels  Tus- 
carora  and  Kearsarge. 

of  In  October,  1861,  an  agreement  was  entered  into 
between  an  agent  of  Jefferson  Davis  and  Messrs.  Laird, 
of  Liverpool,  England,  for  the  building  of  the  Alabama. 
On  the  15th  of  May,  1862,  she  was  launched  under  the 
name  of  the  "  290."  She  was  of  about  900  tons'  burden, 
and  cost  $255,000.  The  representatives  of  the  United 
States  in  England  made  every  effort  to  have  the  English 
Government  detain  the  Alabama  on  the  ground  of  neu- 
trality ;  but  notwithstanding  this,  the  vessel  slipped  out 
early  on  the  morning  of  July  29  from  Birkenhead,  and 
proceeded  slowly  down  the  Mersey  with  the  Lairds  on 
board.  Soon  afterward  the  builders  returned  in  a  tug, 
and  the  "  290  "  steamed  away,  making  for  Terceira,  one 
of  the  Azores,  which  she  reached  on  the  10th  of  August. 
On  August  18  the  ship  Agrippina,  of  London,  came  up, 
and  delivered  to  the  "  290  "  six  guns,  ammunition,  stores, 
etc.  The  "290"  when  fully  completed,  was  armed 


the  Ala- 
lama. 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863—  '64- 

with  six  32-pounders,  one    100-pounder   Blakely   gun,    i  *«.•{. 
and  one  8-inch  howitzer,  and  was  manned  by  120  men 
and  24  officers,  many  of  whom  had  been  recruited  from 
the  artillerists  of  the  British  training-ship  Excellent. 

In  April,  1862,  when  Semmes  found  that  he  could  not 
get  the  Sumter  out  of  Gibraltar,  he  dismantled  and  de-  le 
serted  her.     Semmes  went  to  Nassau  and  to  Liverpool,  Svmter*nA 

7  assumes 

thence  via  Portugal  to  the  Azores,  where  he  arrived  on  command 
August  20  in  the  English  screw-steamer  Bahama,  and  at 


once  took  charge  of  the  "290"  He  named  her  the  Ala- 
bama, and  hoisted  the  insurgent  flag  August  24.  From 
Terceira,  Semmes  crossed  to  the  West  Indies,  taking  in 
more  coal,  and  thence  proceeded  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
His  course  was  marked  by  the  destruction  of  vessels  of 
the  merchant  marine  of  the  United  States.  We  have 
now  "  caught  up  to  our  story."  Semmes  has  appeared 
again.  He  expected  to  find  Federal  transports  loaded 
with  soldiers  for  the  invasion  of  Texas  at  this  point; 
but  Bell  was  there,  with  a  strong  naval  squadron,  and 
Semmes  sailed  away  to  Jamaica  after  having  the  satis- 
faction of  sinking  the  Hatteras.  The  Hatteras,  under 
Lieutenant-Commander  Blake,  had  resolutely  fought  the 
Alabama,  although  before  the  battle  began,  Blake  recog- 
nized the  fact  that  he  had  a  powerful  ship  to  contend 
with.  Blake's  heaviest  gun  was  but  a  32-pounder,  and 
the  Ilatteras  was  a  converted  side-wheel  merchant  ves- 
sel. He  fought  until  his  vessel  sank,  when  all  on  board  Heroism  of 
escaped  from  the  sinking  ship  in  small  boats,  most  of  B^'ami 
them  surrendering  to  the  enemy.  his  crew- 

On  January  20,  the  enemy  came  out  of  the  port  at  Jan.  20. 
Sabine  Pass,  which  is  about  sixty  miles  east  of  Galves-  p*^ne 
ton,  with  two  river  steamers  fitted  up  as  gun-boats,  and 
succeeded  in  capturing  two  Federal  sailing-vessels  which 
were  stationed  there  to  blockade  that  port  ;  but  the  cap- 
tured  vessels    drew   too  much  water  to  be  taken  into 
port,  and  were  burned. 


586  THE    NAVY: 

iso s.  On  the  7th  of  April,  the  Federal  armed  steamer 
ApriiT.  Barralaria,  while  reconnoitering  in  Lake  Maurepas,  at 
Lake  Mau-  {.fog  mouth  of  Amite  River,  ran  aground,  and  bein^  at- 

repaB. 

tacked  by  a  strong  land  force,  rendering  it  impossible  to 
get  her  off,  the  crew  set  the  vessel  on  fire,  and  then  es- 
caped in  small  boats,  under  cover  of  darkness.  The 
steamer  burned  to  the  water's  edge.  April  27,  the  gun- 
boat Preble,  stationed  at  Pensacola,  accidentally  caught 
fire,  and  was  completely  destroyed. 

On  the  2d  of  February,  18G3,  Colonel  Charles  R. 
Ellet,  with  the  Queen  of  the  West,  passed  the  Vicksburg 
batteries  with  very  little  damage,  attacking  a  war  vessel 
in  passing, — the  VicJcsburg, —  which  was  being  fitted  out 
under  the  enemy's  guns.  This  vessel  was  set  on  fire  by 
shots  from  the  West,  but  was  not  destroyed.  After 
getting  below,  Colonel  Ellet  succeeded  in  destroying 
large  quantities  of  the  enemy's  provisions,  and  capturing 
three  steamers,  one  on  the  Mississippi  near  Red  River, 
and  two  on  the  last-named  river,  heavily  loaded  with 
provisions. 

On  the  13th  of  February,  Porter  sent  down  the 
Indianola,  which  also  passed  the  guns  of  Vicksburg 
safely,  but  found  that  Ellet  had  gone  away  up  Red 
River.  February  14,  Ellet  captured  the  steamer  Era 
No.  5,  after  which,  not  knowing  the  channel  of  the 
Red  River,  and  the  pilot  of  the  West  being  sick,  Ellet 
was  compelled  to  intrust  his  boat  to  a  new  pilot,  who 
proved  to  be  a  traitor.  The  rascal  soon  ran  the  West 
hard  aground  near  a  battery  of  the  enemy  at  Gordon's 
Landing,  where  were  also  several  of  the  enemy's  armed 
steamboats.  She  could  not  be  got  off,  and  after  being 
badly  cut  up,  Ellet  was  obliged  to  hastily  abandon  her 
to  escape  capture,  himself  and  nearly  all  of  his  crew 
floating  down  the  river  on  cotton  bales  until  they 
reached  the  DC  Koto,  which  had  been  left  a  short  dis- 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863—  '64.  587 


tanee  below  with  a  captured  vessel.  Soon  afterward 
the  De  Soto  lost  her  rudder,  and  became  unmanage- 
able. Reaching  the  Era,  he  took  possession  of  that 
boat,  destroying  the  De  Soto  and  the  other  vessel,  and 
escaped  to  the  Mississippi. 

The  enemy  repaired  the  Queen  of  the  West,  and  with 
the  ram  Wm.  H.  Webb  and  two  other  armed  steamers, 
moved  boldly  down  Red  River  to  the  Mississippi. 
The  Indianola  was  moving  up  toward  Vicksburg  to 
communicate  with  Admiral  Porter,  but  her  progress  was 
slow  in  consequence  of  having  a  loaded  coal  barge  each 
side.  When  between  Grand  Gulf  and  Warrenton,  about 
9  P.  M.,  Feb.  24,  her  commander,  Lieutenant  George  Fub-  24- 
Brown,  discovered  the  enemy  from  Red  River  in  cuif. 
chase.  The  Indianola  turned  about  and  prepared  for 
action,  at  the  same  time  steaming  right  at  the  foe.  The 
West  struck  her.  An  instant  afterward  she  struck  the 
Webb.  The  battle  became  fierce,  and  lasted  an  hour 
and  a  half.  The  Indianola  was  rammed  seven  severe 
blows,  the  sixth  and  seventh  so  badly  damaging  her 
that  she  became  unmanageable,  and  was  in  a  sinking 
condition.  With  her  bow  on  shore  and  her  stern  under 
water,  she  surrendered.  The  enemy's  boats  were  also 
badly  damaged.  The  Indianola  lost  one  killed  and  one 
wounded.  The  loss  of  the  enemy  was  heavy,  over  30 
being  killed,  the  number  wounded  being  unknown. 
This  loss  of  another  gun-boat  gave  the  enemy  for  a  time 
the  control  of  the  Mississippi  between  Vicksburg  and 
Port  Hudson. 

March  11,  1863,  when  Grant  was  endeavoring  to  March  n- 
get  into  position  around  Vicksburg,  two  gun-boats,  the 
CMUicothe  and  the  De  Kalb,  accompanying  a  land  force 
on  transports,  attacked  Fort  Pemberton,  a  rebel  fort  on 
the  Tallahatchie,  having  arrived  at  that  point  via  Yazoo 
Pass,  Moon  Lake,  and  Cold  Water  River.  The  first- 


588  THE  NAVY: 

/*««.  named  boat  was  badly  damaged  by  the  enemy's  shot  in 
the  first  day's  engagement.  On  the  13th  the  DC  Kalb 
resumed  the  attack,  but  accomplished  nothing.  The 
land  about  the  fort  was  overflowed,  so  that  the  troops 
could  not  land,  and  the  expedition  returned  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi about  the  first  of  April. 

Porter,  with  a  strong  division  of  war  vessels,  endeav- 
ored to  reach  the  Sunflower  River  via  Steele's  Bayou, 
Deer  Creek,  and  Rolling  Fork,  for  the  purpose  of 
gaining  the  Yazoo  above  the  Yazoo  forts.  Starting 
March  from  Steele's  Bayou  March  14,  he  nearly  reached 
steele's  Rolling  Fork,  where  success  seemed  almost  assured, 
when  he  found  .that  the  enemy  had  so  strongly 
obstructed  the  way  that  he  could  not  proceed  far- 
ther. Giving  up  the  attempt,  the  backward  move  be- 
gan; but  now  it  was  discovered  that  the  enemy  had 
been  busy  in  the  rear,  felling  trees  across  the  river. 
Then  began  hard  work,  removing  the  trees  and  fighting 
the  enemy,  who  were  concealed  in  the  w-oods,  and  thus 
had  a  great  advantage.  The  marines  suffered  severely 
in  this  conflict.  On  the  20th,  Porter  felt  for  a  time  that 
he  must  lose  his  whole  fleet.  But  General  Sherman 
was  not  far  away.  Porter  had  sent  him  word  of  the 
situation  on  the  19th,  and  he  made  all  haste,  arriving  in 
the  nick  of  time,  and  the  fleet  was  saved.  General 
Sherman  brought  two  brigades  with  him,  and  soon 
cleared  the  way,  and  the  fleet  arrived  safe  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  on  the  27th. 

Porter  played  a  rich  joke  upon  the  enemy  in  the 
joke.  early  part  of  March.  He  rigged  an  old  boat  so  as  to 
have  the  appearance  of  a  monitor,  and  let  it  loose  to 
follow  the  current'.  The  Vicksburg  batteries  opened 
fiercely  upon  this  poor  old  disguised  scow,  but  the  inno- 
cent passed  unharmed.  The  enemy  then  telegraphed 
below  to  destroy  the  Indianola  as  the  Federal  mon- 


OPERATIONS  IN  1868—64.  589 

itors  were  coming;  and  while  that  boat  was  still  burn-  is  a  3. 
ing,  the  dummy  ran  into  the  mud  near  by,  and  the  trick 
was  discovered,  but  it  was  too  late  to  save  the  Tndianola. 
Early  in  March,    1863,    Farragut   collected  a  fleet 
below  Port  Hudson  for  the  purpose  of  forcing  a  passage 
and  obtaining  control  of  the  Mississippi  above  that  point, 
and  at  the  same  time  of  aiding  General  Banks  in  his 
operations  against  that  place  with  his  fleets  above  and 
below.     At  about  10  p.  M.  on  the  14th,  Farragut  gave  March    u 
the  signal.     The  fleet  which  was  to  make  the  attempt  ™™fhe 
was  composed  of  the  sloops  of  war  Hartford,  Richmond,  Port  Hnd" 
and  Monongahela,   the   side-wheel   steamer  Mississippi,  tenes. 
and    the    gun-boats    Albatross,    Genesee,    and    Kineo. 
The  three  gun-boats  were  lashed  to  the  three  sloops, 
in   the    order   named,   on   the    port    side,   to    increase 
the  speed  of  the  larger  vessels.     Only  the  Hartford,  with 
Farragut    on   board,  and    the    Albatross    succeeded    in 
passing.     The  others,  owing  to  injury  to  their  machin- 
ery, were  obliged  to  put    back.     The    Mississippi  ran 
aground.     Every  effort  was  made  to  release   her,  but  LOSS  of  tin- 
she  remained  immovable.     After  being  riddled  by  the  5"* 

v  el/Jf/t; 

enemy's  guns,  and  all  hope  of  saving  her  was  lost,  she  was 
set  on  fire  and  abandoned.  This  was  a  severe  loss.  She 
had  answered  the  enemy  with  265  shot  during  the  action. 

During  the  engagement  the  roar  of  cannon  was  deaf- 
ening. The  Federal  vessels  replied  vigorously  to  the 
enemy's  batteries,  the  mortar  fleet,  which  Farragut  had 
collected  below,  taking  part  in  the  .action.  The  loss  to 
the  fleet  was  about  100  in  killed  and  wounded,  the  Mis- 
sissippi losing  heavily,  while  trying  to  get  off  the  shoals. 

On  the  19th,  Farragut  passed  the  Grand  Gulf  bat-  March  10. 
teries    safely,   and    came   to  anchor   below    Vicksburg.  Gu]f. 
General  Ellet,  commanding  a  gun-boat  fleet  above  Vicks- 
burg, started  two  of  his  vessels,  the  S&Uzerland  and  the 
Lancaster,  down  the  riyer  on  the  morning  of  the  25th 


590  THE    NAVY. 

for  operations  in  the  river  below.     The  Lancaster  was 


March  25.  SUnk   by  the    enemy's    batteries,    but   the   Switzerland 

Loss  of  the  J  J  . 

Lancaster,  reached  Farragut  only  a  little  damaged.  Farragut 
soon  afterward  blockaded  Red  River,  as  this  was  the 
main  source  of  the  enemy's  supplies  for  Port  Hudson. 

Early  in  April,  General  Grant  having  decided  to 
march  his  army  below  Vicksburg,  a  portion  of  the  naval 
force  under  Porter  began  preparations  to  run  the  bat- 
teries of  Vicksburg.  All  was  ready  by  the  16th,  and  at 
9  o'clock  that  evening  the  boats  started,  with  the  Benton 
leading  and  the  others  following  in  order  :  Lafayette, 
General  Price,  Louisville,  Mound  City,  Pittsburg,  Caron- 
delet,  and  Tuscumbia,  a  tug  and  three  transports 
bringing  up  the  rear.  All  passed  safely  through  a 
tremendous  cannonade  except  the  transport  Henry  Clay 
which  was  set  on  fire  by  the  enemy's  shot,  and  burned. 
The  fleet  had  passed  by  and  out  of  range  of  the  Vicks- 
burg guns  by  midnight,  not  losing  a  man  killed  and  but 
few  wounded,  and  at  2  A.  M.  on  the  17th  it  came  to 
anchor  twelve  miles  above  New  Carthage. 

A  small  fleet  of  gun-boats  accumulated  at  Brashear 
City,  La.,  in  April,  1863,  to  aid  General  Banks  in  a 
campaign  on  Bayou  Teche.  The  enemy  had  brought 
the  Queen  of  the  West  to  the  waters  in  this  vicinity,  and 
o^fhT"011  on  March  29  they  also  captured  the  steamer  Diana  in 
Queen  of  Bayou  Teche.  Both  of  these  vessels  were  destroyed  in 
April  as  Banks  advanced,  the  West  by  the  Federal 
gun-boats,  and  the  Diana  by  the  enemy.  The  Federal 
gun-boats  also  captured  Bute  la  Rose,  a  fortification 
which  commanded  the  entrance  to  the  Atchafalaya; 
after  which,  the  way  being  now  clear,  the  gun-boats 
Arizona  and  Estetta  moved  up  that  river,  and  joined 
Farragut  in  the  Mississippi  on  May  2. 

April  20.          Porter  attacked  the  Grand  Gulf  batteries  on  the  29th 
^If         of  April,  which,  being  on  bluffs,  were  difficult  to  reach 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863—  '64.  501 

General  Grant  desired  to  effect  a  landing  at  that  point,   is  e  a. 
The  lower  batteries  were  silenced  ;  but  after  a  battle  of 

April    29. 

six  hours  it  was  decided  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  GrandGuif. 
reduce  the  upper  batteries  with  the  navy  alone.  Many 
of  the  vessels  engaged  had  been  considerably  damaged, 
The  Benton  was  struck  forty-seven  times.  Porter's  loss 
was  18  men  killed  and  56  wounded.  The  fleet  now 
retired  down  the  river  a  few  miles,  to  where  General 
Grant  had  concluded  to  cross,  and  aided  in  that  opera- 
tion. 

Since  Farragut  passed  the  Port  Hudson  batteries  on 
March  14,  he  had  been  operating  between  that  place 
and  Vicksburg  and  on  Red  River.  Moving  in  co-oper- 
ation with  General  Banks  up  Red  River,  he  reached 
Alexandria  on  May  6.  Farragut  returned  from  Alex-  Farmgnt  > 
andria  with  Banks,  and  aided  in  the  investment  of  Port 
Hudson,  with  the  Hartford  and  Albatross  above,  and  Hud80n- 
the  Mononyahela,  Richmond,  Essex,  and  Genesee,  together 
with  the  mortar  fleet  below.  On  the  27th  of  May  and 
the  16th  and  29th  of  June,  this  fleet  engaged  in  a  gen- 
eral bombardment,  together  with  Banks's  artillery. 
Farragut'  s  heaviest  guns  and  the  mortar-boats  kept  up 
a  continuous  fire  upon  the  doomed  enemy  day  and  night, 
which  kept  them  in  an  increasing  state  of  alarm,  until 
the  place  surrendered,  July  7. 

Porter's  fleet  aided  Grant  in  the  reduction  of  Vicks-  Porter  a» 
burg,  both  above  and  below,  Porter  being  below  with  the 
iron-clads  Benton,  Mound  City,  Carondelet,  and  TuscumUa. 
The  enemy's  batteries  were  continally  engaged  day  and 
night.  During  the  seige  the  mortars  fired  about  7,000 
shells,  and  the  gun-boats  and  naval  guns  on  shore 


10,000  shot  and  shell.     On  May  27,  during  a  general 

J  .          '  .  &_  Cincinnati 

engagement,    the    gun-boat    Cincinnati,   of   the    upper  sunk. 
fleet,   was   sunk  by  the  enemy's  shot,  losing  about  35 
men  in  killed,  wounded,  and  drowned.     On  the  invesjt- 


592  THE   NAVY: 

1863.  merit  of  Vicksburg,  the  De  Kulb,  Choctaw,  Linden 
Petrel,  and  Forest  Rose,  under  Lieutenant-Commander 
John  G.  Walker,  were  sent  into  the  Yazoo. 

On  Grant's  approach  to  the  rear  of  Vicksburg, 
Haynes  Bluff  was  evacuated  by  the  enemy  as  Sherman's 
troops  were  getting  between  it  and  the  town.  Lieuten- 
ant-Commander Walker  took  possession  of  Haynes  Bluff 
on  May  20,  but  was  at  once  relieved  by  the  arrival  of 
Sherman's  troops,  when  he  proceeded  up  to  Yazoo  City, 
arriving  there  on  the  21st.  The  enemy  had  begun  the 
construction  of  three  large  iron-clads  at  this  point,  one 
to  be  a  steamer  of  large  dimensions,  310  feet  long  and 
70  feet  beam,  to  be  plated  with  41-inch  iron.  These 
the  enemy  burned,  together  with  other  public  property 
valued  at  $2,000,000. 

During  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  the  navy  was  con- 
stantly at  work  by  day  and  by  night,  and  rendered  val- 
uable assistance  to  General  Grant  in  the  reduction  of 
that  stronghold,  suffering  many  hardships,  and  losing 
many  men  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Soon  after  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg,  it  was  learned 
that  the  enemy  was  fortifying  at  Yazoo  City.  The 
iron-clad  DeKcdb  and  three  gun-boats,  accompanied  by 
a  strong  land  force,  were  sent  against  them.  A  com- 
bined attack  by  these  forces  was  made,  resulting  in  the 
capture  of  the  batteries  with  300  prisoners.  Soon  after 
LOSS  of  the  tne  action  was  over,  the  DeKalb  ran  upon  a  torpedo, 

De  Kalb.  .  /  .  J 

which  exploded  and  injured  her  so  that  she  sank  in  a  few 
minutes.  Her  guns,  stores,  and  iron-plating  were  saved. 
The  enemy  burned  many  vessels  on  the  approach  of  the 
Federals,  a  number  being  steamboats  of  the  largest  and 
best  pattern. 

June  28.          About  1  A.  M.,  June  28,  the  enemy,  numbering  about 

"ClT"  3>000    men  imder  General  Taylor,  attacked  a  Federal 

fortification  at  Ponaldsonville,  La.?  which  was  garrisoned 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863—64.  593 


by  about  250  men.  The  attack  was  savage  and  deter- 
rained,  but  was  repulsed  with  the  aid  of  the  gun-boats 
Princess  Royal,  Ifineo,  and  Winona. 

In  July,  1863,  the  gun-boats  on  the  Ohio  performed 
valuable  service  in  preventing  the  escape  across  that 
river  of  John  Morgan  and  his  bold  raiders  at  Buffing- 
ton  Island  and  other  places.  Morgan  rode  hard,  but 
the  gun-boats  kept  pace  with  him.  It  was  a  novel  chase, 
of  more  than  500  miles.  He  could  not  cross  into  Ken- 
tucky, for  the  gun-boats  were  continually  in  his  way  ; 
and  he  was  finally  captured  by  the  pursuing  land  force. 

On  the  4th  of  July,  the   gun-boat    Tyler  rendered 
important  assistance  to  General  Prentiss  in  repelling  an  Ark- 
attack  upon  Helena,  Ark.,  by  a  largely  superior  force 
from  General  Price's  command,  under  General  Holmes. 

On  the  coast  of  the  Carolinas,  July  4,  Admiral  Dahl- 
gren  relieved  Admiral  Dupont,  in  command  of  the  South 
Atlantic  squadron,  and  at  the  same  time  General  Gill- 
more  relieved  General  Hunter  of  the  command  of  the 
land  forces. 

The  navy  was  continually  busy   about   Charleston 
harbor,  having  daily  encounters  with  the  enemy's  bat- 
teries.    During  Gillmore's  assaults  upon   the    enemy's 
works  on  Morris  Island,  and  especially  upon  Fort  Wag- 
ner, the  naval  force  did  their  part  fully.     In  the  engage- 
ment of  July  18,  the  enemy's  guns  were  completely  juiy  is. 
silenced  by  the  monitors.     Day   and   night   the   navy  ^^  ° 
kept  up  a  continual  fire,  and  materially  aided  Gillmore's 
siege  guns  in  rendering  Fort  Wagner  untenable. 

December  6,  the  monitor  Weehawken,  which  had 
done  so  much  good  service,  suddenly  went  down  while 
lying  quietly  at  anchor.  The  cause  was  wholly  un- 
known. Four  officers  and  twenty-seven  men  went  down 
with  her. 

February  17,  1864,  about  9  P.  M.,  the  screw-sloop     1864- 


594  T1IE   NAVY: 

i8<>4.   Housatonic,  carrying  13  guns,  was   sunk  by  a  torpedo 

boat  —  a  severe  loss.     The  officers  and  crew  were  saved. 

April    19,  the  enemy's   ram    Albemarle,   which    had 

just   been    completed    at    Edward's  Ferry  on  Roanoke 

River,  attacked  four  Federal  gun-boats  at  Plymouth,  N. 

C.,  sinking  one,  the  Southfield,  and  disabling  the  Miami, 

which,    with    the    other   two,    retreated    to   Albemarle 

Lieutenant  Sound.     Lieutenant-Commander  C.  W.  Flusser,  in  com- 

kuiecT      m{ind  of  the  squadron,  on  board  the  Miami,  was  among 

the  killed. 
May  5.  ]yjav  5  aDOut  4 : 30  P.  M.,  the  Albemarle  came  down 

Albemarle  » 

sound.  to  the  sound  where  eight  wooden  gun-boats  awaited  her. 
As  soon  as  the  ram  appeared,  the  Federal  boats  bravely 
attacked,  but  their  100-pounder  rifle  shot  seemed  to 
have  no  effect  against  her  iron  sides.  The  Sassacus 
struck  her  a  hard  blow  during  the  fight.  Soon  after- 
ward a  shot  from  the  Albemarle  pierced  the  boiler  of  the 
Sassacus,  disabling  her  so  that  she  drew  out  of  the  fight. 
The  battle  continued  until  dark,  when  the  Albemarle 
withdrew,  returning  to  Plymouth  but  little  injured. 
The  Federal  fleet  had  been  considerably  damaged,  and 
had  lost  about  25  men  in  killed  and  wounded.  Each 
boat  had  gallantly  and  unflinchingly  closed  with  the 
powerful  antagonist;  and  although  they  surrounded  and 
gave  her  numerous  and  heavy  broadsides  at  close  quar- 
ters, the  iron  monster  moved  away  at  night  seemingly 
unhurt. 

oct  27.  For    some    reason,    the    Albemarle    did    not    again 

.The    Albe- 

marie        come  out  of  the  river.     In  October,  Lieutenant  W.  B. 
byljett.P    Gushing  and  13  men  volunteered  to  attempt  her  destruc- 


tenant       ^ion  with  a  torpedo  as  she  lay  at  the  wharf  at  Plymouth. 

Cashing  » 

and  thir-  It  was  eight  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Roanoke  to 
where  the  dreaded  monster  lay,  and  the  approach  was 
well  guarded.  A  raft  of  logs  surrounded  the  ram,  to 
prevent  surprises  of  this  kind.  The  project  was  con- 


OPERATIONS  IN  1863—64.  595 

sidered  rash  in  the  extreme,  but  the  end  sought  over-  1864. 
ruled  all  objections,  and  Gushing  was  given  a  steam- 
launch  armed  with  a  howitzer.  Preparations  were  com- 
pleted, and  on  the  night  of  October  27  the  expedition 
proceeded  up  the  river  quietly,  passing  the  enemy's 
pickets  undiscovered.  They  had  nearly  reached  the 
Albemarle  when  they  were  espied  by  her  sentinels. 
Alarm  was  given,  and  musket  balls  soon  came  thick  and 
close.  Gushing  headed  his  boat  directly  at  the  side  of 
the  ram,  running  the  bow  upon  and  pressing  the  logs  in 
far  enough  to  enable  him  to  operate  the  torpedo.  At 
this  instant  Gushing  fired  the  howitzer,  which  had  been 
loaded  with  canister,  and  then  sent  the  torpedo  upon  its 
errand.  The  explosion  was  terrific.  The  Albemarle 
was  ruined,  and  immediately  went  to  the  bottom.  Either 
one  of  her  guns  or  the  torpedo  shattered  the  launch, 
throwing  Gushing  and  his  crew  into  the  water,  all  of 
whom  were  killed  or  captured  except  Gushing  and  one 
other,  who  narrowly  escaped  by  expert  swimming. 


,  CHAPTER    XXXIII. 

OPERATIONS    DURING    1864-'65. 

is 64.    TN  the  Department  of  the  Gulf,  in  March,  1864,  Gen- 
-L    eral  Banks  made  preparations  to  move  against  the 

Porter  goes  *  ° 

to  the  Red  enemy  on  Red  River,  and  take  possession  of  Shrev^port, 
La.,  preparatory  to  contemplated  operations  in  Texas. 
Admiral  Porter  was  to  co-operate  with  some  fifteen  iron- 
clads. He  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  Red  River  March  7, 
where  he  was  joined  by  about  10,000  troops  on  trans- 
ports. These  troops  were  from  the  16th  and  17th  Corps, 
Sherman's  army,  and  were  commanded  by  General  A.  J. 
Smith.  General  Banks  marched  his  troops  overland, 
while  Porter  and  Smith  proceeded  in  company  up  Red 
River.  Formidable  obstructions  were  found  in  the  river 

Fort  DC  below  Fort  De  Russy,  consisting  of  piles,  rafts,  trees, 
etc.,  which  the  iron-clads  tugged  and  rammed  at  for 
about  twenty-four  hours,  when  an  opening  was  made. 
The  fort  was  captured  after  a  short  engagement  on  the 
14th,  with  about  200  prisoners  and  ten  guns.  The  fleet 
soon  afterward  reached  Alexandria  in  advance  of  Gen- 
eral Banks. 

Great  difficulty  was  met  here  in  getting  the  gun- 
boats over  the  rapids  near  Alexandria ;  but  after  a 
week's  hard  work,  Porter  succeeded  in  getting  a  part  of 
his  fleet  above,  which  were  the  Chillicothe,  the  Cricket, 
the  Pittsburg^  the  Carondekt,  the  Eastport,  the  Mound 
City,  the  Osage,  the  Ozark,  the  Neosho,  the  Lexington, 
the  Louisville,  and  the  Hindintm. 

On  the  7th  of  April,  with  six  of  these  boats,  Porter 

(596) 


OPERATIONS  IN  1864— '65.  597 

proceeded  up  the  river,  reaching  Springfield  Landing  on  ma 4. 
the  10th.  While  endeavoring  to  clear  the  obstructions  ApriT~io. 
from  the  river,  that  he  mierht  proceed  farther,  news  came  si)ringfield 

Landing. 

of  disaster  to  Banks's  army.  This  left  Porter  in  a  try- 
ing and  dangerous  position.  He  was  now  without  the 
support  of  the  land  forces,  and  must  return  by  a  narrow, 
crooked  river,  filled  with  snags,  logs,  and  sand  bars, 
and  with  a  victorious  enemy  on  both  banks,  whose 
sharpshooters  swarmed  about  the  fleet.  But  the  gun- 
boats soon  taught  them  to  observe  a  respectful  distance, 
and  to  keep  well  sheltered. 

.  On  the  12th  the  Osage  got  aground.  The  Lex- 
ington lay  near  by,  while  a  transport  was  endeavoring  to 
pull  off  the  Osage.  At  this  time  a  force  of  the  en- 
emy numbering  about  2,000,  with  artillery,  came  up 
and  attacked  savagely,  as  if  to  capture  the  iron-clads. 
Both  boats  replied  with  grape  and  canister,  which  swept 
their  assailants  off  with  dreadful  slaughter,  their  leader, 
General  Tom  Green,  having  his  head  blown  off.  Mad-  ^eneral 

Tom 

dened  by  repulse,  they  again  rush  to  the  banks  with  Green's 
yells,  and  fire  their  rifles  at  the  iron  sides  of  the  boats ;  off. 
but  they  are  again  driven  back   with  heavy    loss.     A 
force  of  infantry  soon  came  to  Porter's  aid,  and  the  fleet 
reached  Alexandria   with  but  little  further  annoyance 
from  the  enemy.     They  met  with  one  serious  loss,  how- 
ever :    the   Eastport  was  sunk  by   a   torpedo  between  The  Eutt- 
Grand  Ecore  and  Alexandria. 

At  Alexandria  for  a  time  the  whole  fleet   seemed 
lost  'in  consequence  of  low  water  over  the  rapids.     The  May  1~12- 

*  .  Colonel 

engineer  of  the  19th  Corps,  Colonel  Bailey,  however,  Baiiey 
had  the  ingenuity  necessary  to  the  requirements  of  the  fleet.8 
occasion ;  and  in  spite  of  general  ridicule  on  the  part  of 
brother  engineers  and  others,  Banks  and  Porter  author- 
ized him  to  build  his  proposed  dam.     Bailey  began  it 
on  the  1st  of   May  with  some  3,000  men  and  a  large 


598  THE  .VJIT: 

is 6 4.  number  of  wagons.  The  dam  was  built  principally  of 
stone,  brick,  trees,  and  lumber,  the  latter  being  obtained 
by  tearing  down  steam-mills  and  other  buildings  in  the 
neighborhood.  On  May  8,  a  part  of  the  fleet  safely 
passed  through,  and  by  the  12th  all  were  over  the 
rapids  and  the  fleet  was  saved.  Colonel  Bailey  was  soon 
afterward  very  properly  promoted  to  Brigadier-General. 
In  January,  1864,  Admiral  Farragut  made  a  recon- 
naissance of  the  defenses  of  Mobile  Bay,  and  became 
satisfied  that  he  must  have  strong  iron-clads  to  attempt 
their  capture,  especially  as  the  enemy  had  a  powerful 
iron-clad  ram  and  three  iron-clad  gun-boats  within  the 
harbor.  But  the  Government  had  none  to  spare  at  that 
A"g-  5-  time ;  the  attack  was  therefore  delayed  until  August  5, 

Farragut  .  . 

braves  the  when,  having  received  the  long  wished  for  iron-clad 
MoMieBay.  monitors,  he  moved  to  the  attack  upon  Forts  Gaines 
and  Morgan  at  the  entrance  to  Mobile  Bay.  He  had 
four  monitors,  the  Manhattan,  the  Winnebago,  the 
Chickasaw,  and  the  Tecumseh ;  also  fourteen  other  war 
vessels  lashed  together  in  pairs,  as  follows :  Brooklyn 
and  Octarora,  Hartford  (flag-ship)  and  Metacomet, 
Richmond  and  Port  Royal,  Lackawanna  and  Seminole, 
Monongahela  and  Kennebec,  Ossipee  and  Itasca,  Oneida 
and  Galena. 

At  6  A.  M.  the  fleet  was  all  under  way,  the  Brooklyn 
leading  the  wooden  vessels  and  the  Tecumseh  the 
monitors.  Farragut  himself  was  lashed  to  the  mast  in 
the  main-top  of  the  Hartford,  having  a  speaking-tube 
running  below.  At  about  7  A.  M.  the  battle  began  by  a 
shot  from  the  Tecumseh,  and  soon  the  conflict  became 
general  between  the  whole  fleet  and  the  forts.  It  was 
not  the  intention  of  the  Admiral  to  reduce  the  forts  at 
this  time,  but  to  pass  them  as  he  did  the  forts  below 
New  Orleans.  The  enemy  had  driven  piles  across  from 
Fort  Gaines  to  the  ship  channel,  which  was  close  under 


OPERATIONS  IX  1864—65.  599 


the  guns  of  Fort  Morgan.  The  fleet  must  therefore 
have  the  severest  trial  with  the  latter  fort.  The  com- 
mander of  the  Brooklyn,  seeing  what  he  supposed  to  be 
a  nest  of  torpedoes,  checked  his  vessel.  The  Hartford 
was  close  upon  him.  Farragut  with  quick  determina- 
tion ordered  the  Hartford  to  put  on  all  steam,  and  dashed 
ahead.  Fortunately,  the  torpedoes  had  been  a  long 
time  in  the  water,  and  did  not  explode.  The  Hartford 
now  received  a  terrible  fire  from  the  fort.  A  moment 
after,  the  Brooklyn  dashed  up,  coming  nearest  the  fort, 
suffering  great  loss  in  killed  and  wounded.  But  the 
broadsides  of  the  leading  vessels  had  killed  or  driven 
many  of  the  enemy's  gunners  from  their  posts;  conse- 
quently those  following  suffered  much  less. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  battle,  a  terrible  calamity 
befell  the  monitor  Tecumseh  :  it  exploded  a  torpedo,  and  L°88  of  the 

*  Tecumsth 

almost  instantly  sank,  113  officers  and  men  going  down  with  113 
with  her,  including  her  commander,  T.  A.  M.  Craven. 

As  each  vessel  passed,  it  poured  into  the  fort  a  ter- 
rible fire,  partially  silencing  the  enemy's  guns.  The 
fleet  received  but  little  damage,  with  the  exception  of 
the  loss  of  the  Tecumseh.  The  Hartford  had  arrived 
inside  by  8  A.  M.,  the  whole  fleet  closely  following. 
But  the  fight  was  not  ended.  The  enemy's  ram  Ten- 
nessee and  the  iron-  clad  s  Morgan,  Gaines,  and  Selma  had 
yet  to  be  conquered.  These  boats  at  once  opened  upon  Battlc  with 
the  Hartford,  causing  her  severe  loss  in  killed  and  Tennessee. 
wounded.  The  Metacomct  was  cast  off,  and  started  for 
the  Selma,  which  was  soon  captured.  The  Gaines  was 
run  ashore  and  burned  by  her  crew.  The  Tennessee  and 
Morgan  retired  under  the  friendly  guns  of  Fort  Morgan. 
The  Federal  fleet  came  to  anchor,  but  only  for  a  short 
time  ;  the  battle  was  to  be  renewed. 

At  about   9  A.  M.  the    Tennessee  was  seen   comiug 
directly  at  the  fleet.     Farragut  at  once  ordered  a  general 


600  THE   NAVY: 

attack,  and  both  the  wooden  and  iron  boats  were  directed 
to  ram  the  Tennessee.  The  Monongahela  at  full  speed, 
struck  her  a  fair  blow,  then  fired  her  eleven-inch  gun. 
The  Lackawanna  then  struck  her  a  terrible  blow.  Both 
boats  broke  their  beaks,  but  seemingly  did  not  injure 
the  Tennessee.  Buchanan,  the  commander  of  the  Ten- 
nessee, bravely  fought  the  Federal  host  with  his  guns, 
but  was  unable  to  ram,  being  so  closely  surrounded. 
The  Hartford  struck  her,  and  turning  gave  a  broadside, 
at  the  same  time  receiving  a  shell  from  the  enemy  which 
killed  and  wounded  several  men. 

By  this  time  the  monitors  were  well  at  work,  the 
Winnebago  and  the  Chickasaw  firing  eleven-inch  shot,  the 
Manhattan  fifteen-inch.  The  armor  of  the  Tennessee  was 
six  inches  thick,  and  had  not  yet  been  pierced.  But 
the  shot  from  the  fifteen-inch  guns  of  the  Manhattan 
went  through  her  six-inch  plating  when  the  combatants 
were  ^u^  a  ^ew  ^ee^  ^art.  The  Tennessee  became  dis- 


The  Ten- 

nessee  sur-  abled  about  10  A.  M.,  after  one  of  the  fiercest  naval  bat- 

tles known,  and  surrendered  with  about  190  officers  and 
men.  The  Federal  loss  in  this  battle  with  the  forts  and 
iron-clads  of  the  enemy,  was  as  follows  :  the  Hartford, 
25  killed,  28  wounded;  the  Brooklyn,  11  killed,  43 
wounded  ;  the  Lackatvanna,  4  killed,  35  wounded  ;  the 
Oneida,  8  killed,  30  wounded;  the  balance  of  the  fleet 
lost  4  killed  and  34  wounded.  The  three  monitors  did 
not  lose  a  man.  Total  killed,  52;  wounded,  170.  The 
sad  loss  of  the  Tecumsch  added  113  to  the  number  of 
the  dead. 

General  Granger,  with  a  land  force,  had  already  laid 

siege  to  Fort  Gaines,  on  Dauphin  Island.     On  the  Gth  of 

August,  Farragut  sent  the  Chickasaw  to  aid  him.     At 

An»-  7-.     10  A.  M.  on  the  7th  the  fort  surrendered  to  Granger  with 

Fort  Gaines 

mars.  600  men.     Fort  Powell,  at  Grant's  Pass,  was  abandoned 
at  the  same  time  by  the  enemy.     On  the  9th,  Granger's 


OPERATIONS  Itf  1864— Vo.  601 

troops  were  transferred  to  the  rear  of  Fort   Morgan,  at    isv*. 
once   laying  siege.     On  the  22d  the   bombardment  of 
Fort  Morgan  by  the  naval  ami  land   forces   began.     On  Aug.  23. 

0  Fort  Mor- 

the  morning  of  the  23d  the  fort  surrendered  with  about  gan  sur- 

o  n  A  renders. 

800  men. 

Mobile  was  now  shut  up.  The  navy,  with  the  in- 
trepid Farragut  at  its  head,  had  done  its  work  thoroughly. 

We  last  saw  the  Alabama  steering  away  toward  Ja- 
maica, after  having  sunk   the   Hatteras  off  Galveston.  [Jlf^J,. 
Semmes  arrived  at  Jamaica  on  January  18,  1863,  where  bama jcon- 

•  tinned. 

he  refitted,  and  was  furnished  with  supplies  contrary  to 
the  promises  of  the  English  Government.  Three  British 
men  of  war  were  in  the  harbor  at  the  time ;  but  instead 
of  detaining  the  Alabama,  they  assisted  her.  On  Jan- 
uary 25,  Semmes  sailed  for  the  coast  of  Brazil,  anct 
thence  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  soon  afterward 
into  the  Indian  Ocean,  returning  to  Cape  Town  March 
20,  1864,  having  coaled  at  Singapore  Dec.  23,  1863. 

On  the  25th  of  March,  1864,  the  Alabama  sailed 
away  from  Cape  Town  refreshed  with  new  supplies, 
amid  the  cheers  and  waving  of  handkerchiefs  by  the  Eng- 
lish people  there.  Semmes  arrived  at  Cherbourg  on  the 
llth  of  June.  His  cowardly  career  of  burning  and 
sinking  unarmed  merchant  vessels  was  at  an  end.  On 
June  14,  Captain  John  A.  Winslow,  with  the  United 
States  screw  war  steamer  Kearsarge,  caught  the  rascal 
in  this  French  port.  The  Kearsarge,  of  1,030  tons'  bur- 
den, was  armed  with  two  11-inch  Dahlgrens,  one  28- 
pounder  rifled,  and  four  32-pounders.  Her  crew  num- 
bered 162  officers  and  men. 

Semmes  had  long  been  a  free  rover.  He  had 
escaped  everything  sent  after  him,  and  had  been  suc- 
cessful in  destroying  unarmed  vessels.  Both  himself 
and  his  foreign  friends  felt  that  the  Alabama  was  in- 
vincible. On  June  19  (Sunday),  Semmes  came  boldly 


<50:>  THE  XAV1': 

out  to  demolish  the  Kearsarge  or  to  take  her  in  as  a  prize 
before  dinner.  Captain  Winslow  was  a  resolute  officer, 
and  had  seen  much  hard  service.  The  officers  and  men 
under  him  were  of  the  best  mettle.  They  knew  their 
duty,  and  resolved  to  conquer  or  sink,  being  fully 
aware  that  the  Alabama  was  a  superior  vessel.  That 
was  just  what  they  were  there  for. 

At  about  10  A.  M.  Captain  Winslow  discovered  the 
Alabama  coming  out,  and  at  once  cleared  for  action. 
The  Kearsarge  was  turned  seaward  to  avoid  any  dispute 
about  French  waters.  Semmes  followed.  When  about 
seven  miles  out,  Winslow  turned  and  steered  directly  at 
the  enemy.  When  within  about  one  mile,  the  Alabama 
sheered,  and  slowing  her  engines,  fired  a  broadside,  but 
it  did  no  damage.  The  Kearsarge  kept  on  her  course 
without  replying.  Semmes  gave  two  more  broadsides, 
but  these  also  did  no  damage  to  the  ship.  Three  men 
were  wounded,  one  of  whom  afterward  died. 

At  a  distance  of  700  yards  the  Kearsarge  opened 
fire.  Both  vessels  were  now  under  a  full  head  of  steam, 
moving  in  a  circle,  and  about  five  miles  off  shore.  The 
battle  lasted  about  an  hour.  The  Kearsarge  was  but 
little  damaged,  while  the  Alabama  was  badly  torn  and 
sinking.  Semmes  ran  up  the  white  flag,  and  surren- 
dered.  Boats  were  at  once  lowered,  but  before  they 
wmsiow  could  leave  the  ship's  side,  the  Alabama  threw  her  nose 

with  the        ... 

Kearsarge  in  the  air  and  went  down  stern  first.     In  an  instant  her 
career  of    crew  were  struggling  in  the  water.     The  boats  hastened 


"  ^°  ^eir  a^>  Peking  up  many  of  them.  A  small  English 
steamer  had  come  out  to  witness  the  destruction  of  the 
Kearsarge,  and  now  hastened  to  the  assistance  of  her 
friends  in  the  water.  Winslow  allowed  this  for  the  sake 
of  humanity,  but  supposed  the  Englishman  would  give 
him  the  prisoners.  The  Englishman  picked  up  Semmes 
and  several  of  his  officers  and  men,  and  then  ran  in  shore 


OPERATIONS  IN  1864—65.  603 

and    delivered    them  to  the  English  Yacht  Deerhound,   me 4. 
which  carried  them  to  Southampton ;  and  England  did 
not  blush,  nor  was  she  ashamed.     The  Alabama  lost  9 
killed  and  21   wounded ;  the  Kearsarge  but  the  three 
men  before  mentioned.     The  Kearsarge  had  fired  173 
shots,  and  had  been  hit  28  times,  13  shots  striking  her 
hull,  but  doing  very  little  damage.     Captain  Winslow 
was  soon  afterward  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Commodore. 
Fort  Fisher,  at  Wilmington,  N.  C., — for  an  account 
of  the  operations  of  the  navy  against  this  fort,  resulting  Fort  Fisher 
in  the  capture  of  that  powerful  fortification,  see  opera- 
tions of  the  land  forces  in  North  Carolina,  Dec.,  1864,      1865 
and  January,  1865.     The  part  taken  by  the  navy  is  so 
interlaced  with  that  of  the  army  that  it  would  be  but  a 
repetition  to  insert  it  here. 


K  I  N  A  L  B. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  war  the  small  navy  RetrosPect. 
then  at  the  command  of  the  Government,  found  the 
south  side  of  the  Potomac  in  possession  of  the  enemy 
from  Alexandria  to  its  mouth,  and  defended  by  many 
strong  batteries  ;  and  virtually  the  whole  coast  from 
Fortress  Monroe  to  Texas,  except  Key  West  and  Fort 
Pickens,  also  the  Mississippi  from  Columbus,  Ky.,  to 
the  Gulf,  and  the  Tennessee,  Cumberland,  and  all  other 
important  Southern  inland  rivers,  were  in  the  hands  of 
the  enemy,  and  defended  by  many  strong  batteries  and 
fortifications.  Only  four  vessels  were  near  at  hand, 
carrying  but  twenty-five  guns.  Eight  vessels  were  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  between  Pensacola  and  Vera  Cruz, 
three  in  the  Mediterranean,  seven  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
two  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  three  in  the  East  Indies,  and 
eight  in  the  Pacific.  But  few  of  these  were  fitted  for 


TUti    NAVY: 

/.s«.5.   the  stern  work  they  were  now  called  upon  to  perform. 
The  navy  had  grown  rusty  in  the  long-continued  peace. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  navy  was  the  relief  of 
Fort  Pickens.  On  the  night  of  April  12,  1861,  a  de- 
tachment of  troops  landed  from  the  Brooklyn,  and  made 
the  fort  secure.  The  Brooklyn  had  left  Fortress  Mon- 
roe early  in  January  for  this  purpose,  but  had  been  held 
off  the  fort  awaiting  the  decision  of  President  Buchanan 
and  his  Cabinet,  who  were  hesitating  whether  to  surren- 
der the  fort  to  the  enemy  or  to  reinforce  it.  The  new 
administration  hastened  a  messenger  to  the  Brooklyn  at 
the  earliest  moment,  with  an  order  to  land  the  troops. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  the  Government  had  a  pow-. 
erful  navy,  —  nearly  700  war  vessels,  carrying  about 
4,600  guns,  and  manned  by  50,000  men.  70  of  these 
vessels  were  iron-clads,  a  number  of  which  were  double- 
enders,  moving  backward  as  well  as  forward,  so  con- 
structed for  operations  in  the  narrow  and  winding  rivers, 
and  having  a  speed  of  'fourteen  knots  an  hour.  The 
speed  of  vessels  had  been  greatly  increased  during  the 
war.  An  important  development  was  also  made  in  naval 
architecture  by  the  reduction  of  the  exposed  surface  of 
a  vessel,  diminishing  the  number  of  guns,  and  increasing 
the  size  of  those  used.  The  eleven  and  fifteen  inch  shell 
made  havoc  wherever  they  were  sent. 

The  several  blockading  squadrons  had  captured  about 
1,500  vessels  during  the  war,  including  about  600  steam- 
ers, the  most  of  which  were  engaged  in  contraband  trade. 
the  The  merchant  vessels  of  the  United  States  captured  by 


^fte  enemy's  cruisers  or  privateers  numbered  about  250. 
vateers.      jn  the  following  will  be  found  a  brief  history  of  some  of 

the  Southern  English-made  privateers  :  — 
The  N'mk-        The  Nashville,  a  large  paddle-wheel  steamer,  formerly 

engaged  on  the  New  York  and  Charleston  line,  armed 

with  two  guns,  and  commanded  by  a  former  officer  of 


OPERATIONS  IN  1864—65.  605 


the  United  States  navy,  ran  out  of  Charleston  on  the 
night  of  Oct.  26,  1861,  and  arrived  at  the  British  port 
of  St.  George,  Bermuda,  Oct.  30,  where  she  coaled. 
Leaving  there  Nov.  5,  she  came  to  anchor  in  Southamp- 
ton waters  on  Nov.  21,  having  destroyed  the  merchant 
ship  Harvey  Birch  on  the  passage.  At  Southampton 
she  was  allowed  to  go  into  dock  for  repairs  and  coaling. 
Feb.  4,  1862,  she  left  Southampton,  arriving  at  Bermuda 
on  the  20th,  where  she  was  supplied  with  coal.  Re- 
turning to  American  waters,  she  was  soon  destroyed  by 
a  Federal  cruiser. 

The  Florida,  originally  known  as  the  Oreto,  was  an  The 
iron  screw  gun-boat  of  about  700  tons'  burden,  bark-J 
rigged,  with  two  smoke-stacks  and  three  masts.  The 
contract  for  h#r  construction  was  made  by  a  Southern 
agent,  Captain  Bullock,  with  Fawcett,  Preston  &  Co., 
of  Liverpool,  in  the  summer  of  1861.  She  was  com- 
pleted by  February,  1862,  and  left  the  Mersey  well 
provisioned,  on  March  22,  arriving  at  Nassau  on  April 
28.  She  was  detained  here  until  August,  when  the 
British  Government  released  her,  and  she  soon  afterward 
received  her  armament  and  ammunition.  She  carried 
eight  guns.  This  vessel  sneaked  up  to  the  harbor  of 
Mobile  under  British  colors.  The  Federal  blockading 
fleet,  seeing  the  British  flag,  hesitated,  when  the  Oreto 
ran  into  the  harbor.  Here  her  name  was  changed  to 
the  Florida. 

In  January,  1863,  she  succeeded  in  escaping 
the  blockade,  and  went  to  Nassau,  where  she  again 
coaled.  She  then  began  the  business  of  destruction  of 
unarmed  merchant  vessels,  capturing  some  fifteen  within 
three  months,  pillaging  and  burning  all  but  two,  which 
she  armed,  manned,  and  started  out  as  pirates,  at  least 
it  seems  they  should  be  so  called,  for  they  pillaged  and 
burned  as  they  went.  They  did  not  attack  armed  ves- 


606  THE    NAVY: 

i*«5.  sels.  The  Florida,  after  cruising  among  the  West  Indi;i 
Islands  until  August,  steamed  across  the  Atlantic,  en- 
tering the  French  harbor  of  Brest  on  Sept.  4,  1863. 
She  soon  afterward  recrossed  the  Atlantic,  cruising  along 
the  South  American  coast  for  months,  but  taking  few 
prizes,  as  there  were  but  few  to  take.  On  July  16, 
1863,  the  Florida  entered  the  port  of  Bermuda,  where 
she  remained  nine  days  for  repairs  and  supplies.  Again 
in  June,  1864,  she  entered  the  port  of  Bermuda,  where 
she  received  repairs,  supplies,  etc.,  remaining  nine  days 
in  that  English  harbor.  She  left  Bermuda  on  the  27th 
of  June.  On  July  1  she  destroyed  the  Harriet  Stevens  ; 
on  the  8th,  the  Golconda  ;  on  the  9th,  the  Margaret  Y. 
Davis;  on  the  10th,  the  Electric  Spark ;  and  on  Sept. 
26,  the  Mondamin,  — all  commercial  vessels  of  the  United 
States.  In  October,  1864,  the  Florida  entered  the  Bra- 
zilian port  of  Bahia.  Here  she  was  discovered  by  Com- 
mander Collins  with  the  Federal  war  steamer  Wachusett. 
Collins  was  one  of  that  sort  of  men  who  are  all  bizness. 
He  dashed  right  into  the  Brazilian  port,  hitched  on  to  the 
Florida  and  drew  her  off,  and  then  steamed  homeward. 
On  coming  into  Hampton  Roads,  a  third  vessel  acci- 
dentally ran  into  the  Florida,  sinking  her.  The  matter 
was  settled  with  the  Brazilian  Government  without  diffi- 
culty. 
The  The  steam-propeller  Uncle  Ben.  built  at  Buffalo,  N. 

Uncle  Ben  .  . 

(American  Y.,  in  1856,  was  sent  to  the  southern  coast  of  the  United 
States  about  the  time  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter. 
Entering  Cape  Fear  River  in  stress  of  weather,  she  was 
seized  by  the  enemy.  She  was  converted  into  a  priva- 
teer, named  the  Retribution,  and  cruised  about  the  Ba- 
hama Islands.  December  19,  1862,  she  captured,  near 
the  island  of  San  Domingo,  the  United  States  schooner 
Hanover,  and  sold  the  cargo  at  Fortune  Island.  On 
Feb.  19,  1863,  when  off  Castle  Island,  one  of  the  Baha- 


OPERATIONS  IN   1864—65.  607 


mas,  she  captured  the  American  brig  Emily  Fisher, 
freighted  with  sugar  and  molasses.  A  part  of  this  prize 
also  was  sold  in  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  a  part  was  de- 
stroyed. The  Retribution  then  went  to  Nassau,  where 
she  was  sold. 

The  Georgia  was  built  at  Glasgow,  and  first  named  ™^  ia 
the  Japan.  She  was  launched  Jan.  10,  1863,  and  on 
March  27  left  for  Greenock,  where  she  shipped  her  crew 
and  a  stock  of  provisions.  On  April  3  she  passed  be- 
tween Ireland  and  Scotland  to  the  coast  of  France, 
where  on  April  8  she  met  a  ship  coming  from  England 
with  her  arms,  ammunition,  etc.  These  were  transferred 
by  the  10th,  when  the  insurgent  flag  was  hoisted.  She 
then  went  to  the  Western  Islands,  thence  to  the  Bra- 
zilian port  of  Bahia,  and  then  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Leaving  Simon's  Bay  Aug  29,  she  proceeded  to  Cher- 
bourg, where  she  arrived  Oct.  28,  and  shortly  afterward 
started  on  another  cruise  ;  but  she  soon  returned  to 
Cherbourg,  proceeding  thence  to  Liverpool,  where  she 
arrived  May  1,  1864.  During  her  absence  she  had 
been  busy  destroying  American  commerce,  burning  and 
bonding  many  vessels  that  had  escaped  the  Florida  and 
the  Alabama.  Not  long  after  this  she  set  out  for  Lisbon, 
but  was  herself  captured  within  twenty  miles  of  that 
port  by  the  United  States  war  vessel  Niagara,  under 
Commodore  T.  T.  Craven.  The  Georgia  was  a  clipper- 
built  screw-steamer  of  about  500  tons,  carrying  nine 
guns. 

The    Tallahassee  was  a  British  steamer  fitted  out  Thc   Tal- 

lahassee. 

from  London.  She  arrived  at  Bermuda  from  England 
April  18,  1864.  She  made  two  trips  between  there  and 
Wilmington,  N.  C.,  as  a  blockade-runner,  and  then  went 
on  a  cruise  as  a  Confederate  privateer.  She  arrived  at 
Halifax  on  the  19th  of  August,  1864,  after  destroying 
several  vessels  near  Cape  Sable.  At  Halifax  she  was 


THE    NAVY: 

unable  to  obtain  coal  enough  for  another  cruise,  but 
only  enough  to  run  her  back  to  Wilmington,  whither  she 
went,  remaining  there  a  long  time.  On  January  13, 
1865,  she  arrived  in  Bermuda  again,  leaving  there  on 
the  19th  with  a  cargo  for  Liverpool,  so  that  when  the 
war  closed,  the  Tallahassee  (also  sometimes  called  the 
Olustee,  the  Atlanta,  and  the  Chameleon]  was  home  again 
in  an  English  port.  She  was  a  screw-steamer  of  600 
tons'  burden,  and  had  a  crew  of  about  100  men. 
The  fihen-  The  Shenandoah  was  converted  from  a  British  mer- 
chant vessel  called  the  Sea  King.  She  was  of  790  tons' 
register,  and  was  capable  of  steaming  ten  knots  an  hour; 
she  had  excellent  speed,  also,  as  a  sailing  vessel.  She 
was  built  at  Glasgow  in  1863.  In  Sept.,  1864,  she  was 
purchased  by  enemies  of  the  United  States,  and  on  Oct. 
8  cleared  from  London  for  Bombay,  after  taking  in  sup- 
plies for  a  year's  cruise.  The  steamer  Laurel  left  Lon- 
don at  the  same  time  with  eight  heavy  guns,  small  arms, 
ammunition,  etc.,  and  met  the  Shenandoah  at  the  Island 
of  Madeira,  where  her  armament  was  taken  on  board. 
It  was  now  announced  to  the  crew  for  the  first  time 
what  was  the  nature  of  the  ship's  business.  Out  of 
eighty  men  only  twenty-three  consented  to  remain  on 
board.  The  Shenandoah  at  once  began  operations,  and 
during  the  next  ninety  days  destroyed  several  merchant 
vessels  of  the  United  States  marine.  She  arrived  at 
Melbourne  January  25,  1865,  where  her  officers  re- 
cruited the  crew  from  the  streets  of  Melbourne  without 
hindrance.  They  also  put  the  ship  in  dock  for  repairs, 
and  before  leaving  she  was  plentifully  supplied  with 
coal  and  provisions.  Departing  from  Melbourne  on  Feb. 
18,  she  went  through  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Arctic 
Raid  on  the  seas  via  Behring  Strait,  with  instructions  to  destroy 
whalers.  ^  United  States  whale  ships.  The  whaling  season  in 
that  locality  was  entirely  broken  up,  the  Shenandoah 


OPERATIONS  IN  1864— '65.  609 

burning  or  bonding  some  thirty  whalers.     The  last  ves-   itt65. 
sels  destroyed  were  burned  some  four  months  after  the 
close  of  the  war.     The  Shenandoah   then  returned   to 
England. 

There  were  many  other  vessels  engaged  in  destroy- 
ing the  unarmed  merchant  vessels  sailing  under  the 
flag  of  the  United  States,  but  these  were  the  principal 
offenders.  The  United  States  made  claims  against  the  ™et  United 

States 

English  Government  for  the  losses  sustained  from  the  niakps 
depredations  of  these  British  built,  British  armed,  and  against  the 
British  manned  vessels.     This  claim  was  finally  settled  ^em- 
by  a  special  tribunal  of  arbitration.  ment- 

In  the  spring  of  1871,  five  commissioners  on  the 
part  of  Great  Britain,  and  five  commissioners  on  the 
part  of  the  United  States  of  America,  met  at  Washing- 
ton in  a  body,  which,  when  organized,  was  known  as 
the  Joint  High  Commission,  in  order  to  discuss  and,  if 
possible,  to  arrange  for,  among  other  things,  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  differences  growing  out  of  the  acts  commit- 
ted by  the  several  vessels  named  above,  and  some  three 
or  four  others  of  less  importance.  The  claims  *were 
known  as  the  "  Alabama  Claims."  The  Joint  High  ££j^,?a 
Commission,  in  conference  April  13,  agreed  to  refer  all 
claims  growing  out  of  the  acts  committed  by  the  afore- 
said vessels  to  a  tribunal  of  arbitration,  to  be  com- 
posed of  five  arbitrators,  one  to  be  named  by  the  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States,  one  by  the  Queen  of  Eng- 
land, one  by  the  King  of  Italy,  one  by  the  President  of 
the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  one  by  the  Emperor  of 
Brazil";  each  party  to  the  Joint  High  Commission  to 
name  a  person  to  present  its  side  of  the  case  to  the 
Tribunal.  The  Tribunal  met  at  Geneva,  in  Switzer-  The  gen 
land,  December  17,  1871,  and  the  claim  for  indirect cral  awarcL 
damages  to  American  commerce  having  been  allowed  to 
drop,  gave  its  final  award  Sept.  15,  1872,  decreeing  that 

39 


610  THE  NAVY. 


.    Great  Britain  should  pay  the  United  States  the  sum  of 

$15,500,000. 

The  em-  During  the  war  the  navy  had  performed  immense 

ouTnavy.  service.  It  had  established  and  maintained  a  blockade 
extending  along  3,500  miles  of  coast,  besides  patrolling 
the  numerous  rivers,  bayous,  and  other  inland  waters. 
Its  battles  with  Southern  forts  and  batteries  were  many, 
and  at  all  times  successful.  In  the  Mississippi,  Cum- 
berland, Tennessee,  Red,  and  many  other  rivers,  both 
large  and  small,  the  navy  was  compelled  to  be  contin- 
ually active,  having  daily  encounters  with  bands  of 
the  enemy's  sharpshooters  and  bushwhackers,  and  often 
with  batteries  suddenly  thrown  up  in  some  natural 
stronghold  on  a  high  bank.  This  duty  required  cease- 
less vigilance  and  incessant  fatigue  by  day  and  by  night. 
In  aiding  the  land  forces  the  navy  rendered  invalua- 
ble assistance,  and  its  presence  became  necessary  in 
nearly  all  important  movements.  Whenever  a  gun-boat 
appeared,  the  enemy  observed  a  respectful  distance. 
The  navy  was  called  upon  to  perform  work  both  difficult 
and  dangerous,  a  detailed  account,  of  which  would  re- 
our  navai  ^^  hundreds  of  pages.  Hundreds  of  heroic  deeds 


heroes       were  performed,  and  hundreds  of  brave  men  lost  their 

should  not 

be  forgot-  lives  in  this  perilous  duty  ;  and  while  a  grateful  nation 
American6  is  bestowing  enconiums  upon  the  army,  the  navy  should 
not  be  forgotten. 

During  the  war  the  navy  was  divided  into  six  differ- 
ent squadrons,  viz.,  North  Atlantic,  South  Atlantic,  East 
Gulf,  West  Gulf,  Potomac,  and  Mississippi. 


GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


18  8G. 


Though  triumphs  were  to  generals  due, 
Crowns  were  reserved  to  grace  the  soldiers,  too. 

•  — Pope. 

The  organization  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re-  A  worthy 
public  is  now  the  "  harbor  of  refuge  "  for  the  old  sol- 
dier. Whether  in  want  of  assistance,  sympathy,  or 
friendship,  he  turns  to  that  Order  for  succor ;  and  as  he 
wends  his  way  down  the  stream  of  life,  he  anxiously 
turns  his  eyes  from  one  to  another,  searching  the  left 
breast  of  all  until  he  sees  the  badge  of  the  Order.  At 
once  his  heart  lightens ;  he  sees  a  friend,  and  hastens 
to  meet  him. 

The  organization,  which  has  been  in  existence  ever 
since  the  war,  is  now  emerging  proudly  through  the 
clouds  of  vicissitude  and  indifference.  The  soldier  now 
learns  that  the  soldier  is  his  best  friend,  and  that 
u  united  we  stand,  divided  we  fall "  in  endeavoring  to 
obtain  recognition  from  the  people.  In  being  united 
these  veterans  have  succeeded  in  establishing  "  soldiers' 
homes  "  in  several  States,  and  in  many  other  ways  have 
helped  those  who  stood  in  need  of  help.  One  pass- 
word which  always  remains  in  the  Order,  is  never The  . 

<*  perpetual 

changed,  and  is  not  secretly  kept,  is  "  Charity."  When  pass-word. 
a  comrade  or  his  family  is  in  want,  and  is  worthy  of 
assistance,  it  fills  the  soul  with  commendations  to  see 
these  old  veterans  go  to  the  bottom  of  their  pockets. 
When  several  are  together,  it  has  the  appearance  of  a 
drill ;  simultaneously  the  right  hand  of  each  brings  forth 
something — all  he  hath — in  one  time  and  three  motions. 
There  has  been  expended  for  charity,  for  the  year  1886, 

(611) 


G12  GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

by  the  G.  A.  R.  of  the  United  States,  through  its  Posts, 


$205,673.90,  and  since  1871  the  total  amount  disbursed 

Chanties  of  * 

theo.A.R.  is  $1,173,688.60;  and  it  must  be  remembered  that  nine 
tenths  of  these  old  soldiers  are  men  in  moderate  cir- 
cumstances. There  were,  March  31,  1886,  as  reported 
by  John  Cameron,  Adjutant-General,  Headquarters  G. 
A.  R.,  5,765  Posts  in  the  United  States,  with  an  aggre- 
gate membership  of  295,337.  There  is  one  thing  that 
the  National  Commander,  aided  by  State  Department- 
Commanders  might  do  that  would  be  of  great  benefit  to 
the  comrades  or  their  heirs,  and  that  is  the  collection  and 
publication  in  pamphlet  form,  of  the  names  and  addresses, 
including  company  and  regiment,  of  all  soldiers  yet  liv- 
ing. It  is  hoped  this  will  be  done  at  an  early  date,  so  that 
each  Post  may  have  a  copy.  The  cost  would  be  quickly 
volunteered  by  Posts,  if  called  upon. 

OBJECTS  OK  THE  ORDER. 

"  To  preserve  and  strengthen  those  kind  and  fraternal  feel- 
ings which  bind  together  the  soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines  who 
united  to  suppress  the  late  rebellion,  and  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  and  history  of  the  dead. 

To  assist  such  former  comrades  in  arms  as  need  help  and 
protection,  and  to  extend  needful  aid  to  the  widows  and  or- 
phans of  those  who  have  fallen. 

"  To  maintain  true  allegiance  to  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, based  upon  a  paramount  respect  for  and  fidelity  to  the 
national  Constitution  and  laws  ;  to  discountenance  whatever 
tends  to  weaken  loyalty,  incites  to  insurrection,  treason,  or  re- 
bellion, or  in  any  manner  impairs  the  efficiency  and  permanency 
of  our  free  institutions  ;  and  to  encourage  the  spread  of  univer- 
sal liberty,  equal  rights,  and  justice  to  all  men." 

^ne  following  is  furnished  at  the  author's  request  by 
.  A.R.  our  large-hearted  and  most  worthy  comrade,  Captain  L. 
L.  j.  Alien.  J.  Allen,  who  served  in  Berdun's  United  States  Sharp- 


GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE   REPUBLIC.  613 

shooters,  and  who  has  suffered  untold  agony  from  many    is  so. 
wounds  since  the  close  of  the  war  : — 

You  ask  me  to  outline  for  the  myriad  readers  of  your  work, 
that  wonderful  organization  born  of  a  great  need,  and  perform- 
ing its  mission  in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder  and  admiration  in 
the  human  soul. 

"THE  GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC"  is  an  order  on  FUATKU- 
whose  massive  foundation  stones  are  graven  these  three  articles  NITY' 
of  faith,  "  Fraternity,"  "  Charity,"  "  Loyalty."  What  veteran  CHAK1TY' 
of  that  mighty  war  which  convulsed  the  Republic  and  moved 
'the  world,  has  failed  to  appreciate,  when  meeting  comrades 
whose  elbow  touch  he  felt  in  the  shock  of  battle,  the  sentiment 
of  fraternity?  and  that  never  before  did  he  realize  how  strong 
are  the  ties  of  comradeship?  Welded  in  the  fire  of  battle,  these 
ties  have  become  like  links  of  steel  about  the  fibers  of  the  heart. 
What  f rater  of  those  whom  the  war  spared  has  ever  yet  failed 
to  respond  with  ready  hand  and  purse  to  the  call  for  "  charity" 
coming  from  those  brave  maimed  comrades  of  ours,  scarred  by 
the  lead  and  steel  of  the  foe, — coming  from  the  widows  and 
orphans  of  our  slain  brothers  whose  bones  whiten  all.  the  hills 
and  vales  of  the  Sunny  South?  Nay!  nay!!  comrades  of  the 
Grand  Army;  I  am  sure  that  not  one  of  you  has  ever  failed 
to  make  prompt  and  generous  response  to  this  sentiment.  And 
"  Loyalty,"  thou  spirit  of  fire!  that  burned  on  the  altars  of  the 
souls  of  three  hundred  thousand  martyred  patriots  who  offered 
their  lives  a  willing  sacrifice  to  thee,  who  sternly  faced  the 
grisly  monster  in  a  thousand  guises,  each  seeming  more  terri- 
ble than  the  other, — these  brave  sons  of  thine  were  worthy 
to  defend,  as  they  did  with  their  lives,  the  starry  emblem  of 
our  country.  And  these  three  sentiments  are  a  fitting  founda- 
tion for  this  noble  organization  of  veterans,  now  spread  into  all 
tlie  States  of  this  Union. 

As  a  rule,  the  ex-soldiers  are  poor.     They  are  all  handi-  veteran 
capped  in  the  battle  of  life  by  wounds  or  disease.     None  are  cx~so 
sound  or  strong.     The  effects  of  the  excitement,  privation,  and 
hardships  of  a  soldier's  life  are  with  them  all.     They  are,  to  a 
man,  prematurely  aged.     The  sunken  cheeks,  the  hollow  eyes, 
the  bowed  forms,  the  halting  steps,  the  weary  trace  of  painful 


614:  GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

i  *«c.    years  upon  their  faces, — all  these  tell  unerringly  of  premature 
decay, — a  natural  result  of  their  war  experience. 

Thus,  as  I  have  said,  there  was  great  need ;  and  the  veter- 
ans hastened  to  enlist  again,  this  time  in  the  service  of  one  an- 
other, under  the  three  great  principles  which  I  have  tried  to 
outline.  And  now,  homes  for  the  disabled  have  been  reared, — 
yes,  the  homeless  have  homes,  the  hungry  are  filled,  the  naked 
are  clad,  sad  hearts  are  cheered,  and  comrades  to  whom  the 
earth  seemed  lone  and  dreary  are  encouraged  to  struggle  on- 

uabif  °V"    ward  to  the  final  must«r  out-     Muster  out!  did  I  say?     Mus- 
" muster     ter  in!  would  have  been  more  appropriate.     The  relief  extended 
to  needy  ones  during  each  year  of  the  last  decade  amounts  to 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars. 

A  worthy          A.  great  auxiliary  to  this  glorious  work  has  been  organized, 

auxmary  -  fae  "Woman's  Relief  Corps,"  whose  members,  at  the,  call  of  the 

an's  Relief  "  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,"  have  hastened  to  the  aid  of 

corps."       our  suffering  brothers.     What  pen  or  tongue  can  ever  tell  the 

quiet,   unassuming   work   done  in  lowly  homes  all  over  this 

broad  land  by  these  angel  ministrants,  whose  coming  has  been 

indeed  like  the  mercy  of  Heaven  to  the  sick  and  worn  and 

dying  veterans.     These  two  organizations  have  hand  in  hand 

performed  an  incredible  amount  of   such   work,    far   beyond 

what  they  are  generally  credited  with,  even  in  the  communities 

where  they  have  been  the  most  efficient. 

As  the  years  leave  the  scenes  and  incidents  of  the  war  far- 
ther and  farther  behind,  there  is  danger  that  in  the  hurry 
of  life  the  veterans  whose  sacrifices  rendered  the  present  condi- 
tion of  comparative  prosperity  possible,  will  be  crowded  aside 
and  forgotten ;  that  the  full-fed  citizen  of  plethoric  purse  and 
person  will  feel  that  this  soldiers'  business  is  "about  played 
out,"  and  that  even  for  the  little  time  we  can  have  them  with 
us  they  become  a  burden.  If  this  should  become  the  feeling, 
and  there  is  real  danger  of  it,  our  glorious  land  may,  at  some 
future  time,  when  least  expected,  find  that  the  spirit  of  loyalty 
which  actuated  these  men  has  become  as  dead  as  the  sense  of 
gratitude  seems  to  be  at  this  day  in  the  hearts  of  far  too  many 
of  our  people.  But  let  us  hope  that  this  dark  picture  may 
never  be  realized;  that  our  people,  who  have  been  in  very 
many  matters  relating  to  the  soldiers,  generous  to  a  fault,  may 
continue  to  cherish  and  care  for  the  heroes  of  our  land. 


TOPICAL   INDEX. 


Slavery  in  the  United  States,  PAGE,  13 

Missouri  Compromise,  13 

States  Rights,  14 

Secession  Threatenings,  14 

Kansas  Struggle,  16 
Party  Nominees  for  the  Presidency 

in  1860,  17 

Beginning  of  Secession,  18 

The  South  prepared  for  War,  19 

Anderson  occupies  Fort  Sumter,  19 
President  Buchanan  and  Alex.  H. 

Stephens  oppose  Secession,  20 
South  Carolina  sends  Commission- 
ers to  Washington,  21 
Stolen  Indian  Bonds,  21 
The  Star  of  the  West  fired  into,  22 
Organization  of  the  Enemy's  Gov- 
ernment, 22 
Southern  Congressmen  withdraw,  22 
Forts,  Arsenals,  etc.,  seized,  23 
Treachery  of  Daniel  E.  Twiggs,  24 
Jefferson  Davis's  Cabinet,  25 
Brief  Biography  of  Lincoln,  26 
Lincoln's  Cabinet,  27 
Fort  Sumter  attacked,  28 
First  Call  for  Troops,  29 
Massachusetts  Troops  attacked  in 

Baltimore,  29 
The  National  Capital  cut  off  from 

the  North,  29 

The  North  aroused,  30 

The  Blockade,  31 

The  Federals  enter  Virginia,  31 

Congress  calls  for  500,000  Men,  41 

Pay  of  Soldiers,  41 

Arms  purchased  in  Europe,  41 

"  All  quiet  on  the  Potomac,"  42 

"  Army  of  Virginia,"  64 

Call  for  300,000  more  Men,  65 
Federal  Supplies  captured  at  Ma- 

nassas,  68 
Lee  invades  Maryland,  77 
McClellan  relieved  by  Burnside,  87 
Burnside  relieved  by  Hooker,  93 
Corps  Badges,  94 
Jackson's  clever  Trick,  99 
Eighth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry  im- 
mortalized, 101 
Stoneman's  Raid,  97,  106 
Hooker  reh'eved  by  Meade,  118 
War  Expenses,  items  of,  173 
Captain  Grant,  175 
Bragg  invades  Kentucky,  196 
Grant's  first  Move  toward  Vicks- 

burg,  208 


Important 
Events. 


Streight's  Raid,  PAGE,  249  **«*  -'«5 

Morgan's  Raid,  252 

Brief  Biography  of  General  Grant,  331 
Federal  Army  present  for  Duty  -i „,•!-,, 

May  1,  1864,  333  J" 

Richmond  occupied  by  U.  S.    Au- 
thority, 389 
Surrender  of  Lee's  Army,                   392 
Our  Indebtedness  to  the   Union 

Soldiers,  398 

D.  Bethune   Duffield's  Eulogy   to 

General  Grant,    .  400 

U.  8.  Flag  again  over  Charleston,  495 
Flight  of  Jeff  Davis,  522 

Reward  for  Jeff  Davis,  524 

Assassination  of  President  Lincoln,  524 
Attempt  to  murder  Wm.  H.  Seward,  525 
Disbanding  Troops,  527 

Defenses  of  Washington,  327 

New  York  Riots  of  1863,  528 

Currency  Value  of  Gold,  531 

Number  of  Men  in  Service  during 

the  War,  by  States,  531 

Mortality  in  the  Armies,  531 

Calls  for  Troops,  532 

Actual  Strength  "  Present "  of  all 
the  Armies  during  the  War, 
by  Years,  533 

Colored  Troops,  number  in  Service,  533 
Number  of  Soldiers  discharged  for 
disability,  captured,  paroled, 
and  died  in  Prisons,  533 

Proclamations    .striking    off    the 

Shackles  of  Slavery,  534 

Dates  of  secession  and  re-admission 

of  the  seceding  States,  535 

National  Cemeteries,  535 

Bounties  paid  by  States,  537 

"Classified  Statement   of  Deaths 
among  Union  Troops   dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,"  538 
Sheridan's  Cavalry  Battles,  540 
"  Sheridan's  Ride,"  by  Thomas  Bu-    > 

chanan  Read,  542 

History  of  the  Alabama,  584 

Brief    History     of     English-made 

"Privateers,"  604 

Alabama  Claims,  609 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  611 

Federal  Corps  and  Division  Com- 
manders, 36,  43,  49,  65,  78,  87, 
93,  161, 180, 182,  187, 190,  198, 
202,  212,  215,  240,  257,  264, 
281,  284,  293,  313,  328,  333, 
342,  455. 

(615) 


INDEX  TO  THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  BATTLES 

NARRA.TED    IN    THIS    VOLUME. 


Index  to 
the  most 
important 
battles. 


18<il->65.  Abingdon,    Va.  PAGE,  278, 

Aclairsville,    Ga. 

Aldie,    Va. 
Allatoona,    Ga. 
Alpiuc  Gap,    Ga. 
Amelia  Springs,    Va. 
Anderson's  Cross  Roads,    Tenn. 
Anderson's  Gap,    Tenn. 
Antietam,   Md. 
Appomattox  C.  H.,  Va. 
Arkansas  Post,    Ark. 
Ashby's  Gap,   Va. 
Athens,    Ala.  278, 

Atlanta,    Ga. 
Auburn,   Va. 
Averysboro,    N.  C. 
Bachelor's  Creek,    N.  C. 
Baker's  Creek,    Miss. 
Ball's  Bluff,   Va. 
Barbee's  Cross  Roads,    Ya. 
Baton  Rouge,    La. 
Bayou  Cache,    Ark. 
Bealington,    W.  Va. 
Bean's  Station,   Tenn. 
Bear  Creek,    Ala. 
Beaver  Dam  Creek,    Va. 
Beaver  Dam  Station,  Va. 
Belmont,    Mo. 
Bentouville,    N.  C. 
Bermuda  Hundred,    Va. 
Berryville,   Va. 
Bethesda  Church,    Va. 
Beverly,   W.  Va. 
Beverly  Ford,    Va. 
Big  Bethel,   Va. 

Big  Black  River,    Miss.  234, 

Big  Blue  River,    Mo. 
Big  Hatchie  River,    Miss. 
Big  Hill,    Ky. 
Big  Hill  Pass,  Ky. 
Blackburn's  Ford,    Va. 
Black  River,   Mo. 
Blountsville,    Tenn. 
Blue  Springs,    Tenn. 
Bolivar,    Tenn. 
Boonville,    Mo. 
Boonsboro,   Md. 
Bottom's  Bridge,    Va. 
Boydton  Road,   Va. 
Bradyville,    Tenn.  242, 

(GIG) 


287  Brandenburg,  Ky.  PAGE,  253 

298  Brandy  Station,  Va.  110,  162,  163 

114  Brash  ear  City,  La.  510 

312  Brentwood,  Tenn.  245 

256  Bridgeport,  Ala.  192 

390  Bristoe  Station,  Va.  165 

261  Bristol,  Tenn.  287 

261  Britton's  Lane,  Tenn.  203 

81  Buckland's  Mills,  Va.  166 

392  Buffington  Island,  Ohio.  254 

212  Bull  Pasture  Mountain,  Va.  417 

428  Bull  Run,  1st,  Va.  38 

279  Bull  Run,  2d,  Va.  73 

300  Bull's  Gap,  Tenn.  278 

165  Bunker  Hill,  Va.  411 

325  Burnt  Hickory,  Ga.  297 

.479  Buzzard  Roost,  Ga.  273 

233  Buzzard  Roost  Gap,  Ga.  294 

415  Cabin  Creek,  I.  T.  467 

86  Camden,  Ark.  469 

500  Campbell's  Station,  Teuu.  270 

459  Camp  Jackson,  Mo.  449 

412  Cane  Hill,  Ark.  •  403 

276  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.  466 

248  Carnifex  Ferry,  Va.  413 

54  Carrick's  Ford,  W.  Va.  412 

357  Carthage,  Mo.  450 

178  Cassville,  Ga.  296 

325  Cedar  Bluffs,  Ga.  250 

365  Cedar  Creek,  Va,  433 

430  Cedar  Mountain,  Va.  66 

359  Centreville,  La.  505 

412  Chambersburg,  Pa.  84,  114,  116,  429 

109  Champion  Hill,  Miss.  231 

411  Chancellorsville,  Va.  99 

272  Chantilly,  Va.  75 

472  Chapel  Hill,  Tenn.  245 

207  Chapin's  Farm,  Va.  375 

194  Chaplin  Hills,  Ky.  199 

214  Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  Va,  60,  376 

37  Charleston,  S.  C.  322,  494 

455  Charleston,  Tenn.  277 

214  Charlestown,  W.  Va.  422 

269  "Chattanooga,  Tenn.  263 

202  Cheat  Mountain,  W.  Va.  413 

450  Chesterfield,  S.  C.  323 

159  Chester  Gap,  Va.  86,  161 

48  Chiekamauga,  Tenn.  256 

376  Chickasaw  Bayou,  Miss.  211 

251  Cofleeville,  Miss.  209 


1XDEX  TO   IMPORTANT  tiATl'LES. 


61? 


Cold  Harbor,    Va. 
Columbia,  Ky. 
Columbia,  S.  C. 
Columbus,    Ga. 
Coosaw  River,    S.  C. 
Corinth,    Miss. 
Corydon,    Ind. 
College  Grove,   Tenn 
Craig's  Meeting  House, 
Cramptoii's  Gap,    Md. 
Cross  Keys,   Va. 
Culpepper,    Va. 
Gulp's  House,    Ga. 
Cumberland  Gap,    Tenn. 
Cynthiaua,    Ky. 
Dabney's  Mills,   Va. 
Dallas,    Ga. 
Dalton,   Ga. 
Dandridge,   Tenn. 
Danville,   Ky. 
Davis's  Cross  Roads, 
Davis's  Mills,    Miss. 
Day's  Gap,    Ala. 
Deatonsville,   Va. 
Decatur,    Ala. 
Decatur,    Ga. 
Deep  Bottom,   Va. 
Deer  Creek,    Miss. 
Dinwiddie  C.  H.,  Va. 
Donaldsonville,    La. 
DranesviUe,   Va. 
Droop  Mountain,    Va, 
Dublin  Station,   Va. 
Dug  Gap,    Ga. 
Dug  Springs,   Mo. 
Duvall's  Bluff  (near),  Ark. 
Eagleville,    Tenn. 
Ebenczer  Church.    A' 
Egypt  Station,    Mios. 
Elizabeth  City,    N.  C. 
Elizabethtown,    Ky. 
Evacuation  of  Atlanta,    Ga. 
Fairfax  C.  II.,    Va. 
Fairfield,    Pa. 
Fairmont,    W.  Va. 
Fair  Oaks,    Va. 
Falling  Waters,  Md. 
Fame's  Cross  Roads, 
Farmington,    Miss. 
Farmville,    Va. 
Fayetteville,    Ark. 
Fisher's  Hill,    Va. 
Five  Forks*  Va. 
Flint  River,    Ga. 
Florence,    Ala. 
Fort  Anderson,    Ky. 
Fort  Anderson,    N.  C. 
Fort  Blakely,    Ala. 
Fort  Blunt,    I.  T. 
Fort  Clark,    N.  C. 
Fort  Darling,    Va. 


55,   359 

Fort  De  Russy,   La. 

514 

1881-'ti£ 

252 

Fort  Donelson,    Tenn.               183, 

241 



322 

Fort  Fisher,    N.  C. 

481 

290 

Fort  Gaines,    Ala. 

517 

487 

Fort  Gibson,    I.  T.                     461, 

468 

Index  to 

191,  204 

Fort  Harrison,    Va. 

375 

the  most 

253 

Fort  Hatteras,    N.  C. 

473 

important 

245 

Fort  Henry,   Tenn. 

182 

battles. 

;e,   Va, 

345 

Fort  Hindman,    Ark. 

212 

80 

Fort  Macon,    N.  C. 

475 

419 

Fort  McAllister,    Ga. 

318 

162,  164 

Fort  Morgan,    Ala. 

517 

298 

Fort  Pemberton,    Miss. 

223 

•nn. 

255 

Fort  Pillow,    Tenn. 

274 

194,  277 

Fort  Pulaski,    Ga.        , 

487 

378 

Fort  Sanders,    Tenn. 

271 

296 

Fort  Smith,    Ark. 

470 

294 

Fort  Stedman,    Va.  1 

379 

277 

Fort  Sumter,    S.  C.                      28, 

492 

247 

Fort  Wagner,    S.  C. 

490 

Ga. 

256 

Franklin,   Teun.      213,  246,  251, 

210 

282, 

286 

249 

Frederick,   Md. 

427 

390 

Fredericksburg,    Va.                   88, 

104 

'     279 

Fredericktown,    Mo. 

454 

302 

Freeman's  Ford,    Va. 

68 

370,    373 

Front  Royal,   Va. 

417 

224 

Gadsden,    Ala, 

250 

385 

Gainesville,    Va. 

70 

511 

Gaines's  Mill,    Va, 

55 

415 

Gallatin,    Tenn. 

196 

L 

423 

Galveston,   Tex. 

503 

425 

Gauley's.  Bridge,   W.  Va, 

414 

256 

Germania  Ford,   Va. 

97 

451 

Gettysburg,   Pa. 

119 

Ark. 

470 

Glendale,   Va. 

60 

243 

Gloucester  Point,   Va. 

95 

la. 

289 

Golding's  Farm,    Va. 

59 

288 

Goldsboro,    N.  C. 

477 

475 

Grahamville,    S.  C. 

494 

214 

Grand  Coteau,   La. 

512 

a,   Ga. 

310 

Grand  Gulf,    Miss. 

227 

95 

Grant's  Creek,    N.  C. 

288 

158 

Gravelly  Run,    Va. 

384 

420 

Green  Hill,    Tenn. 

246 

50 

Greenville,  Tenn. 

277 

160,  411 

Grierson's  raid  to  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

225 

Va. 

390 

Griswoldville,   Ga. 

316 

191 

Groveton,    Va. 

71 

391 

Guntown,    Miss. 

275 

463, 

465,  472 

Guy's  Gap,    Tenn. 

255 

432 

Hagerstown,    Md. 

158 

385 

Hanover,    Pa. 

116 

309 

Hanover  C.  H.,    Va,            50,  53, 

359 

251 

Harper's  Ferry,    Va.                      29 

,  80 

274 

Harrison,    Mo. 

471 

1 

478,  484 

Harrisouburg,    Va, 

418 

520 

Hartsville,   Tenn. 

213 

467 

Hartville,    Mo. 

465 

473 

Hatcher's  Run,   Va.                 376, 

378 

364 

Hawe's  Shop,    Va. 

358 

618 


INDEX  TO   IMPORTANT  BATTLES. 


a.  Helena,    Ark. 

Henderson's  Hill,   La. 

High  Bridge,  Va. 

Index  to      Hollow  Tree  Gap,    Tenn. 
the  most      Holly  Springs,    Miss, 
important     Holston  River,    Tenn. 


battles. 


Honey  Hill,   S.  C. 
Honey  Springs,    Kan. 
Hoover's  Gap,    Tenn. 
Huff's  Ferry,    Tenn. 
Hunterstown,    Pa. 
Huntsville,   Ala. 
Independence,   Mo. 
Irish  Bend,    La. 
Island  Number  Ten,    Tenn. 
luka,    Miss. 
Jackson,    Miss. 
James  City,   Va. 
James  Island,    S.  C. 
Jenkens  Ferry,    Ark. 
Jefferson  City,    Mo. 
Jericho  Ford,    Va. 
Jetersville,    Va. 
John's  Island,    S.  C. 
Johnston's  Surrender,    N.  C. 
Jonesboro,    Ga. 
Kelly's  Ford,    Va. 
Kenesaw  Mountain,    Ga. 
Kernstown,    Va, 
Kettle  Run,    Va. 
Kingsport,    Tenn. 
Kinston,    N.  C. 
Kirksville,   Mo. 
Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Labadieville,   La. 
Laurel  Hill,    W.  Va. 
La  Vergne,    Tenn. 
Lawrence,    Kan. 
Lawrenceburg,   Tenn. 
Lebanon,    Ky. 
Lebanon,   Tenn. 
Leedstown,   Va. 
Lee's  Mills,   Va. 
Lenoirs,    Tenn. 
Lett's  Tan- Yard,   Ga. 
Lewisburg,   Va. 
Lexington,   Ky. 
Lexington,    Mo. 
Liberty,    Tenn. 
Liberty  Gap,    Teun. 
Little  Blue  River,    Mo. 
Little  Osage  River,  Kan. 
Little  Rock,    Ark. 
Logan's  Cross  Roads,  Ky. 
Lone  Jack,   Mo. 
Long  Creek,    Ala. 
Loudon  Creek,    Tenn. 
Louisa  C.  H.,    Va. 
Lovejoys  Station,    Ga. 
Lynchburg,    Va. 


237,  470  Macon,    Ga.  291,  307 

514  Maveru  Hill,    Va.  62 

390  Manassas  Gap,    Va.  86,  161 

286  Manassas  Junction,    Va.  68 
209  Manchester,    Tenn.  195 
270  Marais  des  Cygnes,  Kan.  472 
494  Marion,    Va,  287 
467  Mark's  Mill,    Ark.  469 

255  Martinsburg,    W.    Va.  431 
270  Maryland  Heights,    Va.  80 
130  Mayre's  Heights,   Va.  104 
192  Maysville,    Ark.  462 
461  McDowell,    Va.  417 
505  McMinnville,   Tenn.         195,  247,  261 
458  Meadow  Bridge,    Va.  358 
203  Mechanicsville,    Va.  54 

230,  239  Medon  Station,  Tenn.  202 

163  Memphis,  Mo.  460 

489,  494  Memphis,  Tenn.  276 

469  Meridian,  Miss.  272 

471  Middleburg,  Va.  115 

356  Middle  Creek,  Ky.  181 

390  Middleton,  Tenn.  251 

493  Milliken's  Bend,  La.  237 

328  Mills  Springs,  Ky.  181 

307,  309  Milton,    Tenn.  242 

95,  117  Mine  Run,    Va.  168 

297  Mobile,   Ala.  519 

430  Monocacy,    Md.  427 

69  Monterey  Gap,    Md.  157 

287  Montevallo,   Ala.  289 
477,  485  Monticello,    Ky.  248,  252 

460  Moorefield,    W.  Va.  422,  429 
270  Morgan's  raid,    Ind.  and  Ohio,  .     252 
502  Morganzic,    La.  511 
412  Morristown,    Tenn.  278 

213,  214  Mossy  Creek,    Tenn.  277 

467  Mount  Crawford,    Va.  *  426 
281  Mount  Sterling,   Ky.  247,  277 

194,  253  Munfordsville,    Ky.  197 

242  Murfreesboro,   Teun.  193,  284 

95  Namozine  Church,    Va.  •  390 

46  Nashville,    Tenn.  214,  284 

270  New  Berne,    N.  C.  475,  478 

256  New  Bridge,    Va.  49 
418  New  Hope  Church,    Ga.  296 
214  New  Lisbon,    Ohio,  254 
453  New  Madrid,    Mo.  457 
242  New  Market,    Va.  425 
255  New  Market  Heights,    Va.  375 

471  Newnan  Station,    Ga.  306 

472  Newtonia,    Mo.  462,  472 

468  Nolansville,    Tenn.  215 
181  Norfolk,   Va.  49 

461  North  Anna  River,    Va.  356 
249  Nottoway  C.  H.,    Va.  368 
270  Oak  Grove,    Va.  53 
107  Okolona,    Miss.  272 
307  Old  Fort  Wayne,   Ark.  462 
426  Old  Town  Creek,    N.  C.  484 


.  INDEX  TO   IMPORTANT  BATTLES. 


610 


Olustee,    Fla.  493 

Opclousas,    La.  506 

Opequan,    Va.  431 

Orangeburg,    S.  C.  322 

Overall's  Creek,    Tenn.  284 

Ox  Hill,   Va.  75 

Paducah,   Ky.  274 

Palmetto  Ranche,    Tex.  521 

Parker's  Cross  Roads,    Tenn.  210 

Patterson,  Mo.  466 

Patterson  Creek,   Va.  425 

Pattersonville,    La.  505 

Peach  Tree  Creek,   Ga.  299 

Pea  Ridge,    Ark.  456 

Perryville,    Ky.  199 

Petersburg,    Va.  365 

Philadelphia,   Tenn.  269 

PLilippi,    W.  Va.  409 

•Piedmont,   Va.  426 

Pilot  Knob,    Mo.  471 

Pine  Barren  Creek,    Ala.  520 

Pine  Bluff,    Ark.  468 

Pittsburg  Landing,    Tenn.  187 

Plain's  Store,    La.  506 

Pleasant  Grove,    La.  515 

Pleasant  Hills,    La.  515 

Pleasant  Ridge,  Ala.  291 
Plymouth,  N.  C.  475,  479 

Ponchatoula,   La.  500 

Pocotaligo,    S.  C.  489 

Port  Gibson,  Miss.  227 
Port  Hudson,  La,  504.  507 

Port  Republic,    Ya.  419 

Port  Royal,    S.  C.  486 

Port  Walthal,    Va.  364 

Prairie  d'Anne,    Ark.  469 

Prairie  Grove,    Ark.  463 

Prestonburg,    Ky.  181 

Proctor's  Creek,    Va.  365 

Pulaski,    Tenn.  279 

Raid,  Wistar's,    Va.  170 

Raid,  Kilpatrick's,    Va.  170 

Rapidan,  Va.  163 

Rappahannock  Bridge,    Va.  167 

Raymond,  Miss.  229 
Ream's  Station,  Va.  368,  374 
Resaca,  Ga.  295,  312 

Richmond,  Ky.  194 
Richmond,  Va.  108,  377 

Richmond  Evacuated,    Va.  388 

Rich  Mountain,    W.  Va.  412 

Ringgold,    Ga.  268 

Ripley,    Miss.  276 

Roanoke  Island,    N.  C.  474 

Rockvillc,  Md.  116 
Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Ga.  273,  294 

Rogersville,  Ky.  194 
Rogersville,  Tenn.  269,  270 
Romney,  W.  Va.  410,  414 

Rural  Hills,    Teun.  214 

Russell's  House,    Miss.  191 


Index  to 
the  most 
important 
battles. 


Sabine  Cross  Roads,   La.  514  *s<il->6S. 

Sabine  Pass,   La.  511         

Sailor's  Creek,   Va.  390 

Salem,    Ind.  253 

Salem  Heights,    Va.  104 

Salkehatchie,    S.  C.  321  :." 

Saltville,    Va.  287 

Santa  Rosa,    Fla.  490 

Savage's  Station,    Va.  59 

Savannah,   Ga.  318 

Secessionville,    S.  C.  488 

Selma,   Ala.  289 

Sevierville,    Tenn.  277 

Seven  Pines,   Va.  50 

Sharpsburg,    Md.  81 

Shelbyville,    Tenn.  255 

Shepherdstown  Ford,   Va.  84 

Shepherdstown,  Va.  161 
Sheridan's  raids,  Va.  361,  445 

Shiloh,    Tenn.  187 

Six  Mile  Creek,    Ala.  289 

Slaughter  Mountain,   Va.  66 

Smithsburg,    Md.  157 

Snake  Creek  Gap,    Ga.  295 

Snicker's  Gap,   Va.  85 

Snicker's  Ferry,    Va.  428 

Snow  Hill,   Tenn.  246 

Somerset,   Ky.  247 

South  Mountain,    Md.  78 

Spanish  Fort,    Ala.  519 

Spottsylvania,  Va.  350 
Springfield,  Mo.  455,  464 
Spring  Hill,  Tenn.  243,  281 

Steven's  Gap,    Ga.  256 

St.  Francois  River,    Mo.  466 

St.  Mary's  Church,    Va.  362 

St.  Mary's  River,    Fla.  493 

Stockade,  Stone  River,  Tenn.  261 
Stoncman's  raid,  Va.  97,  106 

Stone  River,    Tenn.  216 

Stony  Creek,    Va.  369 

Strasburg,    Va.  419 

Strawberry  Plains,    Tenn.  278 

Streight's  raid,    Ala.  and  Ga.  249 

Suffolk,   Va.  420 

Taylor's  Ridge,    Ga.  268 

Tazewell,    Tenn.  196 

Tebb's  Bend,   Ky.  252 

Terre  Bonne,   La.  510 

Thompson's  Ford,  Va.  164 
Thompson's  Station,  Tenn.  243,  245 

Thornton  Gap, '  Va.  422 

Tolopotomy,  Va.  359 

Tom's  Brook,   Va.  433 

Town  Creek,    Ala.  248 

Trevilian  Station,    Va.  361 

Triune,    Teun.  252 

Tullahoma,  Tenn.  255 
Tunnel  Hill,  Ga.  273,  295 

TunstaU's  Station,   Va.  108 

Tupelo,    Miss.  276 


G20 


IMPORTANT  NAVAL    ENGAGEMENTS. 


Index  to 
Ihc  most 
important 
battles. 


l Mil -'VS.  Turkey  Town,   Ala.  250 

Turner's  Gap,   Md.  78 

Tuscaloosa,    Ala.  291 

Tuscumbia,    Ala.  248 

Union  Village,    Va.  85 

Union  City,    Tenn.  274 

UnionviUe,    Tenn.  244 
Upperville,    Va.                           86,    115 

Utoy  Creek,    Ga.  307 

Vaught's  Hill,    Tenn.  245 

Vernon,    Ind.  253 

Vicksburg,    Miss.  235 

Wartrace,    Tenn.  261 
Washington,    N.  C.                  476,    478 

Wauhatchie,    Tenn.  263 

Waynesboro,    Ga.  317 

Wayncsboro,    Va.  445 
Weldon  Railroad,    Va.             367,    373 

West  Point,    Ga.  290 

West  Point,    Va.  48 


White  House,    Va.  362 

White  House  Landing,    Va.  302 

White  Oak  Road,    Va.  385 

White  Oak  Swamp,    Va.  60 

White  River,    Ark.  469 

White  Sulphur  Springs,   Va.  423 

WildCat,    Ky.  179 

Wilderness,    Va.  343 

Wilcox's  Bridge,    N.  C.  484 

Williamsburg,    Va.  47 

Williamsport,    Va.  158 

Wilson's  Creek,   Mo.  451 

Wilson's  raid,    Va.  289,    368 

Wilson's  Wharf,    Va.  365 
Winchester,  Va.  Ill,  416,  418,  429,  431 

Woodbury,    Tenn.  242,    246 

Wytheville,    Va.              287,  423,    425 

Yellow  Tavern,    Va.  358 

Yorktown,   Va.  46 


TO  THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  NJWAL  ENGAGEMENTS 


NARRATED    IN    THIS    VOLUME. 


ls<il-'<>5.  indianola,   Texas,  PAGE, 

Sewell's  Point,    Va. 
Acquia  Creek,    Va.  548, 

Mississippi  River,  mouth  of,    La. 
Matthias  Point,    Va. 


Important 
naval  en- 


gagements. 


Quantico  Creek,   Va. 

Pensacola,    Fla. 

Cedar  Keys,    Fla. 

San  Luis  Pass,    Texas, 

Hampton   Roads,    Battle   between 

Merrimac  and  Monitor,  Va. 
Drury's  Bluff,    Va. 
Roanoke  Island,    N.  C. 
Elizabeth  City,    N.  C. 
New  Berne,  N.  C. 
Hamilton,    N.  C. 
Blaekwater  River,   N.  C. 
New  River,    N.  C. 
Lucas  Bend,   Ky.  558, 

Bclmont,    Mo. 
Cerro  Gordo,   Tenn. 
Florence,    Ala. 

Pittsburg  Landing,    Tenn.         559, 
Island  Number  Ten,   Tenn. 
FortPillow  (near),    Tenn. 
Memphis,    Tenn. 
Brunswick,    Ga. 
Jacksonville,    Fla. 
St.  Charles,   Ark. 

Baton  Rouge,   La.  573, 

Vicksburg,    Miss.  573,  574, 


547  Haynes  Bluff,    Miss.      PAGE,   575,  592 

548  Corpus  Christi,    Texas,  576 

550  Sabine  Pass,    Texas,  576,  585 
548  Galveston,    Texas,  576 

551  Bayou  Teche,  La.  577 
551  Donaldsonville,    La.  577,  592 
551  Washington,    N.  C.  577 
551  White  House,   Va.  578 

551  Masonboro  Inlet,    N.  C.  578 
Suffolk,    Va.  578 

552  Ogecchee    (Nashville    destroyed), 
555               S.   C.  579 

555  Charleston  Harbor,  £.  C.  580 

556  Fort  Sumter,  attack  upon,  S.  C.        581 

556  Lake  Maurepas,    La.  586 

557  Gordon's  Landing,    La.  586 

557  Steele's   Bayou   and  Deer    Creek, 

558  Miss.  588 

560  Porter's  Joke,   Miss.  588 

559  Grand  Gulf,    Miss.  589,  590 
559  Queen  of  the  West  destroyed,  La.     590 

559  Port  Hudson,    La.  589,  591 

561  Siege  of  Vicksburg,    Miss.  591 

560  Yazoo  City,   Miss.  592 

562  Buffington  Island,   Ohio,  593 
562  Helena,    Ark.  593 
567  Albcmarle  Sound,    N.  C.  594 
567  Plymouth  (Albemarlc    destroyed), 
572               N.  C.  594 
574  Springfield  Landing,   La.  597 
590  Red  River,   La.  597 


IMPORTANT  NAVAL 


621 


Alexandria,    La.  597 

Mobile  Bay,    Ala.  598 

Capture  of  the  Savannah,  8.  C.  548 
Capture  of  the  Petrel,  S.  C.  548 

Capture  of  the  Beauregard,  Fla.  548 
Capture  of  ihc  Royal  Yacht,  Texas,  549 
Capture  of  Mason  and  Slidell,  550 

Capture  of  the  Wilder,   Ala.  551 

Capture  of  the  Florida,    Fla.  551 

Capture  of  the  Planter,    S.  C.  578 

Capture  of  the  Princess  Royal,  S.  C.  581 
Capture  of  the  Queen  of  the  Wave,  581 
Capture  of  the  Oeorgiana,  581 

Capture  of  the  Atlanta,    S.  C.  582 

Capture  of  the  Tennessee,    Ala.         599 


Fort  Clark,    N.  C. 

Fort  Hatteras,    N.  C. 

Fort  Barrancas,    Fla. 

Fort  McRea,    Fla. 

Fort  Macon,    N.  C. 

Fort  Henry,    Tenn. 

Fort  Donelson,   Tenn. 

Fort  Walker,    S.  C. 

Fort  Beauregard,    S.  C. 

Fort  Pulaski,    Ga. 

Fort  Jackson,    La. 

Fort  St.  Philip,    La. 

Fort  McAllister,    S.  C. 

Fort  Sumter,    S.  C. 

Fort  Pemberton,    Miss. 

Fort  De  Kussy,    La. 

Fort  Gaines,    Ala. 

Fort  Morgan,    Ala. 

Fort  Powell,    Ala. 

Fort  Fisher,    N.  C. 

Loss  of  the  Congress,    Va.  •' 

Loss  of  the  Cumberland,   Va. 

Loss  of  the  steamer  Ellis,    Va. 

Loss  of  the  transport    Governor 

at  sea, 
Loss  of  the  Cairo,   Miss. 


579, 


550 
500 
551 
551 
557 
559 
260 
565 
565 
566 
568 
568 
580 
581 
587 
596 
598 
598 
600 
603 
552 
552 
558 

564 
575 
Loss  of  the  Harriet  Lane,    Texas,    577 


Loss  of  the  Pickett,   N.  C.  577  1861 ->65. 

Loss  of  the  Columbia,   N.  C.  57S         

Loss  of  the  Monitor  at  sea,  579 

Loss  of  the  Isaac  P.  Smith,  S.  C.  581  jmportant 

Loss  of  the  Keokuk,    S.  C.  581  navaj  en_ 

Loss  of  the  Hatteras,   Texas,  584  gaffement"? 

Loss  of  the  Barrataria,   La.  586 

Loss  of  the  Preble,   Fla.  586 

Loss  of  the  Queen  of  the  West,  La.  586 

Loss  of  the  DeSoto,    La.  587 

Loss  of  the  Indianola,   Miss.  587 

Loss  of  the  Mississijqri,   Miss.  589 

Loss  of  the  Lancaster,   Miss.  590 

Loss  of  the  Diana,    La.  590 

Loss  of  the  Cincinnati,   Miss.  591 

Loss  of  the  DeKalb,   Miss.  592 

Loss  of  the  Weehawken,    S.  C.  593 

Loss  of  the  Housatonic,   S.  C.  594 

Loss  of  the  Southfield,   N.  C.  594 

Loss  of  the  Eastport,   La.  597 

Loss  of  the  Tecumseh,   Ala.  599 

Expedition  to  Hatteras  Inlet,  N.  C.  549 

Expedition     to    Roanoke    Island, 

N.  C.  555 

Expedition  to  Port  Royal,   S.  C.  564 
Expedition  to  St.   Helena   Sound, 

S.  C.  566 

Expedition  to  the  Florida  Coast,  567 
Expedition  against  New   Orleans, 

La.  567 

Expedition  to  the  Red  River,   La.  596 

The  Enemy's  Privateers. 

History  of  the  Sumter,  584 

History  of  the  Alabama,  601 

History  of  the  Nashville,  604 

History  of  the  Florida,  605 

History  of  the  Uncle  Ben,  606 

History  of  the  Georgia,  607 

History  of  the  Tallahassee,  607 

History  of  the  Shenandoah,  608 


TO 


MENTIONED    IN    THIS    VOLUME. 

All  names  not  otherwise  stated  are  General  Officers  ;  those  marked  with  a  star  (*)  served 
in  the  ranks  of  the  enemy. 


mentioned 
in  this 
Arolume. 


ABBOTT,  COT,.  J.  C.,  482. 
A  general    ADAMS,  JOHN,*  283. 
Index  of      ADAMS,  WIKT,*  226,  272. 
the  names    ALGER,  RUSSELL  A.,   5,  135,  139,  152, 
153. 

ALLEN,  CAPT.  L.  J.,  6,  612. 

AMES,  ADELBERT,  109.  161,  328,  480. 

ANDERSON,*  310. 

ANDERSON,  GEO.  B.,*  83. 

ANDERSON,  P.,*  199,  214. 

ANDERSON,  ROBERT,  19,  28,  179,  495. 

ANDERSON,  RICHARD  H.,*  62,  67,  98, 
108,  349,  420,  430. 

ANDERSON,  S.  R.,*  314. 

ANDREWS,  520. 

ARCHER,  JAMES  J.,*  121. 

ARMISTEAD,  LEWIS  A.,*  132. 

ARMSTRONG,  FRANK  C.,*  202. 

ASBOTH,  ALEXANDER,  455,  456. 

ASHBT,  TURNER,*  418. 

ATKINS,  COL.  SMITH  D.,  314. 

AUGUR,  C.  C.,  65,  333,  502. 

AVERELL,  W.  W..  85,  93,  95,  109,  423, 
431. 

ATRES,  R.  B.,  161,  355,  385. 

BACON,  COL.  EDWARD,  509. 

BADEAU,  ADAM,  366,  393.  * 

BAILET,  J.  C.,  517,  597. 

BAIRD,  A.,  257,  265,  293,  314. 

BAKER,  COL.  E.  D.,  415. 

BANKHEAD,  CAPTAIN,  579. 

BANKS,  N.  P.,  43,  49,  64,  75,  333',  411, 

417,  502. 

BARLOW,  F.  C.,  342,  351. 
BARNARD,  J.  G.,  528. 
BARNES,  JAMES,  127,  161. 
BARKESDALE,  WM.,*  129. 
(632) 


BARRETT,  COL.  T.  H.,  521. 

BARTON,  COL.  WM.  B.,  489. 

BAKTOW,  FRANCIS  S.,*  37,  41. 

BATES,  EDWARD,  27. 

BAYLIS,  LIEUT.  RICHARD,  139. 

BAYARD,  G.  D.,  65,  86,  87,  90,  418. 

BAXTER,  HENRY,  122. 

BEATTY,  SAMUEL,  284. 

BEAUREGARD,  G.  P.  T.,*  28,  37,  186, 

189,  192,  311,  322,  365,  458. 
BEE,  BARNARD  E.,*  37,  41. 
BELL,  COL.  WM.  B.,  519. 
BELL,  COM.  H.  H.,  583. 
BELL,  482. 

BENEDICT,  COLONEL,  515. 
BENHAM,  H.  W.,  381,  413,  488. 
BENNETT,  MR.  JAMES,  328. 
BENJAMIN,  MR.  JUDAH  P.,*  25. 
BERDAN,  H.,  126. 
BERRY,  HIRAM  G.,  93,  104. 
BEVERIDGE,  COL.  JOHN  L.,  471. 
BIDDLE,  C.  J.,  122. 
BIRGE,  H.  W.,  328. 
BIRNEY,  D.  B.,   87,  93,  94,   161,   166, 

342,  367,  370. 

BLACK,  MR.  JEREMIAH  S.,  21.  ( 

ELAINE,  HON.  J.  G.,  526. 
BLAIR,  F.  P.,  211,  229,  264,  293,  313, 

449. 

BLAIR,  MONTGOMERY,  27. 
BLAKE,  LIEUT. -COM'D'R  H.  C.,  585. 
BLENKER,  Louis,  36,  43,  49. 
BLUNT,  J.  G.,  462,  467. 
BOEHN,  PRIVATE  PETER,   139. 
BOHLEN,  HENRY,  68. 
BONHAM,  M.  L.,*  37. 
BOOTH,  MAJOR  L.  F.,  274. 


GENERAL   INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


623 


BOWEN,  JOHN  S.,*  228,  233,  238. 
BRADFORD,  MAJOR  W.  F.,  274. 
BRAGG,  BRAXTON,*  186,  192,  195,  213, 

241,  254,  281,  458. 
BRANCH,  LAWKENCE  O'B.,*  50,  84. 
BRANNAN,  J.  M.,  257,  489. 
BBECKENRIDGE,  JOHN  C.,*  18,  25,  187, 

193,  216,  257,  278,  425,  500. 
BREESE,  LT.-COM'D'R  K.  R.,  482. 
BREATHED,*  154. 
BRIGGS,  COL.  GEO.  G.,  437. 
BROOKS,  MR.,  17. 
BROOKS,  COL.  W.  S.,  469. 
BROOKS,  W.  T.  H.,  87,  93,  360,  367. 
BROWN,  COL.  WM.  L.,  474. 
BROWN,*  283,  356. 
BROWN,  E.  B.,  464,  471. 
BROWN,  LT.-COM'D'R  GEO.,  587. 
BROWN,  COL.  S.  B.,  288. 
BROWN,  MR.  JOHN,  17. 
BUCHANAN,  74. 

BUCHANAN,  CAPT.  McKEAN,  502,  577. 
BUCHANAN,    CAPT.    FRANKLIN,*    518, 

552,  600. 

BUCHANAN,  MR.  JAMES,  20. 
BUCKBEE,  COL.  EDWIN  J  ,  388.  *    • 
BUCKNER,  SIMON  B.,*180,  183,    185, 

199,  255. 
BUFORD,  JOHN,  65,  93,  109,  1 19,  158, 

162. 

BUFORD,  COL.  NAPOLEON  B.,  178. 
BUELL,  DON  CARLOS,  181,  185,  188, 

192,  196,  198,  201. 
BULLEN,  J.  D.,  511. 
BULLOCK,  CAPT.,*  605. 
BURBRIDGE,  S.  G.,  277,  287. 
BROOKE,  COLONEL  JOHN  R.,  83. 
BURNHAM,  HIRAM,  375. 
BURNS,  W.  W.,  87. 
BURNSIDE,    AMBROSE  E.,    36,  64,   78, 

87,  247,  255,  262,  269,  271,  333, 

342,  357,  373,  474. 
BURTON,  COL.  H.  S.,  342. 
BUTLER,  B.  F.,  29,  170,  333,  343,  364, 

378,  410,  473,  480,  497,  502. 
BUTLER,  PRIVATE  B.  H.,  139. 

BUTTERFIELD,  DANIEL,  87,  293. 

CABELL,  W.  L.,*  465. 
CALDWELL,  J.  C.,  161. 
CALHOTTN,  Mi?.  JOHN  C.,  16. 


CAMERON,  COL.  JAMES,  40. 
CAMERON,  COL.  JOHN,  612. 
CAMERON,  MR.  SIMEON,  27,  180. 
CAMERON,  R.  A.,  515. 
CAMPBELL,  251. 
CAMPBELL,  COL.,  278. 
CANBY,  E.  R.  S.,  517,  519. 
CAPRON,  COL.,  313. 
CARLIN,  W.  P.,  313. 
CARLIN,  Col.,  454. 
CARLTON,  J.  H.,  333. 
CARMICHAEL,  MAJOR,  470. 
CARR,  E.  A.,  231,  240,  456,  469. 
CARR,  J.  B.,  131,  168,  342. 
CARROLL,  S.  S.,  129,  418. 
CARTER,  CAPT.,  252. 
CARTER,  JOHN  C.,*  283. 
CARTER,  S.  P.,  214,  247,  328,  485. 
CASEY,  SILAS,  43,  49,  325. 
CASS,  MR.  LEWIS,  21. 
CHALMERS,  JAMES  R.,*  197. 
CHAMBLISS,  J.  R.,*  115,  149,  393. 
CHASE,  MR.  SALMON  P.,  27. 
CHEATHAM,  BENJ.  F.,*  216,  257,  281, 

302,  311,  324,  485. 
CHENAULT,  COLONEL,*  248. 
CHURCHILL,  PRIVATE  N.,  139. 
CHURCHILL,  T.  J.,*  212. 
CLARK,  LIEUT.,  138. 
CLARK,  COLONEL,*  501. 
CLAY,  CASSIUS  M.,  29. 
CLAYTON,  H.  D.,*  284. 
CLAYTON,  POWELL,  468. 
CLEBURNE,  PATRICK  R.,*216,  257,  283. 
CLENDENNIN,  COL.,  427. 
CLINGHAM,  THOMAS  L.,*  477. 
CLUKE,  COL.,*  247. 
COBB,  HOWELL,*  21,  22,  80. 
COBB,  THOMAS  R.  R.,*  91. 
COCKRELL,*  283. 
COBURN,  COL.  JOHN,  243.  . 
COCKE,  PHILIP  ST.  G.,*  37. 
COFFEY,  COLONEL,*  461. 
COLLINS,  COM'D'R  N.,  606. 
COLERICK,  LIEUT.  WM.,  139. 
COLSTON,  R.  E.,*  98. 
CONRAD,  282. 
COOK,  H.  F.,*  165. 
COOPER,*  461. 
COPELAND,  J.  T.,  147. 
CORCORAN,  MICHAEL,  41. 


A  general 
Index  of 
the  names 
mentioned 
in  this 
Volume. 


024 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF  NAMES. 


CORDON,  CAPT.  JOHN,  501,  509. 
A  general    CORNTN,  COL.,  251. 
Index  of       COKSE,  J.  M.,  310,  313. 
the  names    Coucn>  D-  N-,  «,  49,  77,  84,  85,  87, 
mentioned        '     93'  118>  284>  328>  333>  484- 
in  this          Cox>  J-  D-.  65.  78»  281>  284>  294,  311, 
Volume.  328>  412>  484- 

CRAVEN,  COM'D'B  T.  A.  M.,  599. 

CRAVEN,  COM.  T.  T.,  607. 

CRAWFORD,  MR.  M.  J.,*  27. 

CRAWFORD,  S.  W.,  19,  66,  82,  161,  342. 

CRITTEXDEN,  GEO.  B.,*  180,  181. 

CRITTENDEN,  T.  L.,  189, 198,  215,  254, 
356,  367. 

CRITTENDEN,  T.  T.,  193. 

CROCKER,  M.  M.,  230,  232. 

CROOK,  GEO.,  384,  418,  425,  431. 

CROSS,  COL.  E.  E.,  127. 

CROXTON,  J.  T.,  289,  313. 

CRUFT,  CHARLES,  195,  246,  265. 

CUMMING,  ALFRED,*  310. 

CURTIS,  482. 

CURTIS,  S.  R.,  211,  333,  456,  462. 

CUSHING,  MR.  CALEB,  20. 

GUSHING,  LIEUT.  WM.  B.,  421,  558,  594. 

CUSTER,  GEO.  A.,  116,  130,  133,  147, 
162,  358,  361,  384,  437,  445. 

CUTLER,  L.,  121,  349*. 

DAHLGREN,  ADMIRAL  A.,  544,  593. 

DAHLGREN,  COL.  ULRIC,  171. 

DANIELS,  JULIUS,*  353. 

DAVIDSON,  MAJOR,  277. 

DAVIS,  B.  F.,  80,  110. 

DAVIS,  LIEUT.-COL.  H.,  108. 

DAVIS,  JEFF.  C.,  19, 177,  215,  241,  257, 

265,  293,  307,  313,  456. 
DAVIS,  MR.  JEFFERSON,*  17,   24,   61, 

230.  388,  398,  522. 
DAVIS,  REAR-ADMIRAL  C.  H.,  544,  562, 

572. 

DAVIS,  166. 
DAVIES,  H.  E.,  380. 
DAVIES,  T.  A.,  36,  190,  202. 
DAVIS,  GEORGE,*  26. 
DEANE,  MAJOR  CHAS.  W.,  437. 
DECOURCEY,  COL.  J.  F.,  211. 
DEEMS,  LT.-COL.,  155. 
DENNIS,  E.  S.,  203,  237. 
DESHLER,  JAMES,*  260. 
DEVEXS,  CHARLES,  93,  360,  414. 


DEVIN,  THOMAS  C.,  384,  436,  445. 

Di  CESNOLA,  COL.,  114. 

Dix,  JOHN  A.,  22,  333. 

DOBBINS,*  470. 

DODGE,  G.  M.,  248,  264,  293,  308. 

DOLES,  GEO.  E.,*  360. 

DOUBLEDAY,     ABNER,     19,     70,    78,    87, 

93,  120,  161. 

DOUGLAS,  STEPHEN  A.,  18. 
DOUGHERTY,  COL.  HENRY,  178. 
DRAYTON,  COM'D'R,  566. 
DREW,  CAPT.  G.  A.,  139. 
DUFFIE,  A.  N.,  109. 
DUFFIELD,  HON.  D.  BETHUNE,  400. 
DUFFIELD,  COL.  H.  M.,  6,  193. 
DUFFIELD,  COL.  W.  W.,  193. 
DUGGAN,  MAJOR  A.  W.,  437. 
DUKE,  BASIL,*  287. 
DUMONT,  E.,  215. 
DUNHAM,  COL.  CYRUS  L.,  210. 
DuPoNT,   REAR-ADMIRAL   S.   F.,    486, 

544,  564,  567,  593. 
D  WIGHT,  W.,  428,  507,  515. 

EARLY,  JUBAL  A.,*  37,  98,  144,  1(3(5, 
349,  370,  424,  426,  431,  445. 

ELLET,  ALFRED  W.,  513,  563,  589. 

ELLET,  COL.  C.  R.,  563,  586. 

ELLET,  COL.  CHARLES,  JR.,  562. 

ELLIOTT,  MR.  HENRY  J.,  26. 

ELLIOTT,  112. 

ELLIOTT,  W.  L.,  284. 

ELLSWORTH,  COL.  E.  E.,  32. 

ELY,  COL.,  112. 

ELY,  RALPH,  388. 

ELZY,  ARNOLD,  37. 

EMORY,  W.  H.,  431,  502. 

ERICSSON,  MR.  JOHX,  552. 

EVANS,  N.  G.,*  37,  415,  477. 

EWELL,  RICHARD  S.,*  37,  62,  65,  70, 
108,  166,  344,  391,  417,  523. 

EWING,  HUGH,  264,  471. 

FAGAN,  J.,*  472. 

FARXSWORTII,  E.  J.,  116,  131,  147. 

FARRAND,  COM.,*  521. 

FARRAGUT,  ADMIRAL  D.  G.,  496,  517, 

544,  567,  589,  598. 
FEARING,  COL.,  325. 
FERRERO,  EDWARD,  342,  355. 
FERRY,  MAJOR  NOAH  H.,  135,  141. 
FINNEGAX,  JOSEPH,*  493. 


GENERAL  INDEX  OF  NAME 8. 


625 


FLOYD,  JOHN  B.,*  21,  183,  185,  412. 
FLUSSER,  LIEUT.-COM'D'K  C.  W.,  557, 

594. 
FOOTE,  REAR-ADMIRAL  A.  H.,  182,  544, 

558,  562. 

FORCE,  M.  F.,  321. 
FORMAN,  MAJOR,  467. 
FORREST,  NATHAN  B.,*  193,  210,  214, 

241,  245,  248,  251,  272,  274,  289. 
FORSYTH,  MR.  JOHN,  27. 
FOSTER,  JOHN  G.,  19,   170,  271,    318, 

474,  478,  493. 

FOSTER,  PRIVATE  G.  L.,  139. 
FOSTER,  COL.,  461. 
FOUGHT,  PRIVATE  JOSEPH,  139. 
Fox,  GUSTAVUS  V.,  544. 
FRANKLIN,  W.  B.,  36,  43,  47,   49,  75, 

77,  87,  417,  511. 
FHAZIER,  J.  W.,*  255. 
FREMONT,  JOHN  C.,  49,  64,  178,  417, 

451. 

FRENCH,  W.  H.,  58,  78,  82,  87,  93,  166. 
FRENCH,*  312,  420. 
FRENCH,  S.  G.,*  284. 
FRY,  S.  S.,  215. 
FRY,  LIEUT.  JOSEPH,  572. 
FULLER,  J.  W.,  301,  308. 
FYFFE,  COL.  E.  P.,  195. 

GARDNER,  FRANKLIN,*  506. 

GARDNER,*  186. 

GARFIELD,  J.  A.,  181,  260. 

GARNETT,  RICHARD  B.,*  132. 

GARNETT,  ROBERT  S.,*  412. 

GARRARD,  COL.,  269. 

GARRARD,  KENNER,   284,  294,  520. 

GARRETT,  COL.,*  475. 

GARROTT,  I.  W.,*  238. 

GEARY,  JOHN  W.,  49,    93,   161,  263, 

293,  314,  417. 

GETTY,  GEO.  W.,  87,  342,  420,  433. 
GIBBON,  JOHN,  70,  87,   93,    132,   161, 

342,  389. 

GILBERT,  C.  C.,  198. 
GILBERT,  243. 
GILLEM,  A.  C.,  277,  287. 
GILLMORE,  Q.  A .,  247,  333,  342,  364, 

487,  490,  494. 
GIST,  S.  R.,*  283. 
GLADDEN,  A.  H.,*  190. 
GODWIN,  A.  C.,*  432. 

40 


GOLDSBORODGH,  ADMIRAL   L.    M.,  474, 

544,  555. 

GOODING,  COL.  MICHAEL,  200. 
GORDON,*  283. 
GORDON,  JOHN  B.,*  344,  441. 
GORDON,  JAMES  B.,*  358. 
GRACIE,  A.,*  393. 
GRAHAM,  128. 
GRAHAM,  LIEUT.,  477. 
GRANBUHY,  H.  B.,*  283. 
GRANGER,  GORDON,  245,  246,  251,  255, 

259,  265,  279,  293,  517. 
GRANGER,  R.  S.,  313. 
GRANT,  U.  8.,  175,  178,  182,  185,  202, 

208,  222,  238,  262,  271,  315,  327, 

330,  372,  383,  393,  398,  400,  427, 

454,  516,  526. 
GRAY,  COL.,  138. 
GHEBLE,  LIEUT.  JOHN  T.,  411. 
GREEN,  SERGEANT,  475. 
GREEN,  THOMAS,*  512,  516. 
GREEN,  M.  E.,*  238. 
GREEN,  G.  S.,  67,  78,  128. 
GREGG,  COLONEL,*  410. 
GREGG,  MAXCY,*  91 . 
GREGG,  D.  McM.,   93,   109,  133,  148, 

162,  342,  361. 

GREGG,  COL.  J.  IRVIN,  155,  161. 
GREGG,*  229. 
GRESHAM,  W.  Q.,  293. 
GRIERSON,  B.  H.,  225,  288. 
GRIFFIN,  CHARLES,  87,  93,  342. 
GRIFFIN,*  154. 

GROVER,  CUVIER,  321,  428,  431,  502. 
GWIN,  LIEUT.,  575. 

HACKE,  COUNT  HERMANN,  353. 

HACKLEMAN,  P.  A.,  206; 

HAGGERTY,  LIEUT. -CoL.,  41. 

HALT,,  LIEUT.  J.  W.,  19. 

HALL,  COL.  A.  8.,  245. 

HALLECK,  H.  W.,  58,  64,    111,   185, 

190,  202,  332,  455. 
HAMILTON,  LIEUT.,  138. 
HAMILTON,  SCHUYLER,  190. 
HAMILTON,  C.  S.,  43,  202,  203,  208. 
HAMPTON,  WADE,*  39,  47,  84,  97,  115, 

130,  145,  149,  166,  322,  359,  369. 
HANCOCK,  W.  S.,  48,  87,  93, 118,  123, 

132,  161,  342,  367,  370,  377, 
HANSON,  COL.  C.  S.,  253, 


A  general 
Index  of 
the  names 
mentioned 
in  this 
Volume. 


626 


GENERAL  INDEX  OF  NAME 8. 


HANSON,  ROGER  W.,*  214,  221. 
A  general    HARDEE,  WILLIAM  J.,*   187,  192,  197, 
Index  of  215,  294,  311,  319,  324. 

the  names    HARNDEN,  COL.  HENRY,  398. 
mentioned    HARDING,  ABNER  C.,  242. 
in  this         HARKER,  C.  G.,  298. 

Volnme.        HARNEY'  W"  S">  45°' 
HART,  153. 

HARRILL,  LIEUT.,   551. 

HARRIS,*  453. 

HARRISON,  CARTER,*  270. 

HARRISON,  COL.,  465. 

HARROW,  WILLIAM,  161,  203. 

HARTRANFT,  J.  F.,  380. 

HASCALL,  M.  S.,  296. 

HASTINGS,  MAJOR  S.  H.,  437. 

HATCH,  EDWARD,  284,  313. 

HATCH,  J.  P.,  72,  74,  281,  494. 

HAWKINS,  COL.,  274. 

HATNE,  MR.  J.  W.,  21. 

HATNE,  MR.  ROBERT  Y.,  15. 

HAYS,  ALEX.,  128,  161,  345. 

HAZEN,  W.  B.,  219,  246,  263,  309,  313, 

318. 

HEBERT,  Louis,*  204. 
HEINTZELMAN,  S.  P.,   36,  41,   43,   49, 

67,  77,  333. 
HELM,  B.  H.,*  260. 
HERRON,  F.  J.,  237,  462. 
HETH,  HENRY,*  108,  119,  418. 
HICKS,  COL.  S.  G.,  274. 
HILL,  DANIEL  H.,*  50,  67,  78,  421,  478. 
HILL,  AMBROSE  P.,*  50,  65,   83,  98, 

108,  165,  167,  344,  387. 
HILL,  COLONEL,  213. 
HINDMAN,  THOMAS  C.,*  257,  461. 
HOBSON,  E.  H.,  353. 
HOKE,  ROBERT  F.,*  324,  479,  484. 
HOLMES,  THEOPHILUS  H.,*  37,  237. 
HOLT,  MR.  JOSEPH,  21. 
HOOD,  JOHN  B.,*  67,  80,  108,  256,  257, 

279,  280,  294,  299,  311,  420. 
HOOKER,  JOSEPH,  43,  47,  49,  77,  82, 

85,  93,  94,   103,    111,   118,    162, 

263,  293,  303. 

HOVEY,  A.  P.,  231,  232,  294. 
HOWARD,  O.  0.,  36,  87,  93,  121,  161, 

263,  264,  293,  303. 
HOWE,  A.  P.,  87,  93,  109,  161. 
HUGER,  BENJAMIN,*  50. 

HUGHEP,*4R1. 


HULL,  LIEUT.  WM.,  438. 
HUMPHREYS,  A.  A.,  84,  87,  93,    161, 

342,  377,  380. 
HUMPHREY,  MR.  H.  H.,  8. 
HUNT,  H.  J.,  342. 
HUNT,  MAJOR,  461. 
HUNTER,  DAVID,  36,  41,  373,  426,  430, 

455,  478,  487,  490. 
HUNTER,  MR.  R.  M.  T.,  25. 
HURLBUT,  S.  A.,  187,  190,    193,   202, 

207,  212,  223,  272,  293. 

INGALLS,  RUFUS,  342. 
IVERSON,  ALFRED,*  122. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  16. 

JACKSON,  C.  F.,  90. 

JACKSON,  J.  S.,  198,  199. 

JACKSON,*  290. 

JACKSON,  N.  J.,  314. 

JACKSON,  THOMAS  J.,*  37,  54,  65,  67, 

77,  81,  88,  99,  101,  411,  416. 
JEFFERSON,  MR.  THOMAS,  14. 
JENKINS,  A.  G.,*  114,  145,  149. 
JOHNSON,  EDWARD,*  108,   166,   284, 

344,  354,  417. 
JOHNSON,  R.  W.,  196,  215,   256,   284, 

293. 

JOHNSON,  B.  R.,*  256,  257,  265. 
JOHNSTON,  ALBERT  S.,*  180,  185,  188. 
JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  E.,*35,  43,  50,  213, 

230,  239,  280,  294,  299,  323,  328, 

408. 

JONES,  JOHN  M.,*  348. 
JONES,  SAMUEL,*  269,  521. 
JONES,  W.  E.,*  110,  145,  419,  423, 

426. 

JONES,  DAVID  R.,*  37. 
JONES,*  84. 
JORDAN,  COLONEL,  243. 
JUDAH,  H.  M.,  253,  293. 

KANE,  128. 

KAUTZ,  A.  V.,  252,  365,  368. 

KEARNY,  PHILIP,  47,  49,  50,  70,  71,  75, 

94. 

KELLOGG,  LIEUT.  J.  H.,  138. 
KEENAN,  MAJOR  PETER,  101. 
KELLEY,  B.  F.,  312,  414,  424. 
KBNNETT,  COL.  JOHN,  215. 
KERSHAW,*  436. 
KEYKP,  E.  D.,  36,  43,  49,  67,  420. 


GENERAL  INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


627 


KIDD,  JAMES  II.,  6,  434. 

KlLPATRICK,    JUDSON,     107,     110,     116, 

130,  147,  158,  162,  170,  294,  307, 

313,  314,  342,  411. 

KIM  HALL,  NATHAN, 237,  281,  284,  303. 
KINSMAN,  COL.,  234. 
KING,  RUFCS,  43,  65,  70,  417. 
Kixtt,  MR.  HOUATIO,  21. 
KIKK,  E.  N.,  213,  221. 
KITTRIDGE,  LIEUT.,  576. 
KNIPE,  J.  F.,  284,  289. 

LA  GRANGE,  COL.,  290. 
LAIRDS,  MESSRS.,  584. 
L  \MSOX,  LIEUT.  R.  H.,  421,  578. 
LAX  DRUM,  COLONEL,  514. 
LANE,  JAMES  II.,  453,  467. 
LANDER,  F.  W.,  416. 
LAUMAX,  J.  G.,  236,  238. 

LAWTOX,*71. 

LAWLER,  M.  K.,  234. 

LEA,  LIEUT. -COM'D'K  EDWARD,  577. 

LEDLIE,  J.  H.,  367. 

LEE,  A.  L.,   514. 

LEE,  FITZHUGH,*  84,  95, 145, 149, 161, 

345,  359. 
LEE,  ROBERT  E.,*  53,  65,  77,  88,  96, 

162,  166,  307,  343,  393,  408,  413. 
LEE,  STEPHEX  D.,*  281,  303,  311. 
LEE,  W.  H.  F.,*  95,  145,  368. 
LEGGETT,  M.  D.,  293,  313. 
LEXT,  LIEUT.,  482. 
LE  ROT,  COM'D'R  WM.  E.,  580. 
LESTER,  COL.  H.  C.,  194. 
LIGHTBURX,  J.  A.  J.,  301. 
LINCOLN,  PRESIDENT  ABRAHAM,  18,  26, 

45,  49,  64,  239,  329,  330,  383,  389, 

398,  524,  547. 
LITTLE,  HEXRY,*  204. 
LOGAN,  JOHX  A.,  178,  229,  232,  238, 

272,  293,  301,  314. 
LONG,  ELI,  289. 
LONG,  A.  L.,*  299. 
LONG,  COL.  C.  D.,  6. 
LONGSTREET,  JAMES,*  37,  47,  50,  67, 

72,  79,  88,  96, 108, 162,  256,  267, 

342,  420. 

LORING,  W.  W.,*  233,  284. 
LOVELL,  MAXSFIELD,*  191,  204,  498. 
LOWE,  COLONEL,  242. 
I. OWE,  COLONEL,  353. 


LOWELL,  COL.  C.  R,,  436. 

LYOX,  NATHANIEL,  447,  452.  A  general 

LYTLE,  W.  H.,  260.  Index  0, 

MACKALL,W.W.*45S.  the  names 

MACKENZIE,  R.  S.,  386. 

MADISON,  MR.  JAMES,  14. 

MAGRUDER,  JOHN  B,,*  46,  50,  410,  503. 

MAHONE,  WILLIAM,*  99. 

MALLORY,  MR.  STEPHEN  R.,  26. 

MANIGAULT,  A.  M.,*  283. 

MANN,  COL.  AV*M.  D.,  136. 

MANSFIELD,  J.  K.  F.,  78,  82. 

MANSON,  M.  D.,  194. 

MARMADUKE,  J.    S.  ,*  463. 

MARSHALL,  HUMPHREY,*  181,  194. 

MARTIN,  CAPTAIN,  437. 

MASON,  MR.  J.  M.,  550. 

MARTINDALE,  J.  H.,  360. 

MAURY,  DABXEY  H.,*  204,  520. 

MCARTHUR,  JOHN,  183,  205,  240,  284. 

MCBRIDE,*  453. 

Me  CALL,  G.  A.,  43,  49,  53,  61,  417. 

MCCLELLAX,  G.  B.,  41,  64,  67,  77,  87, 

181,  202,  408. 
McCLERNAXD,  J.  A.,    178,    182,   187, 

190,  212,  228,  238. 
McCooK,  A.  McD.,  180,  189,  198,  215, 

254,  410. 

McCooK,  E.  M.,  214,  289,  294,  300. 
McCooK,  COL.  DANIEL,  298. 
McCooK,  ROBERT  L.,  413. 
McCowx,  JOHN  P.,*  216,  457. 
McCuLLOCH,  BENJ.,*  24,  451,  457. 
McCuLLOCH,  MR.  HUGH,  27. 
MCDOWELL,  IRVIN,  36,  43,  49,  64,  417. 
MCDOWELL,  MAJOR,*  214. 
MCGREGOR,*  154. 
McGiNXis,  GEORGE  F.,  512. 
McixTOSH,  JAMES,*  456,  457. 
MclNTOSU,  JOHN  B.,  133,  151,  153. 
McKEAN,  T.  J.,  203. 
MCKINSTRY,  JUSTUS,  455. 
McLAws,  LAFAYETTE,*  67,  80,  98,  108, 

256,  257,  264. 
McLEAN,  MR.  WILMKK,  303. 
MCMILLAN,  J.  W.,  515. 
MCNEIL,  JOHN,  460,  466. 

McPHEETERS,  COL.,*  502. 

MCPHERSOX,  J.  B.,  202,  207,  208,  212, 
223,  328,  271,  272,  293,  301,  333: 


G28 


GENERAL  1XUEX  OF  NAMES. 


Index  of 
the  names 
mentioned 
in  this 
Volume. 


McREYNOLDS,  111,  158. 

A  general     McVlCAB,  LiEUT.-CoL.  DUNCAN,  98. 

MEADE,  G.  G.,  55,  74,  78,  87,  93,  118, 

124,  162,  166,  330,  333. 
MEADE,  LIEUT.  R.  K.,  in. 
MEAGHER,  T.  F.,  52,  58,  83. 
MEFFORD,  CAPT.,  470. 
MEMMINGER,  MK.  CHARLES  (3.,*  25. 
MEREDITH,  S.  A.,  121. 
MERRILL,  COL.  LEWIS,  460,  465. 
MERRITT,  WESLEY,  131,  384,  431,  445. 
MILES,  COL.  DIXON  S.,  36,  81. 
MILES,  N.  A.,  374. 
MILLER,  153. 
MILROY,  284. 

MILROY,  R.  H.,  65,  111,  415,  417. 
MINTY,  COL.  R.  H.  G.,  241,  244,  256, 

289. 

MITCHELL,  COL.,  259. 
MITCHELL,  R.  B.,  198,  246,  259. 
MITCHELL,  O.  M.,  192,  489. 
MOORE,  COLONEL,  213. 
MOOKE,  COL.  J.  B.,  284. 
MOORE,  COL.  O.  H.,  252. 
MORGAN,  GEO.  W.,  210,  212. 
MORGAN,  JAMES  D.,  307,  311,  313. 
MORGAN,  JOHN  H.,*  194,   196,   213, 

214,  245,  252,  277. 
MORRELL,  G.  W.,  49,  78. 
MORRISON,  COL.,*  248. 
MOSEBY,  JOHN  S.,*  95. 
MOTHERSILL,  MAJOR  PHILIP,  444. 
MOUTON,  ALFRED,*  515. 
MOTT,  GERSHAM,  346,  355. 
MOWER,  J.  A.,  274,  313,  514. 
MULLIGAN,  COL.  JAMES  A.,  429,  453. 
MUNFORD,  T.  T.,*  114. 
MUKPHY,  COL.  R.  C.,  203,  209. 
MURRAY,  COL.  ELI  H.,  314. 

NAGLEE,  H.  M.,  60. 
NEGLEY,  J.  S.,  214,  215,  257. 
NELSON,  WILLIAM,  180,  189,  195,  19S. 
NIMS,  CAPT.  ORMAND  F.,  501,  512. 
NEWTON,  JOHN,  87,  93,  124,  161,  293. 

OGLESBY,  R.  J.,  206. 
OLIVER,  COL.  JOHN  M.,  205. 
OPDYCKE,  EMERSON,  282,  283. 
O'NEAL,  E.  A.,*  122. 
ORD,  E.  O.  C.,  49,  202,  204,  207,  238, 
370,  376,  378,  415,  417. 


O'ROURKE,  COL.  P.  H.,  127. 
OSTERHAUS,  P.  J.,  231,  264,  293,  311, 
313,  456. 

PAINE,  C.  J.,  328,  480. 

PAINE,  E.  A.,  190. 

PALMEK,  COL.,  286,  ^    _ 

PALMER,  JOHN  M.,  134,  214,  215,  242, 

251,  257,  265,  273,  293,  307. 
PALMER,  INNIS  N.,  485. 
PARSONS,  M.  M.,*  450,  515. 
PARKHURST,  COL.  J.  G.,  194. 
PARKE,  J.  G.,  237,  373,  380,  474. 
PATTEN,*  310. 

PATTERSON,  ROBERT,  35,  408,  411. 
PAUL,  G.  R.,  122. 
PAULDING,  LIEUT.,  560. 
PAXTON,  EDWARD  F.,*  106. 
PECK,  J.  J.,  48,  420,  476. 
PEGRAM,  JOHN,*  247,  378,  3f)">,  412. 
PEMBERTON,  JOHN  C.,*  208.  213,  2-"s. 

288. 

* 

PENDER,  WILLIAM  D.,*  108,  132. 
PENNINGTON,  LIEUT.  A.   C.   M.,    138, 

150. 

PENNYPACKER,  G.,  482. 
PERRIN,  ABNER,*  353. 
PETERS,  DR.,  246. 
PETEKSON,  MR.,  525. 
PETTIGREW,  J.  J.,*  160,  478. 
PETTUS,  J.  J.,*  299. 
PHELPS,  J.  W.,  496. 
PHILLIPS,  COL.  WM.  A.,  461,  467. 
PICKETT,  GEO.  E.,*  108,  131,  366,  420, 

479. 

PIERCE,  EBENEZER  AV.,  410. 
PILLOW,  GIDEON  J.,*  ISO,  183. 
PLEASONTON,  ALFRED,  78,  85,  87.  0:i, 

101,  109,  133,  144,  162,  IM'>.  471. 
PLUMMER,  J.  B.,  190,  454. 

I'OINDEXTER,*  460. 

POLK,  LEOXIDAS,*  178,  180,  185,  IU2, 
197,  216,  272,  295,  297,  458. 

POPE,  JOHN,  64,  77,  190,  202,  y:j:5. 
455,  457. 

PORTER,  ANDREW,   36. 

PORTER,  FITZ-JOHN,  43,  49,  55,  67,  7T. 

PORTER,  JOE,*  460, 

PORTER,  REAR-ADMIRAL  D.  D.,  iw" 
498,  567,  588,  596. 

PORTEK,  COM.  W.  D..  5(10.  575. 


GENERAL   INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


629 


POBTERFIELD,  COLONEL,*  409. 

FOSEY,  CONRAD,*  157. 

POTTER,  R.  B.,  237,  342. 

POTTER,  E.  E.,  478,  494. 

PKEXTISS,  B.  M.,   177,  187,   188,  237, 

455. 

PRESTON,  WILLIAM/-  257. 
PRICE,  STERLING,*  178,  190,  193,  208, 

450. 

PRINCE,  HENKY,  67,  16S. 
PRITCHARD,  COL.  BENJ.  D.,  398,  524. 
PRYOR,  ROGER  A.,*  420. 
PUTNAM,  COL.  H.  S.,  491. 

QUANTRELL,*  467. 

QUARLES,  W.  A.,*  283. 
QUIMBY,  ISAAC  F.,  240. 

RAINS,  JAMES  E.,*  221,  450,  461. 

RAMSEUR,  STEPHEN  D.,*  434. 

RANDOL,  155.  • 

RANSOM,  T.  E.  G.,  308,  311,  313. 

RANSOM,  WATT  (or  MATT),*  365. 

RATHBONE,  MAJOR,  525. 

RAWLINS,  J.  A.,  332. 

REAGAN,  MR.  JOHN  H.,*  26. 

REILLY,  J.  W.,  484. 

RENO,  J.  L.,  64,  77,  79,  474. 

READ,  COL.  THEO.,  390. 

RENSHAW,  CAPT.  WM.  B.,  502,  576. 

REYNOLDS,  J.  F.,  55,  68,  85,  87,  93, 

119,  121,  161. 

REYNOLDS,  J.  J.,  242,  246,  257,  413. 
RICHARDSON,  ISRAEL  B.,  36,  43,  49,  78, 

82.  83. 

RICKETTS,  J.  B.,  65,  78,  342,  427,  431. 
RICE,  E.  W.,  328. 
RICE,  J.  C.,  353. 
RINGGOLD,  CAPT.  C.,  565. 

RlPLEY,  ROSWELL  S.,*  83. 

ROBERTS,  COL.  G.  W.,  221,  561. 

ROBERTSON,  JOHN,  5. 

ROBERTSON,*  145. 

ROBINSON,  J.   C.,  93,  121,  161,  342, 

349. 

ROBINSON,  PRIVATE,  525. 
RODDEY,  P.  D.,*  245,  248,  289. 
RODES,  ROBERT  E.,*  98,  108,  166,  344, 

432. 

RODGERS,  COM'D'R  JOHN,  558,  583. 
RODMAN,  ISAAC  P.,  78,  83. 


ROGERS,  153. 

ROSECRANS,  W.  S.,  201,  202,  204,  208,  A  general 

213,  241,  254,  333,  412,  470.  Jndex  of 

Ross,  L.  F.,  223.  the  names 

ROSSEK,  THOMAS  L.,*  425,  432.  mentioned 

ROUSSEAU,  L.  H.,  180,  198,  215,  279,  ju  this 

284,  313. 

Volume. 
ROWLEY,  T.  A.,  121,  161. 

ROYALL,  CAPT.  W.  B.,  53. 

RUPFIN,  MR.  EDMUND,*  28. 

RUGER,   THOMAS   H.,   128,    161,   281, 

328,  484. 

RITNYON,  THEODORE,  36. 
RUSSELL,  D.  A,,  109,  167,  432. 

SALOMON,  FREDERICK,  462. 
SANDERS,  COLONEL,  252. 
SANDERS,  W.  P.,  270. 
SAUNDERS,  J.  C.,*  393. 
SCAMMON,  E.  P.,  413. 
SCHENCK,  R.  C.,  36,  65,  74,  417. 
SCHOEPF,  A.,  179,  198. 

SCHAEFFER,  J.  W.,  221. 

SCHOFIELD,  J.  M.,  272,  280,  294,  311, 

313,  326,  333,  454,  460,  484. 
SCOTT,*  283. 

SCOTT,  WINFIELD,  36,  42,  330. 
SCHURZ,  CARL,  65,  93,  161. 
SEDGWICK,  JOHN,  43,  49,  78,  93,  161, 

166,  342,  350. 

SEDDON,  MR.  JAMES  A.,*  25.    • 
SEIBERT,  MAJOR  JAMES  J.,  193. 
SEMMES,  PAUL  J.,*  157. 
SEMMES,  RAPHAEL,*  584. 
SEWARD,  MR.  WM.  H.,  27,  525. 
SEYMOUR,   TRUMAN,   19,   55,  74,  346, 

492. 

SHACKELFORD,  J.  M.,  253. 
SHALER,  A.,  348. 
SHAW,  COL.  ROBERT  G.,  491. 
SHELBY,  JOSEPH  O.,*  470. 
SHERIDAN,  P.  H.,  198,  213,  215,  219, 

244,  257,  265,  342,  357,  361,  372, 

377,  383,  430,  434,  445,  540. 
SHEPLEY,  GEO.  F.,  523. 
SHERMAN,  WM.    TECUMSEH,   36,   179, 

185,  187,  190,  193,  202,  208,  210, 

224,  228,  238,  262,  264,  269,  271, 

272,  280,  292,  311,  313.  320,  327, 

328,  332,  383. 

SHERMAN,  T.  W.,  486,  502,  508. 
SHIELDS,  JAMES,  43,  49,  416,  417. 


630 


GENERAL   INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


SICKLES,  DANIEL  E.,  52,  87,  93,  161. 
A  general    SIGEL,  FRANZ,  64,  77,  86,  92,  333,  343, 
Index  of  425,  450,  456. 

the  names    SILL,  J.  W.,  198,  218. 
mentioned    SiLLlMAN,  COL.,  493. 
in  this         SLACK,  G.  W.  Y.,*  453,  457. 
Volume.       SLADE,  COLONEL,  279. 

SLEMMER,  LT.  ADAM  J.,  30. 

SLIDELL,  MR.  JOHN,*  550. 

SLOCUM,   H.   W.,  49,  57,  78,  85,    93, 

124,  161,  263,  293,  303,  313. 
SLOCUM,  COL.  J.  S.,  41. 
SMALL,  MR.  ROBERT,  578. 
SMITH,  MR.  CHARLES  H.,  8. 
SMITH,  MR.  CALEB  B.,  27. 
SMITH,  A.  J.,  210,  212,  229,  274,  276, 

283,  313,  470,  513,  519. 
SMITH,  C.  F.,  178,  182,  185,  186. 
SMITH,  GUSTAVTS,*  470. 
SMITH,  GILES  A.,  224,  299,  313. 
SMITH,  G.  W.,*  50. 
SMITH,  E.  KIRBY,*  40,  193,  194,  213, 

469,  514,  521. 
SMITH,  M.  L.,  209,  210,  211,  264,  293, 

801. 

SMITH,  J.  A.,*  284. 
SMITH,  T.  B.,*  284. 
SMITH,  J.  E.,  240,  264,  293,  313. 
SMITH,  PRESTON,*  260. 
SMITH,  T.  KILBY,  274,  516. 
SMITH,  W.  F.,  43,  49,  78,  87,  360,  364, 

370. 

SMITH,  W.  S.,  198,  237,  272. 
SMITH,  COL.,  422. 
SNYDER,  LT.  G.  W.,  19. 
SPALDING,  COL.  GEO.,  286. 
SPRAGDE,  COL.,  303. 
SPENCER,  COL.  GEO.  E.,  334. 
STAFFORD,  LEROY  A.,*  348. 
STAGG,  COL.  PETER,  391. 
STAHEL,  J.  H.,  114,  116,  146. 
STANLEY,   D.   S.,  190,  202,  213,  215, 

242,  246,  251,  280,  283,  293,  303, 

311,  313. 

STANNARD,  G.  J.,  376. 
STANTON,  MR.  EDWIN  M.,  21,  27,  44, 

262. 

STARK,  WM.  E.,*  71,  84. 
STARK,  CAPT.  HENRY,  509. 
STEEDMAN,  J.  B.,  244,  259,  279,  283, 

313. 


STEELE,   FREDERICK,    211,   239,   333, 

462,  468,  517. 
STEEN,  ALEX.  E.,*  463. 
STEPHENS,  MR.  ALEX.  H.,*  20. 
STEVENS,  MAJOR,  422. 
STEVENS,  GEO.  M.,*  299. 
STEVENS,  ISAAC  I.,  64,  76,  487. 
STEVENSON,  C.  L.,*  284. 
STEVENSON,  T.  G.,  342,  353. 
STEWART,  ALEXANDER  P.,*   257,    281, 

302,  311. 

STEWART,  GEO.  H.,*  354. 
STICKNEY,  COL.,  510. 
STONE,  C.  P.,  122,  414. 
STONEMAN,  GEO.,  47,  85,  87,   93,   107^ 

109,  287,  294,  306. 
STOUGHTON,  COL.,  95. 
STRAIL,  0.  F.,*  283. 
STREIGHT,  COL.  A.  D.,  248,  251.  \ 
STRINGHAM,  COM.  S.  H.,  473,  549. 
STRONG,  153. 
STRONG,  GEO.  C.,  490. 
STUABT,  J.  E.  B.,*  53,   84,   97,    108, 

133,  143,  158,  162,  347,  358,  415. 
STUART,  DAVID,  187,  212. 
STUART,  COL.,  466. 
STURGIS,  S.  D.,  78,  87,  275,  452. 
SULLIVAN,  J.  C.,  203,  210. 
SUMNER,  SENATOR  CHARLES,  17. 
SUMNER,  E.  V.,  43,  49,  75,  77,  87,  93. 
SUMNER,  COLONEL,  381. 
SWASEY,  LIEUT.  CHARLES  H.,  577. 
SWEENEY,  T.  W.,  293,  308. 
SYKES,  GEORGE,  49,  78,  87,  93,   118, 

161. 

TALBOT,  LIEUT.  THEODORE,  19. 
TALIAFERRO,  WILLIAM  B.,*  70. 
TAYLOR,  RICHARD,*  286,  505,  514,  521. 
TAYLOR,  COL.,*  461. 
TERRELL,  W.  R.,  200. 
TERRY,  169. 

TERRY,  A.  H.,  326,  482,  491. 
TERRY,  WM.  R.,*  380. 
THATCHER,  COM.  H.  K.,  521. 
THAYER,  J.  M.,  468. 
THOMAS,  G.  H.,   180,    181,   190,    198, 
215,  254,  259,  262,  280,  311,  333. 
THOMAS,  MR.  PHILIP  F.,  21. 
THOMPSON,  MR.  JACOB,  21. 
THOMPSON,  JEFF.,*  453,  521. 
TILGHMAN,  LLO\I>,*  182,  233. 


GENERAL  INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


631 


TOLAXD,  COL.,  422. 

TOOMBS,  ROBERT,*  25,  59. 

TOHBEKT,  A.  T.  A.,  342,  361,  430,  433, 

445. 

TOWER,  74. 

TOURTELOTTE,  COL.,  311. 
TOTTEN,  JAMES,  462. 
TOWN,  COL.  CHARLES  H.,  137,  153. 
TRACY,  EDWARD  D.,*  228. 
TREICHEL,    153. 
TRENHOLM,  MR.  JAMES  L.,*  25. 
TROWBRXDGE,   LUTHER  8.,  6, 135,  141, 

143,  152,  278. 
TURNER,  J.  W.,  372. 
TUTTLE,  J.  M.,  240,  272. 
TWIGGS,  DAVID  E.,*  24. 
TYLER,  CHARLES  H.,*  291. 
TYLER,  ROBERT  0.,  355. 
TYLER,  DANIEL,  36. 
TYLER,  E.  B.,  419,  427. 

UPTON,  E.,  167,  289,  352. 
USHER,  MR.  JOHN  P.,  27. 

VANCE,  ROBERT  B.,*  277. 

VAN  CLEVE,  H.  P.,  215,  257. 

VAN  DORN,  EARL,*  186,  190,  193,  204, 

208,  243,  246,  456,  500. 
VAN  PELT,  LIEUT.  G.  W.,  258. 
VAUGHAN,*  287,  426. 
VANDEVER,  WILLIAM,  466. 
VEATCH,  J.  C.,  293,  520. 
VILLEPIGUE,  JOHN  B.,  381. 
VINCENT,  126. 
VON  STEIXWEHR,  ADOLPH,  93,  161. 

WADSWORTH,  J.  S.,  93,  120,  161,  342, 

347. 

WAGNER,  G.  D.,  220,  281,  310. 
WAINWRIGHT,  CAPT.  J.  M.,  503,  577. 
WALKE,  CAPT.  H.,  561. 
WALKER,  LIEUT.  COM'D'K  J.  G.,  592. 
WALKER,*  67. 
WALKER,  WILLIAM,*  303. 
WALKER,  W.  H.  T.,*  257. 
WALKER,  MR.  LEROY  P.,*  25. 
WALCOTT,  C.  C.,  328. 
WALLACE,  LEWIS,  183,  189,  190,  195, 

333,  410,  427. 

WALLACE,  W.  H.  L.,  187,  188. 
WALTHALL,  E.  C.,*  284. 


Volume. 


WARD,  J.  H.  H.,  161,  166. 

WARD,  W.  T.,  299,  314.  A  general 

WARD,  COM.  J.  H.,  551.  Index  of 

WARREN,  G.  K.,  50, 126, 165,  342,  386.  tne  name8 

WARREN,  F.  H.,  465.  mentioned 

WASHBURNB,  C.  C.,  459,  512.  .      , . 

WASHBURXE,  MR.  E.  B.,  330. 

WASHINGTON,  CAPT.  E.  C.,  236. 

WATTS,  THOMAS  H.,*  26. 

WEAVER,  COL.,  312. 

WEBB,  A.  S.,  132. 

WEBB,  CAPT.  W.  A.,*  582. 

WEBER,  MAJOR  PETER  A.,  135,  160. 

WEBSTER,  MR.  DANIEL,  15. 

WEBSTER,  COL.  GEO.,  200. 

WEED,  S.  H.,  127. 

WEITZEL,    GODFREY,   376,   378,    381, 

389,  480,  501,  523. 
WELCH,  THOMAS,  237. 
WELLES,  GIDEON,  27,  544. 
WESSELLS,  H.  W.,  476,  479. 
WHARTON,  JOHN  A.,*  218,  241,  442. 
WHEELER,  JOSEPH,*  213,  241, 261,  267, 

273,  300,  323. 
WHEELER,  LT.  W.  H.,  139. 
WHEATON,  FRANK,  161. 
WHIPPLE,  A.  W.,  85,  87,  93,  104. 
WHITE,  JULIUS,  270. 
WHITING,  W.  H.  C.,*  48,  483. 
WHITTAKER,  W.  C.,  259. 
WILCOX,*  37. 
WILD,  E.  A.,  365. 
WILLCOX,  O.  B.,  36,  41,  78,   85,  87, 

342. 

WILKES,  CAPT.  CHARLES,  550. 
WILLARD,  COL.,  128. 
WILDER,  COL.  JOHN  T.,  197,  247,  256. 
WILLIAMS,  A.  S.,  43,  65,  78,  82,  93, 

125,  161,  293,  303,  314,  416. 
WILLIAMS,  COL.  J.  M.,  467. 
WILLIAMS,  THOMAS,  499,  501. 
WILLICH,  A.,  221. 
WILSON,   J.   H.,    281,  289,  313,  342, 

368,  398,  430. 

WINDER,  CHARLES  S.,*  65,  67. 
WINSLOW,  CAPT.  JOHN  A.,  601. 
WINTHROP,  MAJOR  THEO.,  411. 
WISE,  HENRY  A.,*  61,  412. 
WISTAR,  ISAAC,  170. 

WlTCHER,*  151. 

WITHERS,  JOXES  M.,*  216. 


632 


GENERAL  INDEX  0V  NAMES. 


WOLFORD,  COL.,  269. 


A  general 

Index  of      WOOD,  T.  J.,  190,  198,  215,  200,  265, 

281,  283,  293. 
WOODRUFF,  LIEUT.,  138. 
WOODS,  CHARLES  R.,  302,  313. 
WORDEX,  CAPT.  Joirs  L.,  552,  579. 


the  names 
mentioned 
in  this 
Volume. 


WEIGHT,   H.   G.,  161,  247,  342,  350, 

370,  427,  431,  433,  488. 
WRIGHT,  GEO.,  333. 
WTNDHAM,  COL.  PEKCT,  110. 

ZAGONTI,  MAJOR,  455. 
ZOLLICOFFER,  FELIX  K.,*  179,  182. 
ZOOK,  S.  K.,  128. 


PART    THIRD. 


OFFICERS, 

OFFICERS  UNITED  STATES  ARMY,  I860, 

List  of  Battles  During  the   War. 


GENERAL  OFFICERS  OF  THE  REGULAR  ARMY. 


isei  — ±ses. 


Those  to  whose  names  the  asterisk  (*)  is  affixed,  were  not  graduates  of  the  Military  Academy. 


Name. 


Date  of  JW?SJn     Appointed 

mmission.          e"!r>,il"to         from.  Disposition. 


Commi 


ULYSSES  S.  GRANT, 


SCOTT,  WINFIELD,* 
MCCLELLAN,  GEO.  B. 

FREMONT,  JOHN  C.* 
HALLECK,  HENRY  W. 
WOOL,  JOHN  E.* 

GRANT,  ULYSSES  8. 
SHERMAN,  WM.  T. 


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL. 
Mar.   2,   '64.      July  1,  '43.       111. 


MAJOR-GENERALS. 

June  25,  '41.  May  3,  '08.  Va. 

May  14,  '61.  July  1,  '46.  Ohio. 

May  14,  '61.  July  7,  '38.  S.  C. 

Aug.  19,  '61.  .  July  1,  '39.  N.  Y. 

May  16,  '62.        Apr.  14,  '12.  N.  Y. 

July  4,  '63.  July  1,  '43.  111. 

Aug.  12,  '64.  July  1,  '40.  Ohio. 


MEADE,  GEO.  G.  Aug.  18,  '64.  July  1,  '35.  D.  C. 

SHERIDAN,  PHILIP  H.     Nov.  8,  '64.  July  1,  '53.  Ohio. 

THOMAS,  GEO.  H.  Dec.  15,  '64.  July  1,  '40.  Va. 

BRIGADIER-GENERALS. 

WOOL,  JOHN  E.*  June  25,  '41.  Apr.14,  '12.  N.  Y. 

HARNEY,  WM.  S.*          June  14,  '58.  Feb.  13,  '18.  La. 

SUMNER,  EDWIN  V.*      Mar.  16,  '61.  Mar.  3,  '19.  N.  Y. 

MANSFIELD,  Jos.  K.  F.  May  14,  '61.  July  1,  '22.  Conn. 

MCDOWELL,  IRVIX,         May  14,  '61.  July  1,  '38.  Ohio. 

ANDERSON,  ROBEKT,       May  15,  '61.  July  1,  '25.  Ky. 

ROSECRANS,  WM.  S.        May  l6,  '61.  July  1,  '42.  Ohio. 

COOKE,  PHILIP  ST.  G.      Nov.  12,  '61.  July  1,  '27.  Va. 


General  July  25,  '66.  Prwi- 
dcnt,  Mar.  4,  '69,  to  l\ia.r.  4, 
'77.  Died  at  Mt.  McGregor, 
N.  Y.,  July  23,  '85. 


Ret'dNov.  1,  '61.  Died  West 
Point,  N.  Y.,  May  29,  '66. 
Resigned  Nov.  8,  '64.    Died 
Oct.  29,  '85. 
Resigned  June  4,  '64. 
Died  Jan.  9,  1872. 
Retired  Aug.  1,  '63.     Died 
Nov.  10,  '69. 

Promoted  Lieut.-General. 
Lieut.-General  July  25,  '66. 
General  March  4,  '69.     Re- 
tired Feb.  8,  '84. 
Died  Nov.  6,  '72. 
Lieut.-General  Mar.  4,  '69. 
Died  Mar.  28,  '70. 


Promoted  Maj.-Gen. 
Retired  Aug.  1,  '63. 
Died   at   Syracuse,    N.    Y., 
March  21,  '63. 
Died  Sept.  18,  '62,  of  wounds 
received   at  Antietam,    Md. 
Died  May  4,  1885. 
Retired   Oct.   27,  '63.    Died 
Oct.  26,  '71. 
Resigned  March  28,  '67. 
Retired  Oft,  29,  '73. 
(G35) 


636        GENERAL  OFFICERS  OF  THE  REGULAR  ARMY. 


Name. 


Date  of 
Commission. 


Service. 


Disposition. 


POPE,  JOHN, 
HOOKEK,  JOSEPH, 


July  14,  '62. 
Sept.  20,  '62. 


MEADE,  GEO.  G.  July  3,  '63. 

SHERMAN,  WM.  T.          July  4,  '63. 
MCPHERSON,  JAMES  B.  Aug.  1,  '63. 

THOMAS,  GEO.  H.  Oct.  27,  '63. 

HANCOCK,  WINFIELD  S.  Aug.  12,  64. 


July  1,  '42.  111. 

July  1,  '37.  Cal. 

July  1,  '35.  D.  C. 

July  1,  '40.  Ohio. 

July  1,  '53.  Ohio. 

July  1,  '40.  Va. 

July  1,  '44.  Pa. 


SCHOFIELD,  JOHN  M.      Nov.  30,  '64.       July  1,  '53.       111. 


HOWARD,  OLIVER  O.  Dec.  21,  '64. 

TERRY,  ALFRED  H.*  Jan.  15,  '65. 

RAWLINS,  JOHN  A.*  Mar.  3,  '65. 

THOMAS,  LORENZO,  Aug.  3,  '61. 

MEIGS,  MONTGOMERY  C.  May  15,  '61. 
RIPLEY,  JAMES  W.         Aug.  3,  '61. 


July  1,  '54.  Me. 

Apr.  25,  '62.  Conn. 

Aug.  30,  '61.  111. 

July  1,  '23.  Del. 

July  1,  '36.  Pa, 

June  1,  '14.  Conn. 


TAYLOR,  JOSEPH  P.*      Feb.  9, '63.  May  20, '13.      Ky. 


HAMMOND,  WM.  A.*     Apr.  25,  '62. 
TOTTEN,  JOSEPH  G.       Mar.  3,  '63. 

RAMSAY,  GEO.  D.  Sept.  15,  '63. 


FRY,  JAMES  B. 


Apr.  21,  '64. 


HOLT,  JOSEPH,*  June  22,  '64. 

EATON,  AMOS  B.  June  29,  '64. 

BARNES,  JOSEPH  K.*  A\ig.  22,  '64. 

DELAFIELD,  RICHARD,  Apr.  22,  '64. 


Apr.  25,  '49.   Md. 
July  1,  '05.       Conn. 

July  1,  '20.       D.  C. 
July  1,  '47.     HI. 

Sept.  3,  '62.      D.  C. 
July  1,  '26.       N.  Y. 

June  15,  '40.  Pa. 
July  24,  '18.    N.  Y. 


DYER,  ALEX.  B.  Sept.  12,  '64.       July  1,  '37.       Mo. 


Now  in  service. 
Retired   as   Maj.-Gen.    Oct. 
15,  '68.     Died  Oct.  31,  '79. 
Promoted  Major-General. 
Promoted  Major-General. 
Killed  in  battle  at  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  July  22,  '64. 
Pn  moted  Major-General. 
Major-General  July  26,  '66. 
Died  Feb.  9,  '86. 
Major-General  March  4,  '69. 
Now  in  service. 
Now  in  service. 
Now  in  service. 
Resigned  March  12,  '69. 
Adjutant-General.      Retired 
Feb.  22,  '69.     Died  March  2, 
1875.    . 

Quartermaster-General.    Re- 
tired Feb.  2,  '82. 
Ordnance  Department.     Re- 
tired Sept.    15,    '63.      Died 
March  15,  '70. 
Subsistence  Department. 
Died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
June  29,  '64. 

Surgeon-General.     Left   the 
service  Aug.  18,  '64. 
Engineer   Corps.      Died    at 
Washington,    D.    C.,    April 
22,  '64. 

Ordnance  Department.  Re- 
tired Sept.  12,  '64.  Died 
May  23,  '82. 

Provost-Marshal  General. 
Commission  as  Provost  Mar- 
shal-General expired  Aug. 
27,  '66. 

Judge     Advocate     General. 
Retired  Dec.  1,  '75. 
Subsistence  Department. 
Retired  May   1,  '74.     Died 
Feb.  21,  '77. 

Surgeon-General.  Died  Apr. 
5,  '83. 

Engineer  Corps.  Retired 
Aug.  8,  '66.  Died  Nov.  5, 
1S73. 

Ordnance  Department. 
Died  May  20,  '74. 


GENERAL   OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE.        637 

MAJOR-GENERALS  IN.  VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 

1861-1865. 


Name. 

Date  of 
Commission. 

Appointed 
from. 

Disposition. 

ACGUR,  CHRISTOPHER  C. 

Aug.  9,  '62. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  '66. 

BANKS,  NATHANIEL  P.* 

May  16,  '61. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  '65. 

BARLOW,  FRANCIS  C.* 

May  25,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Nov.  16,  '65. 

BERRY,  HIRAM  G.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Me. 

Killed  in  action  at  Chancellorsville, 
Va.,  May  2,  1863. 

BIRNEY,  DAVID  B.* 

May  20,  '63. 

Pa. 

Died  at  Phil.,  Pa.,  Oct.  18,  '64. 

BLAIR,  FRANK  P.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mo. 

Resigned  Nov.  1,  1865. 

BLUNT,  JAMES  G.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Kan. 

Mustered  out  July  29,  1865. 

BROOKS,  W.  T.  H. 

June  10,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Appointment  revoked  April  18,  '64 
(See  Brig.-Gen.) 

BUELL,    DON  CARLO3, 

March  21,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  May  23,  1864. 

BUFORD,  JOHN, 

July  1,  '63. 

111. 

Died  Dec.  16,  '63,  at  Washington. 

BURNSIDE,  AMBROSE  E. 

March  18,  '62. 

R.  I. 

Resigned  April  15,  1865. 

BUTLER,  BENJAMIN  F.* 

May  16,  '61. 

Mass. 

Resigned  Nov.  30,  1865. 

BUTTERFIELP,  DANIEL,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  August  24,  1865. 

CADWALADER,  GEO.* 

April  25,  '63. 

Pa. 

Resigned  July  5,  1865. 

CANBY,  EDWARD  R.  S. 

May  7,  '64. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  '66.  Murdered 
by  Modoc  Indians  in  Or.  Apr.  1  1,  '73. 

CASEY,  SILAS. 

May  31,  '62. 

R.  I. 

Mustered  out  Aug  24,  '65.     Died 
Jan.  22,  1882. 

^,AY,  CASSIUS  M.* 

April  11,  '62. 

Ky. 

Resigned  March  11,  1863. 

COUCH,  DARIUS  M. 

July  4,  '63. 

Mass. 

Resigned  May  26,  1865. 

Cox,  JACOB  D.* 

Dec.  7,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Jan.  1,  1866. 

ClUTTENDEN,  THOMAS  L.* 

July  17,  '62. 

Ky. 

Resigned  Dec.  13,  1864. 

CROOK,  GEO. 

Oct.  21,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CURTIS,  SAMUEL  R. 

March  21,  '63. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1S66. 

CUSTER,  GEORGE  A. 

April  15,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1  ,  '66.    Killed  by 
Indians  in  M.  T.  June  25,  1876. 

DANA,  NAPOLEON  J.  T. 

Nov.  29,  '63. 

Minn. 

Resigned  May  27,  1865. 

DAVIS,  HENRY  E.* 

May  4,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Jan.  1,  1866. 

Dix,  JOHN  A.* 

May  16,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Nov.  30,  1865. 

DODGE,  GRENVILLE  M.* 

June  7,  '64. 

Iowa. 

Resigned  May  30,  1866. 

DOUBLEDAY,  AflNER, 

Nov.  29,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1S65. 

EMORY,  WM.  H.* 

Sept.  25,  '65. 

Md. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

FESSENDEN,  FRANCIS,* 

Nov.  9,  '65. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  G. 

April  26,  '63. 

N.  H. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866.    Died 
Sept.  2,  1874. 

FRANKLIN,  WM.  B. 

July  4,  '63. 

Pa. 

Resigned  Nov.  10,  1865. 

FRENCH,  WM.  H. 

Nov.  29,  '63. 

D.  C. 

Mustered  out   May  6,    '64.     Died 
May  20,  1881. 

GARFIELD,  JAMES  A.* 

Sept.  19,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Dec.  5,  1863.     President 
U.   S.     Died  Sept.  19,  1881. 

GIBBON,  JOHN, 

June  7,  '64. 

N.  C. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

GILLEM,  ALVAN  C. 

Nov.  3,  '65. 

Tenu. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

638        GENERAL   OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Ifame. 

Date  of 

Commission. 

Appointed 
from. 

Disposition. 

GlLLMOKE,  QUINCY  A. 

July  10,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Dec.  5,  1865. 

GRANGER,  GORDON, 

Sept.  17,  '62. 

N.  r. 

M.  O.Jan.  15,  '66.  Died  Jan.  10,  '76. 

GRANT,  ULYSSES  S. 

Feb.  16,  '6-3. 

in. 

Promoted  Maj.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 

GRIERSON,  BENJAMIN  H.* 

May  2T,  '65. 

in. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

.GRIFFIN,  CHARLES, 

April  2,  '65. 

Ohio. 

M.  0.  Jan.  15,  '66.  Died  Sept.  15,  '67. 

HAMILTON,  CHARLES  S. 

Sept.  19,  '63. 

\Vis. 

Resigned  April  13,  1863. 

HAMILTON,  SCIIUYLER, 

Sept.  7,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Feb.  27,  1863. 

HANCOCK,  WINFIELD  S. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 

HARTSUFF,  GEO.  L. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865.    Died 
May  16,  1874. 

HAZEN,  WM.  B. 

Dec.  13,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HEINTZELMAN,  SAMUEL  P. 

July  4,  '62. 

Pa. 

M.  O.  Aug.  24,  '65.  Died  May  1,  '80. 

HERUON,  FRANCIS  J.* 

Nov.  29,  '02. 

Iowa. 

Resigned  June  7,  1865. 

HITCHCOCK,  ETHAN  A. 

Feb.  10,  '62. 

Mo. 

Mustered  out  Oct.  1,  1SG7. 

HOOKER,  JOSEPH, 

July  4,  '62. 

Cal. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1S66. 

HOWARD,  OLIVER  O. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  1,  1869. 

HUMPHREYS,  ANDREW  A. 

July  8,  '63. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866.     Died 
Dec.  27,  1883. 

HUNTER,  DAVID, 

Aug.  13,  '61. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HURLBUT,  STEPHEN  A.* 

Sept.  17,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  June  20,  1865. 

KEARNY,  PHILIP,* 

July  4,  '62. 

N.  J. 

Killed  in  action  at  Chautilly,  Va., 
Sept.  1,  1862. 

KEYES,  ERASMUS  D. 

July  4,  '62. 

Me. 

Resigned  May  6,  1864. 

KlLPATRICK,  JUDSON, 

June  18,  '65. 

N.  J. 

Resigned  Jan.  1,  1866. 

LOGAN,  JOHN  A.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  Aug.  17,  1865.                * 

LEGGETT,  MORTIMER  D.* 

Aug.  26,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Sept.  28,  1865. 

McCLERXAND,  JOHN   A.* 

March  21,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  Nov.  30,  1864. 

McCooK,  ALEX.  McD. 

July  17,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Oct.  21,  1865. 

MCDOWELL,  IRVIN, 

March  14,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

McPnERSOX,  JAMES  B. 

Oct  8,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Killed  in   action   at   Atlanta,  Ga., 
July  22,  1864. 

MEADE,  GEORGE  G. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

B.C. 

Promoted  Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 

MERRITT,  WESLEY, 

April  1,  '65. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1,  1866. 

MILES,  NELSON  A.* 

Oct.  21,  '65. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

MILROY,  ROBERT  H.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

lad. 

Resigned  July  26,  1865. 

MITCHELL,  OKMSBY  M. 

April  11,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Died  at  Beaufort,  S.  C-,  Oct.  30,  '62- 

MORELL,  GEORGE  W. 

July  4,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Appointment  expired  March  4,  '63. 
(See  Brig.-Gen.) 

MORGAN,   EDWIN   D.* 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

N.  Y 

Resigned  Jan.  1,  1863. 

MOTT,  GERSHAM,* 

N.  J. 

Resigned  Feb.  20,  1866. 

MOWER,  JOSEPH  A.* 

Aug.  12,  '64. 

Conn. 

M.  O.  F.-b.  1,  '66.  Died  Jan.  6,  '70. 

\EGLEY,  JAMES  S.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Resigned  Jan.  19,  1865. 

NELSON,  WM.* 

July  17,  '62. 

Ky. 

Died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  Sept.  29,  '62. 

NEWTON,  JOHN, 

March  30,  '62. 

Va. 

Appointment  revoked  April  18,  '64. 

OiLESBY,  RICHARD  J.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  May  26,  1864. 

ORD,  EDWARD  O.  C. 

May  2,  '62. 

D.  C. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866.     Died 
July  22,  1883, 

GENERAL   OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER   SERVICE,        639 


Name. 

Date  of 
Commission. 

Appointed 
from. 

Disposition. 

OSTERHAUS,  PETER  J.* 

July  23,  '64. 

Mo. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

PALMER,  JOHN  M.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  Sept.  1,  1866. 

PARKE,  JOHN  G. 

April  26,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

PECK,  JOHN  J. 

July  4,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

PLEASONTON,  ALFRED, 

June  22,  '63. 

D.  C. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  186(5. 

POPE,  JOHN, 

March  21,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

PORTER,  FITZ-JOHN, 

July  4,  '62. 

D.  C. 

Left  the  service  Jan.  21,  1863. 

POTTER,  ROBERT  B.* 

Sept.  29,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

PREXTISS,  BENJ.  M.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  Oct.  28,  1863. 

RENO,  JESSB  L. 

April  26,  '62. 

Pa. 

Killed  in  action  at  South  Mountain, 

Md.,  Sept.  14,  1862. 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  F. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Killed  in  action  at  Gettysburg,  Pa., 

July  1,  1863. 

REYNOLDS,  JOSEPH  J. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

RICHARDSON,  ISRAEL  B. 

July  4,  '62. 

Mich. 

Died  Nov.  3,  '62,  of  wounds  received 

at  Antietam,  Md. 

ROSECRANS,  WM.  S. 

March  21,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

ROUSSEAU,  LOVELL  H.* 

Oct.  8,  '62. 

Ky. 

Resigned  Nov.  30,  1865.    Died  Jan. 

7,  1869. 

SCHENCK,  ROBERT  C.* 

Aug.  30,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Dec.  5,  1863. 

SCHOFIELD,  JOHN  M. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

SCHURZ,  CARL,* 

March  14,  '63. 

Wis. 

Resigned  May  6,  1865. 

SEDGWICK,  JOHN, 

July  4,  '62. 

Conn. 

Killed  in   action  at  Spottsylvania, 

Va.,  May  9,  1864. 

SHERIDAN,  PHILIP  H. 

Dec.  31,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army  Sept.  20,  '64. 

Maj.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 

SHERMAN,  WM.  T. 

May  1,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 

SICKLES,  DANIEL  E.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  1,  1868. 

SIGEL,  FRANZ,* 

March  21,  '62. 

Mo. 

Resigned  May  4,  1865. 

SLOCUM,  HENRY  W. 

July  4,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Sept.  28,  1865. 

SMITH,  ANDREW  J. 

May  12,  '64. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1865. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  F. 

March  21,  '62. 

Died  at   Savannah,    Tenn.,    April 

25,  1862. 

SMITH,  GILES  A.* 

Nov.  24,  '65. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1,  1866. 

SMITH,  WM.  F. 

March  9,  '64. 

Vt. 

Resigned  Nov.  4,  1865. 

STAHEL,  JULIUS  H.* 

March  14,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Feb.  8,  1865. 

STANLEY,  DAVID  S. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1,  1866. 

STEEDMAN,  JAMES  B.* 

April  20,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Aug.  18,  1866. 

STEELE,  FREDERICK, 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  March  1,  1867.    Died 

Jan.  12,  1868. 

STEVENS,  ISAAC  I. 

July  18,  '62. 

W.  T. 

Killed  in  action  at  Chantilly,  Va., 

Sept.  1,  1862. 

STONEMAN,  GEO. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

STRONG,  GEO.  C. 

July  18,  '63. 

Mass. 

Died  July  30,  '63,   of  wounds  re- 

ceived at  Ft.  Wagner,  S.  C. 

SUMNER,  EDAVIN  V.* 

July  4,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 

SWAYNE,  WAGER,* 

June  20,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  22,  1867. 

STKES,  GEO, 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Md. 

Mustered  out  June  15,  1866.    Died 

Feb.  8,  1880. 

GENERAL   OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of 
Commission. 

Appointed 
from. 

Disposition. 

TERKT,  ALFRED  H.*  Jan.  15,  '65.  Conn. 

THOMAS,  GEO.  H.  April  25,  '62.  Va. 

WALLACE,  LEWIS,*  March  21,  '62.  Ind. 

WARREN,  GOUVERNEUR  K.  May  3,  '63.  N.  Y. 


WASHBURNE,  C.  C.* 
\\'EITZEL,  GODFREY, 
WHIFFLE,  AMIEL  \V. 

WILSON,  JAMES  H. 
WOOD,  THOMAS  J. 
WRIGHT,  HORATIO  G. 


Nov.  29,  '62.  Wis. 
Nov.  17,  '64.  Ohio. 
May  3,  '63.  Mass. 


May  6,  '65. 
Jan.  27,  '65. 
May  12,  '64. 


111. 


Conn. 


Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 
Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 
Resigned  Nov.  80,  1865. 
Resigned  May  27,  1865.  Died  Aug. 
8,  1882. 

Resigned  May  25,  1865. 
Mustered  out  March  1,  1866. 
Died  May  7,  1863,  of  wounds  re- 
ceived at  Chancellors ville,  Va. 
Mustered  out  Jan.  8,  1866. 
Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 
Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 


BRIGADIER-GENERALS  IN  VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 

1861-1865. 


ABERCROMBIE,  JOHN  J.  Aug.  31,  '61.  Tenn. 

ALLEN,  ROBERT,  May  23,  '63.  Ind. 

ALVORD,  BENJAMIN,  April  15,  '62.  Vt. 

AMES,  ADELBERT,  May  23,  '63.  Me. 

A.MMEN,  JACOB,  July  16,  '62.  Ohio. 

ANDREWS,  CHRISTOPHER  C.*  Jan.  5,  '64.  Minn. 

ANDREWS,  GEORGE  L.  Nov.  10,  '62.  Mass. 

ARNOLD,  LEWIS  G.  Jan.  24,  '62.  N.  J. 


ARNOLD,  RICHARD, 

ASBOTH,  ALEXANDER,* 
AUGUR,  CHRISTOPHER  C. 
AVERELL,  WM.  W. 
AYRES,  ROMEYN  B. 
BAILT,  JOSEPH  C.* 
BAIRD,  ABSALOM, 
BAKER,  LAFAYETTE  C.* 
BARLOW,  FRANCIS  C.* 
BARNARD,  JOHN  G. 

BARNES,  JAMES, 
BARNUM,  HENRY  A.* 
BARRY,  WM.  F. 

BARTLETT,  JOSEPH  J.* 
BARTLETT,  WM.  T.* 
BAXTER,  HENRY.* 
BAYARD,  GEO.  D. 


Nov.  29,  '62.        R.  I. 


March  21,  '62. 
Nov.  12,  '61. 
Sept.  26,  '62. 
Nov.  29,  '62. 
Nov.  10,  '64. 
April  28,  '62. 
April  26,  '65. 
Sept.  19,  '62. 
Sept.  23,  '61. 


Mich. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 
Wis. 
Fa. 
D.  C. 
N.  Y. 
Mass. 


Nov.  29,  '62.  Mass. 

May  31,  '65.  N.  Y. 

Aug.  20,  '61.  N.  Y. 

March  30,  '63.  N.  Y. 

June  20,  '64.  Mass. 

March  12,  '63.  Mich. 

April  28,  '62.  N.  J. 


Mustered  out  June  24,  1864.     Died 
Jan.  3,  1877. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 
Resigned  Aug.  8,  1865. 
Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 
Resigned  Jan.  4,  1865. 
Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 
Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 
Com.  cancelled,  he  having  been  re- 
tired as  Lt.-Col.  U.  S.  A.  Feb.  8,  '64. 
Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865.     Died 
Nov.  8,  1882. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 
Major-General  Volunteers. 
Resigned  May  18,  1865. 
Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 
Resigned  July  7,  1865. 
Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 
Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 
Major-General  Volunteers. 
Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866.     Died 
May  14,  1882. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 
Resigned  Jan.  9,  1866. 
Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866.     Died 
July  18,  1879. 
Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 
Mustered  out  July  18,  1866. 
Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 
Died  Dec.  14,  1862,  of  wounds  at 
Fredericksburg,  Va. 


GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of          Appointed 
Commission.          from. 

Disposition. 

BEAL,  GEORGE  L.* 

Nov.  30,  '64. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

BEATTY,  JOHN,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Jan.  28,  1864. 

BEATTY,  SAMUEL,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

BELKXAP,  WM.  W.* 

July  30,  '64. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

BEXHAM,  HEXRY  W. 

Aug.  13,  '61. 

Conn. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

BEXTON,  WM.  P.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Ind. 

Resigned  July  24,  1865. 

BERRY,  HIRAM  G.* 

March  17,  '62. 

Me. 

Promoted  to  Major-General. 

BIDDLE,  CHARLES  J.* 

Aug.  31,  '61. 

Pa. 

Declined. 

BIDWELL,  DAXIEL  D.* 

Aug.  11,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Killed  in  action  Oct.  19,  1864,  at 

Cedar  Creek,  Va. 

BIRGE,  HEXRY  W.* 

Sept.  19,  '63. 

Conn. 

Resigned  Oct.  18,  1865. 

BIRXEY,  DAVID  D.* 

Feb.  3,  '62. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

BIRXEY,  WM.* 

May  22,  '63. 

N.  J. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  '65. 

BLAIR,  FRAXK  P.* 

Aug.  7,  '62. 

Mo. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

BLEXKER,  Louis,* 

Aug.  9,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Discharged  March  31,  1863. 

BLUNT,  JAMES  G.* 

Aprils,  '62. 

Kan. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

BOHLEX,  HEXRY,* 

April  28,  '61. 

Pa. 

Killed  in  action  at  Freeman's  Ford, 

Va.,  Aug.  22,  1862. 

BowENj  JAMES,* 

Oct.  11,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  July  27,  1864. 

BOYLE,  JEREMIAH  T.* 

Nov.  9,  '61. 

Ky. 

Resigned  Jan.  26,  1864. 

BRADLEY,  LUTHER  P.* 

July  30,  '64. 

111. 

Resigned  June  30,  1865. 

BRAGG,  EDWARD  S.* 

June  25,  '64. 

Wis. 

Mustered  out  Oct.  9,  1865. 

BRAXXAX,  JOHN  M. 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  May  31,  1S66. 

BRAYMAX,  MASON,* 

Sept.  24,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

BRIGGS,  HEXRY  S.* 

July  17,  '62. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Dec.  4,  1865. 

BRISBIX,  JAMES  S.* 

May  1,  '65. 

U.  S.  A. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

BROOKE,  JOHX  R.* 

May  12,  '64. 

Pa. 

Resigned  Feb.  1,  1866. 

BROOKS,  WM.  T.  H. 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  July  14,  1864. 

BROWX,  EGBERT  B.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mo. 

Resigned  Nov.  10,  1865. 

BUCKINGHAM,  C.  P. 

July  16,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Feb.  11,  1863. 

BUCKLAND,  RALPH  P.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Jan.  6,  1865. 

BUELL,  DON  CARLOS, 

May  17,  '61. 

Ind. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

BUFORD,  JOHN, 

July  27,  '62. 

ni. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

BUFORD,  NAPOLEON  B. 

April  15,  '62. 

m. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

BURBRIDGE,  STEPHEN  G.* 

June  9,  '62. 

Ky. 

Resigned  Dec.  1,  1865. 

BURXHAM,  HIRAM,* 

April  26,  '64. 

Me. 

Killed  in  action  Sept.  30,  1804,  a! 

Chapin's  Bluff,  Va. 

BURXS,  WM.  W. 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  March  20,  1863. 

BURXSIDE,  AMBROSE  E. 

Aug.  6,  '61. 

R.  I. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

BUSSEY,  CYRUS,* 

Jan.  5,  '64. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

BUTTERFIELD,  DANIEL,* 

Sept.  7,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CALDWELL,  JOHN  C.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CAMERON,  ROBERT  A.* 

Aug.  11,  '63. 

Ind. 

Resigned  June  22,  1865. 

CAMPBELL,  CHARLES  T.* 

March  13,  '63. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  I860. 

CAMPBELL,  WM.  B.* 

June  30,^62. 

Tenn. 

Resigned  Jan.  26,  1863. 

CAN  BY,  EDWARD  R.  S. 

March  31,  '62. 

Ind. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CARLIN,  WM.  P. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1SR5. 

41 

642        GENERAL   OFFICERS  IF   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of           Appointed 
Commission.           from. 

Disposition. 

CARLTON,  JAMES  11.* 

April  28,  '0-2. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

CARR,  EUGENE  A. 

March  7,  'G'2. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CARR,  JOSEPH  B.* 

Sept.  7,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

CARRIXGTON,  HENUY  B.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

CARROLL,  SAMUEL  S. 

May  12,  '64. 

D.  C. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CARTER,  SAMUEL  P.* 

May  1,  '62. 

Tenn. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CASEY,  SILAS, 

Aug.  31,  '61. 

R.  I. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CATTERSON,  ROBERT  F.* 

May  31,  '65. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1S66. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  JOSHUA  L.* 

June  18,  '64. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CHAMBERS,  ALEXANDER,* 

Aug.  11,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Commission  expired  April  6, 

1864. 

Not  confirmed. 

CHAMPLIN,  STEPHEN  G.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mich. 

Died  at  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

,  Jan. 

26,  1864. 

CHAPMAK,  GEORGE  H.* 

July  21,  '64. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  7,  1866. 

CHETLAIN,  AUGUSTUS  L.* 

Dec.  18,  '63. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CHRYSLER,  MORGAN  H.* 

Nov.  11,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CLAYTON,  POWELL,* 

Aug.  1,  '64. 

Kan. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

CLARK,  WM.  T.* 

May  31,  '65. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1,  1866. 

CLUSERET,  GUSTAVE  P.* 

Oct.  14,  '62. 

France. 

Resigned  March  2,  1863. 

COCHRAN,  JOHN,* 

July  17,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Feb.  25,  1863. 

CONNOR,  PATRICK  E.* 

March  30,  '63. 

Cal. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

CONNOR,  SELDEN,* 

Jutie  11,  '64. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  April  7,  1866. 

COOK,  JOHN,* 

March  21,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

COOPER,  JAMES,* 

May  17,  '61. 

Md. 

Died  at  Columbus,  O.,  March  28,  '63. 

COOPER,  JOSEPH  A.* 

July  30,  '64. 

Tenn. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

COPELAND,  JOSEPH  T.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mich. 

Resigned  Nov.  8,  1805. 

CORCORAN,  MICHAEL,* 

July  21,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Died  at  Fairfax  C.  H.,  Va., 

Dec. 

22,  1863. 

CORSE,  JOHN  M.* 

Aug.  11,  '63. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

COUCH,  DARIUS  N. 

May  17,  '61. 

Mass. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

Cox,  JACOB  D.* 

May  17,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CHAIG,  JAMES,* 

March  21,  '62. 

Mo. 

Resigned  May  5,  1863. 

CRAWFORD,  SAMUEL  W.* 

April  25,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CRITTENDEN,  THOMAS  T.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Ind. 

Resigned  May  5,  1863. 

CRITTENDEN,  THOMAS  L.* 

Sept.  27,  '61. 

Ky. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CROCKER,  MARCELLUS  M.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 

Aug. 

26,  1865. 

CROOK,  GEORGE, 

Sept.  7,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CROXTON,  JOHN  T.* 

July  30,  '64. 

Ky. 

Resigned  Dec.  26,  1865. 

CRUFT,  CHARLES,* 

July  16,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

CULLUM,  GEO.  W. 

Nov.  1,  '61. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

CURTIS,  N.  MARTIN,* 

Jan.  15,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

CURTIS,  SAMUEL  R. 

May  17,  '61. 

Iowa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CUSTER,  GEO.  A. 

June  29,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

CUTLER,  LYSAXDER,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Wis. 

Resigned  June  30,  1865. 

DANA,  NAPOLEON  J.  T. 

Feb.  3,  '62. 

Minn. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

DAVIDSON,  JOHN  W. 

Feb.  3,  '62. 

Va. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN  VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


643 


Name. 

Date  of           Appointed 
Commission.           from. 

Disposition. 

DAVIES,  HENRY  E.* 

Sept.  16,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

DAVIES,  THOMAS  A. 

March  7,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

DAVIS,  EDMUND  J.* 

Nov.  10,  '64. 

Texas. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

DAVIS,  JEFFERSON  C.* 

Dec.  IS,  '61. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866.     Died 

Nov.  30,  1879. 

DKITZLER,  GEO.  W.* 

Nov.  29,  '6'2. 

Kan. 

Resigned  Aug.  27,  1863. 

DKXXIS,  ELIAS  S.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

Dr.NT,  FREDEUICK  T. 

April  5,  'fi5. 

U.  S.  A. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

DENVER,  JAMES  W.* 

Aug.  14,  '61. 

Cal. 

Resigned  March  5,  1863.  • 

DE  RUSST,  GUSTAVUS  A.* 

May  23,  '63. 

Va. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

DK  TROBRIAND,  PHILIP  R.* 

Jan.  5,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

DEVEXS,  CHARLES,* 

April  15,  '62. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

DEVIN,  THOMAS  C.* 

Oct.  19,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

DEWEY,  JOEL  A.* 

Dec.  13,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  31,  1866. 

DODGE,  CHARLES  C.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  June  12,  1863. 

DODGE,  GRKXVILLE  M.* 

March  31,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

DOOLITTLE,  CHARLES  C.* 

Jan.  27,  '65. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Nov.  30,  1865. 

DOUBLEDAY,  AflNER, 

Feb.  3,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

Dow,  NEAL,* 

April  28,  '62. 

Me. 

Resigned  Nov.  30,  1864. 

Di  TKIE,  ALFRED  N.* 

June  23,  '63. 

R.  I. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

DfMoxr,  EBEXEZER,* 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

Ind. 

Resigned  Feb.  28,  1863. 

DUJYEA,  ABHAM,* 

Aug.  31,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Jan.  5,  1863. 

l)i  VAL,  ISAAC  H.* 

Sept.  24,  '64. 

W.  Va. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

DWIGHT,  W.M.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

EDWARDS,  JOHX,* 

Sept.  26,  '64. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

EDWARDS,  OLIVER,* 

May  19,  '65. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

KG  AX,  THOMAS  W.* 

Sept.  3,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

ELLKT,  ALFRED  \W* 

Nov.  1,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  Dec.  31,  1864. 

ELLIOTT,  WASIIIXGTOX  L.* 

June  11,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  March  1,  I860. 

KMORV.  \V~M.  H. 

March  17,  '63. 

Md. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

KSTE,  GEO.  P.* 

.Finn'  26,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Dec,  4,  1865. 

EUSTIS,  HEXRY  L. 

Sept.  12,  '63. 

Mass. 

Resigned  June  27,  1864. 

E  \VING,  HUGH,* 

Nov.  20,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

EWIXG,  CHARLES,* 

Maivli  x,  -05. 

U.  S.  A. 

Mustered  out  Dec.  1,  1865. 

EWIXG,  THOMAS,  JR.* 

March  13,  '63. 

Kan. 

Resigned  Feb.  23,  1  865. 

FAIRC  MII.I),  Living,* 

Oct.  19,  '63. 

Win, 

Resigned  Nov.  2,  1863. 

FARXSWORTH,  JOHX  ¥.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  March  4,  1863. 

FKRREKO,  EDWARD,* 

May  6,  '63. 

X.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

FERRY,  ORRIS  S.* 

March  17,  '62. 

Conn. 

Resigned  June  15,  1865. 

F  KSS  K  N  i  >EX,  FRANCIS,* 

May  10,  '64. 

Me. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

FESSEXDEX,  JAMES  D.* 

Aug.  8,  '64. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

FISK,  CLIXTOX  B.* 

Nov.  24,  '62. 

Mo. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

FORCE,  MANNING  F.* 

Aug.  11,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

FORSYTH,  JAMES  \V. 

May  19,  '65. 

U.  S.  A. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

FOSTER,  ROBERT  S.* 

June  12,  '63. 

Ind. 

Resigned  Sept.  25,  1865. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  G. 

Oct.  23,  '61. 

N.  H. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

FRANKLIN,  WM.  B. 

May  17,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN    VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of           Appointed 
Commission.           from. 

Disposition. 

FRENCH,  WM.  H. 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

D.  C. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

FRY,  Speed  S.* 

March  21,  '62. 

Ky. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

FULLER,  JOHN  W.* 

Jan.  5,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Aug.  15,  1865. 

GAMBLE,  WM.* 

Sept.  25,  '65. 

111. 

Mustered  out  March  13,  1S66. 

GARFIELD,  JAMES  A.* 

Jan.  11,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GARRARD,  KENNER, 

July  23,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GARRARD,  THEOPHILUS  T.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ky. 

Mustered  out  April  4,  1864. 

GEARY,  JOHN  W.* 

April  25,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

GETTY,  Gfco.  W. 

Sept.  25,  '62. 

D.  C. 

Mustered  out  Oct.  9,  1866. 

GIBBON,  JOHN, 

May  2,  '62. 

N.  C. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GIBBS,  ALFRED, 

Oct.  19,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1,  1866.     Died 

Dec.  26,  1868. 

GILBERT,  JAMES  I.* 

Feb.  9,  '65. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GILLEM,  ALVAN  C. 

Aug.  17,  '63. 

Tenn. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GlLLMORE,  QUINCY  A. 

April  28,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GORDON,  GEO.  H. 

June  9,  '61. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GORMAN,  WILLIS  A.* 

Sept.  7,  '61. 

Minn. 

Mustered  out  May  4,  1864. 

GRAHAM,  CHARLES  K.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  T. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GRAHAM,  LAWRENCE  P.* 

Aug.  31,  '61. 

Va. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GRANGER,  GORDON, 

March  26,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GRANGER,  ROBERT  S. 

Oct.  20,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GRANT,  LEWIS  A.* 

April  27,  '64. 

Vt. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GRANT,  ULYSSES  S. 

May  17,  '61. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GREENE,  GEO.  S. 

April  28,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

GREGG,  DAVID  McM. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Resigned  Feb.  3,  1865. 

GRESHAM,  WALTER  Q.* 

Aug.  11,  '6:3. 

lud. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

GRIERSON,  BENJAMIN  II.* 

June  3,  '63. 

IH. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GRIFFIN,  CHARLES, 

June  9,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

GRIFFIN,  SIMON  G.* 

May  12,  '64. 

N.  H. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

GROSE,  WM.* 

July  30,  '64. 

Ind. 

Resigned  Dec.  31,  1865. 

GROVER,  CUVIER, 

April  14,  '63. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865.     Died 

a  Colonel  of  the    Regular    Army, 

June  6,  18S5. 

HACKELMAN,  PLEASANT  A.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Ind. 

Killed  in  action  at  Corinth,  Miss., 

Oct.  3,  1862. 

HAMBLIN,  JOSEPH  E.* 

May  19,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  June  15,  1866. 

HAMILTON,  ANDREW  J.* 

Sept.  18,  '63. 

Texas. 

Resigned  June  19,  1865. 

HAMILTON,  CHARLES  S. 

May  17,  '61. 

Wis. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HAMILTON,  SCHUYLER, 

Nov.JL2,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HAMLIN,  CYRUS,* 

Dec.  3,  '64. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HANCOCK,  WINFIELD  S. 

Sept.  23,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HARDIN,  MARTIN  D. 

July  2,  '64. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HARDING,  ABNER  C.* 

March  13,  '63. 

111. 

Resigned  June  3,  1863. 

HARKER,  CHARLES  G. 

Sept.  20,  '63. 

N.  J. 

Died  June  27,  1864,  of  wounds  re- 

ceived at  Mariette,  Ga. 

HARLAND,  EDWARD,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Conn. 

Resigned  June  22,  1865. 

HARRIS,  THOMAS  M.* 

March  29,  '65. 

W.  Va. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

HARROW,  WM.* 

Nov.  29,  '63. 

Ind. 

Resigned  April  20,  1865. 

GENERAL   OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of           Appointed 
Commission.          from. 

Disposition. 

HARTRANFT,  JOHN  F.* 

May  12,  '64. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HARTSUFF,  GEO.  L. 

April  15,  '62. 

Mich. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HASCALL,   MILO  S. 

April  25,  '62. 

Ind. 

Resigned  Oct.  27,  1864. 

HASKIN,  JOSEPH  A. 

Aug.  5,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

HATCH,  EDWARD,* 

April  27,  '64. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HATCH,  JOHN  P. 

Sept.  28,  '62. 

N..Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HAUPT,  HERMANN, 

Sept.  5,  '62. 

Pa. 

Declined. 

HAWKINS,  JOHN  P. 

April  13,  '63. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1,  1866. 

HAWLEY,  JOSEPH  R.* 

Sept.  13,  '64. 

Conn. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HATES,  JOSEPH,* 

May  12,  '64. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

HAYES,  RUTHERFORD  B.* 

Oct.  19,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  June  8,  1865. 

HAYS,  ALEXANDER, 

Sept.  26,  '62. 

Pa. 

Killed  in  action  at  Wilderness,  Va., 

May  5,  1864. 

HAYS,  WM. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Tenn. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HAZTSN,  WM.  B. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HECK  MAN,  CHARLES  A.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  J. 

Resigned  May  25,  1865. 

HEINTZELMAN,  SAMUEL  P. 

May  17,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HERRON,  FRANCIS  J.* 

July  16,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HINKS,  EDWARD  W.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mass. 

Resigned  June  30,  1865. 

HOBSON,  EDWARD  H.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ky. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

HOOKER,  JOSEPH, 

May  17,  '61. 

Cal 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HOVEY,  ALVIN  P.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Ind. 

Resigned  Oct.  7,  1865. 

HOWARD,  OLIVER  0. 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

Me. 

Major-Geueral  Volunteers. 

HOWE,  ALBION  P. 

June  11,  '62. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HOWELL,  JOSHUA  B.* 

Died  Sept.  14,  1864,  near  Peters- 

burg, Va. 

HUMPHREYS,  ANDREW  A. 

April  28,  '62. 

D.  C. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HUNT,  HENRY  J. 

Sept.  15,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

HUNT,  LEWIS  C. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mo. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

HUNTER,  DAVID, 

May  17,  '61. 

m. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

HURLBUT,  STEPHEN  A.* 

May  17,  '61. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

INGALLS,  RUFUS, 

May  23,  '63. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

JACKSON,  CONRAD  F.* 

July  17,  '62. 

Pa. 

Killed  Dec.  13,  1862,  at  Fredericks- 

burg,  Va. 

JACKSON,  JAMES  S.* 

July  16,  '62. 

Ky. 

Killed  Oct.  8,  '62,  at  Perryville,  Ky. 

JACKSON,  NATHANIEL  J.* 

Sept.  24,  '62. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

JACKSON,  RICHARD  H.* 

May  19,  '65. 

U.  S.  A. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  1,  1866. 

JAMISON,  CHARLES  D.* 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

Me. 

Died  at  Old  Town,  Me.,  Nov.  6,  '0:2. 

JOHNSON,  ANDREW,* 

Mar.  4,  '62. 

Tenn. 

Resigned  March  3,  1865. 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  W. 

Oct.  11,  '61. 

Ky. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

JONES,  PATRICK  H.* 

Dec.  6,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  June  17,  1865. 

JUDAH,  HENRY  M. 

March  21,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

KANE,  THOMAS  L.* 

Sept.  7,  '62. 

Pa. 

Resigned  Nov.  7,  1863. 

KAUTZ,  AUGUST  V. 

May  7,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

KEARNY,  PHILIP,* 

May  17,  '61. 

N.  J. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

KEIM,  WM.  H.* 

Dec.  30,  '61. 

Penn. 

Died  May  18,  1862. 

KELLEY,  BENJAMIN  F.* 

May  17,  '61. 

Va. 

Resigned  June  1,  1865. 

646        GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of           Appointed 
Commission.           from. 

Disposition. 

KENLY,  JOHN  R.* 

Aug.  22,  '62. 

Md. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

KETCHAM,  JOHN  H.* 

April  1,  '65. 

N.  T. 

Resigned  Dec.  2,  1865. 

KETCHUM,  WM.  S. 

Feb.  3,  '62. 

Conn. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  18G6. 

KEYES,  ERASMUS  D. 

May  17,  '61. 

Me. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

KIERNAN,  JAMES  L.* 

Aug.  1,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Feb.  3,  1864. 

KlLPATRICK,  JtTDSON, 

June  13,  '63. 

N.  J. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

KIMBALL,  NATHAN,* 

April  15,  '62. 

Ind.. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

KING,  JOHN  H.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

KING,  RUFUS, 

May  17,  '61. 

Wis. 

Resigned  Oct.  20,  1863. 

KIRBT,  EDMUND, 

May  23,  '63. 

U.  S.  A. 

Died  of  wounds,  May  28,  1863, 

at 

Chancellorsville,  Va. 

KIRK,  EDWARD  N.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

HI. 

Died  at  Chicago,  111.,  July  29,   ' 

63. 

KNIFE,  JOSEPH  F.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

LANDER,  FREDERICK  W.* 

May  17,  '61. 

Mass. 

Died  at  Camp  Chase,  Va.,  Mar.  2,  ' 

62. 

LAUMAN,  JACOB  G.* 

March  21,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

LAWLER,  MICHAEL  K.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

LEDLIE,  JAMES  H.* 

Oct.  27,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Jan.  23,  1865. 

LEE,  ALBERT  L.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Kan. 

Resigned  May  4,  1865. 

LEGGETT,  MORTIMER  D.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

LIGHTBURN,  J.  A.  J.* 

March  14,  '63. 

Va. 

Resigned  June  22,  1865. 

LOCKWOOD,  HENRY  H. 

Aug.  8,  '61. 

Del. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

LOGAN,  JOHN  A.* 

March  21,  '62. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

LONG,  ELI,* 

Aug.  18,  '64. 

Ky. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

LOWELL,  CHARLES  R.* 

Oct.  19,  '64. 

Mass. 

Died  Oct.  20,  1864,  of  wounds 

re- 

ceived  at  M'ddletown,  Va. 

LUCAS,  THOMAS  J.* 

Nov.  10,  '64. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

LYON,  NATHANIEL, 

May  17,  '61. 

U.  S.  A. 

Killed  in  action  Aug.  10,  1861. 

LYTLE,  WM.  H* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Died  of  wounds  Sept.  20,  1863, 

at 

Chickamauga. 

MACKENZIE,  RANALD  S. 

Oct.  19,  '64. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

MALTBY,  JASPER  A.* 

Aug.  4,  '63. 

m. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

MANSON,  MAHLON  D.* 

March  24,  '62. 

Ind. 

Resigned  Dec.  21,  1864. 

MARSTON,  OILMAN,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  H. 

Resigned  April  20,  1865. 

MARTINDALE,  JOHN  H. 

Aug.  9,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Sept.  13,  1864. 

MASON,  JOHN  S. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

MATTHIES,  CHARLES  L.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Resigned  May  16,  1864. 

MCARTHUR,  JOHN,* 

March  21,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

MCCALL,  GEO.  A. 

May  17,  '61. 

Pa. 

Resigned  March  31,  1863. 

McCLERNAND,  JOHN  A.* 

May  17,  '61. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

McCooK,  ALEXANDER  McD. 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

McCooK,  EDWARD  M.* 

April  27,  '64. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

McCooK,  ROBERT  L.* 

March  21,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Died  Aug.   6,   1862,  of  wounds 

re- 

ceived  from  Guerillas  in  Tenu. 

McGiNNis,  GEO.  F.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

MdNTOSH,  JOHN  B.* 

July  21,  '64. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

McKEAN,  THOMAS  J. 

Nov.  21,  '61. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

MCLEAN,  NATHANIEL  C.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  April  20,  1865. 

GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE.        647 


Name. 

Bate  of           Appointed 
Commission.          from. 

Disposition. 

MCMILLAN,  JAMES  W.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ind. 

Resigned  May  15,  1865. 

McNKiL,  JOHN,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mo. 

Resigned  April  12,  1865. 

MCPHERSON,  JAMES  B. 

May  15,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

MEADE,  GEO.  G. 

Aug.  31,  '61. 

D.  C. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

MBAGHER,  THOMAS  F.* 

Feb.  3,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  May  15,  1865. 

MEREDITH,  SOLOMON,* 

Oct.  6,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  May  22,  1865. 

MEREDITH,  SULLIVAN  A.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

MERRITT,  WESLEY, 

June  29,  '63. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

MILES,  NELSON  A.* 

May  12,  '64. 

Mass. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

MILLER,  JOHN  F.* 

Jan.  5,  '64. 

Ind. 

Feigned  Sept.  25,  1865. 

MILLER,  STEPHEN,* 

Oct.  26,  '63. 

Minn. 

Resigned  Jan.  18,  1864. 

MILROY,  ROBERT  H.* 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

Ind. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

MITCHEL,  ORMSBY  M. 

Aug.  9,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

MITCHELL,  JOHN  G.* 

Jan.  12,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  July  3,  1865. 

MITCHELL,  ROBERT  B.* 

April  8,  '62. 

Kan. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

MONTGOMERY,  WM.  R. 

May  17,  '61. 

N.  J. 

Resigned  April  4,  1864. 

MORELL,  GEO.  W. 

Aug.  9,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Dec.  15,  1864. 

MORGAN,  CHARLES  H. 

March  21,  '65. 

U.  S.  A. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

MORGAN,  GEO.  W.* 

Nov.  12,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  June  8,  1863. 

MORGAN,  JAMES  D.* 

July  17,  '62. 

IU. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

MORRIS,  WM  H.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

MORTON,  JAMES  ST.  C. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Nov.  7,  1863. 

MOTT,  GERSHAM,* 

Sept.  7,  '62. 

N.  J. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

MOWER,  JOSEPH  A.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Conn. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

NAGLE,  JAMES,* 

March  13,  '63. 

Pa. 

Resigned  May  9,  1863. 

NAGLEE,  HENRY  M. 

Feb.  4,  '62. 

Pa." 

Mustered  out  April  4,  1864. 

NAGLEY,  JAMES  S.* 

Oct.  1,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-Geueral  Volunteers. 

NEILL,  THOMAS  H. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24.  1865. 

NELSON,  WILLIAM,* 

Sept.  16,  '61. 

U.  S.  N. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

NEWTON,  JOHN, 

Sept.  23,  '61. 

Va. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  31,  1866. 

NICKERSON,  FRANK  S.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Me. 

Resigned  May  13,  1865. 

OAKES,  JAMES, 

May  17,  '61. 

Pa. 

Declined. 

OGLESBY,  RICHARD  J.* 

March  21,  '62. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

OLIVER,  JOHN  M.* 

Jan.  12,  '65. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

OPDYKE,  EMERSON,* 

July  26,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Jan  1,  1866. 

ORD,  E.  O.  C. 

Sept  14,  '61. 

D.  C. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

ORME,  WM.  W.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

IU. 

Resigned  April  26,  1864. 

OSBORN,  THOMAS  O.* 

May  1,  '65. 

111. 

Resigned  Sept,  28,  1865. 

OSTERHATJS,  PETER  J.* 

June  9,  '62. 

Mo. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

OWENS,  JOSHUA  T.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  July  18,  1864. 

PAINE,  CHARLES  J.* 

July  4,  '64. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

PAINE,  ELEAZER  A. 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

111. 

Resigned  April  5,  1865. 

PAINE,  HALBERT  E.* 

March  13,  '63. 

Wis. 

Resigned  May  15,  1865. 

PALMER,  INNIS  N. 

Sept.  23,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

PALMER,  JOHN  M.* 

Dec.  20,  '61. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

PAKKK,  JOHN  G. 

Nov.  23,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

648        GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of           Appointed 
Commission.           from. 

Disposition. 

PARSONS,  LEWIS  B.* 

May  11,  '65. 

Mo. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

PATRICK,  MARSENA  R. 

March  17,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  June  12,  1865. 

PATTERSON,  FRANCIS  JL* 

April  11,  '62. 

Pa. 

Died  Nov.  22,  1862. 

PAUL,  GABRIEL  R. 

April  18,  '63. 

Mo. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

PECK,  JOHN  J. 

Aug.  9,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

PENNTPACKER,  GALUSHA,* 

Feb.  18,  '65. 

Penn. 

Resigned  April  30,  1866. 

PENROSE,  WM.  H.* 

June  27,  '65. 

U.  S.  A. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

PHELPS,  JOHN  W. 

May  17,  '61. 

Vt. 

Resigned  Aug.  21,  1862. 

PIATT,  ABRAHAM  S.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Feb.  17,  1863. 

PIERCE,  BYRON  R.* 

June  7,  '64. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

PILE,  WM.  A.* 

Dec.  26,  '63. 

Mo. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

PITCHER,  THOMAS  G. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

PLEASONTON,  ALFRED, 

July  16,  '62. 

B.C. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

PLUMMER,  JOSEPH  B. 

Oct.  22,  '61. 

Mass. 

Died  at  Corinth,  Miss.,  Aug.  9 

,  '62. 

POPE,  JOHN, 

May  17,  '61, 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

PORTER,  ANDREW,* 

May  17,  '61. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  April  4,  1864. 

PORTER,  FITZ-JOHN, 

May  17,  '61. 

D.  C. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

POTTER,  EDWARD  E.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  July  24,  1865. 

POTTER,  JOSEPH  H. 

May  1,  '65. 

N.  H. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

POTTER,  ROBERT  B.* 

March  13,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

POTTS,  BENJAMIN  F.* 

Jan.  12,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

POWELL,  WM.  H.* 

Oct.  19,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  Jan.  5,  1865. 

PRATT,  CALVIN  E.* 

Sept.  13,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  April  25,  1863. 

PRENTISS,  BENJAMIN  M.* 

May  17,  '61. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

PRINCE,  HENRY, 

April  28,  '62. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

QUINBY,  ISAAC  F. 

March  17,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Dec.  31,  1863. 

RANSOM,  T.  E.  G.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Died  at  Rome,  Ga.,  Oct.  29, 

1864. 

RADM,  GREEN  B.* 

Feb.  15,  '65. 

111. 

Resigned  May  6,  1865. 

RAWLINS,  JOHN  A.* 

Aug.  11,  '63. 

111. 

Brig.-Gen.  U.  S.  Army. 

REID,  HUGH  T.* 

March  13,  '63. 

Iowa. 

Resigned  April  4,  1864. 

REILLY,  JAMES  W.* 

July  30,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  April  20,  1865. 

RENO,  JESSE  L. 

Nov.  12,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

REVERE,  JOSEPH  W.* 

Oct.  25,  '62. 

N.  J. 

Resigned  Aug.  10,  1863. 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  F. 

Aug.  20,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

REYNOLDS,  JOSEPH  J. 

May  17,  '61. 

Ind. 

Resigned  Jan.  23,  1862. 

RICE,  AMERICUS  V.* 

May  31,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

RICE,  ELLIOTT  W.* 

June  20,  '64. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

RICE,  JAMES  C.* 

Aug.  17,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Killed  in   action  at  Spottyslvania, 

Va.,  May  10,  1864. 

RICE,  SAMUEL  A.* 

Aug.  4,  '63. 

Iowa. 

Died  July  6,  1864,  of  wounds  re- 

ceived at  Jenkins  Ferry,  Ark. 

RICHARDSON,  ISRAEL  B. 

May  17,  '61. 

Mich. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

RICKETTS,  JAMES  B. 

July  21,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

ROBERTS,  BENJAMIN  S. 

July  16,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

ROBINSON,  JAMES  S.* 

Jan.  12,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  31,  1865. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  C.* 

April  28,  '62 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1.  1866. 

GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of          Appointed 
Commission.           from. 

Disposition. 

RODMAN',  ISAAC  P.* 

April  23,  '63. 

R.I. 

Died  Sept.,  1862,  of  wounds,  Autie- 

tam,  Md. 

Ross,  LEONARD  F.* 

April  25,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  July  22,  1863. 

ROUSSEAU,  LOVELL  H.* 

Oct.  1,  '61. 

Ky- 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

ROWLEY,  THOMAS  A.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Resigned  Dec.  29,  1864. 

RUCKEB,  DANIEL  II.* 

May  23,  '63. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

RUGER,  THOMAS  H. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Wis. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

RUSSELL,  DAVID  A. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Killed  in  action,  Winchester,  Va., 

Sept.  19,  1864. 

SALOMON,  Frederick,* 

July  16,  '62. 

Wis. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

SANBORN,  JOHN  B.* 

Aug.  4,  '63. 

Minn. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

SANDERS,  WM.  P. 

Oct.  18,  '63. 

U.  S.  A. 

Died  Nov.  19,  1863,  of  wounds  re- 

ceived at  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

SAXTON,  RUFUS, 

April  15,  '62. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

SCAMMON,  ELIAKIM  P. 

Oct.  15,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

SCHEMMELFINNIG,  ALEX.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

.  Pa. 

Died  at  Wernersville,  Pa.,  Sept.  7, 

1865. 

SCHENCK,  ROBERT  C.* 

May  17,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SCHOEPF,  ALBIN,* 

Sept.  30,  '61. 

Md. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

SCUOFIELD,  JOHN  M. 

Nov.  21,  '61. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SCIIURZ,  CARL,* 

April  15,  '62. 

Wis. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SCOTT,  ROBERT  K.* 

Jan.  12,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  July  6,  1868. 

SEDGWICK,  JOHN, 

Aug.  13,  '61. 

Coun. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SEWARD,  WM.  H.,  JR.* 

Sept.  13,  '64. 

N.  T. 

Resigned  June  1,  1865. 

SKVMOUR,  TRUMAN, 

April  28,  '62. 

Vt. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

SHACKLEFORD,  JAMES  M.* 

Jan.  2,  '63. 

Ky. 

Resigned  Jan.  18,  1864. 

SHALER,  ALEXANDER,* 

May  20,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

SHEPARD,  ISAAC  F.* 

Oct.  27,  '63. 

Mass. 

Commission  expired  July  4,  1864. 

Not  confirmed. 

SUEPLEY,  GEO.  F.* 

July  18,  '62. 

Me. 

Resigned  July  1,  1865. 

SHERIDAN,  PHILIP  H. 

July  1,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SHERMAN,  FRANCIS  T.* 

July  21,  '65. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

SHERMAN^  THOMAS  W. 

May  17,  '61. 

R.I. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  '66.     Maj.- 
Gen.  U.  S.  A.    Died  March  16,  1879. 

SUEKMAN,  WM.  T. 

May  17,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SHIELDS,  JAMES.* 

Aug.  19,  '61. 

Cal. 

Resigned  March  28,  1863. 

SIBLEY,  HENRY  H.* 

Sept.  29,  '62. 

Minn. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

SICKLES,  DANIEL  E.* 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SIGEL,  FRANZ,* 

May  17,  '61. 

Mo. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SILL,  JOSHUA  W. 

July  16,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Killed    Dec.   31,    1862,   at   Stunt- 

River,  Tenn. 

SLACK,  JAMES  R.* 

Nov.  10,  '64. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

SLEMMER,  ADAM  J. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865.    Died 

Oct.  7,  1868. 

SLOCUM,  HENRY  W. 

Aug.  9,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SLOUGH,  JOHN  P.* 

Aug.  25,  '62. 

C.T. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

SMITH,  ANDRUW  J. 

March  17,  '62. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

650        QJSNERAL  OFFICERS  IN   YOLUNTtitili  S 


Kame. 

Date  of        Appointed 
Commission.        from. 

Disposition. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  F. 

Aug.  31,  '61. 

Pa. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SMITH,  GILES  A.* 

Aug.  4,  '63. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SMITH,  GREEN  CLAY,* 

June  11,  '62. 

Ky. 

Resigned  Dec.  1,  '63. 

SMITH,  JOHN  E.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1S66. 

SMITH,  MORGAN  L.* 

July  16,  '62. 

Mo. 

Resigned  July  12,  '65. 

SMITH,  THOMAS  C.  II.  * 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

SMITH,  THOMAS  K.* 

Aug.  11,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

SMITH,  WM.  F. 

Aug.  13,  '61. 

Vt. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

SMITH,  WM.  S. 

April  15,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  July  15,  1864. 

SMYTH,  THOMAS  A.* 

Oct.  1,  '64. 

Del. 

Died  April  9,  1865,  of  wounds  re- 

ceived in  action,  Farmville,  Va. 

SPEARS,  JAMES  G.* 

March  5,  '62. 

Tenn. 

Left  the  service  Aug.  30,  1864. 

SPINOLA,  FRANCIS  B.* 

Oct.  1,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  June  8,  '65. 

SPRAGUE,   JOHN  W.* 

July  30,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

SPRAGUE,  WM.* 

May  17,  '61. 

R   I. 

Declined. 

STAHEL,  JULIUS  H.* 

Nov.  12,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

STANLEY,  DAVID  S. 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

STANNARD,  GEO.  J.* 

March  11,  '63. 

Vt. 

Resigned  June  28,  1866. 

STARKWEATHER,  JOHN  C.* 

July  17,  '63. 

Wis. 

Resigned  May  11,  1865. 

STEEDMAN,  JAMES  B.* 

July  17,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

STEELE,  FREDERICK, 

Jan.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

STEVENS,  ISAAC  I. 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

W.  T. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

STEVENSON,  JOHN  D.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mo. 

Resigned  Jan.  15,  1866. 

STEVENSON,  THOMAS  G.* 

Mar.  14,  '63. 

Mass. 

Killed  in  action,  Spottsylvania,  Va.. 

May  10,  1864. 

STOKES,  JAMES  II. 

July  20,  '65. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

STOLBRAND,  CARLOS  J.* 

Feb.  18,  '65. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

STONE,  CHARLES  P. 

May  17,  '61. 

D.  C. 

Mustered  out  April  4,  1864. 

STONEMAN,  GEORGE, 

Aug.  13,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

STRONG,  GEO.  C. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Mass. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

STRONG,  WM.  K.* 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Oct.  20,  1863. 

STURGIS,  SAMUEL  D. 

Aug.  10,  '61. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

SULLIVAN,  JEREMIAH  C.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Resigned  May  11,  1865. 

SULLY,  ALFRED, 

Sept.  26,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866.     Died 

April  27,  1879. 

SWEENY,  THOMAS  W.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

SYKES,  GEORGE, 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

Md. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

TAYLOR,  GEO.  W.* 

May  9,  '62. 

N.  J. 

Died  Aug.    31,    1862,   of  wounds, 

Cub  Run,  Va. 

TAYLOR,  WILSON,* 

Sept.  7,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Jan.  19,  1863. 

TERRILL,  WM.  R. 

Sept.  9,  '62. 

U.  S.  A. 

Killed  Oct.  8,  '62,  at  Perryville,  Ky. 

TERRY,  ALFRED  H.* 

April  25,  '62. 

Conn. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

TERRY,  HENRY  D.* 

July  17,  '62. 

Mich. 

Resigned  Feb.  7,  1865. 

THAYER,  JOHN  M.* 

March  13,  '63. 

Neb. 

Resigned  July  19,  1865. 

THOMAS,  GEO.  H. 

Aug.  17,  '61. 

Va. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

THOMAS,  HENRY  G.* 

Nov.  30,  '64. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN  VOLUNTEER  SERVICE.         651 


Name. 

D:Ue  of            Appointed 
Commission.           from. 

Disposition. 

THOMAS,  STEPHEN,* 

Feb.  1,  '65. 

Vt. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

THRUSTON,  CHARLES  M. 

Sept.  7,  '61. 

Md. 

Resigned  April  17,  1862. 

TIBBITTS,  WM.  B.* 

Oct.  f8,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

TILLSON,  DAVIS,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Me. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  17,  1867. 

TORBERT,  ALFRED  T.  A. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Del. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

TOWER,  ZEALOUS  B. 

Nov.  23,  '61. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

TURCHTN,  JOHN  B.* 

July  17,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  Oct.  4,  1864. 

TURNER,  JOHN  W. 

Sept.  7,  '63. 

111. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

TUTTLE,  JAMES  M.* 

June  9,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Resigned  June  14,  1864. 

TYLER,  DANIEL, 

March  13,  '62. 

Conn. 

Resigned  April  6,  1864. 

TYLER,  ERASTUS  B.* 

May  14,  '62. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

TYLER,  ROBERT  O. 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Conn. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

TYNDALE,  HECTOR,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Resigned  Aug.  26,  1864. 

ULLMAN,  DANIEL,* 

Jan.  13,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

UNDERWOOD,  ADIN  B.* 

Nov.  6,  '63. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1865. 

UPTON,  EMORY, 

May  12,  '64. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

Died 

March  15,  1881. 

VAN  ALENJ  JAMES  H.* 

April  15,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  July  14,  1863. 

VAN  CLEVI!,  HORATIO  P, 

March  21,  '62. 

Minn. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

VAN  DERVEBU,  FERDINAND,*  Oct.  4,  '64. 

Obio. 

Resigned  June  15,  1865. 

VANDEVEH,  WM.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug  24,  1865. 

VAN  VLIET,  STEWART, 

March  13,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

VAN  WYCK,  CHARLES  IT.* 

Sept.  27,  '65. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

VEATCH,  JAMES  C.* 

April  28,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

VIELE,  EGBERT  L. 

Aug.  17,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  Oct.  20,  1803. 

VINTON,  FRANCIS  L. 

March  13,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  May  5,  1863. 

VOGDES  ISRAEL, 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

VON  STEIN  WEHR,  ADOLPII,* 

Oct  12,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  June  15,  1865. 

WADE,  MELAKCTHON  S.* 

Oct.  1,  '61. 

Ohio. 

Resigned  March  18,  1862. 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES  S.* 

Aug.  9,  '61. 

N.  Y. 

Killed  in  action,  Wilderness, 

Va., 

May  6,  1864. 

WAGNER,  GEORGE  D.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

WALCUTT,  CHARLES  C.* 

July  30,  '64. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WALLACE,  W.  H.  L.» 

March  21,   '62. 

111. 

Died  April  10,  1862,  of  wounds  re- 

ceived at  Shiloh,  Tenn. 

WALLACE,  LEWIS,* 

Sept.  3,  '61. 

Ind. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

WARD,  JOHN  H.  H.* 

Oct.  4,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  July  18,  1864. 

WARD,  WM.  T.* 

Sept.  18,  '61. 

Ky. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

WARNER,  JAMES  M. 

May  8,  '65. 

Vt. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WARREN,  FITZ-HENRY,* 

July  16,  '62. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

WARREN,  GOUVERNEUK  K. 

Sept.  26,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

• 

WASHBURNE,  C.  C.* 

July  16,  '62. 

Wte. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

WATKINS,  LODIS  D.* 

Sept.  25,  -'65. 

D.  C. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

Died 

March  29,  1868. 

WEBB,  ALEXANDER  8. 

Jan.  23,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

052        GENERAL  OFFICERS  IN   VOLUNTEER  SERVICE. 


Name. 

Date  of          Appointed                       nUmxiiion 
Commission.           from. 

WEBER,  MAX,* 

April  28,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Resigned  May  13,  1865. 

WEBSTER,  JOSEPH  D.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

111. 

%  Resigned  Nov.  6,  1865. 

WEITZEL,  GODFREY, 

Aug.  29,  '6:>. 

Ohio. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

WELCH,  THOMAS,* 

March  13,  '63. 

Pa. 

Died  at  Cincinnati,  O.,  Aug.  14,  '63 

WELLS,  WM.* 

May  19,  '65. 

Vt. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WESSELS,  HENRY  W. 

April  25,  '62. 

Conn. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  I860. 

WEST,  JOSEPH  R.* 

Oct.  25,  '62. 

Cal. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  4,  1866. 

WHEATON,  FRANK,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

R.  I. 

Mustered  out  April  30,  1866. 

WHIPPLE,  AMIEL  W. 

April  14,  '61. 

Mass. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

WHIPPLE,  WM.  D. 

July  17,  '63. 

N.  Y. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WHITE,  JULIUS,* 

June  9,  '62. 

111. 

Resigned  Nov.  19,  1864. 

WHITTAKER,  WALTER  C.* 

June  25,  '63. 

Ky. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

WILD,  EDWARD  A.* 

April  24,  1863. 

Mass. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WILLCOX,  ORLANDO  B. 

July  21,  '61. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WILLIAMSON  JAMES  A.* 

Jan.  13,  '65. 

Iowa. 

Mustered  out  Aug.  24,  1865. 

WILLIAMS,  ALPHEUS  S.* 

May  17,  '61. 

Mich. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WILLIAMS,  SETH, 

Sept.  23,  '61. 

Me. 

Died  March  23,  1866. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS, 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

Mich. 

Killed   in   action  at  Baton  Rouge, 

La.,  Aug.  5,  1862. 

WILLICH,  AUGUST,* 

July  17,  '62. 

Ind. 

Mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 

WILSON,  JAMES  H. 

Oct.  30,  '63. 

111. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

WISTAR,  ISAAC,* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

Pa. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  15,  1864. 

WOOD,  THOMAS  J. 

Oct.  11,  '61. 

Ky. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

WOODBURY,  DANIEL  P. 

March  19,  '62. 

N.  II. 

Died  at  Key  West,  Fla.,  Aug.  15,  »64. 

WOODS,  CHARLES  R. 

Aug.  4,  '63. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Sept.  1,  1866. 

WOODS,  WM.  B.* 

May  31,  '65. 

Ohio. 

Mustered  out  Feb.  17,  1866. 

WRIGHT,  GEO. 

Sept.  28,  '61. 

Vt. 

Lost  at  sea  July  30,  1865. 

WRIGHT,  HORATIO  G. 

Sept.  14,  '61. 

Conn. 

Major-General  Volunteers. 

ZOOK,  SAMUEL  K.* 

Nov.  29,  '62. 

N.  Y. 

Killed  in  action  at  Gettysburg,  lja., 

July  3,  1863. 

NOTE.— The  names  of  those  whose  commissions  were  vacated,  expired  by  limitation,  declined, 
canceled,  etc.,  and  of  those  who  received  brevet  commissions,  have  not  been  given  for  want  of  space. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY, 

As   Appears  from   the   Official  Army  Register  for  the  Tear 

ALPHABETICALLY   ARRANGED. 

Those  names   marked  with  a  star   (*)   left  the  United  States  Army  in  1861,  most  of  whom 
joined  the  enemy. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

ABADIE,  EUGENE  H. 

Major-Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

July  4,  1836. 

Penn. 

ABBOT,  HENRY  L. 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1854. 

Mass. 

ABBOT,  ROBERT  O. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Nov.  23,  1849. 

Penn. 

ABEF.L,  JAMES  S. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

M.  S.  K. 

May  3,  1813. 

N.  Y. 

ABERCROMBIE,  JOHN  J. 

Lt.  Col. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1822. 

Tenn. 

ABERT,  JAMES  W. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1842. 

D.  C. 

ABERT,  JOHN  J. 

Colonel. 

Topo.  Eng. 

Nov.  22,  1814. 

D.  C. 

ABERT,  WM.  8. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

June  18,  1855. 

D.  C. 

ADAMS,  JOHN,* 

Captain. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1846. 

Tenn. 

ALEXANDER,  BARTON  8. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1842. 

Ky. 

ALEXANDER,  CHARLES  T. 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Oct.  1,  1856. 

Ark. 

ALEXANDER,  EDMUND  B. 

Colonel. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1823. 

Ky. 

ALEXANDER,  EDWARD  P.* 

2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1857. 

Ga. 

ALEXANDER,  JAMES  B.  S.* 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1856. 

Va. 

ALEXANDER,  RICHARD  H. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Dec.  2,  1853. 

Ky. 

Ai.rx  VNDER,  THOMAS  L. 

Major. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1830. 

Ky. 

ALLEN,  HARVEY  A. 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1841. 

N.  C. 

ALLEN,  ROBERT, 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1836. 

Ind. 

ALLEV,  JOHN  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1850, 

Me. 

ALVORD,  BENJAMIN, 

Major,  Paymaster. 

Pay  Dep't. 

July  1,  1833. 

Vt. 

AMORY,  THOMAS  J.  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1851. 

Mass. 

ANDERSEN,  ALLEN  L. 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1859. 

Ohio. 

ANDERSON,  CHARLES  I).* 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

June  27,  1856. 

Texas. 

ANDERSON,  GEORGE  B.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1852. 

N.  C. 

ANDERSON,  RICHARD  II.* 

Captain. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1842. 

S.  C. 

ANDERSON,  ROBERT, 

Major. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1825. 

Ky. 

ANDERSON,  ROBERT  H.* 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1857. 

Ga. 

ANDERSON,  SAMUEL  S.* 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1841. 

Va 

ANDERSON,  WM.  W. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  29,  1849. 

S.  C. 

ANDREWS,  GEORGE, 

Lt.  Col. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1823. 

D.  C. 

ANDREWS,  GEORGE  P. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1845. 

N.  C. 

ANDREWS,  TIMOTHY  P. 

Lt.  Col.,  Dep.  P.  M.  Gen 

.  Pay  Dep't. 

May  22,  1822. 

D.  C. 

ARCHER,  JAMES  J.* 

Captain. 

9th  Inf. 

April  9,  1847. 

Md. 

ARCHER,  SAMUEL, 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

June  28,  1848. 

Armv. 

ARMISTEAD,  FHANK  S.* 

2d  Lieut. 

1  Oth  Inf. 

July  1,  1856. 

Va. 

ARMISTEAD,  LEWIS  A.* 

Captain. 

6th  Inf. 

July  10,  1839. 

Va. 

ARMSTRONG,  FRANCIS  C.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

June  7,  1855. 

Texas. 

ARNOLD,  ABRAHAM  K. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1859. 

Pa. 

ARNOLD,  LEWIS  G. 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1837. 

N.  J. 

ARNOLD,  RICHARD, 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

R.  I. 

AUGUR,  CHRISTOPHER  C. 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

'July  1,  1843. 

Mich. 

AUSTINE,  WM. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1838. 

Conn. 

AVEP.ELL,  WM.  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

.July  1,  1S5.Y 

N.  Y. 

(653) 

654 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATE*  ARMY. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

AYERS,  ROMEYN  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1847. 

N.  Y. 

BABBITT,  EDWIN  B. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1826. 

Ind. 

BACIIE,  HAHTMAN, 

Major. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  24,  1818. 

Pa. 

BACKUS,  ELECTUS, 

Lieut.  Col. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1824. 

N.  Y. 

BAGLET,  EDWARD  F. 

1st.  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

Sept.  25,  1847. 

Ala. 

BAILEY,  GUILFORD  D. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

BAILEY,  JOSEPH  II. 

Capt.,  Assist.  -Surg. 

M.  D. 

Nov.  28,  1834. 

N.  Y. 

BAILY,  ELISHA  J. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Feb.  16,  1847. 

Pa. 

BAILY,  JOSEPH  C. 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Oct.  27,  1857. 

Pa. 

BAINBRIDGE,  EDMUND  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

BAIRD,  ABSALOM, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1849. 

Pa. 

BAKER,  EUGENE  M. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1859. 

N.  Y. 

BAKER,  LAURENCE  S.* 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen. 

July  1,  1851. 

N.  C. 

BALCH,  GEORGE  T. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1851. 

Ohio. 

BALDWIN,  BRISCOE  G.,  JR 

M.  S.  K. 

Oct.  3,  1851. 

Ala. 

BANKHEAD,  HENRY  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

Va. 

BARNARD,  JOHN  G. 

Major. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1833. 

Mass. 

BARNES,  JOSEPH  K. 

Major  and  Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  15,  1840. 

Pa. 

BARRIGER,  JOHN  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

Ky. 

BARRY,  WM.  F. 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1838. 

N.  Y. 

BARTHOLOW,  ROBERTS, 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  4,  1857. 

Md. 

BARTON,  SETH  M.* 

Captain. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1849. 

Va. 

BASCOM,  GEORGE  N. 

2d  Lieut, 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1858. 

Ky. 

BATES,  FRANCIS  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

Mass. 

BAYARD,  GEORGE  D. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1856. 

N.  J. 

BAYLOR,  THOMAS  G. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1857. 

Va. 

BEACH,  FRANCIS, 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1857. 

Conn. 

BEALL,  BENJAMIN  L. 

Lieut.  Col. 

1st  Drag. 

June  8,  1836. 

D.  C. 

BEALL,  LLOYD, 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Lieut, 

March  29,  1848 

.   Mo. 

BEALL,  LLOYD  J.* 

Major,  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1830. 

Md. 

BEALL,  WM.  N.  R.* 

Captain. 

1st  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1848. 

Ark. 

BEAUREGARD,  PETER  G.  T. 

.*  Captain. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1838. 

La. 

BECKHAM,  ROBERT  F.* 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1859. 

Va. 

BECKWITH,  AMOS, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1850. 

vt. 

BECK  WITH,  EDWARD  G. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1842. 

N.  Y. 

BEE,  BARNAKH  E.* 

Captain. 

10th  Inf. 

July  I,  1845. 

N.  C. 

BKI,<;ER,  JAMES, 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

Oct.   15,  1838. 

Army. 

BELL,  DAVID, 

1st  Lieut. 

1  st  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1851. 

Iowa. 

BELL,  GEORGE, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

Md. 

BELL,  WM.  H. 

Major. 

Ord.  Dep.  ' 

July  1,  1820. 

N.  C. 

BELL,  WM.  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1858. 

Pa. 

HELTON,  FRANCIS  8. 

Colonel. 

4th  Artillery. 

March  27,  1812, 

Md. 

BENET,  STEPHEN  V. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1849. 

Fla 

BENHAM,  HENRY  W. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1837. 

Conn. 

BENNETT,  CLAHEM  i    r. 

2d  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  185r>. 

N.  Y. 

BENSON,  HENRY, 

1  st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

June  28,  1848. 

Army. 

BENTON,  JAMES  G. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1S42. 

N.  H. 

BERRY,  THOMAS  J. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1857. 

Ga. 

BEST,  CLERMONT  L. 

1  st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1847. 

N.  Y. 

BIGGS,  HERMAN, 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

BlNGHAM,  JUDSON  D. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1854. 

Ind. 

BISSELL,  LYMAN, 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

April  9,  1847. 

Conn. 

BLACK,  HENRY  M. 

Captain. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1847. 

Pa. 

BLAIR,  WM.  B.* 

Captain. 

Com's'y  of  Sub. 

July  1,  1838. 

Va. 

BLAKE,  EDWARD  D.* 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1847. 

S.  C. 

BLAKE,  GEORGE  A.  H. 

Major. 

1st  Drag. 

July  11,  1836. 

Pa. 

BLISS,  ZENAS  R. 

2d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1854. 

R.  I. 

BLUNT,  CHARLES  E. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  UNITED   XT  AT  EX  ARMY.  655 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Orijjinal  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

BLUNT,  MATTHEW  M. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

N.  Y. 

Bo.;<;s,    WM.  R.* 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1853. 

Ga. 

BUM  FORD,  JAMES  V. 

Captain. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1832. 

D.  C. 

Boxn,  ADOLPHUS  F. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1851. 

Ohio. 

BONNEAU,  RICHARD  V. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

Ala. 

BOXXKVILLE,  BEN-I.  L.  E. 

Colonel. 

3d  Inf. 

Dec.  11,  1815. 

N.  V. 

BOXXYCASTLE,  JOHN*  C. 

1  st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

June  27,  1848. 

Va. 

BOOTES,  LKVI  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

June  28,  1848. 

Army. 

BOWMAN,  ALEXANDER  H. 

Major. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1825. 

Pa. 

BOWMAN,  ANDREW  W. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1841. 

Pa. 

BRACKETT,  ALBERT  G. 

Captain. 

2d  Cavalry. 

March  3,  1855. 

Ind. 

BRADFORD,  JAMES  A.  J. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1827. 

Ky. 

BUADFUTE,  \V.M.  R.* 

Captain. 

2d  Cavalry. 

March  3,  1855. 

J 

Tenn. 

Bu  ANNAN,  JOHN  M. 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1841. 

Ind. 

BRECK,  SAMUEL,  JR. 

2d  Lieut. 

1  st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1855. 

Mass. 

BUEWER,  CHARLES,* 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  29,  1856. 

Md. 

BREWER,  RICHARD  II.* 

2d  Lieut. 

1  st  Drag. 

July  1,  1858. 

Md. 

BREWERTON,  HENRV, 

Major. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1819. 

N.  T. 

BRICE,  BENJAMIN  W. 

Major,  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1829. 

Ohio. 

BRISTOL,  HENRY  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

May  15,  1857. 

Mich. 

BRODIE,  ROBERT  L. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

May  15,  1854. 

S.  C. 

BROOKS,  EDWARD  J. 

2d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

June  30,  1855. 

Mich. 

BROOKS,  HORACE, 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1835. 

Mass. 

BROOKS,  WM.  T.  H. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1841. 

Ohio 

BROTHERTOX,  DAVID  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1854. 

Pa. 

BROWX,  HARVEY, 

Major. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  14,  1818. 

N.  J. 

BROWN,  JOHN  A.* 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1846. 

Md. 

BROWN,  JOSEPH  B. 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  29,  1849. 

Mich. 

BROWN,  NATHAN  W. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

Sept.  5,  1849. 

N.  Y. 

BRYAN,  FRANCIS  T. 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1846. 

N.  C. 

BRYANT,  MONTGOMERY, 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Mo. 

BUCHANAN,  ROBERT  C. 

Major. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1830. 

D.  C. 

BUEI.L,  DON  CARLOS, 

Captain. 

As't.Adj.-Geu 

.  July  1,  1841., 

Ind. 

BUFORD,  JOHN,  JR. 

Captain. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1848. 

111. 

BURBANK,  SIDNEY, 

Major. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1829. 

Mass. 

BURKE,  MARTIN, 

Major. 

2d  ArtiHery. 

Jan.  28,  1820. 

D.  C. 

BURXET,  WM.  E. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Texas. 

BURNS,  WM.  W. 

Captain. 

Com's'yofSub.July  1,  1847. 

Ohio. 

BURTON,  HENRY  S. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1839. 

Vt. 

BUSH,  EDWARD  <!. 

2d  Lieut, 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1859. 

111. 

BUTLER,  JOHN  B. 

M.  S.  K. 

June  25,  1846. 

Pa. 

BUTLER,  WM. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

June  7,  1855. 

Kaus. 

BYRNE,  BERNARD  M 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

May  20,  1836. 

Md. 

CABELL,  WM.  L.* 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1850. 

Va. 

CADY,  ALBEMARLE, 

Major. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1829. 

N.  H. 

CALDWELL,  JAMES  N. 

Captain. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1840. 

Ohio. 

CALLENDER,  FRANKLIN  1). 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dq>. 

July  1,  1839. 

N.  Y. 

CAMP,  ELISHA  E. 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

Aug.  28,  1847. 

111. 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN, 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Dec.   13,  1847. 

N.  Y. 

CAMPBELL,  REUBEN  P. 

Captain. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1840. 

N.  C. 

CANBY,  EDWARD  R.  S. 

Major. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1839. 

Ind. 

CAREY,  ASA  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1858. 

Conn. 

CARI.ETON,  JAMES  H. 

Captain. 

1st  Drag. 

Oct.  18,  1839. 

Me. 

CARLIX,  WM.  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

HI. 

CARLIXG,  ELI  AS  B. 

Brevet  2d  Lt. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1859. 

Md. 

CARLISLE,  JOSIAH  H. 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1845. 

Me. 

CARLTON,  CALEB  II. 

Brevet  2d  Lt. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1859. 

Ohio. 

CARPENTER,  STEPHEN  D. 

Captain. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1840. 

Me. 

C,5G 


OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

CAKR,  EUGENE  A. 

Captain. 

1  st  Cav. 

July  1,  1850. 

N.  Y. 

CAKK,  GEORGE  W.* 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

April  9,  1847. 

Va. 

CARR,  MILTON  T. 

1st  Lieut. 

1  st  Drag. 

July  1,  1854. 

Vu. 

CARROLL,  SAMUEL  S. 

2d  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1856. 

D.  C. 

CARSWELL,  WM.  A. 

1st  Lieut.,  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Nov.  29,  1859. 

S.  C. 

CASEY,  SILAS, 

Lieut.  Col. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1826. 

R.  I. 

CASEY,  THOMAS  L. 

1  st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1852. 

R.  I. 

CHALFIN,  SAMUEL  F. 

1  st  Lieut. 

.1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1847. 

111. 

CHAMBERS,  ALEXANDER, 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

N.  Y. 

CHAMBLISS,  WM.  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav. 

March  3,  1855. 

Tenn. 

CHANDLER,  DA'NIEL  T. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

Aug.  1,  1838. 

La 

CHANDLER,  JOHN  G. 

1  st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

Mass. 

CHAPIN,  GURDEN, 

1  st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1851. 

Va. 

CHAPMAN,  ALFRED  B. 

1  st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1854. 

Ala. 

CHAPMAN,  WM. 

Captain. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1831. 

Md. 

CHASE,  DANIEL, 

M.  S.  K. 

April  16,  1-856. 

Cal. 

CHILDS,  FREDERICK  L. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1855. 

N.  C. 

CHILTON,  ROBERT  H.* 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1837. 

Va. 

CHURCH,  JOHN  R. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cav. 

July  1,  1855. 

Ga. 

CHURCHILL,  CHAS.  C. 

1st.  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

March  3,  1848. 

Pa. 

CHURCHILL,  SYLVESTER, 

Colonel. 

Inspector  Gen. 

March  12,  1812. 

Vt. 

CLAFLIN,  IRA  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

.July  1,  1857. 

Iowa. 

CLAIBOBNE,  THOMAS,  JR.* 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen, 

May  27,  1846. 

Tenn. 

CLARK,  DARIUS  D. 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1849. 

N.  Y. 

CLARK,  MICHAEL  M. 

Major. 

Q.  M. 

July  1,  1826. 

Va. 

CLARKE,  FRANCIS  N. 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1840. 

N.  Y. 

CLARKE,  HENRY  F. 

Captain. 

Com's'y  of  Sub.  July  1,  1843. 

Pa. 

CLARKE,  JOSEPH  C.,  JK. 

1  st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1848. 

N.  J. 

CLARKE,  NEWMAN  S. 

Colonel. 

6th  Inf. 

March  12,  1812. 

Vt. 

CLARY,  ROBERT  E. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1828. 

Mass. 

CLEMENTS,  BENNETT  A. 

1st  Lieut.,  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Nov.  4,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

CLINTON,  WILLIAM, 

1  st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

March  3,  1855. 

Pa. 

CLITZ,  HENRY  B. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1845. 

Mich. 

CLOSSON,  HENRY  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1854. 

Vt. 

COGSWELL,  MILTOX, 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  lx  1849. 

Ind. 

COLBURN,  ALBERT  V. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cav. 

July  1,  1855. 

Vt. 

COLE,  ROBERT  G.* 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

Fla. 

COLLINS,  CHARLES  R.- 

Brevet 2d  Lt. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1859. 

Pa. 

COLLINS,  JOSEPH  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

March  29,  1843. 

D.  C. 

COMSTOCK,  CYRUS  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1855. 

Mass. 

CONE,  AURELIUS  F. 

3d  Lieut. 

1st.  Inf. 

July  1,  1857. 

Ga. 

CONNER,  EDWARD  J. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1857. 

N.  H. 

CONRAD,  JOSEPH  S. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1857. 

N.  Y. 

COOKE,  JOHN  R.* 

2d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

June  30,  1855. 

Mo. 

COOKE,  PHILIP  ST.  G. 

Colonel. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1827. 

Va. 

COOLIDGE,  RICHARD  H 

Captain,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  16,  1841. 

N.  Y. 

COOPER,  GEORGE  E. 

Captain,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  28,  1847. 

Pa. 

COOPER,  SAMUEL,* 

Colonel. 

Adj.-Gen. 

Dec.  11,  1815. 

N.  Y. 

COOPEB,  SAMUEL  M.  * 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

Feb.  21,  1S57. 

D.  C. 

CORLEY,  JAMES  L.* 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

S.  C. 

COSBY,  GEORGE  B.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav. 

July  1,  1852. 

Ky. 

COVEY,  EDWARD  N. 

1st  Lieut.,  As't.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  29,  1856. 

Md. 

CRAIG,  HENRY  K. 

Colonel. 

Ord.  Dep. 

March  17,  1812. 

Pa. 

CRAIG,  PRESLEY  O. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

May  14,  1857. 

Pa. 

CRAIG,  ROBERT  O. 

1st  Lieut.,  Assist.-Surg.  M.  D. 

Aug.  29,  1856. 

N.   Y. 

CRAIG,  WM. 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Md. 

CRAIGHILL,  WM.  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1853. 

Va. 

CRAM,  THOMAS  J. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng. 

.luly  1,  1826. 

N.  II. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE, V SITED  STATES  ARMY. 


657 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in.       ^^^eVvkje-'7' 

Appointed 
from. 

CKANE,  CHARLES  II. 

Capt.,  Assist.  -Surg. 

M.  D.                 Feb.  2,  1848. 

Mass. 

CRAWFORD,  SAMUEL  W. 

Capt.,  Assist  -Surg. 

M.  D.                 March  10,  1851. 

Pa. 

CUESSEY,  EDWARD  P. 

Brevet  3d  Lt. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1858. 

N.  Y. 

CRILLY,  FRANCIS  J. 

2.1  Lieut. 

7th  Inf.             July  1,  1859. 

Pa. 

CRISPIN,  SILAS, 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1850. 

Pa. 

CRITTEXDEX,  EUGEXE  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cav.              March  3,  1855. 

Ky- 

CIUTTENDEN,  GEO.  B.* 

Lieut.-Col. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  Julv  1,  1832. 

Ky. 

CROOK,  GEORGE, 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf.              Julyl,  1852. 

Ohio. 

CROSMAN,  GEORGE  H. 

Lieut.-Col. 

Dep.Q.M.  Gen.  Julv  1,  1823. 

Mass. 

CROSS,  OSBORNE, 

Major. 

Q.  M.                July  1,  1825. 

Md. 

CROWELL,  NATHANIEL  S. 

Capt.,  Assist.'-Surg. 

M.  D.                Nov.  8,  1854. 

S.  C. 

CULLUM,  GEORGE  W. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1833. 

Pa. 

CUMMING,  ALFRED,* 

Captain. 

10th  Inf.            July  1,  1849. 

Ga. 

CUNNINGHAM,  ARTHUR  S. 

2d  Lieut, 

10th  Inf.            Jan.  1,  1857. 

D.  C. 

CUNNINGHAM,  FRANCIS  A. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D.                  Dec.  30,  1847. 

Ohio. 

CUNNINGHAM,  GKOHGE  A. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cav.              Julv  1,  1857. 

Ala. 

CUYLER.  JOHN  M. 

Major  and  Surg. 

M.  D.                 April  1,  1834. 

Ga. 

DANA,  JAMES  J. 

1st  Lieut 

4th  Artillery.    June  18,  1855. 

N.  Y. 

DANDY,  GEORGE  F.  B. 

3d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      Feb.  21,  1S57. 

Arm}'. 

DAVIDSON,  DELOZIER. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf.               July  31,  1838. 

D.  C. 

DAVIDSON,  HENRY  B.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.            Julyl,  1853. 

Tenn. 

DAVIDSON,  JOHN  W. 

Captain. 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1845. 

Va. 

DAVIS.  BENJAMIN  F. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1854. 

Miss. 

IKvis,  JEFFERSON  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     June  17,  1843. 

Ind. 

DAVIS,  MATTHEW  L.,  JR. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.               Julv  1,  1852. 

N.  C. 

DAVIS,  NELSON  H. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf.               July  1,  1846. 

Mass. 

DAWSON,  SAMUEL  K. 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery.      July  1,  1839. 

Pa. 

DAY,  EDWARD  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1851. 

Tenn. 

DAY,  HANNIBAL, 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.               July  1,  1823. 

Vt. 

DEARIXO,  ST.  CLAIR, 

2d  Lieut. 

Artillery.           June  7,  1855. 

Ga. 

DBAS,  GEORGE,* 

Major. 

As'tAdj't-Gen.Aug.  1,  1838. 

Pa. 

DE  CAMP,  SAMUEL  G.  I. 

Maj.  and  Surg. 

M.  D.                 Oct.  10,  1823. 

N.  J. 

DE  HART,  HENRY  V. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1856. 

N.  J. 

DELAFIELD,  RICHARD, 

Major. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  24,  1813. 

N.  Y. 

DE  LEON,  DAVID  C.* 

Maj.  and  Surg. 

M.  D.                 Aug.  21,  1838. 

S.  C. 

DEXT,  FREDERICK  T. 

Captain. 

9th  Inf.              July  1,  1843. 

Mo. 

DERBY,  GEORGE  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1846. 

Mass. 

DE  RUSSY,  GUSTAVUS  A. 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery.    March  8,  1847. 

Va". 

DE  RUSSY,  REX.'-  E. 

Lieut.-Col. 

Eng.  Corps.        June  10,  1812. 

N.  Y. 

DE  SAUSSURE,  WM.  D.* 

Captain. 

1st.  Cav.            March  3,  1854. 

S.  C. 

DESHLER,  JAMES,* 

1st.  Lieut. 

10th  Inf,           July  1,  1854. 

Ala. 

DICKERSON,  JOHN  H. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.           July  1,  1847. 

Ind. 

DICKINSON,  WM. 

3d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.                Feb.  21,  1857. 

Conn. 

DILLON,  EDWARD, 

3d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf.              June  30,  1857. 

Neb. 

DIMICK,  JUSTIN, 

Lieut.-Col. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1819. 

Vt. 

DIXON,  JOSEPH, 

Brevet  3d  Lieut 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1858. 

Tenn. 

D'LAGXEL,  JULIUS  A.* 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      March  8,  1847. 

Va. 

DODGE,  RICHARD  I. 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf.              July  1,  1848. 

N.  C. 

DONALDSON,  JAMES  L. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.           July  1,  1836. 

Md. 

DOUBLEDAY,   AflXER, 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1843. 

N.  Y. 

DOUGLASS,  HENRY, 

1  st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf.              July  1,  1853. 

N.  Y. 

DRAKE,  ALEXANDER  E. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.               Feb.  31,  1857. 

Ky. 

DRUM,  RICHARD  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.     April  9,  1847. 

Pa. 

DRYER,  HIRAM, 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf.              June  38,  1843. 

Army. 

DHYSDALE,  JOHN, 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      June  30,  1855. 

Fla. 

DUANE,  JAMES  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1848. 

N.  Y. 

Du  BARRY,  BEEKMAN, 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1849. 

D.  C. 

42 

658 


OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Saving  in.      ^g^f 

Appointed 
from. 

Du  Bois,  JOHN  V.  D. 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1855. 

N.  Y. 

DUDLEY,  NATHAN  A.  M. 

1st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf.            March  3,  1855. 

Mass. 

DUNCAN,  THOMAS, 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  May  27,  1846. 

111. 

DUNOVANT,  JOHN, 

Captain. 

10th  Inf.            March  3,  1855. 

S.  C. 

DURYEA,  RICHARD  G. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1853. 

N.  Y. 

DYE,  WILLIAM  McE. 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf.              July  1,  1853. 

Ohio. 

DYER,  ALEXANDER  B. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1837. 

Mo. 

EAGLE,  ROBERT  N. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry.        March  3,  1855. 

Texas. 

EASTMAN,  SETH, 

Major. 

5th  Inf.              July  1,  1829. 

Me. 

EASTON,  LANGDON  C. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1838. 

Mo. 

EATON,  AMOS  B. 

Captain. 

Com's'yofSub.  July  1,  1826. 

N.  Y. 

EATON,  JOSEPH, 

Captain,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                  April  14,  1812. 

Mass. 

ECHOLS,  WM.  H.* 

Brevet  3d  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1858. 

Ala. 

ECKERSON,  THEODORE  J. 

M.  S.  K.             Sept.  16,  1853. 

W.  T. 

EDDY,  ASHER  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.      July  1,  1844. 

R.  I. 

EDELIN,  THOMAS  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

7th  Inf.               June  7,  1855. 

Md. 

EDGAR,  WM.  F. 

Captain,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 March  2,  1849. 

Mo. 

EDSON,  JOHN  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1853. 

Mass. 

EDWARDS,  JOHN,  JR. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1851. 

Me. 

EDWARDS,  LEWIS  A. 

Captain,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Aug.  27,  1846. 

D.  C. 

ELLIOT,  GEORGE  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1855. 

Mass. 

ELLIOTT,  WASHINGTON  L. 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen.May  27,  1846. 

Pa. 

ELWOOD,  JOHN, 

3d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf.              May  14,  1857. 

Ky. 

ELZEY  ARNOLD,* 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery.      Julv  1,  1S37. 

Md. 

EMORY,  WM.  H. 

Major. 

1st  Cavalry.       July  1,  1831. 

Md. 

ENGLISH,  THOMAS  C. 

Captain. 

9th  Inf.     '         July  1,  1849. 

Pa. 

ENOS,  HERBERT  M. 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen  July  1,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

ERVING,  JOHN, 

Colonel. 

1st  Artillery.     Jan.  9,  1809. 

Mass. 

EVANS,  ANDREW  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf.             July  1,  1852. 

Md. 

EV.VNS,  NATHAN  G.* 

Captain. 

2d  Cavalry.        July  1,  1848. 

S.  C. 

EWELL,  RICHARD  S.* 

Captain. 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1840. 

Va. 

FARRAND,  CHARLES  E. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf.              July  1,  1857. 

N.  Y. 

FATHERLY,  RICHARD, 

M.  S.  K.             Aug.  9,  1858. 

Ark. 

FAUNTLEROY,  THOMAS  T.* 

Colonel. 

1st  Drag.            June  8,  1836. 

Va. 

FERGUSON,  SAMUEL  W.* 

3d  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.            July  1,  1857. 

S.  C. 

FIELD,  CHARLES  W.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry.        July  1,  1849. 

Ky. 

FINK,  THEODORE, 

]  st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf.             June  28,  1848. 

Army. 

FINLEY,  CLEMENT  A. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                Aug.  10,  1818. 

Ohio. 

FISH,  OLIVER  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry.       July  1,  1857. 

Ky. 

FITZGERALD,  EDWARD  H. 

Captain. 

1st  Drag.           Oct.  26,  1839. 

Va. 

FLEMING,  Hkcn  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf.             July  1,  1852. 

Pa. 

FLETCHER,  CRAWFORD, 

Captain. 

9th  Inf.              March  3,  1855. 

Ark. 

FLINT,  FRANKLIN  F. 

Captain. 

6th  Inf.              July  1,  1841. 

Mass. 

FLOYD-JONES,  DELANCY, 

Captain. 

4th  Inf.              July  1,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

FOARD,  ANDREW  J. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 May  11,  1853. 

Ga. 

FOLLETT,  FREDERICK  M. 

1  st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.     July  1,  1850. 

N.  Y. 

FOOTE,  RENSSELAER  W. 

Captain. 

6th  Inf.              Nov.  1,  1838. 

N.  Y. 

FORNEY,  JOHN  II.* 

1st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf.            July  1,  1852. 

Ala. 

FORSYTH,  JAMES  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf.              July  1,  1856. 

Ohio. 

FORSYTIIE,  BENJAMIN  D. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf.              July  1,  1848. 

111. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  G. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1846. 

N.  H. 

FRANK,  ROYAL  T. 

2d  Lieut. 

Sth  Inf.             July  1,  1858. 

Me. 

FRANKLIN,  WM.  B. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1843. 

Pa. 

FRAZER,  JOHN  W.* 

Captain. 

9th  Inf.              Jufy  1,  1849. 

Miss. 

FREEDLEY,  HENRY  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.                July  1,  1855. 

Pa. 

FREMAN,  EDMUND, 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf.              June  7,  1855. 

Mass. 

FKENCH,  WM.  H. 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery.      July  1,  1837. 

D.  C. 

FRY,  CARY  H. 

Major  and  Paymaster  . 

P.  D.                  July  1,  1834. 

Ky. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


659 


Name. 

Rank. 

Servinsr  in          Original  entry      Appointed 
nag  in.          into  Service            frora 

FRY,  JAMES  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1847. 

111. 

GAENSLEN,  JOHN  J. 

1st  Lieut.,  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D.                 May  16,  1856. 

Va. 

GAINES,  AUGUSTUS  W. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D.                  July  20,  1846. 

Ky. 

GALT,  JOHN  M. 

M.  S.  K.            Dec.  28,  1842. 

Va. 

GARDINEK,  JOHN  W.  T. 

Captain. 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1840. 

Me. 

GARDNER,  FKANKLIN,* 

Captain. 

10th  Inf.            July  1,  1843. 

Iowa. 

GARDNER,  JOHN  L. 

Lieut.  -Col. 

1st  Artillery.     May  20,  1813. 

Mass. 

GARDNER,  WM.  M.* 

Captain. 

2d  Inf.               July  1,  1846. 

Ga. 

GARESCUE,  JULIUS  P. 

Captain. 

As't  Adj.-Gen.  July  1,  1841. 

Del. 

GARLAND,  JOHN, 

Colonel. 

8th  Inf.              March  31,  1813. 

Va. 

GARLAND,  JOHN  S. 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery.     March  8,  1847. 

Mich. 

GARLAND,  ROBEKT  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf.              Dec.  30,  1847. 

Mo. 

GARNETT,  RICHARD  B.* 

Captain. 

6th  Inf.              July  1,  1841. 

Va. 

GARNETT,  ROBERT  S.* 

Major. 

9th  Inf.              July  1,  1841. 

Va. 

GARRARD,  KENNER, 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav               July  1,  1851. 

Ohio. 

GATES,  WM. 

Colonel. 

3d  Artillery.      March  6,  1806. 

Mass. 

GATLIN,  RICHARD  C.* 

Captain. 

7th  Inf.     '         July  1,  1832. 

N.  C. 

GAY,  EBENEZER, 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag.            July  1,  1855. 

N.  H. 

GENTRY,  WM.  T. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf.              July  1,  1856. 

Ind. 

GETTY,  GEO.  W. 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery.    July  1,  1840. 

D.  C. 

GETTV,  THOMAS  M. 

Capt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Nov.  23,  1849. 

Va. 

GHISELIN,  JAMES  T. 

1st  Lieut.,  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D.                 June  1,  1855. 

Md. 

GIBBON,  JOHN, 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery.    July  1,  1847. 

N.  C. 

GIBBS,  ALFRED, 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

GIBSON,  AUGUSTUS  A. 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1830. 

Me. 

GIBSON,  GEORGE, 

Colonel. 

Coin.-Gen.  Sub.  May  3,  1808. 

Pa. 

GIBSON,  GEO.,  JR. 

M.  S.  K.             April  9,  1853. 

Pa. 

GIBSON,  HORATIO  G. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1847. 

Pa. 

GIBSON,  WM.  R. 

M.  S.  K.            March  14,  1857. 

Or. 

GILBERT,  CHARLES  C. 

Captain. 

1st  Inf.             July  1,  1846. 

Ohio. 

GILL,  WM.  G.* 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.    July  1,  1848. 

Pa. 

GILL,  WM.  II. 

M.  S.  K.            June  12,  1858. 

Ohio. 

GILLEM,  ALVAN  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1851. 

Tenn. 

GlLLMORE,  QUINCY  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1849. 

Ohio. 

OILMAN,  JEREMIAH  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1856. 

Me. 

GILMEK,  JEREMY  F.* 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1839. 

N.  C. 

GLISAN,  RODNEY, 

Capt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D.                  May  2,  1850. 

Md. 

GOODE,  JOHN  T. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.    June  18,  1855. 

Va. 

GOODING,  OLIVER  P. 

'3d  Lieut, 

10th  Inf.           July  1,1858. 

Ind. 

GORDON,  GEORGE  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Drag.            July  1,  1854. 

N.  Y. 

GORDON,  WM.  H. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf.               July  31,  1838. 

D.  C. 

GORGAS,  JOSIAH,* 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1841. 

N.  Y. 

GOVE,  JESSE  A. 

Captain. 

H)th  Inf.            April  9,  1847. 

N.  H. 

GRAHAM,  CAMPBELL, 

Major. 

Topo.  Bug.        July  1,  1823. 

Va. 

GRAHAM,  JAMES  D. 

Major. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  17,  1817. 

Va. 

GRAHAM,  LAWRENCE  P. 

Major. 

2d  Drag.            Oct.  13,  1837. 

Va. 

GRAHAM,  WM.  M. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     June  7,  1855. 

D.  C. 

GRANGER,  GORDON, 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1845. 

N.  Y. 

GRANGER,  ROBERT  S. 

Captain. 

1st  Inf.             July  1,  1838. 

Ohio. 

GRAYSON,  JOHN  B.* 

Major. 

ComVy  Sub.     July  1,  1326. 

Ky. 

GREBI.E,  JOHN  T. 

1  st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1854. 

Pa. 

GREENE,  JAMES  B. 
GREENE,  OLIVER  D. 

1  st  Lieut. 
3d  Lieut, 

1st  Inf.              July  1,  1851. 
2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1854. 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

GREEN,  JOHN, 

3d  Lieut. 

3d  Drag.            June  18,  1855. 

Army. 

GREGG,  DAVID  McM, 

•3d  Lieut, 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1855. 

P». 

(inrv.  THOMAS, 

3d  Lieut, 

•3d  Artillerv.      Dec.  30,  1847. 

Arriy-. 

GKIKK,  WM.  N". 

Captain. 

1st  Drag.  '         July  1,  1835. 

Pa. 

GRIT-FIN,  CHARLES, 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1847. 

Ohio. 

66U 


OFFICERS  OF  THE   US  IT  ED  STATES  ARMY. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

G  ROVER,  CUVIER, 

Captain. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

Me. 

GUENTHER,  FRANCIS  L. 

Brevet  3d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1.  1859. 

N.  Y. 

GUILD,  LAFAYETTE," 

Capt.,  Assist.-Sun;-. 

M.  D. 

March  2,  1849. 

Ala. 

GWYXXE,  THOMAS  P. 

Major. 

5th  Inf. 

Dec   1,  1820: 

Ya. 

1  1  ADEN,  JOHN  M.* 

Capt.,  Assist.  -Surg. 

M.  D. 

Dec.  13,  1847. 

Miss. 

HAGNEB,  PETER  V. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1836. 

D.  C. 

HAINES,  THOMAS  J. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1849. 

N.  H. 

HALLER,  GKANVILI.E  O. 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

Nov.  IT,   1839. 

Pa. 

HALL,  JONATHAN  N. 

Brevet  2(1  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1859. 

Mich. 

HALLONQUIST,  JAMES  H.* 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1858. 

a.  c. 

HAMILTON,  JOHN, 

1  at  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1847. 

In.!. 

HAMMOND,  GEORGE, 

1st  Lt.  Assist-Sur"-. 

M.  D; 

June  2S,  1856. 

Md. 

HAMMOND,  JOHN  F. 

('apt.,  Assist.  -Surg. 

M.  D. 

Feb.  16,  1847. 

S.  C. 

HAMMOND,  WM.  A. 

('apt.,  Assist.  -Suru;. 

M.  D. 

June  29,  1849. 

Pa, 

HANCOCK.  DAVID  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

T'th  Inf. 

June  1,  1854. 

Pa. 

HANCOCK,  WINFIELD  S. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1844. 

Pa. 

HAXHAM,  JAMES  R. 

M.  S.  K. 

Jan.  17,  1805. 

Md. 

HARDCASTLE,  AARON  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

June  7,  1855. 

Md. 

HARDEE,  WM.  J.* 

Major. 

3d  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1838. 

Ga. 

HARDIE,  JAMES  A. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1843. 

N.  Y. 

HARDIN,  MARTIN  D. 

Brevet  3d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1859. 

111. 

HARKEIJ,  CHARLES  G. 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1858. 

N.  J. 

HARNEY,  WM.  S. 

Brig.-GeneraL    - 

Gen.  Officer. 

Feb.  13,  1818. 

La. 

HARRISON,  JAMES  E. 

3d  Lieut. 

3d  Cavalry. 

June  27,  1856. 

D.  C'. 

HARTSUFF,  GEORGE  L. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

Mich. 

HARTZ,  EDWARD  L. 

3d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1855. 

Pa. 

HARVIE,  EDWIN  J. 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

March  3,  1855. 

Va. 

HASCALL,  HERBERT  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

HASKELL,  ALEXANDER  M.* 

3d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

June  27,  1856. 

Ind. 

HASKIN,  JOSEPH  A. 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1839. 

N.  Y. 

HASSON,  ALEXANDER  B. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  29,  1849. 

M.  D. 

HASTINGS,  DAVID  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

June  28,  1848. 

Army. 

HATCH,  JOHN  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.July  1,  1845. 

N.  Y. 

HAWES,  JAMES  M. 

Captain. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1845. 

Ky. 

HAWKINS,  EDGAR  S. 

Major. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1820. 

N"  Y. 

HAWKINS,  JOHN  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

Ind. 

HAYDEN,  JULIUS, 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

Jan.  16,  1839. 

Fla. 

HAYMAN,  SAMUEL  B. 

Captain. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1842. 

Pa. 

HAYS,  WILLIAM, 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1840. 

Tenu. 

HAZEN,  WM.  B. 

3d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1855. 

Ohio. 

HAZZARD,  GEORGE  W. 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1847. 

Ind. 

HEAD,  JOHN  F. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  6,  1846. 

Mass. 

HEGER,  ANTHONY. 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  29,  1856. 

Pa. 

HEINTZELMAN,  SAMUEL  P. 

Major. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1826. 

Pa. 

HENDERSHOTT,  HENRY  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1847. 

Ohio. 

HENDREN,  CORNELIUS  D. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Miss. 

HENDRICKSON,  THOMAS, 

Captain. 

<ith  Inf. 

July  31,  1838. 

Army. 

HERN  DON,  JAMES  C. 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Feb.  22,  1856. 

Va, 

HETH,  HENRY,* 

Captain. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1847. 

Va. 

HIGGIXS,  SILAS  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Ala. 

HIGHT,  THOMAS,    . 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Drair. 

July  1,  1853. 

Ind. 

HILDT,  JOHN  McL. 

2d  Lieut, 

3d  Inf." 

July  J,  1856. 

D.  C. 

HILL,  AMBROSE  P.* 

1st  Lieut, 

1st  Artillery. 

Julv  1.  1847. 

Va. 

HILL,  BENNETT  H. 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1837. 

D.  C. 

HILL,  GABRIEL  H. 

3d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

Feb.  21,1857. 

N.  C. 

HILL,  HENRY,* 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

Nov.  6,  1847. 

Va. 

HILL,  JAME-*  H.* 

'.>.([  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

Julv  1,  1855. 

N.  Y. 

HILL,  ROBERT  C.x 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1855. 

N.  ( 

OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES  ARMY. 


66  L 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

HODGES,  HENRY  ('. 

1st.  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1851. 

Vt. 

HOFFMAN,  WILLIAM, 

Major. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1829. 

N.  Y. 

HOLABIRD,  SAMUEL  B. 

1  st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1849. 

Conn. 

HOLDEN,  LEVI  H. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  15,  1840. 

R.  I. 

HOLLENBUSH,  CALVIN  G. 

IstLt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  4,  1857. 

Pa. 

HOLLIDAY,  JONAS  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1850. 

N.  Y. 

HOLLOWAY,  EDMUNDS  B.* 

Captain, 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1843. 

Ky. 

HOLM  .vx,  JAMES  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Tenn. 

HOI.MKS,  THE  IPIIIUS  IT.* 

Major. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1829. 

N.  C. 

HOLT,  GEORGE  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

Julv  1,  1857. 

Ala. 

HOOD,  JOHN  B.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav. 

July  1,  1S53. 

Ky. 

HOUSTON,  DAVID  C. 

2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

HOWARD,  JAMES, 

3d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Md. 

HOWARD,  JOHX  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

April  9,  1847. 

Texas. 

HOWARD,  OLIVER  O. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1854. 

Me. 

HOWARD,  ROBERT  V.  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

June  28,  1848. 

Army. 

HOWE,  ALBION  P. 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery. 

Julv  1,  1841. 

Me. 

HOWE,  MARSHALL  S. 

Lieut.-Col. 

2d  Drag. 

June  11,  1836. 

Me. 

HOWLAXD,  GEORGE  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen. 

July  1,  1848. 

R.  I. 

HUDSON,  EDWARD  McK. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1849. 

Conn. 

HfnEK,  BENJAMIN,* 

Major. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1825. 

S.  C. 

Hi  i.aiis,  WM.  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

Julyl,  1856. 

Tenn. 

HUMPHREYS,  AXDREW  A. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng. 

Julyl,  1831. 

D.  C. 

HUMPHREYS,  FREDERICK  C. 

M.  S.  K. 

Jan.  30,  1855. 

Fla. 

HUNT,  EDWARD  B. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1845. 

N.  Y. 

HUNT,  FRAXKI.IX  E. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1829. 

N.  J. 

HUNT,  HEN-RV  J. 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1839. 

Ohio. 

Hi  NT,  LEWIS  C. 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

Julv  1,  1847. 

Mo. 

Ill  NTKR,  DAVID, 

Msijor  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

Julv  1,  1822. 

111. 

HIMKR,  ROBERT  F. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Ohio. 

Ih  -^,  CALEB,* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1851. 

Mass. 

HLSTON,  DANIEL,  JR. 

Captain. 

1st.  Inf. 

July  1,  1848. 

X.  V. 

I  [UTTER,  GEORGE  C. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

Jan.  28,  1820. 

Ya. 

INGALLS,  RUFUS, 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1843. 

Me. 

TNGERSOLL,  EDWARD, 

M.  S.  K. 

Mav24,  1841. 

Mass. 

IXGRAIIAM,  CHARLES  II. 

2d  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1858. 

Mass. 

INGRAHAM,  EDWARD. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cav. 

June  27,  1S5G. 

Miss. 

IHWJN,  BERNARD  J.  D. 

1st  Lieut.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  28,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

IVERSON,  ALFRED,  JR.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cav. 

May  3,  1855. 

Ga. 

IVES,  JOSEPH  C.* 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1852. 

Conn. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,* 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

Dec.  31,  1847. 

Va. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  JR.* 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cav. 

Julvl,  1858. 

Tenn. 

JACKSON,  GEORGE, 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1856. 

Va. 

JACKSON,  THOMAS  K. 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1-U*. 

S.  C. 

JACKSON,  WM.  H.* 

2d  Lieut. 

MTd  Riflemen 

.July  1,  185ii. 

Teun. 

JAMES,  GEORGE  S.* 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

June  27,  1856. 

S.  C. 

JARVIS,  NATHAN  S. 

Maj.  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

March  2,  1833. 

x.  v. 

JENIFER,  WALTEK  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav. 

April  9.  1S47. 

Md. 

JENKINS,  WALWORTII, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

Julv  1,  1853. 

X.  V. 

JESUP,  CHARLES  E. 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

Julv  1,  1S58. 

I).  ('. 

JESUP,  THOMAS  S. 

Brig.-Gen. 

Q.  M.  G. 

May  3,  180S. 

Ohio. 

JOHNS,  EDWARD  W. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  29,  1849. 

Md. 

JOHNS,  WM.  B. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

Julv  1,  1840. 

D.  C. 

JOHNSON,  EDWARD,* 

Captain. 

6th  Inf. 

Julv  1,  1838. 

Ky. 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  W. 

Captain. 

2d  Cav. 

July  1,  1849. 

Ky. 

JOHNSTON,  ALBERT  S.* 

Colonel. 

2d  Cav. 

July  1,  1826. 

Texas. 

JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  E.* 

Lieut  -Col. 

1st  Cav. 

July  1,  1829. 

Ya. 

JOHNSTON,  ROBERT, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1850. 

Yu. 

0(52 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


Name. 

Rank. 

SprviiiL'  in           Original  entry 
ln-          into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

JONES,  DAVID  R.* 

Captain. 

Ass't.-Ad]-Gen.July  1,  1846. 

Ga. 

JONES,  EDMUND  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf.  '           July  1,  1853. 

Ind. 

JONES,  JOHN  M.* 

Captain. 

7th  Inf.              July  1,  1841. 

Va. 

JONES,  JOSEPH  P. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  27,  1856. 

N.  C. 

JONES,  LLEWELLYN, 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  May  27,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

JONES,  ROGER, 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1851. 

D.  C. 

JONES,  SAMUEL,* 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1841  . 

Va. 

JONES,  THOMAS  M.* 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Tnf.            July  1,  1853. 

Va. 

JONES,  WALTER,* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf.               June  30,  1855. 

Va. 

JORDAN,  CHARLES  D. 

Captain. 

8th  Inf.             July  1,  1842. 

Mass. 

JORDAN,  THOMAS,* 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.           July  1,  1840. 

Va. 

JUDAH,  HENRY  M. 

Captain. 

4th  Inf.              July  1,  184.3. 

N.  Y. 

JUDD,  HENRY  B. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1830. 

Conn. 

KAUTZ,  AUGUST  V. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf.     '         July  1,  1852. 

Ohio. 

KEARNEY,  JAMES, 

Lieut.-Col. 

Topo.  Eng.        April  11,  1813. 

D.  C. 

KEARNY,  WM. 

2d  Lieut. 

10th  Inf.            March  3,  1855. 

Mo. 

KEENEY,  CHARLES  C. 

Capt.,  Assist.  -Surg. 

M.  D.                July  12,  1842. 

Mich. 

KELLOGG,  JOHN, 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1849. 

Mass. 

KELLOGG,  LYMAN  M. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1852. 

Ohio. 

KELLY,  HENRY  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf.            April  9,  1847. 

La. 

KELTON,  JOHN  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf.              July  1,  1851. 

Pa. 

KENSEL,  GEORGE  A. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.     July  1,  1857. 

Ky- 

KETCHUM,  WM.  S. 

Captain. 

6th  Inf.              July  1,  1834. 

Conn. 

KEYES,  ERASMUS  D. 

Major. 

1st  Artillery.      July  1,  1S32. 

Me. 

KILBURX,  CHARLES  L. 

Captain. 

Com's'y  of  Sub.  July  1,  1842. 

Pa. 

KIMMEL,  MANNING  M. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry.        July  1,  1857. 

Mo. 

KING,  BENJAMIN, 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Oct.  14,  1818. 

Md. 

KING,  JOHN  H. 

Captain. 

1st  Inf.              Dec.  2,  1837. 

Mieh. 

KING,  WM.  8. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                 July  29,  1837. 

Pa. 

KINGSBURY,  CHARLES  P. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1840. 

N.C. 

KIP,  LAWRENCE, 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      June  30.  1857. 

Cal. 

KLJJKHAM,  RALPH  W. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1842. 

Mass. 

KNOWLTON,  MINER, 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1820. 

Conn. 

KURTZ,  JOHN  D. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1842. 

D.  C. 

LAIBLEY,  THEODORE  T.  S. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1842. 

Va. 

LANDRUM,  JOHN  H. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery.       Mareh  8,  1847. 

Md. 

LANE,  WM.  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  June  28,  1848. 

Armv. 

LANGDON,  LOOMIS  L. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1854. 

N.  Y. 

LANGWORTHY,  ELISHA  P. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 May  16,  1850. 

N.  Y. 

LANSING,  SANDERS, 

M.  K.  S.             July  19,  1834. 

N.  Y. 

LARKED,  BKNJAMIX  F. 

Col.,  Paymaster  Gen. 

P.  D.                   Oct.  1,  1813. 

Mass. 

LARNED,  FRANK  II. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      April  9,  1847. 

Mich. 

LATIMER,  ALFRED  E. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Inf.                July  1,  1853. 

D.  C. 

LAUB,  CHARLES  H. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                 Nov.  30,  1836. 

D.  C. 

LAWSON,  THOMAS. 

Col.  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                Feb.  8,  1811. 

Va. 

LAY,  GEORGE  W." 

Captain. 

6th  Inf.              July  1,  1842. 

Va, 

LAY,  RICHARD  G. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.                June  20,  1859. 

D.  C. 

LAZELLE,  HENRY  M. 

2d  Lieut. 

Sth  Inf.             July  1,  1855. 

Mass. 

LEE,  ARTHUR  T. 

Captain. 

8th  Inf.              Oct.  8,  1838. 

Pa. 

LEE,  FITZHUGH,* 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry.       July  1,  1856. 

Va. 

LEE,  GEORGE  W.  C.* 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1854. 

Va. 

LEE,  JOHN  F. 

Captain. 
Brevet  Major. 

9rti-DeP;       1  July  1,1834. 
J.  Adv.  -Gen.  J       J 

Va. 

LEE,  RICHARD  B. 

Major. 

Com's'y  of  Sub.  July  17,  1817. 

Va 

LEE,  ROBERT  E.* 

Lieut.-Col. 

2d  Cavalry.        July  1,  1829. 

Va. 

LEE,  STEPHEN  D.* 

1st  Lieut, 

4th  Artillery.     July  1,  1854. 

S.  C. 

LEE,  WM.  F.* 

2d  Lieut. 

2dlnf.      •  "       June  30,  1855. 

Va. 

L'ENGLE,  WM.  J. 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Aug.  28,  1856. 

S.  C. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


663 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

LEONARD,  HIRAM. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

Nov.  24,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

LEONARD,  LUTHER, 

M.  8.  K. 

Dec.  12,  1808. 

111. 

LESLIE,  THOMAS  J. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

March  4,  1815. 

Pa. 

LETTERMAX,  JONATHAN, 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surs>. 

M.  D. 

June  29,  1849. 

Pa. 

LEWIS,  THEODORE, 

M  .  S.  K. 

Aug.  31,  1852. 

La. 

LEWIS,  WM.  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1849. 

N.  Y. 

LINDSAY,  ANDREW  J. 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

,May  27,  1846. 

Miss. 

LITTLE,  HENRY,* 

Captain. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1839. 

Md. 

LIVINGSTONE,  HENRY  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

June  18,  1855. 

N.  Y. 

LIVINGSTONE,  LA  RHETT  L. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

N.  Y. 

LOCKETT,  SAMUEL  H.* 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1859. 

Ala, 

LODOR,  RICHARD, 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

N.  J. 

LOMAX,  LUNSFORD  L.* 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1856. 

D.  C. 

LONG,  ARMISTEAD  L.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1850. 

Va. 

LONG,  ELI, 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry. 

June  27,  1856. 

Ky- 

LONG,  JOHN  O.* 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1854. 

N.  Y. 

LONG,  STEPHEN  H. 

Major. 

Topo.  Eng. 

Dec.  12,  1814. 

X.  11. 

LONGSTREET,  JAMES,* 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1842. 

Ala. 

LOOMIS,  GUSTAVUS, 

Colonel. 

5th  Inf. 

March  1,  1811. 

Yt. 

LORAIN,  LORENZO, 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

Pa.     - 

LORD,  RICHARD  S.  C. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1856. 

Ohio. 

LORING,  WM.  W.* 

Colonel. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

.  May  27,  1846. 

Fla. 

LOTHROP,  WARREN  L. 

2d  Lieut 

4th  Artillery. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Army. 

LOVELL,  CHARLES  S. 

Captain. 

6th  Inf. 

Oct.  13,  1837. 

Armv. 

LOVELL,  CHRISTOPHER  S. 

Captain. 

2d  Inf. 

July  31,  1838. 

s.  a 

LOWE,  WM.  W. 

1st.  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1853. 

Iowa. 

LUGENBEEL,  PlNKNEY, 

Captain. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1840. 

Ohio. 

LYNDE,  ISAAC, 

Major. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1827. 

Vt. 

LYNDE,  RICHARD  D. 

1st  Lieut.,  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  29,  1856. 

Md. 

LYON,  HYLAN  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1S56. 

Ky. 

LYON,  NATHANIEL, 

Captain. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1841. 

Conn. 

MACFEELY,  ROBERT, 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850.  . 

Pa. 

MACK,  OSCAR  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1850. 

N.  H. 

MACKALL,  WM.  W.* 

Major. 

Ass'tAdj.-Gen 

.July  1,  1837. 

Md. 

MACLIN,  SACKFIELD,* 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  2,  1846. 

Ark. 

MACLAY,  ROBERT  P. 

Captain. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1840. 

Pa. 

MACOMB,  JOHN  N. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1832. 

N.  Y. 

MACRAE,  NATHANIEL  C. 

Major. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1826. 

Va. 

MADISON,  THOMAS  C. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

Feb.  27,  1840. 

Fla. 

MAGRUDER,  DAVID  L. 

Capt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Feb.  1,  1850. 

Va. 

MAGRUDER,  JOHN  B.* 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1S30. 

Va. 

MAGRUDER,  WM.  T. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1850. 

Md. 

MAJOR,  JAMES  P.* 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1856. 

Mo. 

MALONEY,  MAURICE, 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

Nov.  27,  1846. 

Army. 

MALLORY,  FRANCIS, 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

June  27,  1856. 

Va, 

MANSFIELD,  JOSEPH  K.  F. 

Colonel. 

Inspector-Gen. 

July  1,  1822. 

Conn. 

MARCY,  RANDOLPH  B. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1832. 

Mass. 

MAHMADUKE,  JOHN  S.* 

2d  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1857. 

Mo. 

MARSHALL,  ELISHA  G. 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

N.  Y. 

MARSHALL,  Louis  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1849. 

Md. 

MARTIN,  JAMES  G.* 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1840. 

N.  C. 

MASON,  JOHN  S. 

1st  Lieut 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1847. 

Ohio. 

MAURY,  DABNEY  H.* 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

.July  1,  1846. 

Va. 

MAY,  CHARLES  A. 

Major. 

2d  Drag. 

June  8,  1836. 

D.  C. 

MAY,  JULIEN, 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

.May  27,  1846. 

D.  C. 

MAYNADIER,  HENRY  E. 

1st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1851. 

D.  C. 

MAYNADIER,  WM. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1827. 

D.  C. 

MCALESTER,  MILES  D. 

2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1856. 

Mich. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Sprviii<r  in           Original  entry 
bennig  in.          }mo  Service> 

Appointed 
from. 

MCALLISTER,  JULIEN, 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1847. 

Ga. 

McARTHun,  JOSEPH  II. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav.              July  1,  1849. 

Mo. 

McCxLL,  JAMES  K. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf.              June  27,  1S56. 

Tenn. 

MCCARTY,  JAMES  C. 

M.  S.  K.            June  14,  1858. 

Ten  11. 

MCCLEARY,  JOHN, 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf.              July  1,  1854. 

Ohio. 

McCLURE,  DANIEL, 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D.                  July  1,  1849. 

Ind. 

McCooK,  ALEXANDER  McD. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.               July  1,  1852. 

Ohio. 

McCoRMicK,  CHARLES, 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                 Aug.  30,  1836. 

D.  C. 

McCowN,  JOHN  P.* 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery.    July  1,  1S40. 

Teun. 

MCDOUGALL,  CHARLES, 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                 July  13,  1832. 

Ind. 

MCDOWELL,  IRVIN, 

Major. 

Ass'tAdj.-Gen.July  1,  1838. 

Ohio. 

McFERRAN,  JOHN  C. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1843. 

Ky. 

MclNTOSH,  JAMES,* 

Captain. 

1st  Cav.             July  1,  1849. 

Fla. 

MclNTYRE,  JAMES  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cav.             July  1,  1853. 

Texas. 

McKEE,  J.  COOPER, 

1st  Lieut.,  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Oct.  2,  1858. 

Pa. 

McKEE,  SAMUEL, 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1858. 

Utah. 

McKEEVER,  CHAUNCEY, 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1849. 

Md. 

McKiBBiN,  DAVID  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf.              March  3,  1855. 

Pa. 

McKlNS^RY,  JUSTUS, 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1838. 

Mich. 

McLANE,  GEORGE, 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  May  27,  1846. 

Md. 

MCLAREN,  ADAM  N. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                 March  2,  1833. 

S.  C. 

MC-LAWS,  LAFAYETTE,* 

Captain. 

7th  Inf.              July  1,  1S42. 

Ga. 

MCLEAN,  EUGENE  E.* 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1842. 

Md. 

MC-LEAN,  NATHANIEL  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Inf.               July  1,  1848. 

Ohio. 

McLEMORE,  OWEN  K. 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf.              Julv  1,  1856. 

Ala. 

MCMILLAN,  JAMES, 

2d  Lieut. 

2dlnf.               July  1,  1856. 

N.  T. 

McNAB,  JOHN, 

1st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf.            Aus.  3,  1847. 

Vt. 

McNALLY,  CHRISTOPHER  II. 

2d  Lieut. 

M'fd  Riflemen.  Mav  23,  1855. 

Army. 

McNEiLL,  HENRY  C.* 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1857. 

Texas. 

McNuTT,  JOHN, 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1840. 

Ohio. 

MCPARLIN,  THOMAS  A. 

Capt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D.                 March  2,  1849. 

Md. 

McPHERSox,  JAMES  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1853. 

Ohio. 

McRAE,  ALEXANDER, 

1st  Lieut. 

MVd  Riflemen.  July  1,  1851. 

N.  C. 

MEADE,  GEORGE  G. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1835. 

D.  C. 

MEADE,  RICHARD  K.,  JR.* 

2d  Lieut. 

Ens;.  Corps.       July  1,  1857. 

Va. 

MEIGS,  MONTGOMERY  C'. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1S36. 

Pa. 

MHNDELL,  GEORGE  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1852. 

Pa. 

MKXDENHALL,  Jonx, 

1  st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillerv.    Julv  1,  1851. 

Ind. 

MERCER,  JOHN  T.* 

rid  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.     '      July  1,  1854. 

Ga. 

MERCHANT,  ANDERSON.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      March  8,  1847. 

N.  y. 

MERCHANT,  CHARLES  S. 

Lieut.-Col. 

3d  Artillery.      March  11,  IS  14 

N.  Y. 

MERRILL,  LEWIS, 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Draa-.    '        July  1,  1855. 

Pa. 

MERRILL,  WM.  E. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1859. 

Va. 

MICHLER,  NATHANIEL, 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng.        Jufy  1,  1348. 

Pa. 

MILES,  Dixox  S. 

Colonel. 

2dlnf.               July  1,  1824. 

Md. 

MILHAU,  JOHN  J. 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 April  30,  1851. 

N.  Y. 

MILLER,  MARCUS  P. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.     July  1,  1853. 

Mass. 

MILLER,  MORRIS  S. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,1  334. 

N.  Y. 

MILLER,  THOMAS  E. 

2d  Lieut, 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1856. 

Ky. 

MILLS,  MADISOX, 

Maj.  and  Surg. 

M.  D.                 April  1,  1834. 

N.  Y. 

MIXTER,  JOSEPH  F.* 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cav.              March  3,  1855. 

W.  T. 

MIZNER,  JOHN  K. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag.            July  1,  1856. 

Mich. 

MOLINARD,  ALBERT  J.  S. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1S51. 

N.  Y. 

MONTGOMERY,  ALEXANDER, 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1334. 

Pa. 

MOXTGOMERY,  ALEX.  B.* 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.    June  22,  1857. 

Ga. 

MOXTGOMERY,  SAMUEL  H. 

M.  S.  K.            Jan.  4,  1S47. 

Ark. 

MOORE,  ISAIAH  N. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.           July],  1851. 

Pa. 

MOORE,  Joiix, 

Capt.  and  A?M?t.-Snnr. 

M.  D.    "            June  20.  1S5:5. 

Iiul. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


6<J5 


Name. 

r     ,                          Servine  in        Original  entry     Appointed 
ln-         into  Service.          from. 

MOORE,  ORLANDO  II. 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf.             June  27,  1856. 

Mich. 

MOORE,  SAMUEL  P.* 

Maj.  and  Surg. 

M.  D.                 March  14,  1835. 

S.  C. 

MOORE,  TREDWELL. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1847. 

Ohio. 

MORDECAT,  ALFRED, 

Major. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1823. 

N.  C. 

MORGAN,  CHARLES  H. 

3d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.    July  1,  1857. 

N.  Y. 

MORGAN,  MICHAEL  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1854. 

La. 

MORRIS,  GOUVERNEUR, 

Lieut.-Col. 

1st  Inf.              Mav  24,  1824. 

N.  Y. 

MORRIS,  LEWIS  O. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     March  8,  1847. 

N.  Y. 

MORRIS,  ROBERT  M. 

Captain. 

M't'dRiflemen.May  27,  1846. 

D.  C. 

MORRIS,  THOMPSON, 

Lieut.-CoL 

4th  Inf.              July  1,  1822. 

Ohio. 

MORRIS,  WM.  W. 

Major. 

4th  Artillery.    Julv  1,  1820. 

N.  Y. 

MORRISON,  PITCAIRN, 

Lieut.  -Col. 

7th  Inf.              Oct.  27,  1820. 

N.  Y. 

MORTON,  JAMES  ST.  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.      July  1,  1851. 

Pa. 

MOWER,  JOSEPH  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf.              June  18,  1855. 

Conn. 

Mr  I.LAN,  JOHN.  JR. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1852. 

Md. 

MULLINS,  JOHN,* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Drag.            July  1,  1854. 

Miss. 

Mi'NHOE,  JOHN, 

Lieut-Col. 

4th  Artillery.    March  11,  1814. 

N.  Y. 

MuiiPiiy,  DENNIS, 

M.  S.  K.            April  7,  1858. 

Va. 

MURRAY,  ROBERT, 

Capt.  and  Ass't.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 June  29,  1846. 

Md. 

MURRY,  ALEXANDER, 

2d  Lieut. 

10th  Inf.            March  3,  1855. 

Pa. 

MYER,  ALBERT  J. 

Capt.  and  Ass't.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Sept.  18,  1854. 

N.  Y. 

MYERS,  ABRAHAM  C.* 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            Julv  1,  1833. 

S.  C. 

MYERS,  FREDERICK, 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M.            July  1,  1846. 

Conn. 

MYERS,  WM. 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf.              July  1,  1852. 

Pa. 

NAPIER,  LEROY,  JB. 

:M  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1858. 

Ga. 

NAUMAN,  GEORGE, 

Major. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1823. 

Pa. 

NEILL,  TIIOMA-  II. 

Captain. 

5th  Inf.              Julv  1,  1847. 

Pa. 

NELSON.  ANDEI:>ON  D. 

Captain. 

10th  Inf.           July  1,  1841. 

Ohio. 

NEWKY.  EDWARD  W.  B. 

Captain. 

1st  Cav.             March  3,  1855. 

111. 

NEWTON.  JOHN, 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps.      July  1,  1842. 

Va. 

NEWTON.  WASHINGTON  I. 

Captain. 

2d  Drag.           Aug.  1,  1838. 

Va. 

NICHOLS,  WM.  A. 

Captain. 

As't.Adj.-Gen.  July  1,  1838. 

Pa. 

NICODEMI  s.  WM.  J.  L. 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf.              Julv  1,  1858. 

Md. 

NORRIS,  BASIL, 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg 

.M.  D.                 Oct.  11,  1858. 

Md. 

NORRIS,  CHARLES  E. 

1st  Lieut 

2d  Drag.           July  1,  1851. 

Ind. 

NORTHROP,  Lucius  B.* 

Captain. 

1st  Drag.           July  1,  1831. 

S.  C. 

OAKES,  JAMES. 

Captain. 

2d  Cav.              July  1,  1846. 

Pa. 

O'B.vNNoN.  LAWRENCE  W.*  1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.               March  3,  1848. 

S.  C. 

0  I'oNNELL,  JOHN  D. 

1st  Lieut 

2d  Inf.              July  1,  1852. 

Pa. 

OFPLEY,  ROBERT  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st.  Inf.             May  14,  1857. 

N.  Y. 

OGLE,  CHARLES  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag.          July  1,  184S. 

Pa. 

ORD,  EDWARD  O.  C. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1839. 

D.  C. 

OTIS,  ELMEU, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry.      July  1,  1853. 

Ohio. 

OWEN,  PHILIP  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf.              March  3,  1855. 

Alii. 

OWENS,  WESLEY, 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry.        July  1,  1856. 

Ohio. 

PAGE,  CHARLES, 
PAGE,  FRANCIS  N. 

Capt,  Assist.-Surg. 
Captain. 

M.  D.                 Dec.  2,  1851. 
As't.  Adj.  -Gen.  July  1,  1841. 

Va. 
Va. 

PAINE,  WM.  C. 

2<1  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1858. 

Mass. 

PALFREY,  JOHN  C. 

2<1  Lieut 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1857. 

Mass. 

PALMER.  INNIS  N. 

Captain. 

2d  Cavalry.       July  1,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

PALMER,  WM.  R. 
PARKE,  JOHN  G. 

Captain. 
1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  7,  1838. 
Topo.  Eng.        Julv  1,  1849. 

N.  J. 
Pa, 

PATTEN,  GEORGE  W. 

Captain. 

2d  Inf.               July  1,  1830. 

R.  I. 

PAUL,  GABRIEL  R. 
PAYNE,  MATTHEW  M. 
PEASE.  WM.  R. 

Captain. 
Colonel. 
2d  Lieut. 

7th  Inf.             July  1,  1834. 
2d  Artillery.      March  12,  1812 
7th  Inf.     '         July  1,  1855. 

Mo. 
.  Va. 
N.  Y. 

PECK.  LAFAYETTB, 

2d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf.              July  1,  1857. 

Tenn. 

PE«;I:AM.  JOHN,* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Dragoons.    July  1,  1854. 

Va. 

666 


OFFICERS  Of  TU£  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


Name. 

Bank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

PELOUZE,  LEWIS  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillerv. 

July  1,  185:5. 

Pa. 

PEMBERTOX,  JOHN  C.* 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1837. 

Pa. 

FENDER,  WM.  D.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Dragoons. 

July  1,  1S54. 

N.  C. 

PEEIN,  GLOVER, 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Dec.  4,  1847. 

Ohio. 

PERKINS,  DELAVAN  D. 

1  st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1S49. 

N.  Y. 

PERRY.  ALEXANDER  J. 

1st  Lteut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1851. 

Conn. 

PHIFEK,  CHARLES  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry. 

March  3,  1S55. 

Miss. 

PHILLIPS,  EDWIN  D. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

Mich. 

PICKETT,  GEORGE  E.* 

Captain. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1846. 

111. 

PIPER,  ALEXANDER, 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1851. 

Pa. 

PITCHER,  THOMAS  G. 

Captain. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1845. 

Ind. 

PLATT,  EDWARD  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1849. 

Vt. 

PLEASONTON,  ALFRED, 

Captain. 

2d  Dragoons. 

July  1,  1844. 

D.  C. 

PLUMMER,  AUGUSTUS  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Pa, 

PLUMMER,  JOSEPH  B. 

Captain. 

1st  Ini 

July  1,  1841. 

Mass. 

PLYMPTON,  JOSEPH, 

ColoneL 

1st  Inf. 

Jan.  3,  1812. 

Mass. 

PLYMPTON,  PETER  W.  L. 

1st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1847. 

N.  Y. 

POE,  ORLANDO  M. 

2d  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1856. 

Ohio. 

POPE,  JOHN-, 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1842. 

m. 

POTTER,  ANDREW, 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen, 

May  27,  1846. 

Pa. 

PORTER,  A.  PARKER, 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1856. 

Pa. 

PORTER,  FITZ-JOHN, 

Captain. 

As't.  Adj.-Gen.July  1,  1845. 

D.  C. 

PORTER,  GILES, 

Major. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  24,  1818. 

N.  Y. 

PORTER,  JOHN  B. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

Dec.  1,  1833. 

Conn. 

POTTER,  JOSEPH  H. 

Captain. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1843. 

N.  H. 

POTTER,  REUBEN  M. 

M.  8.  K. 

March  23,  1848. 

,  Texas. 

POTTS,  RICHARD, 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Sept.  16,  1853. 

Md. 

POWELL,  JAMES  E.. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

June  7,  1855. 

Me. 

PRATT,  HENRY  C. 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1837. 

Mass. 

PRIME,  FREDERICK  E. 

1st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1850. 

N.  Y. 

PRINCE,  HENRY, 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

Sept.  18,  1835. 

Me. 

PRINCE,  WM.  E. 

Captain. 

1st  Inf. 

Aug.  1,  1838. 

Mass. 

PUTNAM,  HALDIMAND  S. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1857. 

N.  H. 

QUATTLEBAUM,  PAUL  J. 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1857. 

S.  C. 

QUINAN,  PASCAL  A. 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  15,  1855. 

Md. 

RAGAN,  ABRAHAM  B. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

March  29,  1848. 

Ga. 

RAINS,  GABRIEL  J.* 

Major. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1827. 

N.  C. 

RAMSAY,  DOUGLAS, 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

June  7,  1855. 

D.  C. 

RAMSAY,  GEORGE  D. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1820. 

D.  C. 

RANDAL,  HORACE, 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Dragoons. 

July  1,  1854. 

Texas. 

RANDALL,  BURTON, 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

Oct.  24,  1832. 

Md. 

RANDOLPH,  JOHN  F. 

1st  Lt,,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Dec.  24,  1855. 

La. 

RANSOM,  DUXBAR  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

June  7    1855. 

Vt. 

RANSOM,  HYATT  C. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1851. 

N.  Y. 

RANSOM,  ROBERT,  JR.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1850. 

N.  C. 

RAYNOLDS,  WM.  F. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1843. 

Ohio. 

READ,  EDWIN  W.  II. 

2d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

June  27,  1856. 

Ind. 

REESE,  CHAUXCEY  B. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1859. 

N.  Y. 

REEVE,  ISAAC  V.  D. 

Captain. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1835. 

N.  Y. 

RENO,  JESSE  L. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1.  1846. 

Pa. 

RENO,  MARCUS  A. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1857 

111. 

REYNOLDS,  ALEX.  W.* 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1838. 

Va. 

REYNOLDS,  CHARLES  A. 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

March  3,  1855. 

Md. 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  F. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1841. 

Pa. 

REYNOLDS,  ROBERT  B. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

March  3,  1847. 

Tenn. 

REYNOLDS,  SAMUEL  H.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

Julv  1,  1849. 

Va. 

RHETT,  THOMAS  G.* 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1845. 

S.  C. 

RICH,  Lucius  L.* 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Mo. 

OFFICERS  Of  THti  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


66< 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

KICKETTS,  JAMES  B. 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1839. 

N.  Y. 

RIDDICK,  RICHARD  II. 

3d  Lieut. 

1st  C:iv. 

March  27,  1855, 

X.  C. 

UIDGELT,  AQUILA  T. 

Cnpt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  30,  1851. 

Md. 

RINGGOLD,  GEORGE  H. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1833. 

D.  C. 

RIPLEY,  JAMES  W. 

Lieut.-Col. 

Ord.  Dcp. 

June  1,  IS  14. 

Conn. 

HITTER,  Joux  F. 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

Pa. 

ROBERT,  HEXRY  M. 

3d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1857. 

Ohio. 

ROBERTS,  BENJAMIN  S. 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

.July  1,  1835. 

Iowa. 

ROBERTS,  JOSEPH, 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1835. 

Del. 

ROBERTSON,  BEVERLY  H.* 

1st  Lieut 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1849. 

Va. 

ROBERTSON,  JAMES  M. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

June  28,  1848. 

Army. 

ROBINSON,  AUGUSTUS  G. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1857. 

Me. 

ROBINSON,  JAMES  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1852. 

Mo. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  C. 

Captain. 

5th  Inf. 

Oct.  27,  1839. 

N.  Y. 

ROBINSON,  WM.  G. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

Jutr  1,  1«5S. 

N.  C. 

RODMAN,  THOMAS  J. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1841. 

Ind. 

ROSSELL,  NATHAN  B. 

Captain. 

5th  Inf. 

Aug.  I,  1838. 

N.  J. 

ROSSELL,  WM.  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

March  3,  1S55. 

N.  J. 

ROY,  JAMES  P. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1849. 

Va, 

ROYALL,  WM.  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav. 

March  3,  1855. 

Mo. 

RUCKER,  DANIBZ,  H. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

Oct.  13,  1837. 

Mich. 

RUFF,  CHARLES  F. 

Major. 

M't'd  Riflemen 

.  July  1,  1838. 

Mo. 

RUGGLES,  DANIEL,* 

Captain. 

5th  Inf.' 

July  1,  1833. 

Mass. 

RUGGLES,  GEO.  D. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1855. 

N.  Y. 

RUNDELL,  CHARLES  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

N.  Y. 

RUSSELL,  DAVID  A. 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1845. 

N.  Y. 

RYAN,  GEORGE, 

2d  Lieut. 

7th  Int 

July  1,  1857. 

Conn. 

RYLAND,  KIIITLET, 

1st  Lieut.,  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

April  28.,  1859. 

Mo. 

SACKET,  DELOS  B. 

Captain. 

1st  Cav. 

July  1,  1845. 

N.  Y. 

SANDERS,  WM.  P. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1856. 

Miss. 

SATTERLEE,  RICHARD  S. 

Major  and  Surg. 

M.  D. 

Feb.  25,  1822. 

Mich. 

SAUXDERS,  JOHN  8.* 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1858. 

Va. 

SAUNDERS,  THOMAS  M. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

June  27,  1856. 

Va. 

SAWTELLE,  CHARLES  G. 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1854. 

Me. 

SAXTON,  RUFUS, 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  I,  1849. 

Mass. 

SCHOFIEI.D,  JOHN  M. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

HI. 

SCHROEDER.   HENRY  B. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1844. 

Md. 

SCOTT,  HENRY  L. 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1833. 

N.  C. 

SCOTT,  JOHN  B. 

Major. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1821. 

Conn. 

SCOTT,  ROBERT  N. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Cal. 

SCOTT,  WINFIELD, 

Maj.-Gen.,  B't  Lt.-G. 

C'd'r-in-Chief. 

May  3,  1808. 

Va. 

SEAWELL,  WASHINGTON, 

Lieut.  -Col. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1825. 

Va. 

SEDGWICK,  JOHN, 

Major. 

1st  Cav. 

July  1,  1837. 

Conn. 

SELDEN,  HEXRY  R. 

Captain. 

5tb  Inf. 

July  1,  1843. 

Vt. 

SELDEN,  JOSEPH, 

Captain. 

8th  Inf. 

July  7,  1S33. 

Va. 

SEWARD,  AUGUSTUS  H. 

Captain. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1847. 

N.  Y. 

SEYMOUR,  TRUMAN, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1846. 

Vt. 

SHAAFF,  ARTHUR, 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

June  30,  1855. 

Ga. 

SHAAFF,  JOHN  T. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Cav. 

July  1,  1851. 

D.  C. 

SHEPHERD,  OLIVER  L. 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1840. 

N.  Y. 

SHERBURNE,  JOHX  P. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

June  27,  1856. 

N.  H. 

SHERIDAN,  PHILIP  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Ohio. 

SHERMAN,  THOMAS  W. 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1836. 

R.I. 

SHINX,  Joux  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1856. 

Ohio.    . 

SHIPLEY,  ALEXANDER  N. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

June  1,  1857. 

Army. 

SHIRAS,  ALEXANDER  E. 

Captain. 

Com's'y  Sub. 

July  1,  1833. 

N.  J." 

SHOEMAKER,  WM.  R. 

M.  S.  K. 

Aug.  3,  1841. 

HI. 

SHOUP,  FRANCIS  A. 

2d  Lieut 

1st  Artillery. 

Julyl,  1855. 

Ind. 

(508 


OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


Xame. 

Rank. 

Servino-  in           Original  entry 
un"  m'           into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

SHUNK,  FRANCIS  J. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1853. 

Pa. 

SIBLET,  CALEB  C. 

Major. 

3d  Inf.                July  1,  1829. 

Mass. 

SIBLEY,  EBENEZER  S. 

Major. 

Q.  M.                  July  1,  1827. 

Mich. 

SIBLEY,  HENRY  II.* 

Captain. 

2(1  Drag.            July  1,  1838. 

La. 

SILL,  JOSHUA  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1853. 

Ohio. 

SILVEY,  WM. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.      July  1,  1849. 

Ohio. 

SIMMONS,  SENECA  G. 

Captain. 

7th  Inf.             July  1,  1834. 

Vt. 

SIMONS,  JAMES, 

Maj.  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                July  11,  1S39. 

S.  C. 

SIMONSON,  JOHN  S. 

Major. 

M't'd  Riflemen.May  27,  1846. 

Ind. 

SIMPSON,  JAMES  II. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1832. 

N.  J. 

SIMPSON,  JOSIAH, 

Maj.  and  Surg. 

M.  D.                 July  11,  1837. 

Pa. 

SIMPSON,  MARCUS  D.  L. 

Captain. 

Cora's'y  Sub.     July  1,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

SIMPSON,  RICHARD  F. 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg.  M.  D.                 Aug.  1,  1840. 

Va. 

SINCLAIR,  WILLIAM, 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1857. 

Ohio. 

SlTGREAVES,    LORENZO, 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1832. 

Pa. 

SLAUGHTER,  JAMES  E.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.    April  9,  1847. 

Va. 

SLEMMER,  ADAM  J. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1S50. 

Pa. 

SLOAN,  WM.  J. 

Maj.  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D.                 July  12,  1837. 

Pa. 

SMALL,  MICHAEL  P. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.     July  1,  1855. 

Pa. 

SMALLEY,  HENRY  A. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Ai  tillery.      July  1,  1854. 

Vt. 

SMEAD,  AUNER, 

3d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1854. 

Ga. 

SMEAD,  JOHN  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1854. 

Pa. 

SMITH,  ALBERT  J. 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D.                  June  1,  1849. 

Va, 

SMITH,  ANDREW  J. 

Captain. 

1st  Drag.          Julv  1,  1838. 

Pa. 

SMITH,  ANDREW  K. 

Capt.  nnd  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 July  26,  1853. 

Conn. 

SMITH,  BENJAMIN  F. 

1st  Lieut,. 

6th  Inf.              Julv  1,  1853. 

N.  J. 

SMITH,  CALEB, 

1st  Lieut. 

2dlnf.              June  21,  1848. 

Va. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  F. 

Lieut.-Col. 

10th  Inf.            Julv  1,  1825. 

Pa. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  H. 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                  Dec.   13,  1847. 

Va. 

SMITH,  EDMUND  K.* 

Captain. 

I'd  Cav.              July  1,  1845. 

Fla. 

.SMITH,  JAMES  A. 

2d  Lieut, 

(5th  Inf.              July  1,  1853. 

Miss. 

SMITH,  J.  L.  KIRBY, 

2d  Lieut, 

Topo.  Eug.        July  1,  1857. 

N.  Y. 

SMITH,  JOSEPH  R. 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg.  M.  D.                 Dec.  15,  1854. 

N.  Y. 

SMITH,  JOSEPH  R. 

Major. 

7th  Inf.              July  1,  1823. 

N.  Y. 

SMITH,  LARKIN,* 

Captain. 

8th  Inf.              July  1,  1835. 

Va. 

SMITH,  MAKTIN  L.* 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng.        Julv  1,  1842. 

N.  Y. 

SMITH,  WM.  D.* 

Captain. 

2d  Drag.  "         July  1,  1846. 

Ga. 

SMITH,  WM.  F. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1845. 

Vt. 

SMITH,  WM.  P. 

Brev.  2d  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng.        July  1,  1857. 

Va. 

SNYDER,  GEORGE  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1856. 

N.  Y. 

SPENCER,  WM.  C. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Inf.               June  18,  1855. 

Md. 

SPRAGUE,  JOHN  T. 

Captain. 

8th  Inf.              Oct.  17,  1834. 

Mass. 

STANLEY,  DAVID  S. 

1  st  Lieut. 

1st  Cav.             July  1,  1852. 

Ohio. 

STANSBURY,  HOWARD. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Bug.        July  7,  1838. 

N.  Y. 

STARR,  SAMUEL  H. 

Captain. 

2d  Drag.           June  28,  1848. 

Armv. 

STEELE,  FREDERICK. 

Captain. 

2dlnf.               July  1,  1843. 

N.  Y. 

STEELE,  WILLIAM,* 

Captain. 

2d  Drag.            Julv  1,  1840. 

N.  Y. 

STEEN,  ALEXANDER  E.* 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf.                April  9,  1847. 

Mo. 

STEEX,  ENOCH, 

Major. 

1st  Drag.           July  16,  1832. 

Mo. 

STEPTOE,  EDWARD  J. 

Major. 

9th  Inf.             July  1,  1837. 

Va. 

STEUART,  GEORGE  H.* 

Captain. 

1st  Cav.            Julv  1,  1848. 

Md. 

STEVENS,  WALTER  H. 

I  st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1848. 

N.  Y. 

STEVENSON,  CARTER  L.* 

Captain. 

5th  Inf.              July  1,  1838. 

Va. 

STEVENSON,  MATTHEW  R. 

Captain. 

7th  Inf.             July  1,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

STEWART,  CHARLES  S. 

1  st  Lieut. 

Eng.  Corps.       Julv  1,  1846. 

N.  J. 

STEWART,  JOSEPH, 

Captain. 

3d  Artillery.       July  1,  1842. 

Ky. 

STITH,  DONALD  C.* 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf.               July  1,  1850. 

Md. 

STIVERS,  CHARLES  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

7th  Inf.              July  1,  1856. 

Ky. 

OFFICERS   01'    THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


0(59 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in.       <!r^i'^'l  "itry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

STOCKTON,  PHILIP, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cav.             July  1,  1852. 

N.  J. 

STONE,  LYMAN  II. 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg.  M.  D.                 Dec.  13,  1847. 

Vt, 

STONE,  RODEKK. 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf.              July  1,  1859. 

Minn. 

STONEMAN,  GEORGE, 

Captain. 

2d  Cav.              July  1,  1846. 

N.  Y. 

STOUGHTON,  EDWIN  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

6th  Inf.             July  1,  1859. 

Vt. 

STRONG,  GEORGE  C. 

2d  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1857. 

Mass. 

STUART,  JAMES  E.  B.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cav.             July  1,  1854. 

Va. 

STURGIS,  SAMI-EI,  D. 

Captain. 

1st  Cav.             July  1,  1846. 

Pa. 

SULLIVAN,  THOMAS  C. 

2.1  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.      July  1,  1856. 

Ohio. 

SULLY,  ALFRED, 

Captain. 

2d  Inf.               July  1,  1841. 

Pa. 

SIMMERS,  JOHN  E. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Dec.  18,  1847. 

Va. 

SEINER,  EDWIN  V. 

Colonel. 

1st  Cavalry.       March  8,  1819. 

N.  Y. 

STTJIEKI.VND,  CM  vi:u-:s. 

dipt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Aug.  5,  1852. 

Pa. 

SWAINE,  PETER  T. 

1st  Lifiit. 

10th  Inf.           July  1,  1852. 

N.  Y. 

SWEENY,  THOMAS  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Inf.                March  3,  1848. 

N.  Y. 

SWEITZER,  NELSON  B. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Dragoons.    July  1,  1853. 

Pa. 

SWIFT,  EBENEZEK, 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.    *"             Aug.  30,  1847. 

Ohio. 

SWORDS,  THOMAS, 

Lieut.-Col. 

D.  Q.  M.  Gen.  July  1,  1829. 

N.  Y. 

SYKES,  GEORGE, 

Captain. 

3d  Inf.               July  1,  1842. 

Md. 

SYMINGTON,  JOHN, 

Major. 

Ord.  Dep.          March  2,  1815. 

Md. 

SYMMES,  JOHN  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1847. 

Ohio. 

SYMONDS,  HENRY  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1853. 

Mass. 

TALBOT,  THEODORE, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.      May  22,  1847. 

Ky. 

TALIAFERRO,  LAWRENCE, 

M.  S.  K.            July  2,  1813. 

Pa. 

TALLMADGE,  GRIER, 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.     Julv  1,  1848. 

N.  Y. 

TANNATT,  THOMAS  R. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.    July  1,  1858. 

Mass. 

TAYLOR.  GEORGE, 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.  -Surg. 

M.  D.                 April  1,  1856. 

Md. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  G* 

2d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf.  '           June  7,  1855. 

Ky. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  McL. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.       March  3,  1848. 

Ky. 

TAYLOR,   JOSEPH  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry.       July  1,  1856. 

Md. 

TAYLOR,  JOSEPH  P. 

Lieut.-Col. 

Ass't  C.-G.  S.    May  20,  1813. 

Ky. 

TAYLOR,  LEWIS. 

1st  Lt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 March  3,  1S57. 

Pa. 

TEN  BROECH,  PETER  G.  S. 

Capt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D.                 Dec.  13T1847. 

N.  Y. 

TERRILL,  WM.  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery.     July  1,  1853. 

Va. 

THAYEH,  SYLVANUS, 

Lieut.  -CoL 

En?.  Corps.       Feb.  23,  1808. 

Mass. 

THOM,  GEORGE, 

Captain. 

Topo.  En!?.        July  1,  1839. 

N.  H. 

THOMAS,  BRYAN  M. 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf.             July  1,  1858. 

Ga. 

THOMAS,  CHARLES, 

Colonel. 

A.  Q.  M.  Gen.  Aug.  13,  1819. 

Pa. 

THOMAS,  CHARLES  \Y. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf.              July  1,  1855. 

D.  C. 

THOMAS,  GEORGE  II. 

Major. 

2d  Cavalry.        July  1,  1840. 

Va. 

THOMAS,  LORENZO, 

Lieut.-Col. 

Ass't  Adj.-Gen.July  1,  1823. 

Del. 

THOMPSON,  JAMES, 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1851. 

N.  Y. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN  A. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Cavalry.      June  25,  1855. 

Va. 

THORNTON,  WM.  A. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1825. 

N.  Y. 

TIDBALL,  JOHN  C. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1848. 

Ohio. 

TIDBALL,  JOSEPH  L. 

Captain. 

10th  Inf.            July  1,  1849. 

Ohio. 

TlLFORD,  JOHN'  (1. 

1st  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.July  1,  1851. 

Ky. 

TlLLINGHAST,  OTIS  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery.     July  1,  1847. 

N.  Y. 

TlPTON,  JOHN, 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery.      July  1,  1856. 

Ind. 

TODU,  JOHN  W. 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep.          July  1,  1852. 

Ky. 

TOMPKINS,  DANIEL  D. 

Colonel. 

A.  Q.  M.  Gen.  July  1,  1820. 

N.  Y. 

TORBERT,  ALFRED  T.  A. 

2d  Lieut. 

5th  Inf.              July  1,  1855. 

Del. 

TOTTEN,  JAMES, 

Captain. 

2d  Artillery.      July  1,  1841. 

Va, 

TOTTEN,  JOSEPH  G. 

Colonel. 

Eug.  Corps.       July  1,  1805. 

Conn. 

TOWER,  ZEALOUS  B. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps.       July  1,  1841. 

Mass. 

TOWNSEND,  EDWARD  D. 

Major. 

Ass't  Adj.  -Gen.  July  1,  1837. 

Mass. 

TRACY,  ALBERT, 

Captain. 

10th  Inf.            April  9,  1847. 

Me. 

TIM  \.  Y,  EDWARD, 

2d  Lieut. 

M't'd  Riflemen.  May  23,  1855. 

Army. 

CTO 


HS  OF   THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


Naiiu1. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
info  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

TREADWELL,  THOMAS  J. 

3d  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1854. 

N.  H. 

TKEVITT,  JOHN, 

Captain. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1844. 

Ohio. 

TRIPLER,  CHARLES  S. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

Oct.  30,  1S30. 

N.  Y. 

TURXBULL,  CHARLES  N. 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1854. 

1).  C. 

TURNER,  JOIIN  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1855. 

111. 

TURNER.  THOMAS  E. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Inf. 

May  20,  1857. 

Cal. 

TURNLEY,  PARMENAS  T. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

Julv  1,  1846. 

Tenn. 

TWIGGS,  DAVID  E.* 

Brig.-General. 

General  Officer.Mareh  12,  1812. 

Ga. 

TVI.ER,  CHARLES  H.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Dragoons. 

July  1,  1848. 

Va. 

TYLER,  ROBERT  O. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

Conn. 

UNDERWOOD,  EDMUND, 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

March  3,  1848. 

Pa. 

UPDEGRAFF,  JOSEPH, 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

June  28,  1848. 

Aruiv. 

UPHAM,  JOHN  J. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1859. 

Wis. 

VAN  BOKKELEN,  WM.  K. 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1843. 

N.  Y. 

VAN  DORX,  EAHL,* 

Captain. 

2d  Cavalry. 

July  1,  1842. 

Miss. 

VAN  HORN,  JAMES  J. 

2d  Lieut. 

Sth  Inf. 

July  1,  1858. 

Ohio. 

VAX  NESS,  EUGENE, 

Lt.-Col.,  Dep.  P.  M.  G. 

P.  D. 

Dec.  18,  1839. 

N.  Y. 

VAX  VLIET,  STEWART, 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1840. 

N.  Y. 

VAX  VOAST,  JAMES, 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

N.  Y. 

VILLIPIGUE,  JOHN  B.* 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Dragoons. 

Julv  1,  1854. 

S.  C. 

VINCENT,  THOMAS  M. 

1st  Lieut. 

2d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

Ohio. 

VINTOX,  DAVID  H. 

Major. 

Q.  M. 

July  1,  is±i. 

K.  I. 

VOGDES,  ISRAEL, 

Captain. 

1  st  Artillery. 

Julv  1,  1837. 

Pa. 

VOLLUM,  EDWARD  P. 

Capt.,  Assist-Surg. 

M.  D. 

May  31,  1853. 

N.  Y. 

WADDY,  JOHN  R.* 

2d  Lieut. 

•4th  Artillery. 

Feb.  21,  1827. 

Va. 

WAGGAMAN,  GEORGE  G. 

Captain. 

Com's'yof  Sub. 

July  1,  1835. 

D.  C. 

WAGNER,  ORLAXDO  G. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1859. 

Pa. 

WAINWRIGHT,  ROBERT  A. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1835. 

Mass. 

WAITE,  CARLOS  A. 

Lieut.-Col. 

Sth  Inf. 

Jan.  28,  1820. 

N.  Y. 

WALKER,  CHARLES  J. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Dragoons. 

July  1,  1857. 

Ky. 

WALKER,  HENRY  H.* 

1st  Lieut. 

6th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Va. 

WALKER,  JOHN  G. 

Captain. 

M't'd  Riflemen, 

May  27,  1«46. 

Mo. 

WALKER,  THOMAS  W. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1856. 

Ind. 

WALKER,  WM.  H.  T. 

Major. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1837. 

Ga, 

WALKER,  WM.  S. 

Captain. 

1st  Cavalry. 

April  9,  1847. 

D.  C. 

WALLACE,  GEORGE  W. 

Captain. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1S39. 

Pa. 

WALL,  ASA, 

IstLt.,  Assist.-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Aug.  29,  1856. 

Va. 

WALLEX,  HENRY  D. 

Captain. 

4th  Inf. 

July  1,  1840. 

Fla. 

WARNER,  EDWARD  R. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1857. 

Pa. 

WARREN,  GOUVERNEUR  K. 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1850. 

N.  Y. 

WASHINGTON,  T.  A.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1S49. 

Va. 

WATSON,  CHARLES  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Inf. 

Feb.  21,  1857. 

Tucl. 

WAYNE,  HKNHY  C.* 

Captain. 

A.  Q.  M. 

July  1,  1838. 

Ga. 

WEBB,  ALEXANDER  S. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1855. 

N.  Y. 

WEI-.B,  WM.  A. 

1st.  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

Me. 

WEBBER,  CHARLES  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

May  29,  1855. 

Mass. 

WEED,  STEPHEN  IT. 

1st  Lieu' 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1854. 

N.  Y. 

WEEKS,  GEORGE  H. 

2d  Lieut. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1857. 

Me. 

WEITZEL,  GODFREY, 

2d  Lieut.                    , 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1855. 

Ohio. 

WELCKER,  WM.  T.* 

1st  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1851. 

Tenn. 

WESSELLS,  HENRY  W. 

Captain. 

2d  Inf. 

July  1,  1833. 

Conn. 

WHAKTON.  HENUY  W. 

Captain. 

6th  Inf. 

Oct.  31,  1837. 

Ala. 

WHEATON,  FRANK. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Cav. 

March  :?.  1855. 

R.  I. 

WH  EATON,  WALTER  V. 

Major  and  Swg. 

M.  D. 

March  28,  1813, 

R.  I. 

WHEETEK,  JAMES,  JR. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1855. 

N.  Y. 

WHEELER,  JOSEPH,  JR. 

2d  Lieut. 

1  st  Drag. 

July  1,  1859. 

N.  Y. 

WHEELER.  Juxius  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng, 

.lulv  1.  1855. 

N.  C. 

WUJITLE,  AMIEL  W. 

Captain. 

Topo.  En;;;. 

-July  1,  1841. 

Mass. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY.  071 


Name. 

Rank. 

Serving  in. 

Original  entry 
into  Service. 

Appointed 
from. 

WHIPPLK,  WM.  D. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1851. 

N.  Y. 

WHISTLER,  JOSEPH  N.  G. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1846. 

Fla. 

WHISTLEK,  WM. 

Colonel. 

4th  Inf. 

June  8,  1801. 

N.  W.  T. 

WHITALL,  JOHN  A. 

Captain. 

5th  Inf. 

Aug.  1,  1838. 

D.  C. 

WHITE,  JAMES  L. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1853. 

Fla. 

WHITE,  MOSES  J.* 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1858. 

Miss. 

WHITE,  WM.  J.  H. 

Capt.  and  Assist.-Surg.  M.  D. 

March  12,  1850. 

D.  C. 

WHITELEY,  ROBERT  H.  K. 

Captain. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1830. 

Del. 

WHITIXG,  CHARLES  J. 

Captain. 

2d  Cav. 

July  1,  1835. 

Cal. 

WHITING,  DANIEL  P. 

Captain. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1832. 

N.  Y. 

WHITING,  WM.  H.  C* 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1845. 

D.  C. 

WHITTLESEY,  JOSEPH  H. 

Captain. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1844. 

N.  Y. 

WICKLIFFE,  NATHANIEL, 

2d  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

June  30,  1S55, 

Ky. 

VVtLcox,  CADMUS  M.* 

1st  Lieut. 

7th  Inf. 

July  1,  1846. 

Tenn. 

WILDRICK,  ABRAM  C. 

2d  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

July  1,  1857. 

N.  J. 

WILKINS,  JOHN  D. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Inf. 

July  1,  1846. 

Pa. 

WILLAUD,  GEORGE  L. 

1st  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

June  28,  1848. 

Army. 

WILLIAMS,  GEORGE  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

N.  Y. 

WILLIAMS,  LAWRENCE  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

10th  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

D.  C. 

WILLIAMS  ROBERT, 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Drag. 

July  1,  1851'. 

Va. 

WILLIAMS,  SETIJ, 

Captain. 

Ass't  Ad'j.-Gcn 

.JulV  1,  1842. 

Me. 

WILLIAMS,  SOLOMON,* 

3d  Lieut. 

2d  Drag. 

July  1,  1858. 

N.  C. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS, 

Captain. 

4th  Artillery. 

July  1,  1837. 

Mich. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  G.* 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

July  1,  1849. 

Va. 

WILLIAMS.  THOMAS  H. 

Capt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

March  2,  1849. 

Md. 

WILLIAMSON,  ROBERT  S. 

1st  Lieut. 

Topo.  Eng. 

July  1,  1848. 

N.  J. 

WILSON,  IlrxRV, 

Colonel. 

7th  Inf. 

May  17,  1813. 

Pa. 

WILSON,  THOMAS, 

1st  Lieut. 

5th  Inf. 

July  1,  1853. 

D.  C. 

WINDER,  CHARLES  S.* 

Captain. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1850. 

Md. 

WINDER,  JOHN  II.* 

Captain. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1820. 

Md. 

WINDER.  WM.  A. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Artillery. 

March  24,  1848. 

Md. 

WINGATE,  BENJAMIN, 

Captain. 

5th  Inf. 

June  14,  1848. 

Armv. 

WIRTZ,  HORACE  R. 

Capt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

Dec.  5,  1846. 

Pa. 

WlTHERKLL,  J.VMES  B. 

2d  Lieut. 

2d  Cav. 

March  3,  1S55. 

Midi. 

WITHERS.  JOHN,* 

Captain. 

Ass't  Adj.-Gen.July  1,  1849. 

Miss. 

WOODBURY,  DANIEL  P. 

Captain. 

Ener.  Corps. 

July  1,  1836. 

N.  H. 

WOOD,  GEORGE  K. 

Capt.  and  Ass't-Surg. 

M.  D. 

June  29,  1849. 

N.  Y. 

WOOD,  HENRY  C. 

2d  Lieut. 

1st  Inf. 

June  27,  1856. 

Me. 

WOOD,  ROBERT  C. 

Major  and  Surgeon. 

M.  D. 

May  2$,  1825. 

R.  I. 

WOOD,  THOMAS  J. 

Captain. 

1st  Cav. 

July  1,  1845. 

Ky. 

WOOD,  WM.  H. 

1st  Lieut. 

3d  Tnf. 

July  1,  1845. 

Mass. 

WOODRUFF,  DICKINSON, 

Captain. 

9th  Inf. 

March  3,  1855. 

N.  J. 

WOODRUFF,  ISRAEL,  C. 

Captain. 

Topo.  Kng. 

July  1,  1836. 

N.  J. 

WOODS,  CHARLES  R. 

1st  Lieut. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1852. 

Ohio. 

WOODS,  SAMUEL, 

Major  and  Paymaster. 

P.  D. 

July  1,  1837. 

Ind. 

WOOL,  JOHN  E. 

Brig.-GeniTtil. 

Gen.  Officer. 

April  14,  1812. 

N.  Y. 

WORTH,  HENRY  A.  F. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

8th  Inf. 

July  1,  1859. 

Va. 

WRIGHT,  GEORGE, 

Colonel. 

9th  Inf. 

July  1,  1822. 

Vt. 

WRIGHT,  HORATIO  G. 

Captain. 

Eng.  Corps. 

July  1,  1841. 

Conn. 

WRIGHT,  JOSEPH  J.  B. 

Captain  and  Surgeon. 

M.  b. 

Oct.  25,  1833. 

Pa. 

WRIGHT,  MOSES  H. 

Brevet  2d  Lieut. 

Ord.  Dep. 

July  1,  1859. 

Tenn. 

WYMAN,  POWELL  T. 

1st  Lieut. 

1st  Artillery. 

July  1,  1850. 

Mass. 

WYSE,  FRANCIS  O. 

Captain. 

:5d  Artillery. 

July  1,  ISK;. 

Md. 

NOTE.    It  is  not  claimed  that  all  who  resigned  in  the  early  part,  of  1861,  or  that  all  who  did  eo  re- 
nign  and  enter  the  service  of  the  enemy,  are  marked  with  a  star. 


BATTLES   AND   SKIRMISHES, 

AS   REPORTED,    BY  STATES. 


^tr^t" 

HuntsvillP, 

April  11 

Athens,                        May  29 

Tuscumbia  River,         Oct.  5 

Bridgeport, 

29 

Trinity,                        July  24 

Little  Bear  Creek,      Nov.  28 

Klktou  Station, 

May  9 

Courtland  Bridge,               25 

Little  Bear  Creek,      Dec.  12 

Rogersville, 

13 

Fort  McCook,             Aug.  27 

(iunter's  Landing, 

15 

Stevenson,                            31 

1  8  6  3  .    (31) 

Tuscumbia, 

Feb.  2 

Sand  Mountain,         April  30 

Maysville,                   Aug.  28 

(ilendale, 

o 

Day's  Gap,                           30 

Stevenson,                          3  1 

Cherokee  Station, 

April  1 

Long  Creek,                          30 

Maysville,                    Oct.  13 

Luudy's  Lane, 

1 

BkraBtevllle,                  May  1 

Dickson  Station,                 20 

Bear  Creek, 

1 

Black  Warrior  Creek,            1 

Cherokee  Station,                21 

Dickson  Station, 

19 

Turkey  Town,                        2 

Tuscumbia,                    24-27 

Dicksou  Station, 

23 

Blount's  Farm,                       2 

Cane  Creek,                 Oct.  26 

Tuscumbia, 

24 

Gadsden,                                2 

Bear  Creek,                         26 

Leigh  ton. 

24 

Florence,                              27 

Cherokee  Station,                29 

London  Lane, 

25 

Hamburg  Lauding,             29 

Town  Creek, 

28 

Pulaski,                       July  15 

1864.     (45) 

Athens, 

Jan.  25 

Jackson's  Ford,          July  14 

Turkey  Ridge,             Oct.  26 

Sulphur  Springs, 

25 

Coosa,                                   15 

Decatur,                         26-29 

Florence, 

26 

Stone's  Ferry,                      15 

Ladiga,                                   30 

Lebanon, 

Feb.  3 

Decatur,                               20 

Muscle  Shoals,                      30 

Lebanon, 

6 

Cberaw,                                20 

Raccoon  Ford,                       30 

Decatur, 

*M  arch  7 

Courtland,                             25 

Shoal  Creek,                 Nov.  9 

Claysville, 

14 

Fort     Gaincs,     Mobile, 

Aberdeen,                             1  7 

Clayton, 

14 

Aug.  5-23 

New  Market,                 19,  20 

Florence, 

April  13 

Fort  Morgan,  Mobile,     5-23 

Madison  Station,                 26 

Decatur, 

17 

Decatur,                               18 

Decatur,                               :.'S 

Madison  Station, 

May  17 

Athens,                Sept.  23,  24 

Pine     Barren      Creek, 

Decatur, 

26,  27 

Sulphur  Branch,                 25 

Dec.  17,  19 

Moulton, 

28,  29 

Huntsville,                     Oct.  1 

Mobile,                                 22 

Cane  Creek, 

June  10 

Athens,                              2,  3 

Decatur,                        27,  28 

Pond  Spring, 

28 

Florence,                         6,  10 

Pond  Spring,                       29 

Coosa  River, 

July  13 

Cedar  Bluff,                        23 

1865.    (40) 

Nauvoo, 

Jan.  2 

Boyd's  Station,        March  18 

26  to  April  8 

Thorn  Hill, 

3 

Pine  Barren  Creek,             25 

Fort  Blakely,  Mobile, 

Mud  Creek, 

5 

Bluff  Springs.                      25 

26  to  April  9 

Scottsboro, 

8 

Mobile,  Siege  of, 

Montevallo,                           31 

Red  Hill, 

14 

March  26  to  April  11 

Five  Mile  Creek,                 31 

Sand  Mountain, 

27 

Spanish  Fort,  Mobile, 

Six  Mile  Creek,                   31 

(672) 

LIST  OF  BATTLES,  BY  STATES. 


6Y3 


Triana, 

April  1 

Selma, 

April  2 

Mobile, 

April  10 

Tuscaloosa, 

1 

Scottsville, 

2 

Montgomery, 

12,13 

Ebenezer  Church, 

1 

Northport, 

3 

Whistler's  Station, 

13 

Coosa  Creek, 

1 

Tuscaloosa, 

4 

Montevallo, 

13 

Mount  Pleasant, 

1 

Bridgeville, 

6 

Talladega, 

22 

Centreville, 

1 

Pleasant  Ridge, 

G 

Munford's  Station, 

23 

Bogler's  Creek, 

1 

Sipsey  Swamp, 

6 

Montevallo, 

30,  31 

Plantersville, 

1 

Fiker's  Ferry, 

8 

Maplesville, 

1 

Lowndesboro, 

7^       1     >    1  ^>       y:     T-T 

10 

•/—  ^      yr      /—  *. 

| 

£L-£oJ:^._^.jSI 
1861 

S_<f\.£ 

.      (2) 

Bushy  Creek, 

Dec.  9 

Dayton, 

Dec.  23 

1862 

.      (63) 

Bentonville, 

March  6 

Aberdeen, 

July  9 

Old  Fort  Wayne, 

Oct.  22 

Eea  Ru.ge, 

6-8 

Scatterville, 

10 

Fayetteville, 

24,  27 

Elkhorn  Tavern, 

8 

Batesville, 

14 

Cross  Hollows, 

28 

Salem, 

18 

Fayetteville, 

15 

Oxford  Bend, 

28 

Talbot's  Ferry, 

April  19 

Pittman's  Ferry, 

20 

Rhea's  Mills, 

Nov.  7 

White  River, 

May  6 

Languelle  Ferry, 

Aug.  3 

Boousboro, 

7 

Chalk  Bluffs, 

15 

Jonesboro, 

3 

Marianna, 

7 

Searcy  Landing, 

19 

Jackson, 

3 

La  Grange, 

7 

Big  Indian  Creek, 

27 

Taberville, 

11 

Carthage, 

27 

Cache  River  Bridge, 

28 

Helena, 

11-14 

Cane  Hill, 

28 

Waddell's  Farm, 

June  12 

Clarendon, 

13 

Boston  Mountains, 

28 

St.  Charles, 

17 

Clear  Creek, 

19 

Boonsboro, 

28 

Smithville, 

18 

La  Grange, 

Sept.  6 

Helena, 

Dec.  5 

Little  Red  River, 

25 

Helena, 

.  20 

Reed's  Mountains, 

5 

Village  Creek, 

27 

La  Grange, 

Oct.  11 

Boston  Mountains, 

4-6 

Waddell's  Farm, 

27 

Trenton, 

14 

Illinois  Creek, 

7 

White  River, 

July  4 

Elkhoru  Tavern, 

16 

Prairie  Grove, 

7 

Grand  Prairie, 

6 

Sugar  Creek, 

17 

Cane  Hill, 

20 

Hill's  Plantation, 

7 

Cross  Hollows, 

18 

Van  Buren, 

21,  28 

Bayou  Cache, 

7 

Helena, 

18 

Dripping  Springs, 

2S 

Cotton  Plant, 

7 

Maysville, 

22 

La  Grange, 

80 

1863 

.      (59) 

Cane  Hill, 

Jan.  2 

Fort  Smith, 

May  15 

Little  Rock, 

Sept.   10 

La  Grange, 

3 

Helena  (near), 

25 

Waldron, 

11 

Arkansas  Post, 

11 

Grand  Lake, 

June  16 

Benton, 

It 

Lick  Creek, 

12 

Helena, 

July  4 

Brownsville, 

14,  1(5 

Helena, 

15 

Big  Creek, 

10 

Moffat's  Station, 

!2T 

Devall's  Bluff, 

17 

Brownsville, 

25 

Elizabethtown, 

Oct.  1 

Van  Buren, 

86 

West  Point, 

Aug.  14 

Baxter  Springs, 

0 

Batesvillc, 

Feb.  4 

Bentonville, 

15 

Fort  Blair, 

6 

Arkadelphia, 

15 

Pocahontns, 

22 

Waldron, 

6 

Bentonville, 

20 

Brownsville, 

25,  26 

Pine  Bluff, 

25 

Chalk  Bluffs,       March  9,  15 

Perryville, 

26 

Clarksville, 

28 

Chalk  Bluffs, 

April  I 

Bayou  Metoe, 

*'T 

Ozark, 

2y 

Little  Roek  Road, 

2 

Austin, 

31 

Clarksville, 

Nov.  8 

Madison, 

4 

Fort  Smith, 

31 

Roseville, 

12 

Lundy's  Lane, 

17 

Bayou  Metoe, 

Sept.  1 

Caddo  Gap, 

Dec.  4 

Fayetteville, 

18 

Devil's  Backbone, 

1 

Princeton, 

8 

Jackson, 

26 

Ashley's  Mills, 

7 

Devall's  Bluff, 

12 

White  River, 

26 

Ferry's  Landing, 

7 

Jacksonport, 

23 

La  Grange, 

May  1 

Dardanelle, 

8 

Waldron, 

30 

Mount  Vernon, 

11 

Dardanelle, 

9 

43 

674 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATUS. 


1864. 


Martin's  Creek, 

Jan.  7 

Osceola  (near), 

April  8 

Pine  Bluff,                     July  2 

Monticello, 

16 

Prairie  D'Anne, 

10-13 

Soarcy,                                    4 

Lewisburg, 

17 

Indian  Bay, 

13 

Petit  Jean,                            12 

Branch  ville, 

19 

Moscow, 

13 

Clarendon,                           14 

Rolling  Prairie, 

23 

Dutch  Mills, 

14 

Ozark,                            14,  15 

Baker  Springs, 

24 

Liberty  Post  Office, 

15 

Wallace's  Ferry,  Big  Cr.    26 

Caddo  Gap, 

26 

Camden, 

15 

Helena  (near),                    26 

Van  Buren, 

26 

King's  River, 

16 

Des  Arc,                             26 

Dallas, 

28 

Clarksville, 

18 

Big  Creek,                           26 

Waldron, 

Feb.  1 

Poison  Springs, 

18 

Massard  Prairie,                  27 

Rolling  Prairie, 

4 

Cotton  Plant, 

21 

West  Point,                         28 

Hot  Springs, 

4 

Cache  River, 

22 

Fort  Smith,             27,  29-31 

Mountain  Fork, 

4 

Swan  Lake, 

23 

Helena,                         Aug.  2 

Spring  River, 

9 

Camden, 

24 

Osceola,                              2,  4 

Morgan's  Mills, 

9 

Jacksonport, 

24 

Bull  Creek,                           6 

Lake  Village, 

10 

Mark's  Mills, 

25 

Van  Buren,          Aug.  11,  12 

Caddo  Gap, 

12 

Little  Rock, 

26 

Devall's  Bluff,                     21 

Scott's  Farm, 

12 

Moro  Creek, 

26 

Fort  Smith,                   24,  27 

Caddo  Gap, 

12,  16 

Princeton, 

29 

Ashley's  Station,                 24 

Rose  Landing, 

14 

Jenkin's  Ferry, 

15,  30 

Long  Prairie,                       24 

Batesville  (near), 

19 

Pine  Bluff, 

May  1 

Brownsville,                         25 

Flint  Creek, 

March  6 

Richland, 

3 

Bull  Bayou,                          26 

Clarendon, 

15 

Jenkin's  Ferry, 

4 

Jacksonport,                        26 

Monticello, 

18 

Saline  River, 

4 

Augusta,                       Sept.  2 

Rockport, 

25 

DardaneHe, 

10 

Searcy,                                    6 

Long  View, 

26,  30 

Fayetteville, 

19 

Devail's  Bluff,                        6 

Danville, 

28 

Stony  Point, 

20 

Clarksville,                           27 

Arkadelphia, 

28 

Little  Rock, 

28 

Carter  Station,                    27 

Mount  Elba, 

30 

Columbia, 

June  2 

Clarksville,                          28 

Fitzhugh's  Woods, 

April  1 

Searcy, 

3 

White  River,              Oct.  22 

Augusta, 

1 

Lake  Chicot, 

6 

Princeton,                            23 

Antoine, 

2 

West  Point, 

16 

Hurricane  Creek,                28 

Spoonville, 

2 

Pine  Bluff, 

21 

Fayetteville,                         2S 

Okalona, 

3 

White  River, 

22 

Brownsville  (near),             30 

Elkin's  Ford, 

4,6 

White  River, 

24 

Vera  Cruz,                    Nov.  3 

Roseville, 

4,  5,  15 

Pine  Bluff, 

27 

Arkansas  River,         Dec.  18 

Mark's  Mills, 

5 

Clarendon, 

25-29 

Fort  Smith,                         24 

Stone's  Farm, 

5 

St.  Charles, 

25-99 

1865 

.      (?) 

Joy  Ford, 

Jan.  8 

Clear  Creek, 

Feb.  11 

Douglas  Landing.      Feb.  22 

DardaneHe, 

14 

Pine  Bluff, 

22 

Clear  Lake,              March  11 

Clarksville, 

18 

1  I       i'T        /~*>    t     •\~T~T 

^    TT 

-Fl_LjO.EdII 
1861 

.      (2) 

Santa  Rosa, 

Oct.  9 

Fort  Pickens,  Pensacola,  Nov. 

23 

1862 

.      (4) 

Cedar  Keys, 

Jan.  10 

Tallahatchie, 

June  18 

Ajipalachicola  River,  Oct.  15 

Musquito  Inlet, 

March  21 

Jacksonville, 


1863.     (2) 

March  29       St.  Augustine,  Dec.  30 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATJSS. 


075 


1864 

.      (24) 

Point  Washington  (near), 

Jacksonville, 

May  1 

Fort  Tyler, 

Aug.  21 

Feb.  9 

Welaka, 

19 

Marianna, 

Sept-  27 

St.  Mary's  River, 

9,  10 

Saunders, 

19 

Pierce's  Point, 

Oct.  18 

Lake  City, 

12 

Jacksonville, 

28 

Milton, 

26 

Gainesville, 

14 

Barrancas, 

July  22 

Ogeechee  River, 

Dec.  7,  9 

Ocean  Pond, 

20 

St.  Mary's  Trestle, 

20 

Mitchell's  Creek, 

17 

Olustee, 

Feb.  20 

Black  River, 

27 

Pine  Barren  Fork, 

17,  18 

Silver  Lake, 

20 

Whiteside, 

27 

Pensacola, 

April  2 

Gainesville, 

Aug.  17 

1865 

.       W 

Dunn's  Lake, 

Feb.  5 

Fort  Myers, 

Feb.  20 

Jacksonville, 

April  4 

Cedar  Keys, 

16 

Fort  Pulaski, 


April  10 


1862.  (2) 

Whitemarsh,  April  16 

1863.  (18) 


Fort  McAllister,            Feb.  1 

Dug  Gap,                    Sept.  11 

Chickamauga  Creek,     18-21 

Fort  McAllister,        March  3 

Alpine  Gap,                         11 

Rosbville,                             22 

Walnut  Grove  Church, 

Davis's  Cross  Roads,          11 

Ringgold,                             27 

June  24 

Steven's  Gap,                     11 

Graysville,                            27 

Graysville,                 Sept.  10 

Lett's  Tan  Yard,                 13 

Pea  Vine  Creek,                  27 

Ringgold,                              11 

Reed's  Bridge,                    18 

Taylor's  Ridge,                    27 

1864.    (134) 

Daltou  (near),             Jan.  21 

Dallas,       May  25  to  June  4 

Flat  Rock,                   July  27 

Tunnel  Hill,                         28 

Cassville,                              25 

Atlanta,  Hood's  2d  sortie,  28 

Buzzard  Roost,     Feb.  24-27 

Burned  Church,          May  26 

Campbelltown,                     28 

Tunnel  Hill,                  24-27 

New  Hope  Church,     June  4 

Flat  Shoals,                           28 

Rocky  Face  Ridge,        1*3-27 

Acworth,                           3,  4 

Atlanta,  siege  of,  28-Sepl.  '3 

Rocky  Face  Valley,             25 

Big  Shanty,                            6 

Ezra  Chapel,               July  28 

Rocky  Face  Ridge,  March  5,  9 

Kenesaw  Mt.,        9  to  July  2 

Lovejoy  Station,           29,  30 

Nickajack,                 April  23 

Lost  Mountain,      June  9-30 

Macon,                                 30 

Red  Clay,                       May  3 

Pine  Mountain,               9-14 

Newnan,                        30,  31 

Rocky  Face  Ridge,        5-12 

McAfee's  Cross  Roads,       12 

Hillsboro,                             31 

Tunnel  Hill,                          7 

Golgotha,                             16 

Utoy  Creek,             Aug.  5,  6 

Mill  Creek,                           7 

Nose's  Creek,                       17 

Decatur,                                 5 

Dug  Gap,                              7 

Pine  Knob,                           19 

Dalton,                           14-16 

Buzzard  Roost  Gap,              8 

Lattamore's  Mills,               20 

Fairburn,                              18 

Snake  Creek  Gap,           8-10 

Powder  Spring,                    20 

Montgomery,                        18 

Dalton,                                   9 

Noonday  Creek,                   20 

Red  Oak,                              19 

Varnell's  Station,                  9 

Gulp's  House,                     22 

Jonesboro,                     19,  20 

Oostanaula,                    13-16 

Marietta,                   July  3,  4 

Lovejoy  Station,                 20 

Resaca,                           13-16 

Smyrna,                             2-5 

Red  Oak,                              28 

Ley's  Ferry,                        15 

Nickajack  Creek,               2-5 

Rough  and  Ready,              30 

Tanner's  Bridge,                15 

Burnt  Hickory,                 4,  5 

Jonesboro,             31,  Sept.  1 

Rome  (near),                       15 

Chattahoochee  River,      6-10 

Flint  River,                  Sept.  1 

Rome  Cross  Roads,             1  6 

Stone  Mountain,                  18 

Atlanta  Evacuated,               2 

Adairsville,                    17,  18 

Auburn,                                18 

Big  Shanty,                            2 

Rome,                             17,  18 

Dun-ant's  Mill,                    20 

Lovejoy's  Station,            2-6 

Kingston,                             18 

Peach  Tree  Creek,         19,  20 

East  Point,                            5 

Cassville,                       19-22 

Bald  Hill,                             21 

Rosswell,                              26 

Kingston,                              24 

Atlanta,  Hood's  1st  sortie,  22 

Sweetwater  Creek,        Oet   1 

New  Hope  Church,       25,  20 

Beachtown,                          22 

Salt  Spring,                            1 

Burnt  Hickory,  :>4  to  June  4 

Docatur,                                 22 

Nose's  Creek,                           2 

676 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


Big  Shanty, 

Oct.  3 

Ship's  Gap, 

Oct.  16 

Jones's  Plantation, 

27,  29 

Powder  Spring  Creek,           3 

Atlanta  (near), 

Nov.  9 

Waynesboro, 

27,  29 

Nose's  Creek, 

3 

Lovejoy's  Station 

,               16 

Oconee  River, 

30 

Allatoona, 

5 

Bear  Creek  Station,             16 

Millen  Cove, 

Dec.  1 

Lost  Mountain, 

5 

Clinton, 

19 

Thomas  Station, 

3 

Van  Wert, 

10 

Macon, 

20,     24 

Waynesboro, 

4 

Rome, 

12 

Griswoldville, 

22 

Brier  Creek, 

4 

Resaca, 

12 

Clinton, 

22 

Dry  Creek, 

4 

Kingston, 

12 

Coosa  River, 

25 

Statesboro, 

4 

Tilton, 

13 

Milledgeville, 

24 

Cypress  Swamp, 

7 

Silver  Creek, 

13 

Oconee  River, 

24,  25 

Ebenezer  Church, 

7 

Dalton, 

13 

Louisville, 

26,  29 

Ogeechee  River, 

7-9 

Rome, 

13 

SandersvilJe, 

26 

Savannah,  siege  of, 

10-21 

Buzzard  Roost, 

13 

Sylvan  Grove, 

26 

Fort  McAllister, 

13 

Snake  Creek  Gap, 

15 

1  86 

5.      (6) 

Cahawba  River, 

April  8 

Columbus, 

April  16 

Macon, 

April  20 

West  Point, 

16 

Double  Bridges, 
T™rO  —  1  —  \T   S 

18 
"NTT  /2S. 

Irwinville, 

May  10 

J.J-NI  _LJ_L_^ 

186 

3.      (6) 

Orleans, 

June  17 

Corydon, 

July  9 

Vernon, 

July  12 

Blue  Island, 

19 

"T~™Tv  T"    1   '  "\T" 

Salem, 

7?     "•  K  T"         ill) 

9 

1|      \    1      3MI 

Versailles, 

1/^*^~T~~|~V^ 

12 

IHST-DI 

.£±>_JSr     TIE 
186 

j_R_bcdL_L 
2.      (5) 

Locust  Grove, 

July3 

Fort  Gibson, 

July  28 

Fort  Cobb, 

Oct.  21 

Bayou  Bernard, 

28 

Fort  Gibson, 

Oct.  15 

186 

3.      (IS) 

Fort  Gibson, 

Feb.  28 

Fort  Blunt, 

May  20 

Seneca  Sta.,  Buffalo  Creek,  14 

Fort  Blunt, 

March  27 

Spring  Creek, 

June  6 

Brazil  Creek, 

Oct.  11 

Tahlcquah, 

30 

Cabin  Creek, 

July  1,  2,  5 

Webber's  Falls, 

12 

Webber's  Falls, 

April  11 

Grand  Pass, 

7 

Creek  Agency, 

25 

Webber's  Falls, 

26 

Honey  Springs, 

17 

Fort  Gibson,         Dec.  18,  26 

Fort  Gibson, 

May  20,  25 

Webber's  Falls, 

Sept.  8 

Barren  Fork, 

19 

* 

186 

4.      (6) 

Scullyville, 

April  16 

Fort  Gibson, 

Sept.  16,  18 

Fort  Lyon, 

Dec.  9 

Smith's  Station, 

May  12 

Cabin  Cr'k,  Sept.  19,  Nov.  4 

Sand  Creek, 

9 

186 

5.      (3) 

Julesburg, 

Jan.  7 

Mud  Springs, 

Feb.  8 

Rush  Creek, 

Feb.  9 

Fort  Scott, 


Shawneetown, 
Lawrence, 


1861.     (2) 

Sept.  1       Papinsville,  Sept.  5 

1863.     (5) 


June  6       Brooklyn, 
July  27       Lawrence, 


Aug.  21       Marais  des  Cygnes,    Aug.  31 
2X 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


Smoky  Hill, 
Denver, 
Osage  Mission, 


Fort  Larned, 


1804.    (8) 

Aug.  16       Fort  Leavenworth,  Oct.  20,  26 

Sept.  7       Fort  Scott,  22,  28 

26       Little  Osage  River,  25 


Marais  des  Cygnes,    Oct.    25 
Pawnee  Forks,  Nov.  25 


1865.     (i) 


May  22 


1861 

.      (16) 

Lucas  Bend, 

Sept.  26 

Hodgensville, 

Oct.  23 

Cypress  Bridge, 

Nov.  17 

Buffalo  Hill, 

Oct.  4 

Saratoga, 

26 

Bagdad, 

Dee.  12 

Hillsboro, 

8 

Woodbury, 

29 

Rowlett's  Station, 

17 

Wild  Cat, 

21 

Morgan  town, 

29 

Munfordville, 

17 

West  Liberty, 

23 

Piketown, 

Nov.  9 

Sacramento, 

28 

1862 

.      (54) 

Paintsville, 

Jan.  7 

Madisonville, 

Aug.  26 

Perryville, 

Oct.  8 

Middle  Creek, 

10 

Danville, 

26 

Lawrenceburg, 

9 

Prestonburg, 

10 

Richmond, 

30 

Harrodsburg, 

10 

Mill  Springs, 

19-20 

Yate's  Ford, 

31 

Stanford. 

14 

Bowling  Green,      Feb.  1,  15 

Morgansville, 

Sept.  2 

Lancaster, 

14 

Lockbridge's  Mills, 

May  5 

Slaughterville, 

3 

Lexington, 

17 

Dresden, 

5 

Munfordville, 

14-16 

Big  Hill  Pass, 

23 

Monterey, 

June  11 

Florence, 

17 

Morgan  town, 

24 

Tompkinsville, 

July  9 

Owensburg, 

19,  20 

Williamsburg, 

28 

New  Hope, 

11 

Munfordville, 

21 

Garrettsburg, 

Nov.  6 

Lebanon, 

12 

Shepherdsville, 

21 

Hopkinsville, 

6 

Cynthiana, 

17 

Augusta, 

27 

Glasgow, 

Dec.  24 

Mount  Sterling, 

29 

Russellville, 

30 

Bear  Wallow, 

25 

Russellville, 

29 

Floyd's  Fork, 

Oct.  1 

Green's  Chapel, 

25 

Paris, 

30 

Mount  Washington 

2 

Bacon  Creek, 

26 

White  Oak  Ridge, 

Aug.  19 

Bardstown, 

4 

Muldraugh's  Hill, 

28 

Crab  Orchard, 

22 

Glasgow, 

5 

Elizabethtown, 

27 

Big  Hill, 

23 

Madisonville, 

5 

Elk  Fork, 

28 

1863 

.      (36) 

Athens, 

Feb.  23 

South  Union, 

May  13 

Lawrenceburg, 

July  9 

Paris, 

March  11 

Fishing  Creek, 

25 

Sal  visa, 

10 

Mt.  Sterling, 

20,  22 

Monticello, 

June  9 

.Winchester, 

25 

Danville, 

24 

Wilson's  Creek, 

13 

Richmond, 

28 

Dutton's  Hill, 

30 

'Triplet's  Bridge, 

16 

Lexington, 

28 

Somerset  (near), 

30 

Beaver  Creek, 

27 

Paris, 

29 

Pikeville, 

April  15 

Burkesville, 

July  2 

Lancaster, 

30 

Celina, 

20 

Columbia, 

3 

Irvine, 

30 

Tompkinsville, 

23 

Tebb's  Bend, 

4 

Clark's  Neck, 

Aug.  27 

Howe's  Ford, 

28 

Lebanon, 

5 

Glasgow, 

Oct.  5 

Monticello, 

Mavl 

Brandenburg, 

8 

Salyersville, 

Nov.  30 

Horse  Shoe  Bend, 

11 

Cummiugs's  Ferry, 

9 

Creelsboro, 

Dec.  7 

1864 

.      (33) 

Truman's  Ferry, 

Jan.  9 

Hazel  Green, 

May  10 

Cynthiana, 

June  10 

Mayfield, 

12 

Pond  Creek, 

16 

Kellar's  Bridge,  Licking 

Union  City, 

24 

Pound  Gap, 

17 

River, 

10 

Paducah, 

March  25 

Mount  Sterling, 

June  9 

Cynthiana, 

11 

Quicksand  Creek, 

April  6 

Frankfort, 

10 

Georgetown, 

13 

Paintsville, 

13 

Lexington, 

10 

Henderson, 

July  21 

Pouud  Gap, 

19 

Princeton, 

10 

Lebanon, 

30 

678 


LIST  OF  BATTLES.   BY  STATJS& 


Canton, 
Owensboro, 
Ghent, 
Henderson, 


Smithfleld, 
Simpsonville, 


Aug.  22 
27 
29 

Sept.  25 


Jan.  5 
25 


Glasgow, 
Harrodsburg, 
Hazel  Greeu, 
Morristown, 


Oct.  15 

Nov.  9 
13 


1865.     (5) 


Fort  Jones, 
Glasgow, 


Feb.  18 
March  25 


State  Creelj, 
Mount  Sterling, 
Elkton, 
Hopkinsville, 
Elizabeth  town, 

Taylorsville, 


Nov.  14 

Dee.  Pi 
If, 
24 


April  18 


Forts  Jackson   and   St. 

Philip,  April  28 

New  Orleans,  capture  of, 

May  2 

Vicksburg,  20 

Grand  Gulf,  27 


Bayou  Teche,  Jan.  14 

Carthage,  23 

Plaquemine  Bayou,  27 

Lake  Providence,  Feb.  10 
Berwick  City,  March  13 
Gordon's  Landing,  Red 

River,  14 

Port  Hudson,  14 

Brashear  City,  18 

Ponchatoula,  24 

Pattersonville,  28 

Amite  River,  28 

Round  Away  Bayou,  30 
Richmond,  30 

Bayou  Teche,  April  11, 13 
Centreville,  13 

Bisland,  12-14 

Irish  Bend,  13,  14 

Tickfaw  River,  12 

Dunbar's  Plantation,  15 
New  Iberia,  16 

Bayou  Vermillion,  17 

Opelousas,  20 

Bute  La  Rose,  20 


Madisonville,  Jan.  7 

Vidalia,  Feb.  7 

Donaldsonville,  8 

New  River,  9 

Water  Proof,  14,  15 

Grosse  Tete  Bayou,  19 

Harrisouburg,  March  2 

Berwick  City,  13 

Fort  De  Russey,  14 

Bayou  Rapids,  21 

Henderson  Hill,  21 

Grosse  Tete  Bayou,  30 

Natchitoches,  31 


1862.  (16) 

Ponchatoula,  June  15 

Algiers  (near),  22 

Amite  River,  27 

Baton  Rouge,  Aug.  5,  17 

Des  Allemand's,  Sept.  9 

Ponchatoula,  14 

1863.  (70) 


Alexandria, 
Civiques  Ferry, 
Bayou  Macon, 
Ponchatoula, 
Camp  Moore, 
Plain's  Store, 
Franklin, 
Lake  Providence, 


May  6 
10 
10 
13 
15 
21 
25 
27 


Port  Hudson,  siege  of, 

21  to  July  9 

Clinton,  June  4 

Milliken's  Bend,  6 

Ashland,  6,  8 

Lake  Providence,  10 

Port  Hudson,  11,  14 

Richmond,  15 

Plaquemine,  19 

Jackson  Cross  Roads,         20 
Terre  Bonne,  21 

La  Fourche,  20,  21 

Brashear  City,  23 

Chacahoula  Station,  24 

Donaldsonville,  28 

Lake  Providence,  29 

1864.    (85) 

Piney  Woods,  April  2 

Crump's  Hill,  2 

Grand  Ecore,  .     3 

Wilson's  Farm,  7 

Plain's  Store,  7 

Mansfield,  8 

Sabine  Cross  Roads,  8 

Pleasant  Grove,  8 

Pleasant  Hill,  9 
Pleasant  Hill  Landing,       12 

Natchitoches,  19 

Water  Proof,  20 
Tun ioa  Bend,  Red  River,     22 


Labadieville,  Oct.  27 

Georgia  Landing,  27 

Bayou  Teche,  Nov.  3 

Bayou  Bontecom,  21 

Clinton,  Dec.  28 


Goodrich  Landing,  June  30 
Bayou  Tensas,  30 

Springfield  Landing,  July  2 
Port  Hudson,  surrender,  7 
Donaldsonville,  13 

Jackson,  Aug.  3 

Bayou  Tensas,  10 

Atchafalaya  River,  Sept.  7 
Baton  Rouge,  8 

Sabine  Pass,  8 

Atchafalaya,  9-10 

Sterling's  Plantation,  12 
Vidalia,  14 

Cross  Bayou,  14 

Morganzia  (near),  29 

Newton,  Oct.  4 

Vermillion  Bayou,  10 

Opelousas,  21 

Grand  Coteau,  Nov.  3 

Bayou  Bordeau,  3 

Bayou  Tunica,  9 

Carrion  Crow  Bayou  18 

Bonfonca,  26 

Bayou  Boeuf,  Dec.  13 


Monetis,  April  23 

Cane  River  Crossing,         23 
Cane  River,  24 

Cloutierville,  23,  24 

Red  River,  26 

Alexandria,  2<i 

Hudnot's  Plantation,  May  1 
Ash  wood  Landing,  1-4 

Clinton,  1 

Alexandria,  2-S 

Baton  Rouge,  :> 

Snaggy  Point,  Red  River.       3 
Natchitoches,  5 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


679 


Dunn's  Bayou,   ^ 

May  5 

Lake  Chicot, 

June  6 

Davis's  Bend,       Sept 

.  2,  29 

Bayou  La  Mourie, 

7 

Ditch  Bayou, 

6 

Camp  Marengo, 

14 

Bayou  Boeuf, 

7 

Point  Pleasant, 

25 

Jackson, 

Oct.  5 

Bayou  Roberts, 

8 

Lake  Chicot, 

July  6 

Fort  Adams, 

5 

Yellow  Bayou, 

10 

Atchafalaya, 

8 

Bayou  Biddell, 

15 

Bayou  De  Mora, 

12 

Goodrich  Landing, 

16 

Waterloo, 

20 

M:v  n  sum, 

14-16 

Vidalia, 

22 

Black  River, 

Nov.  1 

Marksville, 

14-16 

Atchafalaya, 

28 

Clinton, 

15 

Calhoun  Station, 

18 

Bayou  Tensas, 

30 

Liberty  Creek, 

15 

Morganzia, 

18 

Donaldsonville, 

Aug.  5 

Ash  Bayou, 

19 

Bayou  De  Glaize, 

18 

Concordia  Bayou, 

5 

Bayou  La  Fourche, 

19 

Yellow  Bayou, 

19 

Plaquemine, 

6 

Liberty, 

21 

Old  River," 

22 

Clinton, 

25 

Jackson, 

21 

Morganzia, 

30 

Conee  Creek, 

25 

Morganzia, 

23 

Fish  Bayou, 

June  5 

Bayou  Tensas, 

26 

Olive  Branch,  March  6 


1865.    (3) 

Amite  River,  March  18 


Streets  of  Baltimore, 
Haynesville, 


Poolesville, 

Nolan  sville, 

Sugar  Loaf  Mountain, 

iwionocacy, 


1861 

.      (6) 

s 

Martinsburg, 

July  2 

Pritchard's  Mills, 

Sept.  15 

April  19 

Falling  Waters, 

2 

July  2 

Point  of  Rocks, 

Aug.  5 

1862 

.      (11) 

Sept.  7 

Frederick, 

Sept.  12 

Boonsboro, 

Sept.  15 

9 

Turner's  Gap, 

14 

Antietanf, 

17 

in,        10 

Crampton's  Gap, 

14 

Williamsport, 

20 

11 

South  Mountain, 

14 

1863.     (16) 


Seneca, 

June  11 

Cavetown, 

July  5 

Rockville, 

28 

Hagerstown, 

6 

Westminster, 

29 

Smith  town, 

6 

Hanover, 

30 

Williamsport, 

6 

Monterey  Gap, 

July  4 

Boonsboro, 

7-9 

Smithsbury, 

4 

Williamsport, 

10,  12 

Point  of  Rocks,  June  9 

Point  of  Rocks,  July  4 

Hagerstown,  5 

Hagar's  Mountain,  7 


1864 

.Middlctown, 
Solomon's  Gap, 
Frederick  City, 
Monocacy, 


July  7 

7 
7 


Hagerstown,  Ju     11 

Funkstown,  12 

Falling  Waters,  14 

Rockville,  Sept.  22 


Clear  Springs,  July  29 

Cumberland,  or  Flock's 
Mills,  Aug.  1 


ILCESSISSIDPIFI- 
1862.    (53) 


Mississippi  City,  March  8 

Pass  Christian,  April  4 

Corinth,  April  30  to  May  30 

Pine  Hill,  May  2 

Farmington,  3,  9,  26 

Monterey,  3 
GlendaJe, 

Farmington,  9 


Cold  water,                  May  11 

Blackland, 

June  4 

Owl  Creek,                          17 

Baldwin, 

9 

Russell's   House    (Cor- 

Amite River, 

20 

inth),                                17 

Vicksburg, 

26-29 

Booneville,                           30 

Booneville, 

July  1 

Tuscumbia  Creek,               30 

Coldwater, 

24 

Corinth,  evacuation  of,      30 

Spangler's  MTs, 

26 

Booneville,                   June  1 

Austin, 

Aug.  2 

680 


LI  XT  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


Bolivar, 
Kienzi, 
Marietta, 
Coldwater, 
Bay  Springs, 


Aug.  25 
26 
31 

Sept.  10 
10 


Cochran's  Crossroads,         10 
Rienzi,  9,  18 

luka,  19 

Chewala,  Oct.  1 

Baldwin,  2 


Brownsville,  Jan.  14 

Coldwater,  Feb.  19 

Yazoo  Pass,  20 

Prairie  Station,  21 

Deer  Creek,  23 
Fort  Pemberton, 

March  11  to  April  5 
Davis's  Mills,          March  14 

Port  Hudson,  14 

Steele's  Bayou,  16 

Deer  Creek,  21 

Beaver  Dam  Lake,  24 
Black  Bayou,         April  5-10 

Deer  Creek,  8,  12 

Pascagoula,  9 

Glendale,  14 

Barton  Station,  16 

Holly  Springs,  17 

Hernando,  18 

New  Albany,  19 

Coldwater,  19 

Palo  Alto,  21,  22 

Birmingham,  24 

Union  Church,  28 

Grand  Gulf,  29 

Snyder's  Bluff,  30 

Port  Gibson,  May  1 

Tickfaw  River,  1 

Bayou. Pierre,  2 

Hankinson's  Ferry,  3 

Guutown,  4 

Tupelo,  6 
Fourteen  Mile  Creek,         12 

Hall's  Ferry,  13 

Baldwin's  Ferry,  13 

Jackson,  14 


Grand  Gulf,         Jan.  16,  18 

Big  Black  River,  Feb.  4 

Bolton's  Depot,  4 

Raymond,  4 

Champion  Hill,  4 

Baker's  Creek,  5 

Clinton,  5 

Wyatts,  5 

Morton,  7,  8 

Meridian,  9-19 

Hillsboro,  1 0 


Corinth,  Oct.  3,  4 

Big  Hatchie  River,  5 

Tuscumbia  Creek,  5 

Metamora,  5 

Holly  Springs,  Nov.  7 

Hudsonville,  8 

Coldwater,  8,  9 

Lamar,  1 2 

Holly  Springs,  12,  28 

Hudsonville,  14 

1863.  (loi) 

Baker's  Creek,  May  16 

Champion  Hill,  16 

Edward's  Station,  16 

Big  Black  River,  3,  17 
Vicksburg,  Siege  of, 

May  18  to  July  4 
Austin  (near),  May  23 
Mechanicsville,  24 
Senatobia,  25 
Hernando,  28 
Mechanicsburg,  June  4 
Richmond,  14 
Bird  Song  Ferry,  18 
Brownsville,  18 
Tallahatchie  River,.  20 
Hernando,  20 
Hill's  Plantation,  June  22 
Cypress  Bend,  22 
Vicksburg,  Fort  Hill  as- 
sault, 25,  28 
Bolton,  Big  Black,  July  4 
Vicksburg  surrendered,  4 
Bird  Song  Bridge,  Big 

Black,  5 
Jones's  Ford,  Big  Black,      6 

Ripley,  7 

Clinton,  8 

luka,  7,  9 

Jackson,  9-16 

Brandon,  13 

Yazoo  City,  13 

Clinton,  16 

Brandon,  18 

Canton,  18 

Panola,  20 

Brandon,  20 

1864.  (82) 

Decatur,  Feb.  12 

Chunkey's  Station,  12 

Vicksburg  (near),  13 

Tunnel  Hill,  13 

Meridian,  14 

Marion,  17 

Prairie  Station,  20 

West  Point,  21 

Union,  21,  22 

Okolona,  22 

Mount  Ivy,  22 


Summerv^Je, 
Waterford, 
Lumkin's  Mills 
Oakland, 
Oxford, 
Coffeeville, 
Holly  Springs, 
Davis's  Mills, 
Middleburg, 


Nov.  26 
29 

29,  30 

Dec.  3 

3 

5. 

20 

21 

24 


Chickasaw  Bayou,         27-29 


Coldwater,-  July  23 
Big  Black  River  Bridge, 

Aug.  12 

Grenada,  13 

Corinth,  16 

Coldwater,  21 

Vicksburg,  27 

Hendricks,  Sept.  15 

Canton,  28 

New  Albany,  Oct.  5 

Como,  7 

Salem,  8 

Ingraham's,  10 

Ingham's  Mills,  12 

Wyatt's  Ford,  13 

Big  Black  River,  13 

Canton,  15 

Brownsville,  16 

Clinton,  17 

Barton  Station,  20 

Bay  Springs,  26 

Bear  Creek,  27 

Yazoo  City,  31 

Bayou  Sara,  Nov.  9 

Natchez,  1 1 

Bayou  St.  Louis,  17 

Fayette,  22 

Ripley,  Dec.  1 

Moscow  Station,  4 

Natchez,  7,  10 

Rodney,  17 

Fayette,  22 

Rodney,  24 

Port  Gibson,  26 


Canton,  Feb.  27 

Yazoo  City  (near),  28 

Rodney,  March  4 

Yazoo  City,  5 

Coleman's,  5 

Black  Bayou;  19 

Livingston,  27 

Red  Bone,  April  21 

Natchez,  25 

Bolivar,  May  3 

Benton,  7 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


681 


Vaughan, 

.  May  13 

Ripley,                           July  7 

Holly  Springs,     Aug.  27,  28 

Mount  Pleasant, 

21 

King  Creek,                          9 

Brownsville,               Sept.  28 

Holly  Springs, 

24 

Cherry  Creek,                      10 

Port  Gibson,                 Oct.  1 

Danville, 

June  6 

New  Albany,                       10 

Fayette,                                  3 

Ripley, 

7 

Pontotoc,                             11 

Woodville,                             6 

Corinth, 

10 

Tupelo,                          13,  14 

East  Point,                          10 

Gun  town, 

10 

Old  Town  Creek,                15 

Eastport,                              10 

Ripley, 

11 

Grand  Gulf,                         16 

Hurricane  Creek,                23 

Salem, 

11 

Ellistown,                       16-21 

Eastport,                   Nov.  11 

Colliersville, 

23 

Port  Gibson,                       17 

Rolling  Fork,                       22 

Ash  wood, 

25 

Steamer  Clara  Hell,   July  24 

Big  Black  River  Bridge,     27 

Saulsbury, 

July  2 

Tallabatchie  River,  Aug.  7,  9 

Yazoo  City,                  Dee.  1 

Vicksburg, 

4 

Abbeville,                             12 

Franklin  Creek,                   18 

Clinton, 

4 

Oxford,                                 12 

Verona,                                25 

Jackson, 

5 

Hurricane  Creek,                14 

Egypt  Station,                    28 

Port  Gibson, 

7,  15 

College  Hill,                 21,  22 

Clinton, 

7 

Abbeville,                      23,  25 

1863.    (i) 

Franklin, 

Jan.  2 

IMIISSOTJIRI- 

1861.      (76) 

Camp  Jackson, 

May  10 

Lookout  Station,       Aug.  20 

Big  Hurricane  Creek,  Oct.  19 

Boonville, 

June  17 

Jonesboro,-                           21 

Fredericktovvn,              17-21 

Independence, 

17 

Ball's  Mills,                   28,  29 

Camp  Crittenden,  .             22 

Camp  Cole, 

18 

Lexington,                           29 

Buffalo  Mills,                      22 

Carthage, 

July  5 

Bennett's  Mills,           Sept.  1 

Springfield,                          25 

Dry  Forks, 

5 

Fort  Scott,                             2 

Plattsburg,                           27 

Monroe  Station,  ' 

10 

Dallas,                                    2 

Spring  Hill,                         27 

Mexico, 

15 

Dry  Wood,                             2 

Renick,            .             Nov.  1 

Millville, 

16 

Shelbina,                                4 

Little  Santa  Fd,                     6 

Fulton, 

17 

Black  River  (near  Iron-  • 

Belmont,                                  7 

Martinsburg, 

17 

ton),                                 12 

Little  Blue,                         1  1 

Harrisonville, 

18 

Boonville,                             13 

Palmyra,                              18 

Parkersville, 

19 

Lexington,                    12-20 

Lancaster,                            24 

Forsyth, 

22 

Morristown,                         17 

Johnstown,                          24 

Etna, 

22 

Blue  Mills,                           17 

Independence,                     26 

Blue  Mills, 

24 

Papinsville,                    21-22 

Black  Walnut  Creek,    •      29 

Lane's  Prairie, 

26 

Eliott's  Mills,                      22 

Grand  River,                       30 

Harrisonville, 

26 

Shanghai,                             27 

Salem,                           Dec.  3 

Dug  Springs, 

Aug.  2 

Springfield,              Oct.  5,  25 

Dunksburg,                           4 

Athens, 

5 

Cameron,                            12 

Bertrand,                             1  1 

Springfield, 

10 

Beckwith  Farm,                   13 

Milford,                                18 

Wilson's  Creek, 

10 

Wet  Glaze,                         13 

Blackwater,                         1  9 

Potosi, 

10 

Big  River  Bridge,                15 

Hudson,                               21 

Brunswick, 

17 

Linn  Creek,                         15 

Wadesburg,                         24 

Bird's  Point, 

19 

Warsaw,                               1  6 

Mount  Zion,                        28 

Charleston, 

19 

Warrensburg,                      18 

1862.     (us) 

Hannewell, 

Jan.  3 

Sugar  Creek,               Feb.  17 

Mountain  Grove,      March  9 

Calhoun, 

4 

Independence,                    18 

Lexington,                           12 

Charleston, 

8 

Bentonville,                         19 

Lebanon  (near),                  12 

Silver  Creek, 

8 

Keytesville,                         26 

Island  No.  10,   15  to  April  8 

Columbus, 

9 

Sykestown,                 March  1 

Leesville,                 March  19 

Knobnoster, 

22 

Point  Plensant,                     9 

Independence,                     22 

Springfield, 

Feb.  13 

New  Madrid,                    3-13 

Carthage,                             23 

Marshficld, 

14 

Fox  Creek,                            7. 

Warrensburg,                26,  28 

682 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATE*. 


Humansville, 

March  26 

Brown's  Springs, 

July  27 

Shelburn.e, 

Sept,  15 

Putnam's  Ferry, 

April  2 

Moore's  Mills, 

as 

Hickory  Grove, 

1'.) 

Warreusbunr. 

8 

Bloomfield, 

29 

Shirley's  Ford, 

20 

Jackson, 

9 

Bellinger's  Mills, 

39 

Cassville, 

;)  [ 

Little  Blue  River, 

12 

.Arrow  Roi-k, 

29 

Sturgeon, 

22 

Diamond  Grove, 

14 

Newark, 

An-    l 

Cambridge, 

26 

Walkersville. 

14 

Ozark, 

2 

Newtonia, 

30 

Montcvallo, 

14 

Forsyth, 

2 

Liberty, 

Oct.  6 

Diamond  Grove, 

24 

Clear  Creek, 

2 

Fayette, 

7 

Neosbo, 

26 

Chariton  Bridge, 

3 

Franklin, 

13 

Bloomfield, 

May  12 

White  River, 

4 

Marshall, 

12,  13 

Chalk  Bluffs, 

15 

Montevallo, 

6 

Hazel  Bottom, 

14 

Butler, 

15 

Kirksville, 

6 

Lexington, 

17 

Florida, 

22 

Rocky  Bluff, 

7 

Marshfield, 

20 

Osceola, 

27 

Panther  Creek, 

8 

Grand  Prairie, 

24 

Neosho, 

31 

Chariton  River, 

9 

Clarkton, 

28 

Warren  sburg, 

June  17 

Stockton, 

9 

Pittman's  Ferry, 

27 

Cherry  Grove, 

26 

Grand  River, 

10-13 

Island  Mound, 

27,  29 

Raytown, 

23 

Independence, 

11 

Osage, 

29 

Salem, 

July  6,  9  • 

Lone  Jack, 

15,  16 

Harrisonville, 

Nov.  3 

Black  River, 

8 

Union  Mills, 

20 

Lamar, 

5 

Clinton, 

9 

Hickory  Grove, 

23 

Big  Beaver  Creek, 

7 

Pleasant  Hill, 

11 

Dallas, 

24 

Huntsville, 

9 

Memphis, 

18 

Lamar, 

24 

Bastin  Mountain, 

9 

Clinton, 

19 

Coon  Creek, 

24 

Beaver  Creek, 

24 

Florida, 

23 

Bloomfield, 

25 

Ozark, 

Dee.  2 

Columbus, 

23 

Roanoke, 

Sept.  6 

Parkersville, 

6 

Batts  Farm, 

24 

Big  Creek, 

9 

Neosho, 

15 

Santa  Fe, 

24 

Bloomfield, 

11-13 

Greenville, 

26 

Newtonla, 

13 

1863 

.      (50) 

Springfield, 

Jan.  7,  8 

Cape  Girardeau,  April  25,  26 

West  Point, 

Aug.  14 

Hartville, 

11 

Bloomfield, 

29,  30 

Waynesville, 

as 

Carthage, 

13 

St.  Francois  River, 

30 

Bear  Skin  Lake, 

Sept.  7 

Mingo  Swamp, 

Feb.  3 

St.  Francois  River, 

Mav  1 

Hornersville, 

20 

Bear  Creek, 

5 

Bloomfield, 

12 

Carthage, 

Oct.  2 

Independence, 

3,  8 

Carthage, 

16,  24 

Warsaw, 

8 

Spring  River, 

19 

Sherwood, 

18 

Merrill's  Crossing, 

12 

Neosho, 

March  2 

Richfield, 

19 

Black  Water, 

12 

Blue  Springs, 

22 

Bentonville, 

22 

Boonville, 

12,  13 

Sibley's  Landing,  massa- 

Hartville, 

23 

Lamine  Crossing, 

13 

cre, 

30 

Bushy  Creek, 

28 

Jonesboro, 

12,  14 

Sedalia, 

April  9 

Rocheport, 

June  1 

Syracuse, 

14 

White  River, 

17 

Westport, 

17 

Cross  Timbers, 

16 

Patterson, 

20 

Carthage, 

27,  28 

Harrisonville, 

24 

Mill  Creek, 

24 

Marshall, 

July  28 

Neosho, 

Nov.  5 

White  Water, 

24 

New  Madrid, 

Aug.  7 

Ripley, 

Dec.  1 

Jackson, 

27 

Pineville. 

13 

Springfield, 

16 

1864 

.       £9) 

Rolling  Prairie, 

Feb.  4 

Kingsville, 

June  12 

Diamond  Grove, 

Aug.  21 

Cape  Girardeau, 

5 

Lexington, 

14 

Dayton, 

27 

Pocahontas, 

10 

Fayette, 

July  1 

Black  River,         Sept.  17,  20 

Independence, 

19 

Platte  City, 

3 

Carthage, 

22 

Lexington, 

22 

Little  Blue, 

6 

Rockport, 

23 

Clear  Creek, 

Mav  16 

Wellington, 

8 

Blackwatcr, 

23 

Lane's  Prairie, 

26 

Ozark, 

14,  15 

Fayette, 

24 

Warrensburg, 

28 

Fredericksburg, 

17 

Ironton, 

26,  27 

Pleasant  Hill, 

28 

Rolla, 

Aug.  1 

Pilot  Knob, 

;>d,  27 

Diamond  Grove, 

June  3 

Enterprise, 

7 

Harrison, 

27,  30 

LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATE*. 


083 


Ceutralla, 

Sept.  27 

Glasgow, 

Oct.  15 

Carthage, 

Oct.  26 

Nfwtonia, 

27 

Sedalia, 

15 

Ncwtouia, 

28,  30 

Leesburg, 

29 

Lexington, 

19 

Big  Blue, 

31 

Harrison, 

30 

Dover, 

20 

Quincy, 

Nov.  1 

Franklin, 

Oct.  1 

Little  Blue, 

21 

Lone  Jack, 

1 

Osage  River, 

6 

Independence, 

22,  26 

Hermitage, 

2 

Jefferson  City 

(near),           7 

Westport,  Big  Blue, 

22,  23 

Neosho, 

10 

California, 

9 

Coldwater  Grove, 

24 

Fayette, 

18 

Russellviile, 

Oct.  9 

Little  Osage  River 

25 

Kansas  City, 

22 

Boonville, 

9,  11 

West  Point, 

26 

Macon, 


Feb.  12 


1865.     (2) 

Center  Creek,  Feb.  20 


1861.     (5) 


Fort  Fillmore, 
Mesilla, 

July  27 
Aug.  3 

Fort  Craig,                 Aug.  23 
Fort  Craig,                   Sept.  6 

Alimosa  (near 

1862.     (6) 

Valvcrde, 
Santa  Fe  (near), 

Feb.  21 
March  26-28 

Apache  Canyon,  March  26-28 
Fort  Craig,                 May  23 

Fort  Fillmore, 
Albuquerque, 

1863.     (5) 

Fort  McRae, 
Rio  Hondo, 

June  20 
July  18 

Concha's  Springs,       July  22 
Pueblo  Colorado,        Aug.  18 

Gila  River, 

Fort  Sumner, 
Abo  Pass, 

Jan.  4 
July  3 

1864.    (i) 
1865.     (i) 

Oct.  4 


Aug.  7 

g 


Nov.  5 


1861.  (2) 

Fort  Hatteras,     Aug.  28,  29       Chickamicomico,  Oct.  5 

1862.  (27) 


Roanoke  Island, 
Elizabeth  City, 
New  Berne, 
Pollocksville, 
Camden, 
Fort  Macon, 
Horton's  Mills, 
New  Berne  (near), 


Feb.  8 
10 

March  14 
April  14 
19 
25 
27 
27 


Trenton  Bridge,          May  14 


Clinton,  May  19 

New  Berne  (near),  22 

Tranter's  Creek,  June  5 

Hamilton,  July  9 
Young's  Cross  Roads,         26 

Plymouth,  Sept.  2 

Washington,  6 

Cape  Fear  River,  Oct.  1 1 

Monocacy  River,  1 1 

1863.     (16) 


Rawle's  Mills, 

New  Berne, 

Bachelor's  Creek, 

Cove  Creek, 

Trenton, 

South  West  Creek, 

Kinston, 

White  Hall, 

Goldsboro, 


Nov.  3 
11 
11 
18 

Dec.  12 
13 
14 
16 
17 


Pollocksville, 

Jan.  17 

Bachelor's  Creek, 

May  23 

Plymouth, 

Nov.  26 

New  Berne, 

Feb.  1,  4,  27 

Quaker  Bridge, 

July  6 

Warm  Springs, 

26 

New  Berne, 

March  14 

Pattacassey  Creek, 

26 

Indian  Town, 

Dec.  18 

Washington, 

30  to  April  4 

Pasquotank, 

Aug.  18 

Greenville, 

30 

Blount's  Mills, 

9 

Washington, 

Nov.  1 

Gum  Swamp, 

May  22 

Greenville, 

25 

C84 


LIST  OF  BATTLES.   BY  XT  AT  EX. 


186 

4.      (9) 

Bachelor's  Creek,          Feb.  1 

Qualetown, 

Feb.  5 

Plymouth,                    Oct. 

31 

Newport  Barracks,                2 

New  Berne, 

:».» 

Butler's  Bridge,           Dec. 

12 

New  Berne,                            3 

Plymouth, 

April  17-20 

Fort  Fisher, 

•J5 

186 

5  .      (30) 

Fort  Fisher,          Jan.  13-15 

Kinston, 

March  14 

Neuse  River,             April 

10 

Federal  Point,             Feb.  11 

Averysboro, 

16 

Abbott  Creek, 

1(1 

Fort  Anderson,                    18 

Bentonville, 

19-21 

Grant's  Creek, 

12 

Town  Creek,                        20 

Goldsboro, 

21 

Salisbury, 

12 

Wilmington,                         22 

Coxe's  Bridge, 

24 

Statesville,                      10, 

14 

Florence,                    March  3 

Yadkin  River, 

28 

C'atawba  River, 

L9 

Rockingham,                          7 

Boone, 

April  1 

Dallas, 

19 

Wilcox's   Bridge,    Wise 

Raleigh, 

3,-  17 

Suwano  Gap, 

23 

Fork,                            8-10 

Salem, 

3 

Johnston's  surrender, 

•  >i; 

Monroe's  Cross  Roads,       10 

Deep  River  Bridge,               4 

Fayetteville,                         13 

Warsaw, 

6 

Lawrenceburg, 


(ireoncastle, 
McConneUsburg, 

H  anover, 


July  14 


June  20 

24,  29 

30 


OHIO. 
1864.     0) 

Bufflngton  Island,  July  18,  19 


Hanover, 


May  29-31 


1863.  (?) 

Sporting  Hill,  near  Har- 

risburg,  June  30 

Gettysburg,  July  1-3 

1864.  (2) 

Chambersburg,  July  30 


New  Lisbon, 


Hunterstown, 
Fairfleld, 


July  2 


Fort  Sumter,       April  12,  13 


Coosaw  River,  Jan.  1 

Edisto  Island,  April  18 

Pocotaligo,  May  29 

Seabrook's  Point,  June  1 


Broad  River,  April  18 

Bluffton,  June  4 

Fort   Wagner,    Morris 

Island,   July  10  to  Sept.  6 
Fort  Wagner,  assault, 

July  10,  11 


Wnimarsb  Island,  Feb.  22 

Boykeu's  Mills,  April  18 

Ashepoo,  May  16 

St.  John's  River,  23 


1861.  (2) 

Port  Royal,  Nov.  7 

1862.  (9) 

Legare's  Point,  June  3 

James  Island,  10,  13 

Secessionville,     James 
Island,  16 

1863.  (ii) 

Secessionville,  July  10 

Fort  Wagner,  assault,         18 
Morris    Island,  Aug.  26 

Fort  Wagner,  evacuation, 

Sept.  7 

1864.  (io) 

Fort  Johnson,  James 

Island,  July  2 

John's  Island,  5-7 

Honey  Hill,  Nov.  30 


Pinckney  Island, 
Pocotaligo, 


Aug.  21 
Oct.  22 


Fort  Sumter,  night  attack,  8 
Barnwell's  Island,  Nov.  24 
Legaresville,  Stono  Inlet, 

Dec.  25 


Coosaw  River, 
Tillifinny, 
Devaux's  Neck, 


Dec.  4 


0-9 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,    BY  STATES. 


085 


1865.      (25) 


Pocotaligo,  Jan.  14-16 

Combahee  River,  25 

Salkehatchie,  Feb.  3-9 

V\  illiston,  8 

South  Edisto  River,  9 

James  Island,  1 0 

Blackville,  1 1 

Aiken,  11 

Orangeburg,  N.  Edisto,     12 


Taylor's  Ford,  Wautauga 
River,  Nov.  10 


Fort  Henry,  Feb.  6 

Fort  Doneison,  14-16 

Pittsburg  Landing,  March  2 

Nashville  (near),  8 

Jacksonboro,  10 

Paris,  1 1 

Pound  Gap,  14 

Black  Jack  Forest,  16 

Union  City,  30 

Crump's  Landing,  April  4 

Adamsville,  4 

Shiloh,  9,  7 

Island  No.  10,  8 

Fort  Pillow,  14 

Lick  Creek,  24 
Cumberland  Mountain,       28 

Monterey,  28 

Pulaski/  May  4 

Dresden,  5 

Lebanon,  5 

Fort  Pillow,  10 

Monterey,  13 

Fort  Pillow,  June  4 

Jaspar,  4 

Memphis,  6 

Battle  Creek,  21 

Germantown,  25 

Russeilville,  July  1, 

Murfreesboro,  1 3 

Deeatur  (near),  15- 

Nashville,  21 

Brownsville,  25,  29 

Sparta,  Aug.  4 

Tazewell,  6 


Stewart's  Creek, 

La  Vergne, 

Murfreesboro, 

Somerville, 

Middleton, 

Ripley, 

Harpeth  River, 


Jan.  1 
1 
3 
3 
5 
8 
12 


Gunter's  Bridge, 

Feb.  14 

Cher  aw, 

Congaree  Creek, 

15 

Florence, 

Columbia, 

16,  17 

Sumterville, 

Charleston, 

18 

Sumterville, 

Mount  Clio, 

26 

Spring  Hill, 

Lynch  Creek, 

26  ' 

Boyken's  Mills, 

Catawba  River, 

29 

Swift  Creek, 

Chesterfield, 

March  2 

Singleton's, 

1861.     («) 

Chickamauga  Station, 

Nov.  26 


1862. 

Trenton, 

Salisbury, 

Williamsport, 

Kinderhook, 

Gallatin, 

Clarksville, 

Edgefleld  Junction, 

Courtland, 

Fort  Doneison, 


Aug.  7 
11 
11 
11 
12 
19 
20 
22 
25 


Cumberland  Iron  Works,    26 

li.-ndyville,  28 

Manchester,  29 

Bolivar,  30 

McMinnville,  30 

Medon  Station,  31 

Britton's  Lane,  Sept.  1 

Big  Creek  Gap,  4 

New  Providence,  6 

Clarksville,  7 

Columbia,  9 

Durhamville.  1 7 

Middleburg,  21 

Bolivar,  21 

Gallatin,  Oct.  1 

La  Vergne,  7 

Medon  Station,  10 

Island  No.  10,  17 

Nashville  (near),  20 

Anxvois  River,  20 

Woodville,  21 

Richland,  23 

Waverly,  23 

ShelbyviHe,  23 

Nashville,  Nov.  5 

1863.     (187) 

Brady ville,  Jan.  21 

Fish  Springs,  23 

Woodbury,  24 

Germantown,  27 

Woodbury,  28 

Dyersburg,  30 

Rover,  31 


Morristown, 


Dec.  1 


La  Vergne,  Nov.  7 

Tyree  Springs,  7,  8 

Rural  Hills,  10 

Huntsville,  11 

Lebanon,  11 

La  Grange,  1 1 

Rural  Hills,  18 

Nolansville,  26 

Mill  Creek,  27 

La  Vergne,  27 
Lebanon,                       Dec.  6 

Hartsville,  7 

Bean  Station,  9 

Dobbin's  Ferry,  9 

Brentville  9 

La  Vergne,  9 

Franklin,  12 

Salem  Cemetery,  18 

Lexington,  18 

Jackson,  18 

Humboldt,  20 
Trenton,                      Dec.  20 

La  Vergne,  26 

Nolansville,  26 

Elk  Fork,  28 

Stewart's  Creek,  29 

Wautauga  Bridge,  30 

Carter's  Station,  30 

Blountsville,  30 
Parker's  Cross  Roads,         30 

Red  Mound,  30 

Jefferson,  30 
Stone  River,    Dec.31-.Jan.  2 


Middleton,  Jan.  31 

Franklin,  Feb.  1 

Milton,  1 
Ft.  Doneison  (Dover),          3 

Liberty,  3 

Lebanon,  8 

Bone  Yard,  10 


686 


LJST   OF  BATTLES,    JJY   XTATEX. 


Bolivar, 

Feb.  13 

Liberty  Gap,              June  24 

Island  No.  10,              Oct.  16 

Cainsville, 

15 

Beech  Grove,                        25 

Philadelphia,                 20,  22 

Nolansville, 

15 

Guy's  Gap,                           27 

New  Madrid  Bend,              23 

Moscow, 

18 

Shelbyville,                           27 

Tullahoma,                            23 

Milton, 

18 

Fairfield,                               29 

Sweet  Water,                       24 

Auburn, 

19 

Lexington,                            29 

Collierville,                           25 

Lebanon, 

25 

Tullahoma,                    Juty  1 

Philadelphia,                        26 

Spring  Hill, 

29 

Elk  River,                               2 

Brown's  Ferry,             22,  27 

Bradyville, 

March  1 

Jones's  Ford                          2 

Wauliatchie,                   ^   28 

Eagleville, 

2 

University  Place,                   4 

Leiper's  Ferry,                     28 

Harpeth  River, 

2,  4 

Dechard,                                 4 

Fayetteville,                 Nov.  1 

Petersburg, 

2,4 

Tullahoma,                             5 

Centerville,                             3 

Chapel  Hill, 

2,4 

Pound  Gap,                           6 

Collierville,                             3 

Unionville, 

4,5 

Union  City,                          10 

Lawrenceburg,                       4 

Spring  Hill, 

4,5 

Jackson,                                13 

Moscow,                                  4 

Bolivar, 

9 

Elk  River,                             14 

Metley's  Ford,                         4 

Thompson's  Station, 

8 

La  Grange,                           16 

Kincaels,                                 6 

Franklin, 

9 

Sparta,                           Aug.  9 

Rogers  ville,                      6,  10 

Covington, 

10 

Warm  Springs,                     19 

Palmyra,                               13 

Ruthford's  Creek, 

10 

Chattanooga,                        21 

Huff's  Ferry,                        14 

Duck  River, 

11 

Kingston,                      Sept.  1 

Rockford,                              14 

Hillsboro, 

12 

Limestone  Station,                5 

Marysvillc,                            14 

Coldwater  Station, 

17 

Conyersville,                           5 

Loudon  Creek,                    15 

Vaught's  Hill, 

20 

Cumberland  Gap,                  9 

Lenoir,                                  15 

Salem  Pike, 

21 

Brimstone  Creek,                 10 

Holston  River,                      1  5 

College  Grove, 

21 

Knoxville,                             10 

Campbell's  Station,             16 

Brentwood, 

25 

Paris,                                     13 

Knoxville,            1  7  to  Dec.  4 

Franklin, 

25 

Cleveland,                             18 

Union  City,                Nov.  19 

Somerville, 

29 

Como,                                    19 

Chattanooga,                 23-25 

German  town, 

April  1 

Bristol,                                 ^1 

Lookout  Mountain,             24 

Woodbury, 

2 

Johnson's  Depot,              ^  W.- 

Missionary Ridge,                25 

Liberty, 

3 

Jack's  Shop,                        22 

Kingston,                             26 

Snow  Hill, 

3 

Carter's  Station,                  22 

Beersheba  Springs,             26 

Green  Hill, 

6 

Blountsville,                         22 

Sparta,                                  26 

Waverly, 

10 

Zollicoffer,                            t24 

Cleveland,                             27 

Franklin, 

10 

Calhouu,                               2(5 

Louisville,                            28 

Antioch  Station, 

10 

Athens,                                 27 

Fort  Sanders,  Kuoxville,    29 

Salisbury, 

16 

McMinnville,                        28 

Moscow,                     Dec.  2,  3 

Coldwater, 

19 

Loudon,                              29 

Salisbury,                               3 

McMinnville, 

20 

Swallow  Bluff,                     30 

Clinch  Mountain,                  6 

Duck  River  SlnwK 

24 

Anderson's  Gap,           Oct.  1 

Celina,                                    7 

Carter's  Creek, 

27 

Anderson's  Cross  Roads,     2 

Bean's  Station,                    10 

Franklin, 

27 

Thompson's  Cove,                :$ 

Morristown,                          10 

Wartrace, 

29 

McMinnville,                          4 

Mooresburg,                         10 

Linden, 

May  12 

Murfreesboro  road,               4 

Bean's  Station,                     14 

Bradyville, 

16 

Stockade,  Stone  River,         5 

Blain's  Cross  Roads,           16 

Middleton, 

22 

Blue  Springs,                         5 

Cleveland,                   Dec.  22 

Hamburg, 

30 

Wartrace,                               5 

Dandridge,                           24 

Franklin, 

June  4 

Shelbyville  Pike,                    7 

Bolivar,                                 24 

Triune, 

4 

Sugar  Creek,                          9 

Mossy  Creek  Station,         24 

Shelbyville  Pike, 

6 

Blue  Springs,                       10 

Somerville,                           25 

Triune, 

11,  20 

Rheatown,                            11 

La  Fayette,                          25 

Rover, 

23 

Henderson's  Mills,               11 

Collierville,                    27,  28 

Middleton, 

24 

Collierville,                           11 

Charleston,                           28 

Hoover's  Gap, 

24 

Blountsville,                         13 

Talbot  Statio                       29 

1864       114) 

Mossy  Creek,                       29 

Strawberry  Plains, 

Jan.  10 

Sevierville  (near).  Jan.  14,  lf> 

TaxA-wcll,                      Jan.  24 

Mossy  Creek, 

10.  13 

Dandridge,                     16.  17 

Sevierville  (near),                27 

Middleton, 

14 

Tracy  City,                           20 

Scott's  Mills  Road.               :27 

Tcrrisvillc, 

14 

Armstrong's  Ferry.               :}•} 

Cumberland  (lap.                  '".1 

LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATE 8. 


687 


Bolivar, 

Feb.  6 

Decatur, 

Aug.  18 

Big  Pigeon  River,    Nov.  5,  6 

Hols  ton  River, 

20 

Pine  Bluff, 

19 

Bull's  Gap, 

13 

Powell's  River  Bridge,       22 

Block  House,  No. 

4,           19 

Lawrenceburg, 

22 

Cumberland  Gap, 

22 

Cany  Branch, 

20 

Strawberry  Plains, 

23,  24 

Mulberry  Gap, 

22 

Memphis, 

21 

Campbellsville, 

24 

Johnson's  Mills, 

22 

New  Market, 

21 

Lynnville, 

24 

Panther  Springs, 

March  5 

Rogersville, 

22 

Columbia, 

24-28 

Cheek's  Cross  Roads,         14 

Strawberry  Plains 

,              24 

Spring  Hill, 

29 

Fort  Pillow, 

16 

Kingston, 

26 

Mount  Carmel, 

29 

Manchester, 

17 

Nashville, 

30 

Franklin, 

30 

Beersheba  Springs, 

20 

Block  House,  No. 

5,            31 

Nashville,                Dec.  1-16 

Jackson, 

23 

La  Vergne, 

Sept.  1 

Block  House,  No.  2, 

2,3 

Union  City, 

24 

Franklin, 

2 

Block  House,  No.  7, 

4 

Wautauga, 

25 

Murfreesboro, 

3 

Overall's  Creek, 

4 

Bean's  Gap, 

26 

Greenville, 

4 

Murfreesboro, 

5-8 

Bolivar, 

29 

Campbellsville, 

5 

Kingsport, 

13 

Cleveland, 

April  2 

Readyville, 

.      7 

Bristol, 

14 

Wolf  River, 

8 

Sevierville, 

18 

Memphis, 

14 

Fort  Pillow, 

12 

Bull's  Gap, 

24 

Murfreesboro, 

15 

Cleveland, 

13 

Johnsonville, 

25 

Nashville  (battle  of), 

15-16 

Wautauga  Bridge, 

25,  26 

Richland, 

26 

Brentwootl, 

15 

Memphis, 

May  2 

Franklin, 

27 

Hollow  Tree  Gap, 

17 

Bolivar, 

3 

Pulaski, 

26,  27 

Franklin, 

17 

Pulaski, 

13 

Carter's  Station, 

27 

Columbia, 

19 

Tilton, 

13 

Centreville, 

29 

Rutherford  Creek, 

19 

Dandridge, 

19 

Memphis  (near), 

Oct.  4 

Lawrenceburg, 

22 

Nashville, 

24 

Fort  Donelson, 

11 

Lynnville, 

23 

La  Fayette, 

June  9 

Greenville, 

12 

Buford  Station, 

23 

Moscow, 

15 

Little  River, 

20 

Campbellsville, 

24 

Kingsport, 

18 

Fort  Heiman, 

28 

Murfreesboro, 

24 

La  Fayette, 

24 

Morristown, 

28 

Pulaski, 

25 

Sevierville, 

July  5 

Union  Station, 

Nov.  1,  4 

Lamb's  Ferry, 

25 

Newport, 

8 

Shoal  Creek, 

5 

Anthony's  Hill, 

25 

Cleveland, 

Aug.  17 

Johnsonville, 

4,  5 

Sugar  Creek, 

25 

1  8  6  X  .     (3) 

Magnolia,  Jan.  G       Brawley  Creek,        March  25 


Nueces  River,  Aug.  10 

Galvestou,  Jan.  1 

Wachita,  Feb.  10 

Sabine  Pass,  April  18 

Palmetto  Ranche,May  12, 13 


1862.  (3) 

Fort  Esperanza,          Nov.  30 

1863.  (8) 

Brazos  Santiago,  Nov.  2 

Aransas  Pass  (near),          17 
Old  Bent's  Fork,  24 

1865.     (i) 


Fort  Brown  (near),    Dei-.  14 


Fort  Esperauza,    Nov.  27-21) 
Matagorda  Bay,   Dec.  21),  30 


1861. 


Fairfax  C.  II. 

June  1 

Newport  News, 

July  5 

Lovettsville, 

Aug.  S 

Great  Bethel, 

10 

Great  Falls, 

7 

Ball's  Cross  Roads, 

27 

Vienna, 

17 

Bunker  Hill, 

17 

Munson's  Hill, 

31 

Edward's  Ferry, 

17 

Blackburn's  Ford, 

18 

Beher's  Mills, 

Sept.  2 

Patterson  Creek, 

26 

Bull  Run, 

21 

Lewiusville, 

11 

Mtithias  Point, 

27 

Hampton, 

Aug.  7 

Dsirnestmvii, 

15 

688 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


Munson's  Hill,  Sept.  29 

Bayle's  Cross  Roads,  Oct.  12 
Upton  Hill,  12 

Bolivar  Heights,  16 

Leesburg,  21 


Huntersville,  Jan.  4 

Hancock,  4 

Bath,  4 

Blue  Gap,  7 

Occoquan  Bridge,  29 

Linn  Creek,  Feb.  8 

Blooming  Gap,  13 

Mason's  Neck,  24 

Occoquan,  March  5 

Hampton  Roads,  9 

Burk's  Station,  10 

Acquia  Creek,  16 

Winchester,  23 

Middle-town,  25 

Strasburg,  27 

Middleburg,  28 

Thoroughfare  Gap,  April  2 

Great  Bethel,  4 
Yorktown,  siege,  5  to  May  3 

Yorktown,  11 

Monterey,  1 2 

Lee's  Mills,  16 

Falmouth,  18 

Harrisonburg,  22 

Yorktown,  26 
Cheese  Lake  Church,   May  4 

Williamsburg,  5 

West  Point,  7 

Somerville  Heights,  7 

McDowell,  7,  8 
Bull  Pasture  Mountain,        8 

Slatersvilli-,  9 

New  Kent  C.  II.  9 

Norfolk,  10 

Linden,  15 

Fort  Darliug,  15 

Lewisburg,  23 

Front  Royal,  23 

Buckton  Station,  23 

Newtown,  24 

Middletown,  24 

Chickahominy,  24 

New  Bridge,  24 

Winchester,  25 

Hanover  C.  H.  27 

Charlestown,  28 

Wardensvillc,  28 

Front  Royal,  30 

Seven  Pines,  or  Fair  Oaks, 

31,  June  1 

Strasburg  and  Staunton 

Road,  1,  2 


Ball's  Bluff,  Oct.  21 

Edward's  Ferry,  '  21 
Occoquan  Creek,        Nov.  12 

Dranesville,  26 

Hunter's  Mills  26 

1862.     (155) 

Harrisonburg,  June  6 

Union  Church,  8 

Cross  Keys,  8 

Port  Republic,  9 

Old  Church,  13 

Tunstall's  Station,  14 

Orange  C.  H.  16 

Williamsburg  Road,  18 

Oak  Grove,  25 

Beaver  Dam  Creek,  26 

Ellison's  Mills,  26 

Mechanicsville,  26 

Cold  Harbor,  27 

Gaines's  Mills,  27 

Golding's  Farm,  28 

Willis  Church, .  29 

Peach  Orchard,  29 

Allen's  Farm,  29 

Savage's  Station,  29 

White  Oak  Swamp,  30 
Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  30 

Luray,  30 

Malvern  Hill,  July  1 

Milford,  2 

Haxall's  Lauding,  3 

Sperryville,  5 

Williamsburg,  11 

Culpepper,  1 2 

Luray,  1 2 

Fairfax,  13 
Turkey  Island  Bridge,         20 

North"  Anna  River,  23 

Orange  C.  H.  25 

Coggiu's  Point,  31 

Orange  C.  H.  Aug.  3 

Sycamore  Church,  3 
White  Oak  Swamp  Bridge,  4 

Malvern  Hill,  5 

Thornburg,  6 

Mattapony,  G 

Cedar  Mountain,  9 

Cedar  Run,  9 

Brandy  Station,  20 

Kelly's  Ford,  21 

Catlett's  Station,  21-23 

Waterloo  Bridge,  23 

Freeman's  Ford,  24 

Sulphur  Springs,  25 

Bull  Run  Bridge,  27 

Kettle  Run,  27 

Shady  Springs,  28 

Gainesville,  28 


Vienna,  Dec.  3 

Annandale,  4 

Dam  No.  4,  Potomac,         11 
Buffalo  Mountain,  13 

Dranesville,  20 

New  Market  Bridge,  22 


Groveton,  Aug.  29 

Bull  Run,  2d,  30 
Chantilly,                      Sept.  1 

Vienna,  2 

Martinsburg,  6 

Williamsburg,  9 

Goose  Creek,  17 
Blackburn's  Ford,         19,20 

Ashby's  Gap,  22 

Sutton,  23 

Warrenton  Junction,  26 

Blackwater,  28 
Charleston,                     Oct.  6 

Aldie,  9 

Carrsville,  1 5 

Charleston,  16 

Thoroughfare  Gap,  17 

Haymarket,  1 8 

Lovettsville,  21 

Hedgesvillc,  22 

Manassas  Junction,  24 

Catlett's  Station,  24 

Black  Water,  24 

Aldie,  31 

Franklin,  31 
Philomont,                    Nov.  1 

Bloomfleld,  2 

Snicker's  Gap,  2 

Upperville,  3 

Manassas  Gap,  5 
Barbee's  Cross  Roads,          5 

Chester  Gap,  5 

New  Baltimore,  5 

Salem,  5 

Thoroughfare  Gap,  5 
Rappahannock  Bridge,         8 

Fredericksburg,  9 

Fayettevillc,    •  15 
White  Sulphur  Springs,     15 

Gloucester,  17 

Frankfort,  26 
Cold  Knob  Mountain,         26 

Hartwood  Church,  28 
Charleston,                    Dec.  1 

Berryville,  1 

Franklin,  2 

King  George  C.  H.  2 

Fredericksburg,  1 3 

Occoquan,  19 

Isle  of  Wight  C.  II.  22 

Dumfries,  27' 
Suffolk, 

Occoquan,  28 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATUS. 


689 


Catlett's  Station,  Jan.  10 

Suffolk  (near),  30 

Carrsville,  30 

Kelly's  Ford,  30 

Williamsburg,.  Feb.  7 

Somervllle,  9 

Gloucester  Point,  10 

Smithfield,  13 

Brentsville,  14 

Hartwood  Church,  25 

Fairfax  C.  H,  March  8 

Black  Water,  17 

Kelly's  Ford,  17 

Williamsburg,  29 

Broad  Run,  April  1 

Suffolk,  siege  of,  12  to  May  4 

West  Branch,  April  14 

South  Quay,  17 

Battery  Huger,  18 

Chuckatuck,  23 
Fitzhugh's  Crossing,    29,  30 

Spottsylvania  C.  H.  30 

Chancellorsville,  May  1-4 

South  Quay  Bridge,  1 

Rapidan  Station,  1 

Louisa  C.  H.  1 

May  re's  Heights,  3 

Warrenton  Junction,  3 

Nansemond  River,  3 

Shannon  Hill,  4 

Tunstall's  Station,  4 
Warrenton  Junction,          14 

Carrsville,  15 

Suffolk,  16 

Piedmont  Station,  16 

Berry's  Ferry,  16 

Fayetteville,  17-20 

Carrsville,  18 

Winchester,  19 

Greenwich,  30 


Rectortown, 

Jonesville, 

Loudon  Heights, 

Bealton, 

Cameron, 

Smithfield, 

Morton's  Ford, 

Barnett's  Ford, 

Brentsville, 

Dranesville, 


Jan.  1 
3 

10 
14 
27 

Feb.  1 

6 

7 

14 

22 


Kilpatrick's  raid  on  Rich- 
mond, 28 
Taylorsville,  29 
Stanardsville,  March  1 
Burton's  Ford,  1 
Brook's  Turnpike,  1 
Atlee's,  1 
New  Kent  C.  H.  2 

44 


1863. 

Frying  Pan,  June  4 

Franklin's  Crossing,  5 

Berryville,  6 

Beverly  Ford,  9 

Brandy  Station,  9 

Middletown,  11 

Berryville,  12 

Winchester,  13,  15 

Martinsburg,  14 

Aldie,  17 

Middleburg,  17,  19 

Upperville,  21 

Hanover  C.  H.  (near),  26 
Baltimore  Cross  Roads,  26 
Fairfax,  27 

Baltimore  Cross  Roads,  July  2 
Bottom's  Bridge,  2 

Beverly,  2 

Ashby's  Gap,  12 

Bolivar  Heights  (near),  14 
Halltown,  15 

Wytheville,  18 

Manassas  Gap,  21 

Chester  Gap,  21,  22 

Wapping  Heights,  22 

Rappahannock  Station, 

Aug.  1-3 

Kelly's  Ford,  1-3 

Brandy  Station,  1-3 

Dutch  Gap,  5 

Waterford,  7 

Coyle  Tavern,  24 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  26 
Dry  Creek,  29 

Bottom's  Bridge,  29 

Barbee's  Cross  Roads,  Sept.  1 
Brandy  Station,  6 

Bath,  8 

Culpepper,  13 

Blackburn's  Ford,  15 

1864,      (224) 

Tunstall's  Station,  March  3 
Suffolk,  9 

Cabletown,  10 

Carrollton's  Store,  13 

Little  Cacapon,  April  10 
Smithfield,  14 

Cherry  Grove,  14 

Bristoe  Station,  15 

Bermuda  Hundred,  May  4 
Wall  Bridge,  5 

Craig's  Meeting  House,  5 
Wilderness,  5-7 

City  Point  (near),  6 

Port  Walthall  (near),  6 

Chester  Station  (near),  7 
Stony  Creek  Station,  7 

Abb's  Valley,  8 

Todd's  Tavern,  8 


Raccoon  Ford,  Sept.  14 

Smithfield,  15 

Raccoon  Ford,  19 

White's  Ford,  21 

Upperville,  25 

Jack's  Shop,  26 

Rapidan,  Oct.  10 

James  City,  10 

Brandy  Station,  11,  13 

Jeffersonton,  12 

Thompson's  Ford,  12 

Culpepper,  12 
White  Sulphur  Springs,     13 

Auburn,  14 

Bristoe  Station,  14 

Salt  Lick,  14 

McLean's  Ford,  15 

Liberty  Mills,  15 

Hedgesville,  15 

Blackburn's  Ford,  15 

Rapidan,  17 

Berryville,  18 

Buckland  Mills,  19 

Hay  Market,  19 

Beverly  Ford,  22 

Rappahannock,  22 

Bealton,  24 
Rappahannock  Bridge,       24 

Droop  Mountain,  Nov.  6 
Rappahannock  Bridge,         7 

Kelly's  Ford,  7 

Stevensburg,  7 

Brandy  Station,  8 

Culpepper  (near),  8 
Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  16 

Mount  Jackson,  17 

Locust  Grove,  26-28 

Mine  Run,  26-30 

Bartlett's  Mills  27 

Sangster's  Station,  Dec.  15 


Spottsylvania  C.  H.  May  8-18 
Jeffersonville,  8 

Jarratt's  Station,  9 

Nottoway  Creek,  9 

Childsburg,  9 

Swift  Creek,  9,  10 

Cone  Mountain,  9,  10 

Coyd's  Mt.  9 

Beaver  Dam  Station,  9 

WytheviUe,  10 

New  River  Bridge,  10 

Ground  Squirrel  Church,  10 
Drury's  Bluff,  10-16,  20 
Ashland,  1 1 

Yellow  Tavern,  11 

Fort  Darling,  12-1 6 

Meadow  Bridge,  12 

Point  Lookout,  13 


690 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


Rood's  Hill,  May  14 

New  Market,  15 

Fredericksburg  Road,  16-20 

Bermuda  Hundred,  16-30 

Belcher's  Mills,  16 

Downer's  Bridge,  20 

Milford  Station,  20 

North  Anna  River,  23-27 

Wilson's  Wharf,  24 

Jericbo  Mills,  24 

Hawe's  Shop,  28 

Tolopotomy,  29-31 

Hanover  C.  H.  30 

Ashland,  30 

Old  Church,  30 

Bethesda  Church,  30 
Cold  Harbor,          June  1-12 

Bermuda  Hundred,  2 

Gaines's  Mill,  2 

Salem  Church,  2 

Hawe's  Shop,  2 

Mount  Crawford,  5 

Piedmont,  5 

Petersburg,  10 

Old  Church,  10,  11 

Wilson's  Landing,  11 

Trevilian  Station,  11,  1.2 
White  Oak  Swamp  Bridge,  13 

White  Post,  13 

Buchanan,  14 

Samaria  Church,  15 

Malvern  Hill,  15 

Baylor's  Farm,  15 
Petersburg,   siege  of, 

15  to  April  2,  1865 

Petersburg,  assault,  15-19 

Otter  Creek,  16 

Wier  Bottom  Church,  16 

Walthall,  16 

Pierson's  Farm,  16 

Lynchburg,  17,  18 

White  House,  20 

Liberty,  20 

Salem, »  21 

White  House,  21 

Buford's  Gap,  21 

Ream's  Station,  22 

Weldon  R.  R.  22,  23 

Nottoway  C.  H.  23 

Jones's  Bridge,  23 

New  Market  Heights,  24 

Samaria  Church,  24 

Staunton  Bridge,  24 

Roanoke  Bridge,  25 

St.  Mary's  Church,  26 

Charleston,  27 

Stony  Creek,  28 

Ream's  Station,  29 


North  Mountain,  July  3 
Leetown,  3 
Mount  Zion  Church,  6 
Bolivar  Heights,  4-7 
Lee's  Mills,  12 
Snicker's  Gap,  17 
Snicker's  Ferry,  18 
Ashby's  Gap,  18 
Darksville,  19 
Winchester,  20 
Carter's  Farm,  20 
Deep  Bottom,  21 
Kernstown,  23 
Winchester,  24 
Deep  Bottom,  27,  28 
New  Market,  27,  28 
Malvern  Hill,  27,  28 
Petersburg,  mine  explo- 
sion, 30 
Lee's  Mills,  30 
Cabin  Point,  Aug.  5 
Explosion  of  ammunition 

at  City  Point,  9 

Berryville  Pike,  10 

Winchester,  1 1 
Sulphur  Springs  Bridge,  1 1 
Snicker's  Gap  (near),  13 

Deep  Bottom,  14-19 

Gravel  Hill,  14 

Strawberry  Plains,  14-18 

Fisher's  Hill,  15 

Front  Royal,  16 

Winchester,  17 

Weldon  R.  R.  18-21 

Snicker's  Gap  Pike,  19 

Martin  sburg,  19 

Summit  Point,  21 

Dutch  Gap,  24 

Bermuda  Hundred,  24,  25 

Halltown,  24 

Leetown,  25 

Smithfield,  25 
Ream's  Station,  Aug.  25 

Halltown,  26,  27 

Smithfleld,  29 

Wormley's  Gap,  29 

Arthur's  Swamp,  29,  30 
Berryville,  Sept.  3,  4 

Deep  Bottom,  2,  6 

Darksville,  3 

Summit,  4 

Dutch  Gap,  7 

Lock's  Fordr  13 

Coggin's  Point,  16 

Sycamore  Church,  16 

Fairfax  Station,  17 

Belcher's  Mills,  17 

Martinsburg,  18 


Opequan,  Sept.  19 

Winchester,  19 

Front  Royal  Pike,  21 

Fisher's  Hill,  22 

Luray,  24 

Brown's  Gap,  26 

Weyer's  Cave,  17 

Waynesboro,  28 
New  Market  Heights,  28-30 

Fort  Sedgwick,  28 

Fort  Gilmer,  29 

Chapin's  Farm,  29,  30 

Fort  Harrison,  29,  30 
Poplar  Springs  C.  H.  30,  Oct.  1 
Arthur's  Swamp,  30,  Oct.  1 

Weldon  R.  R.  1-5 

Deep  Bottom,  1,31 

Waynesboro,  2 

Abingdon,  2 

Saltville,  2 

Gladesville,  2 

Pound  Gap,  2 
Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  7 

New  Market,  7 

Darbytown  Road,  7,  13 

Tom's  Brook,  9 

Woodstock,  9 
Stony  Creek  Station,  Oct.  11 

Cedar  Run  C.  H.  17 

Middletown,  19 

Cedar  Creek,  19 

Hatcher  s  Run,  27 

Boydton  Road,  27,  28 

Fair  Oaks,  27,  28 

Chapin's  Farm,  Nov.  4 

Fort  Sedgwick,  5 

Newton,  12 

Cedar  Springs,  12 

Dutch  Gap,  1 7 

Chester  Station,  17 

Cedar  Run  Church,  17 

Myerstown,  18 

Rood's  Hill,  22 
Bermuda  Hundred,  Dec.  1-4 

Stony  Creek  Station,  1 

Weldon  R.  R.  1 

Bellefield,  9 

Hicksford,  9 

Abingdon,  15 

Marion,  16 

Wytheville,  16 

Millwood,  17 

Marion,  1 8 

Saltville,  20 

Lacey  Spring,  20 

Madison  C.  H.  20 
Jack's  Shop, 

Mocassin  Gap.  24 


LIST  OF  BATTLES,   BY  STATES. 


691 


Fort  Brady,  Jan.  24 

Powhattan,  25 

Dabney's  Mills,         Feb.  5-7 
Hatcher's  Run,  5-7 

AshbyGap,  18 

Mount  Crawford,       March  1 
Waynesboro,  2 

North  Fork,  Shenandoah, 
•  South  Anna  River,  15 

Ashland,  15 

Hamilton,  21 


1865.     (31) 

Fort  Stedman  (Peters- 
burg), March  25 
Gravelly  Run,  29,  31 
Boydton  Road,  31 
White  Oak  Road,  31 
Dinwiddie  C.  H.  31 
Five  Forks,  April  1 
Petersburg,  Final  assault,  2 
Namozine  Church,  3 
Richmond  and  Petersburg 
evacuated,  3 


Wytheville,  April  3 

Fame's  Cross  Roads,  5 

Amelia  Springs,  5 

Jetersville,  5 

Sailor's  Creek,  6 

High  Bridge,  Appomattox,  6 
Deatonsville,  6 

Farmvillc,  7 

Appomattox  C.  H.  8,  9 

Lee's  surrender,  9 

Berryville,  17 


1861.      (37) 


Harper's  Ferry, 

April  18 

Carrick's  Ford, 

14 

Cheat  Mountain, 

12-13 

Philippi, 

June  3 

Scarytown, 

17 

Barboursville, 

18 

Romney, 

11 

Graf  ton, 

Aug.  '13 

Hanging  Rock, 

23 

New  Creek, 

17 

Hawk's  Nest, 

20 

Romney, 

23 

Falling  Waters, 

July  2 

Summerville, 

26 

Chapmanville, 

25 

Middle  Creek  Ford, 

6 

Cross  Lanes, 

26 

Greenbrier, 

Oct.  3 

Buckhannon, 

6 

Wayne  C.  H. 

27 

Harper's  Ferry, 

11 

Bealington, 

8 

Boone  C.  H. 

Sept.  1 

Romney, 

26 

Laurel  Hill, 

8 

Worthington, 

2 

Guyandotte, 

Nov.  10 

Rich  Mountain, 

11 

Petersburg, 

7 

Gauley  Bridge, 

10 

Barboursville, 

12 

Carnifex  Ferry, 

10 

Wirt  C.  H. 

19 

Beverly, 

12 

Elkwater, 

11 

Big  Sewell, 

Dec.  12 

Buffalo  Mountain,               13 

186 

2.      (17) 

Dry  Forks, 

Jan.  8 

Buckhannon, 

July  26 

Harper's  Ferry, 

Sept.  12-15 

Grass  Lick, 

April  23 

Beech  Creek, 

Aug.  6 

Buffalo, 

27 

Clarke's  Hollow, 

May  1 

Weston, 

31 

Shepherdstown, 

Oct.  1 

Princeton, 

15-18 

Fayetteville, 

Sept.  10 

Moorefield, 

Nov.  9 

Charlestown, 

28 

Cotton  Hill, 

11 

Fayetteville, 

16 

Harper's  Ferry, 

28 

Charlestown, 

12 

186 

3.      (18) 

Moorefleld, 

Jan.  3 

Fairmont, 

April  29 

Wytheville, 

July  18 

Romney, 

Feb.  16 

Beverly, 

July  2 

Moorefield,         Sept.  5,  6,  11 

Hurricane  Bridge,  March  28 

Shady  Springs, 

14 

Charlestown, 

Oct.  8,  18 

Point  Pleasant, 

30 

Shepherdstown, 

16 

Mill  Point, 

Nov.  5 

Beverly, 

April  24 

Jeffersonville, 

17 

Walker's  Ford, 

Dec.  2 

Greenland  Gap, 

25 

East  Mountain, 

Meadow  Bluff, 

12 

186 

4.      (17) 

Petersburg, 

Jan.  8 

Princeton, 

May  6 

New  Creek, 

Aug.  4 

Hardy  County, 

30 

Wytheville, 

10 

Moorefield, 

7 

Patterson's  Creek, 

Feb.  3 

Panther  Gap, 

June  3 

Shepherdstown, 

25 

Springfield, 

3 

Buffalo  Gap, 

6 

Beverly, 

Oct.  29 

Moorefield, 

4 

Lexington, 

10,11 

New  Creek, 

Nov.  28 

Rock  House, 

12 

Charlestown, 

27 

1865.    (i) 


Beverly, 


Jan. 11 


